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Zhang S, Song Y, Liu M, Yuan Z, Zhang M, Zhang H, Seim I, Fan G, Liu S, Liu X. Chromosome-level genome of butterflyfish unveils genomic features of unique colour patterns and morphological traits. DNA Res 2023; 30:dsad018. [PMID: 37590994 PMCID: PMC10468729 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsad018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chaetodontidae, known as butterflyfishes, are typical fish in coral ecosystems, exhibiting remarkable interspecific differences including body colour patterns and feeding ecology. In this study, we report genomes of three butterflyfish species (Chelmon rostratus, Chaetodon trifasciatus and Chaetodon auriga) and a closely related species from the Pomacanthidae family, Centropyge bicolour, with an average genome size of 65,611 Mb. Chelmon rostratus, comprising 24 chromosomes assembled to the chromosome level, could be served as a reference genome for butterflyfish. By conducting a collinearity analysis between butterflyfishes and several fishes, we elucidated the specific and conserved genomic features of butterflyfish, with particular emphasis on novel genes arising from tandem duplications and their potential functions. In addition to the two melanocyte-specific tyr genes commonly found in fish, we found the gene tyrp3, a new tyrosinase-related proteins gene in the reef fish, including butterflyfish and clownfish, implicating their involvement in the pigmentation diversity of fish. Additionally, we observed a tandem duplication expansion of three copies of nell1 gene in C. rostratus genome, which likely contribute to its unique jaw development and distinctive morphology of its sharp mouth. These results provided valuable genomic resources for further investigations into the genetic diversity and evolutionary adaptations of reef fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyu Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, 266555, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Yue Song
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, 266555, China
| | - Meiru Liu
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, 266555, China
| | - Zengbao Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, 266555, China
| | - Mengqi Zhang
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, 266555, China
| | - He Zhang
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, 266555, China
| | - Inge Seim
- Integrative Biology Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Comparative and Endocrine Biology Laboratory, Translational Research Institute-Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - Guangyi Fan
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, 266555, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, 266555, China
| | - Xin Liu
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, 266555, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
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Mahendra CK, Ser HL, Abidin SAZ, Khan SU, Pusparajah P, Htar TT, Chuah LH, Tang SY, Ming LC, Goh KW, Kumari Y, Goh BH. The anti-melanogenic properties of Swietenia macrophylla king. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114659. [PMID: 37068335 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fair flawless skin is the goal for some cultures and the development of irregular skin pigmentation is considered an indication of premature skin aging. Hence, there is a rising demand for skin whitening cosmetics. Thus, this research will be focusing on discovering the anti-pigmentation properties of Swietenia macrophylla seeds. Firstly, the seeds were extracted with ethanol and further fractionate based on their polarity before testing them on zebrafish embryos. The ethanolic extract of the seed demonstrated significant inhibition of both tyrosinase activity and melanin production in the embryos. However, after fractionation, the anti-melanogenic ability was observed to have decreased, signifying that the phytocompounds may be synergistic in nature. Still in the proteomic studies the ethanolic extract and its hexane fraction both induced the downregulation of cathepsin LB and cytoskeletal proteins that have connections to the melanogenic pathway, confirming that S. macrophylla seeds do indeed have anti-pigmentation properties that can be exploited for cosmetic use. Next, limonoids (tetranortriterpenoids found in the seed) were tested for their inhibitory effect against human tyrosinase related protein 1 (TYRP-1) via molecular docking. It was found that limonoids have a stronger binding affinity to TYRP-1 than kojic acid, suggesting that these phytocompounds may have the potential in inhibiting pigmentation. However, this still needs further confirmation before these phytocompounds can be developed into a skin whitening agent. Other assays like ex-vivo or 3D human skin culture can also be used to better study the seeds anti-pigmentation effect on humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Keisha Mahendra
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Hooi-Leng Ser
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Syafiq Asnawi Zainal Abidin
- Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) Platform, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Shafi Ullah Khan
- Product & Process Innovation Department, Qarshi Brands (Pvt) Ltd, Hattar Industrial Estate, 22610, Haripur, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Priyia Pusparajah
- Medical Health and Translational Research Group, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Thet Thet Htar
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Lay-Hong Chuah
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Siah Ying Tang
- Advanced Engineering Platform, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia; Tropical Medicine and Biology Platform, School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, Nilai, Malaysia
| | - Khang Wen Goh
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Yatinesh Kumari
- Neurological Disorder and Aging Research Group (NDA), Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength (MBRS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Bey Hing Goh
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Fernandes B, Cavaco-Paulo A, Matamá T. A Comprehensive Review of Mammalian Pigmentation: Paving the Way for Innovative Hair Colour-Changing Cosmetics. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020290. [PMID: 36829566 PMCID: PMC9953601 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The natural colour of hair shafts is formed at the bulb of hair follicles, and it is coupled to the hair growth cycle. Three critical processes must happen for efficient pigmentation: (1) melanosome biogenesis in neural crest-derived melanocytes, (2) the biochemical synthesis of melanins (melanogenesis) inside melanosomes, and (3) the transfer of melanin granules to surrounding pre-cortical keratinocytes for their incorporation into nascent hair fibres. All these steps are under complex genetic control. The array of natural hair colour shades are ascribed to polymorphisms in several pigmentary genes. A myriad of factors acting via autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine mechanisms also contributes for hair colour diversity. Given the enormous social and cosmetic importance attributed to hair colour, hair dyeing is today a common practice. Nonetheless, the adverse effects of the long-term usage of such cosmetic procedures demand the development of new methods for colour change. In this context, case reports of hair lightening, darkening and repigmentation as a side-effect of the therapeutic usage of many drugs substantiate the possibility to tune hair colour by interfering with the biology of follicular pigmentary units. By scrutinizing mammalian pigmentation, this review pinpoints key targetable processes for the development of innovative cosmetics that can safely change the hair colour from the inside out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Fernandes
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Artur Cavaco-Paulo
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.C.-P.); (T.M.); Tel.: +351-253-604-409 (A.C.-P.); +351-253-601-599 (T.M.)
| | - Teresa Matamá
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.C.-P.); (T.M.); Tel.: +351-253-604-409 (A.C.-P.); +351-253-601-599 (T.M.)
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Yu S, Wang G, Liao J, Shen X, Chen J. Integrated analysis of long non-coding RNAs and mRNA expression profiles identified potential interactions regulating melanogenesis in chicken skin. Br Poult Sci 2023; 64:19-25. [PMID: 35979716 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2022.2113506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
1. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in various physiological functions. However, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of lncRNAs in melanogenesis remain unclear. To determine the molecular mechanisms involved in skin melanogenesis, the present study depicted the expression profiles of lncRNAs and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in black- (B group) and white- (W group) skinned chickens using RNA sequencing.2. In total, 373 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs; 203 up-regulated and 170 down-regulated) and 253 differentially expressed genes (DEGs; 152 up-regulated and 101 down-regulated) were identified between the B and W groups. A total of eight known melanogenesis-related genes were identified (KIT, TYRP1, DCT (TYRP2), SLC45A2, OCA2, EDNRB2, TRPM1 and RAB38).3. Functional annotation of the co-expressed DEGs and DELs was performed using Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses. The co-expressed DEGs were mainly involved in melanogenesis and the co-expressed genes of 117 and 108 DELs were significantly enriched in the melanogenesis and tyrosine metabolism pathways, respectively.4. The DEL-DEG interaction network revealed that three lncRNAs (XR_003072387.1, XR_003075112.1, and XR_003077033.1) and DCT genes may have key roles in regulating melanogenesis in chicken skin. This data provides the groundwork for studying the lncRNA regulatory mechanisms of skin melanogenesis and suggested a new perspective on the modulation of melanogenesis in chicken skin based on a lncRNA-mRNA causal regulatory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yu
- Engineering Research Center of Sichuan Province Higher School of Local Chicken Breeds Industrialization in Southern Sichuan, College of Life Science, Leshan Normal University, Leshan, Shizhong, China
| | - G Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Sichuan Province Higher School of Local Chicken Breeds Industrialization in Southern Sichuan, College of Life Science, Leshan Normal University, Leshan, Shizhong, China
| | - J Liao
- Engineering Research Center of Sichuan Province Higher School of Local Chicken Breeds Industrialization in Southern Sichuan, College of Life Science, Leshan Normal University, Leshan, Shizhong, China
| | - X Shen
- Engineering Research Center of Sichuan Province Higher School of Local Chicken Breeds Industrialization in Southern Sichuan, College of Life Science, Leshan Normal University, Leshan, Shizhong, China
| | - J Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Sichuan Province Higher School of Local Chicken Breeds Industrialization in Southern Sichuan, College of Life Science, Leshan Normal University, Leshan, Shizhong, China
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Sex Identification of Feather Color in Geese and the Expression of Melanin in Embryonic Dorsal Skin Feather Follicles. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12111427. [PMID: 35681891 PMCID: PMC9179848 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In production practice, we have found that the gray and black down on the backs of the Holdobaggy goslings is usually darker in females than in males. Melanin is the key pigment affecting the color of poultry plumage. Therefore, to determine whether the darkness of the dorsal plumage of the Holdobaggy goslings is related to sex, we study the melanin in the feather follicles of the dorsal skin during the embryonic period. The feather follicle structure and melanin distribution on the dorsal surface of the goose embryo is observed by HE staining and melanin-specific staining. The melanin content in the feather follicles of the dorsal skin of goslings is determined by ELISA. The results showed that the melanin content is higher in female geese than in males (p < 0.05). In addition, we also analyze the mRNA and protein expression levels of melanin-related genes (TYRP1 and ASIP) by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting analysis. The results show that the mRNA expression level of TYRP1 is significantly higher in the females’ dorsal skin feather follicles (p < 0.05), while the mRNA expression level of ASIP is significantly higher in the dorsal skin feather follicles of male geese (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the difference between males and females in the color of the black feathers on the dorsal track of the Holdobaggy goslings is verified, and it is feasible to identify the sex by the initial plumage color.
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Krzemińska A, Kwiatos N, Arenhart Soares F, Steinbüchel A. Theoretical Studies of Cyanophycin Dipeptides as Inhibitors of Tyrosinases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063335. [PMID: 35328756 PMCID: PMC8950311 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The three-dimensional structure of tyrosinase has been crystallized from many species but not from Homo sapiens. Tyrosinase is a key enzyme in melanin biosynthesis, being an important target for melanoma and skin-whitening cosmetics. Several studies employed the structure of tyrosinase from Agaricus bisporus as a model enzyme. Recently, 98% of human genome proteins were elucidated by AlphaFold. Herein, the AlphaFold structure of human tyrosinase and the previous model were compared. Moreover, tyrosinase-related proteins 1 and 2 were included, along with inhibition studies employing kojic and cinnamic acids. Peptides are widely studied for their inhibitory activity of skin-related enzymes. Cyanophycin is an amino acid polymer produced by cyanobacteria and is built of aspartic acid and arginine; arginine can be also replaced by other amino acids. A new set of cyanophycin-derived dipeptides was evaluated as potential inhibitors. Aspartate–glutamate showed the strongest interaction and was chosen as a leading compound for future studies.
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Ding Q, Luo L, Yu L, Huang SL, Wang XQ, Zhang B. The critical role of glutathione redox homeostasis towards oxidation in ermanin-induced melanogenesis. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 176:392-405. [PMID: 34560247 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitiligo is a depigmented disease featured as diagnosis simplicity and cure difficulty. Its occurrence and development are associated with a variety of factors, including oxidative stress, heredity and immunity, etc. Existing drugs for the treatment of vitiligo are to reduce the death of melanocytes and induce pigment accumulation as the main treatment strategy. Ermanin, a member of the flavonoids, is extracted from bee glue which is wildly used to treat vitiligo in traditional Chinese medicine. Therefore, this article discusses the relationship between melanogenesis and glutathione redox homeostasis by ermanin via biochemical and free radical approaches in vivo and in vitro. In this study, we found that ermanin effectively increased the melanin content at the in vivo model (zebrafish). Moreover, the melanin levels at the in vitro models (B16F10 cells and primary melanocytes) were also increased significantly accompanied with a shift of glutathione redox homeostasis towards oxidation. Ermanin also significantly enhanced the activity of tyrosinase. Meanwhile, ermanin increased the expression levels of TYR, TRP-1, and DCT genes, while ROS accumulation and glutathione depletion mediated the accumulation of pigments caused by ermanin, which increased the production of pigments and regulated the expression mRNA levels of TYR and DCT genes. From the perspective of pigment production regulation pathways, western blot showed that the pigment accumulation caused by ermanin was closely related to the CREB-MITF pathways, it activated CREB, TYR, TRP-1, and DCT proteins. The use of CREB specific inhibitor 666-15 and MITF inhibitor ML329 confirmed that the pigment accumulation caused by ermanin was positively correlated with CREB and MITF proteins. Our findings revealed the potential mechanisms by which ermanin promoted the production of melanin through activated CREB-MITF signaling pathway and glutathione redox homeostasis towards oxidation function as a signal are beneficial to melanin production and will help develop novel therapeutic approaches for vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, PR China
| | - Lin Luo
- Pharmacology Department, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832002, PR China
| | - Lan Yu
- Pharmacology Department, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832002, PR China
| | - Si-Lu Huang
- Pharmacology Department, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832002, PR China
| | - Xiao-Qin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, PR China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, PR China; Pharmacology Department, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832002, PR China.
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8
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Lavinda O, Manga P, Orlow SJ, Cardozo T. Biophysical Compatibility of a Heterotrimeric Tyrosinase-TYRP1-TYRP2 Metalloenzyme Complex. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:602206. [PMID: 33995009 PMCID: PMC8114058 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.602206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase (TYR) is a copper-containing monooxygenase central to the function of melanocytes. Alterations in its expression or activity contribute to variations in skin, hair and eye color, and underlie a variety of pathogenic pigmentary phenotypes, including several forms of oculocutaneous albinism (OCA). Many of these phenotypes are linked to individual missense mutations causing single nucleotide variants and polymorphisms (SNVs) in TYR. We previously showed that two TYR homologues, TYRP1 and TYRP2, modulate TYR activity and stabilize the TYR protein. Accordingly, to investigate whether TYR, TYRP1, and TYRP2 are biophysically compatible with various heterocomplexes, we computationally docked a high-quality 3D model of TYR to the crystal structure of TYRP1 and to a high-quality 3D model of TYRP2. Remarkably, the resulting TYR-TYRP1 heterodimer was complementary in structure and energy with the TYR-TYRP2 heterodimer, with TYRP1 and TYRP2 docking to different adjacent surfaces on TYR that apposed a third realistic protein interface between TYRP1-TYRP2. Hence, the 3D models are compatible with a heterotrimeric TYR-TYRP1-TYRP2 complex. In addition, this heterotrimeric TYR-TYRP1-TYRP2 positioned the C-terminus of each folded enzymatic domain in an ideal position to allow their C-terminal transmembrane helices to form a putative membrane embedded three-helix bundle. Finally, pathogenic TYR mutations causing OCA1A, which also destabilize TYR biochemically, cluster on an unoccupied protein interface at the periphery of the heterotrimeric complex, suggesting that this may be a docking site for OCA2, an anion channel. Pathogenic OCA2 mutations result in similar phenotypes to those produced by OCA1A TYR mutations. While this complex may be difficult to detect in vitro, due to the complex environment of the vertebrate cellular membranous system, our results support the existence of a heterotrimeric complex in melanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Lavinda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Prashiela Manga
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Seth J Orlow
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Timothy Cardozo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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Gautron A, Migault M, Bachelot L, Corre S, Galibert MD, Gilot D. Human TYRP1: Two functions for a single gene? Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2021; 34:836-852. [PMID: 33305505 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the animal kingdom, skin pigmentation is highly variable between species, and it contributes to phenotypes. In humans, skin pigmentation plays a part in sun protection. Skin pigmentation depends on the ratio of the two pigments pheomelanin and eumelanin, both synthesized by a specialized cell population, the melanocytes. In this review, we explore one important factor in pigmentation: the tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1) gene which is involved in eumelanin synthesis via the TYRP1 protein. Counterintuitively, high TYRP1 mRNA expression is associated with a poor clinical outcome for patients with metastatic melanomas. Recently, we were able to explain this unexpected TYRP1 function by demonstrating that TYRP1 mRNA sequesters microRNA-16, a tumor suppressor miRNA. Here, we focus on actors influencing TYRP1 mRNA abundance, particularly transcription factors, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and miRNAs, as they all dictate the indirect oncogenic activity of TYRP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Gautron
- CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000, Univ. Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Mélodie Migault
- CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000, Univ. Rennes, Rennes, France.,Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Laura Bachelot
- CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000, Univ. Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Sébastien Corre
- CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000, Univ. Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Marie-Dominique Galibert
- CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000, Univ. Rennes, Rennes, France.,CHU Rennes, Génétique Moléculaire et Génomique, UMR 6290, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - David Gilot
- CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000, Univ. Rennes, Rennes, France.,INSERM U1242, Centre Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
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10
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Current and emerging treatments for albinism. Surv Ophthalmol 2020; 66:362-377. [PMID: 33129801 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Albinism is a group of rare inherited disorders arising from impairment of melanin biosynthesis. The reduction of melanin synthesis leads to hypopigmentation of the skin and eyes. A wide range of ophthalmic manifestations arise from albinism, including reduction of visual acuity, nystagmus, strabismus, iris translucency, foveal hypoplasia, fundus hypopigmentation, and abnormal decussation of retinal ganglion cell axons at the optic chiasm. Currently, albinism is incurable, and treatment aims either surgically or pharmacologically to optimize vision and protect the skin; however, novel therapies that aim to directly address the molecular errors of albinism, such as l-dihydroxyphenylalanine and nitisinone, are being developed and have entered human trials though with limited success. Experimental gene-based strategies for editing the genetic errors in albinism have also met early success in animal models. The emergence of these new therapeutic modalities represents a new era in the management of albinism. We focus on the known genetic subtypes, clinical assessment, and existing and emerging therapeutic options for the nonsyndromic forms of albinism.
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Okamura K, Suzuki T. Current landscape of Oculocutaneous Albinism in Japan. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2020; 34:190-203. [PMID: 32969595 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA), which is roughly divided into non-syndromic and syndromic OCA, is a group of autosomal recessive disorders caused by mutations in genes associated with pigmentation. Patients with OCA have hypopigmentation and ocular manifestations such as photophobia, amblyopia, and nystagmus. Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS), the most common syndromic OCA, is characterized by the additional features of a bleeding tendency and other critical systemic comorbidities such as pulmonary fibrosis and immunodeficiency. NGS-based gene analyses have identified several new causative genes for OCA and have detected rare subtypes of OCA with high accuracy including Japanese patients. In our survey of 190 Japanese OCA patients/families, OCA4 is the most common subtype (25.3%) followed by OCA1 (20.0%), HPS1 (14.7%), and OCA2 (8.4%). Similar to the A481T variant in OCA2, which is associated with a mild form of OCA2 and skin color variation, the c.-492_489delAATG variant located in the promoter region of SLC45A2 has been uniquely identified in Japanese patients with a mild form of OCA4. Further, rare OCA subtypes, including OCA3, HPS2, HPS3, HPS4, HPS5, HPS6, and HPS9, have also been identified in Japanese patients. The clinical characteristics and underlying molecular mechanisms of each subtype of OCA are concisely summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Okamura
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Tamio Suzuki
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
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12
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Vaish U, Kumar AA, Varshney S, Ghosh S, Sengupta S, Sood C, Kar HK, Sharma P, Natarajan VT, Gokhale RS, Rani R. Micro RNAs upregulated in Vitiligo skin play an important role in its aetiopathogenesis by altering TRP1 expression and keratinocyte-melanocytes cross-talk. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10079. [PMID: 31300697 PMCID: PMC6625998 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46529-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Translation of genes is regulated by many factors including microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNA profiling of lesional and non-lesional epidermal RNA from 18 vitiligo patients revealed significant upregulation of 29 miRNAs in the lesional epidermis, of which 6 miRNAs were transfected in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) to study their downstream effects using quantitative proteomics. Many proteins involved in oxidative stress, Vesicle trafficking, Cellular apoptosis, Mitochondrial proteins and Keratins were regulated after miRNA transfections in the keratinocytes. However, tyrosinase related protein-1 (TRP1/TYRP1), a melanogenesis protein, was consistently downregulated in NHEKs by all the six miRNAs tested, which was quite intriguing. TRP1 was also downregulated in lesional epidermis compared with non-lesional epidermis. Since melanocytes synthesize and transfer melanosomes to the surrounding keratinocytes, we hypothesized that downregulation of TRP1 in NHEKs may have a role in melanosome transfer, which was confirmed by our co-culture experiments. Downregulation of TRP1 in keratinocytes negatively affected the melanosome transfer from melanocytes to keratinocytes resulting in melanin accumulation which may be leading to melanin induced cytotoxicity in melanocytes. Regulation of key processes involved in aetiopathogenesis of vitiligo along with TRP1 suggests that miRNAs act in an integrated manner which may be detrimental for the loss of melanocytes in vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Swati Varshney
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, Sukhdev Vihar, New Delhi, 110025, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IGIB, Mathura Road, Sukhdev Vihar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Shreya Ghosh
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, Sukhdev Vihar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Shantanu Sengupta
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, Sukhdev Vihar, New Delhi, 110025, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IGIB, Mathura Road, Sukhdev Vihar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Chandni Sood
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Hemanta K Kar
- Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, 110001, India
| | - Pankaj Sharma
- Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, 110001, India
| | - Vivek T Natarajan
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, Sukhdev Vihar, New Delhi, 110025, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IGIB, Mathura Road, Sukhdev Vihar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Rajesh S Gokhale
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, 110067, India.,CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, Sukhdev Vihar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Rajni Rani
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Onojafe IF, Megan LH, Melch MG, Aderemi JO, Alur RP, Abu-Asab MS, Chan CC, Bernardini IM, Albert JS, Cogliati T, Adams DR, Brooks BP. Minimal Efficacy of Nitisinone Treatment in a Novel Mouse Model of Oculocutaneous Albinism, Type 3. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:4945-4952. [PMID: 30347088 PMCID: PMC6181301 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-20293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Oral nitisinone has been shown to increase fur and ocular pigmentation in a mouse model of oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) due to hypomorphic mutations in tyrosinase (TYR), OCA1B. This study determines if nitisinone can improve ocular and/or fur pigmentation in a mouse model of OCA type 3 (OCA3), caused by mutation of the tyrosinase-related protein 1 (Tyrp1) gene. Methods Mice homozygous for a null allele in the Tyrp1 gene (C57BL/6J-Tyrp1 b-J/J) were treated with 8 mg/kg nitisinone or vehicle every other day by oral gavage. Changes in fur and ocular melanin pigmentation were monitored. Mature ocular melanosome number and size were quantified in pigmented ocular structures by electron microscopy. Results C57BL/6J-Tyrp1 b-J/J mice carry a novel c.403T>A; 404delG mutation in Tyrp1, predicted to result in premature truncation of the TYRP1 protein. Nitisinone treatment resulted in an approximately 7-fold increase in plasma tyrosine concentrations without overt toxicity. After 1 month of treatment, no change in the color of fur or pigmented ocular structures was observed. The distribution of melanosome cross-sectional area was unchanged in ocular tissues. There was no significant difference in the number of pigmented melanosomes in the RPE/choroid of nitisinone-treated and control groups. However, there was a significant difference in the number of pigmented melanosomes in the iris. Conclusions Treatment of a mouse model of OCA3 with oral nitisinone did not have a favorable clinical effect on melanin production and minimally affected the number of pigmented melanosomes in the iris stroma. As such, treatment of OCA3 patients with nitisinone is unlikely to be therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ighovie F Onojafe
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Lucyanne H Megan
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Madeline G Melch
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Joseph O Aderemi
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Ramakrishna P Alur
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Mones S Abu-Asab
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Isa M Bernardini
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Jessica S Albert
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Tiziana Cogliati
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - David R Adams
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Brian P Brooks
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
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14
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Domyan ET, Hardy J, Wright T, Frazer C, Daniels J, Kirkpatrick J, Kirkpatrick J, Wakamatsu K, Hill JT. SOX10 regulates multiple genes to direct eumelanin versus pheomelanin production in domestic rock pigeon. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2019; 32:634-642. [PMID: 30838786 PMCID: PMC6850303 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The domesticated rock pigeon (Columba livia) has been bred for hundreds of years to display an immense variety of ornamental attributes such as feather color and color patterns. Color is influenced by multiple loci that impact the type and amount of melanin deposited on the feathers. Pigeons homozygous for the "recessive red" mutation, which causes downregulation of Sox10, display brilliant red feathers instead of blue/black feathers. Sox10 encodes a transcription factor important for melanocyte differentiation and function, but the genes that mediate its promotion of black versus red pigment are unknown. Here, we present a transcriptomic comparison of regenerating feathers from wild-type and recessive red pigeons to identify candidate SOX10 targets. Our results identify both known and novel targets, including many genes not previously implicated in pigmentation. These data highlight the value of using novel, emerging model organisms to gain insight into the genetic basis of pigment variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Domyan
- Department of Biology, Utah Valley University, Orem, Utah
| | - Jeremy Hardy
- Department of Biology, Utah Valley University, Orem, Utah
| | - Tanner Wright
- Department of Biology, Utah Valley University, Orem, Utah
| | - Cody Frazer
- Department of Biology, Utah Valley University, Orem, Utah
| | - Jordan Daniels
- Department of Biology, Utah Valley University, Orem, Utah
| | | | | | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Jonathon T Hill
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
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15
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Lim J, Nam S, Jeong JH, Kim MJ, Yang Y, Lee MS, Lee HG, Ryu JH, Lim JS. Kazinol U inhibits melanogenesis through the inhibition of tyrosinase-related proteins via AMP kinase activation. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:737-750. [PMID: 30579288 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Kazinol U is a prenylated flavan isolated from an extract of Broussonetia kazinoki Sieb (Moraceae). Kazinol U has shown cytoprotective effects against cytokine-induced apoptotic cell death and induces AMP kinase (AMPK) activation through LKB1 activation. However, kazinol U has not been tested as a regulator of melanogenesis, although bark extract of B. kazinoki has been used as a cosmetic ingredient for skin conditioning. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We cultured mouse, human melanoma cells and normal human melanocytes to demonstrate anti-melanogenic effects of kazinol U. A tyrosinase activity assay, Western blot, RT-qPCR and a luciferase reporter gene assay were performed to determine the anti-melanogenic mechanisms of kazinol U. We confirmed its effect on melanogenesis in vivo using zebrafish. KEY RESULTS Kazinol U inhibited the expression and activity of tyrosinase, the rate-limiting enzyme in melanogenesis, and reduced tyrosinase expression and activity in response to cAMP-inducing agents. Kazinol U reduced the expression of other melanogenic enzymes, such as tyrosinase-related protein (Tyrp) 1 and Tyrp2, and down-regulated microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), the master regulator of the tyrosinase gene family. Moreover, kazinol U induced phosphorylation of AMPK and MAPK proteins, which are MITF inhibitors. It also exhibited anti-melanogenic effects in zebrafish, a recently developed in vivo model. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our findings suggest that kazinol U reduces melanogenesis via its inhibitory effect on MITF and its downstream target genes, tyrosinase, Tyrp1 and Tyrp2. This work may provide a basis for the application of kazinol U for the treatment of hyperpigmentation skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Lim
- Department of Biological Science and Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sorim Nam
- Department of Biological Science and Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Jeong
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control and College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Department of Biological Science and Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong-Sok Lee
- Department of Biological Science and Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Gu Lee
- Medical Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ha Ryu
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control and College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Seok Lim
- Department of Biological Science and Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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16
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Li J, Bed’hom B, Marthey S, Valade M, Dureux A, Moroldo M, Péchoux C, Coville J, Gourichon D, Vieaud A, Dorshorst B, Andersson L, Tixier‐Boichard M. A missense mutation in
TYRP1
causes the chocolate plumage color in chicken and alters melanosome structure. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2018; 32:381-390. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Li
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University College Station Texas
| | - Bertrand Bed’hom
- GABI, AgroParisTech, INRA Université Paris‐Saclay Jouy‐en‐Josas France
| | - Sylvain Marthey
- GABI, AgroParisTech, INRA Université Paris‐Saclay Jouy‐en‐Josas France
| | - Mathieu Valade
- GABI, AgroParisTech, INRA Université Paris‐Saclay Jouy‐en‐Josas France
| | - Audrey Dureux
- GABI, AgroParisTech, INRA Université Paris‐Saclay Jouy‐en‐Josas France
| | - Marco Moroldo
- GABI, AgroParisTech, INRA Université Paris‐Saclay Jouy‐en‐Josas France
| | - Christine Péchoux
- GABI, AgroParisTech, INRA Université Paris‐Saclay Jouy‐en‐Josas France
| | - Jean‐Luc Coville
- GABI, AgroParisTech, INRA Université Paris‐Saclay Jouy‐en‐Josas France
| | | | - Agathe Vieaud
- GABI, AgroParisTech, INRA Université Paris‐Saclay Jouy‐en‐Josas France
| | - Ben Dorshorst
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia
| | - Leif Andersson
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University College Station Texas
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
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17
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Li G, Xiong H, Xi D, Memon S, Wang L, Liu X, Deng W. An examination of melanogenic traits and <i>TYRP1</i> polymorphism in Nanping and Romney Marsh sheep breeds. Arch Anim Breed 2018. [DOI: 10.5194/aab-61-131-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. The effects of mutations of the gene for tyrosinase-related
protein 1 (TYRP1) on the black muscles and coat color in Nanping
black-boned sheep were investigated. Tyrosinase activity and melanin content
in plasma were measured and compared in three random groups of sheep: Nanping
black-boned (101 heads), Nanping normal (106 heads) and Romney Marsh sheep
(82 heads, Ovis aries). Eight exons and their partial flanking
regions of the TYRP1 gene were amplified. Six intronic mutations and
six exonic polymorphisms including two non-synonymous mutations [c.203C > T
(p.A68V) and c.1202T > C (p.V401A)] were identified. Using a
bi-directional polymerase chain reaction allele-specific amplification
(bi-PASA) of the mutation c.203C > T it was shown that the frequencies of
allele C in the Nanping black-boned, Nanping normal and Romney Marsh sheep
were respectively 0.955, 0.967 and 0.744. For the mutation c.1202T > C,
the frequencies of allele T in the three populations of sheep were
respectively 0.777, 0.745 and 0.793 as measured using the single-strand
conformation polymorphism. When the data from sheep of all three populations
with the CC genotype of SNP c.203C > T were pooled, it was found that there
was significantly higher (P < 0.05) tyrosinase activity, content of
alkali-soluble melanin and ratio of eumelanin : total melanin than
in the plasma of sheep with the CT and TT genotypes. This was not so within each
of the three groups of sheep. No significant effect of the TRYP1
genotype on coat color was found. Further studies will be necessary to
determine the cause of the black traits in Nanping black-boned sheep.
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18
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Decker H, Tuczek F. Die erste Kristallstruktur des humanen Tyrosinase-ähnlichen Proteins 1 (HsTYRP1) löst ein altes Problem und wirft ein neues auf. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201708214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Decker
- Institut für Molekulare Biologie; Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Jakob Welder Weg 26 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Felix Tuczek
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel; Deutschland
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19
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Decker H, Tuczek F. The Recent Crystal Structure of Human Tyrosinase Related Protein 1 (HsTYRP1) Solves an Old Problem and Poses a New One. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:14352-14354. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201708214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Decker
- Institute of Molecular Biology; Johannes Gutenberg-University; Jacob Welder Weg 26 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Felix Tuczek
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Christian Alberts University Kiel; Max Eyth Strasse 2 24118 Kiel Germany
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20
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Murase D, Hachiya A, Fullenkamp R, Beck A, Moriwaki S, Hase T, Takema Y, Manga P. Variation in Hsp70-1A Expression Contributes to Skin Color Diversity. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:1681-1691. [PMID: 27094592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The wide range in human skin color results from varying levels of the pigment melanin. Genetic mechanisms underlying coloration differences have been explored, but identified genes do not account for all variation seen in the skin color spectrum. Post-transcriptional and post-translational regulation of factors that determine skin color, including melanin synthesis in epidermal melanocytes, melanosome transfer to keratinocytes, and melanosome degradation, is also critical for pigmentation. We therefore investigated proteins that are differentially expressed in melanocytes derived from either white or African American skin. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry demonstrated that heat shock protein 70-1A (Hsp70-1A) protein levels were significantly higher in African American melanocytes compared with white melanocytes. Hsp70-1A expression significantly correlated with levels of tyrosinase, the rate-limiting melanogenic enzyme, consistent with a proposed role for Hsp70 family members in tyrosinase post-translational modification. In addition, pharmacologic inhibition and small interfering RNA-mediated downregulation of Hsp70-1A correlated with pigmentation changes in cultured melanocytes, modified human skin substitutes, and ex vivo skin. Furthermore, Hsp70-1A inhibition led to increased autophagy-mediated melanosome degradation in keratinocytes. Our data thus reveal that epidermal Hsp70-1A contributes to the diversity of skin color by regulating the amount of melanin synthesized in melanocytes and modulating autophagic melanosome degradation in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Murase
- Biological Science Americas Laboratory, Kao USA Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; Biological Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Haga-gun, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Akira Hachiya
- Biological Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Haga-gun, Tochigi, Japan.
| | - Rachel Fullenkamp
- Biological Science Americas Laboratory, Kao USA Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Anita Beck
- Biological Science Americas Laboratory, Kao USA Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Shigeru Moriwaki
- Biological Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Haga-gun, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tadashi Hase
- Biological Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Haga-gun, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Takema
- Research and Development Global, Kao Corporation, Sumida-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Prashiela Manga
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Qiu C, Li P, Bi J, Wu Q, Lu L, Qian G, Jia R, Jia R. Differential expression of TYRP1 in adult human retinal pigment epithelium and uveal melanoma cells. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:2379-2383. [PMID: 27073483 PMCID: PMC4812559 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most frequently occurring primary intraocular malignancy in adults. Tyrosinase (TYR) is a copper-containing enzyme and a type I membrane protein that is involved in the generation of melanin, the main pigment in vertebrates. TYR-related protein 1 (TYRP1) is regarded to have a crucial role in the immunotherapy of melanoma. As biomarkers, the TYR-related proteins, TYRP1 and TYRP2, exhibit specific expression in melanocytes, while also contributing to melanin synthesis within melanosomes. In the present study, the differential expression of TYRP1 was investigated at the mRNA, protein and morphological levels in four human UM cell lines (SP6.5, OM431, OCM1 and OCM290) and the human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell line, using polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence staining. It was found that SP6.5 cells expressed the highest level of TYRP1, in comparison to SP6.5 OCM1 and OM431 cells, which produced less TYRP1, and OCM290 cells, which produced almost no TYRP1. No TYRP1 protein expression was identified in the RPE cell line. These findings indicate the potential use of TYRP1 in the development of therapy for UM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Qiu
- School of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China; Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Peng Li
- School of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China; Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Jianjun Bi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Qing Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Linna Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Guanxiang Qian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Renbing Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Rong Jia
- School of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
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22
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[6]-Shogaol inhibits α-MSH-induced melanogenesis through the acceleration of ERK and PI3K/Akt-mediated MITF degradation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:842569. [PMID: 25045707 PMCID: PMC4090493 DOI: 10.1155/2014/842569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
[6]-Shogaol is the main biologically active component of ginger. Previous reports showed that [6]-shogaol has several pharmacological characteristics, such as antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticarcinogenic properties. However, the effects of [6]-shogaol on melanogenesis remain to be elucidated. The study aimed to evaluate the potential skin whitening mechanisms of [6]-shogaol. The effects of [6]-shogaol on cell viability, melanin content, tyrosinase activity, and the expression of the tyrosinase and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) were measured. The results revealed that [6]-shogaol effectively suppresses tyrosinase activity and the amount of melanin and that those effects are more pronounced than those of arbutin. It was also found that [6]-shogaol decreased the protein expression levels of tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP-1) and microphthalmia-associated transcriptional factor (MITF). In addition, the MITF mRNA levels were also effectively decreased in the presence of 20 μM [6]-shogaol. The degradation of MITF protein was inhibited by the MEK 1-inhibitor (U0126) or phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase inhibitor (PI3K inhibitor) (LY294002). Further immunofluorescence staining assay implied the involvement of the proteasome in the downregulation of MITF by [6]-shogaol. Our confocal assay results also confirmed that [6]-shogaol inhibited α-melanocyte stimulating hormone- (α-MSH-) induced melanogenesis through the acceleration of extracellular responsive kinase (ERK) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase- (PI3K/Akt-) mediated MITF degradation.
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Solomon EI, Heppner DE, Johnston EM, Ginsbach JW, Cirera J, Qayyum M, Kieber-Emmons MT, Kjaergaard CH, Hadt RG, Tian L. Copper active sites in biology. Chem Rev 2014; 114:3659-853. [PMID: 24588098 PMCID: PMC4040215 DOI: 10.1021/cr400327t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1123] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David E. Heppner
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | | | - Jake W. Ginsbach
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Jordi Cirera
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Munzarin Qayyum
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | | | | | - Ryan G. Hadt
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
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Epistatic and combinatorial effects of pigmentary gene mutations in the domestic pigeon. Curr Biol 2014; 24:459-64. [PMID: 24508169 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular basis of phenotypic diversity is a critical challenge in biology, yet we know little about the mechanistic effects of different mutations and epistatic relationships among loci that contribute to complex traits. Pigmentation genetics offers a powerful model for identifying mutations underlying diversity and for determining how additional complexity emerges from interactions among loci. Centuries of artificial selection in domestic rock pigeons (Columba livia) have cultivated tremendous variation in plumage pigmentation through the combined effects of dozens of loci. The dominance and epistatic hierarchies of key loci governing this diversity are known through classical genetic studies, but their molecular identities and the mechanisms of their genetic interactions remain unknown. Here we identify protein-coding and cis-regulatory mutations in Tyrp1, Sox10, and Slc45a2 that underlie classical color phenotypes of pigeons and present a mechanistic explanation of their dominance and epistatic relationships. We also find unanticipated allelic heterogeneity at Tyrp1 and Sox10, indicating that color variants evolved repeatedly though mutations in the same genes. These results demonstrate how a spectrum of coding and regulatory mutations in a small number of genes can interact to generate substantial phenotypic diversity in a classic Darwinian model of evolution.
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Rooryck C, Morice F, Lacombe D, Taieb A, Arveiler B. Genetic basis of oculocutaneous albinism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/edm.09.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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In silico screening and molecular dynamics simulation of disease-associated nsSNP in TYRP1 gene and its structural consequences in OCA3. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:697051. [PMID: 23862152 PMCID: PMC3703794 DOI: 10.1155/2013/697051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism type III (OCA3), caused by mutations of TYRP1 gene, is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by reduced biosynthesis of melanin pigment in the hair, skin, and eyes. The TYRP1 gene encodes a protein called tyrosinase-related protein-1 (Tyrp1). Tyrp1 is involved in maintaining the stability of tyrosinase protein and modulating its catalytic activity in eumelanin synthesis. Tyrp1 is also involved in maintenance of melanosome structure and affects melanocyte proliferation and cell death. In this work we implemented computational analysis to filter the most probable mutation that might be associated with OCA3. We found R326H and R356Q as most deleterious and disease associated by using PolyPhen 2.0, SIFT, PANTHER, I-mutant 3.0, PhD-SNP, SNP&GO, Pmut, and Mutpred tools. To understand the atomic arrangement in 3D space, the native and mutant (R326H and R356Q) structures were modelled. Finally the structural analyses of native and mutant Tyrp1 proteins were investigated using molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) approach. MDS results showed more flexibility in native Tyrp1 structure. Due to mutation in Tyrp1 protein, it became more rigid and might disturb the structural conformation and catalytic function of the structure and might also play a significant role in inducing OCA3. The results obtained from this study would facilitate wet-lab researches to develop a potent drug therapies against OCA3.
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27
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Galvanic zinc–copper microparticles inhibit melanogenesis via multiple pigmentary pathways. Arch Dermatol Res 2013; 306:27-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-013-1369-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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28
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Jeong MH, Yang KM, Kim JK, Nam BH, Kim GY, Lee SW, Seo SY, Jo WS. Inhibitory effects of Asterina pectinifera extracts on melanin biosynthesis through tyrosinase activity. Int J Mol Med 2012; 31:205-12. [PMID: 23151809 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of melanogenesis is an important strategy in the treatment of abnormal skin pigmentation for cosmetic purposes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti-melanogenic effect of Asterina pectinifera (A. pectinifera) extracts by cell-free mushroom tyrosinase assay, cellular tyrosinase assay, melanin content assay and the analysis of related protein expression in melan-a cells. A. pectinifera was extracted with 80% methanol (80-MAP) and further fractionated with hexane (He-AP) and ethyl acetate (EA-AP). In addition, the enzyme extract (En-AP) of A. pectinifera, to which protease was added, was processed. EA-AP and En-AP among A. pectinifera extracts showed strong inhibitory activity against the cell-free mushroom tyrosinase activity. EA-AP and En-AP induced significant inhibition of melanin production and cellular tyrosinase activity. In the action of EA-AP and En-AP on melanogenesis, they reduced the expression of melanogenic genes and proteins including tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1) and dopachrome tautomerase (Dct). These results showed that EA-AP and En-AP inhibited melanogenesis by reducing tyrosinase activity and melanin production via subsequent downregulation of tyrosinase-related proteins. The overall results suggest that EA-AP and En-AP among A. pectinifera extracts may be promising candidates for the treatment of hyperpigmentation disorder and useful for self-tanning cosmetic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ho Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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29
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Esposito R, D'Aniello S, Squarzoni P, Pezzotti MR, Ristoratore F, Spagnuolo A. New insights into the evolution of metazoan tyrosinase gene family. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35731. [PMID: 22536431 PMCID: PMC3334994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinases, widely distributed among animals, plants and fungi, are involved in the biosynthesis of melanin, a pigment that has been exploited, in the course of evolution, to serve different functions. We conducted a deep evolutionary analysis of tyrosinase family amongst metazoa, thanks to the availability of new sequenced genomes, assessing that tyrosinases (tyr) represent a distinctive feature of all the organisms included in our study and, interestingly, they show an independent expansion in most of the analyzed phyla. Tyrosinase-related proteins (tyrp), which derive from tyr but show distinct key residues in the catalytic domain, constitute an invention of chordate lineage. In addition we here reported a detailed study of the expression territories of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis tyr and tyrps. Furthermore, we put efforts in the identification of the regulatory sequences responsible for their expression in pigment cell lineage. Collectively, the results reported here enlarge our knowledge about the tyrosinase gene family as valuable resource for understanding the genetic components involved in pigment cells evolution and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Antonietta Spagnuolo
- Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Napoli, Italy
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Manga P, Orlow SJ. Informed reasoning: repositioning of nitisinone to treat oculocutaneous albinism. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:3828-31. [PMID: 21968107 DOI: 10.1172/jci59763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is a group of genetic disorders characterized by hypopigmentation of the skin, hair, and eyes. Affected individuals experience reduced visual acuity and substantially increased skin cancer risk. There are four major types of OCA (OCA1-OCA4) that result from disruption in production of melanin from tyrosine. Current treatment options for individuals with OCA are limited to attempts to correct visual problems and counseling to promote use of sun protective measures. However, Onojafe et al., reporting in this issue of the JCI, provide hope for a new treatment approach for OCA, as they demonstrate that treating mice that model OCA-1b with nitisinone, which is FDA approved for treating hereditary tyrosinemia type 1, elevates plasma tyrosine levels, and increases eye and hair pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashiela Manga
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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31
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Tyrosinase related protein 1 (TYRP1/gp75) in human cutaneous melanoma. Mol Oncol 2011; 5:150-5. [PMID: 21324755 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma prognosis is based on specific pathological features at the primary lesion. In metastatic patients, the extent of lymph node involvement is also an important prognosis indicator. Many progression markers both in tissues and serum, including circulating tumor cells, have been studied and new molecular markers are awaited from high-throughput screenings to discriminate between clinical stages and predict disease progression. The present review focuses on human tyrosinase related protein 1 also known as gp75 glycoprotein (Tyrp1/gp75), a melanosomal protein involved in the pigmentary machinery of the melanocyte and often used as differentiation marker, with a special emphasis on its emerging roles in the malignant melanocyte and melanoma progression.
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32
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Gillbro JM, Olsson MJ. The melanogenesis and mechanisms of skin-lightening agents--existing and new approaches. Int J Cosmet Sci 2011; 33:210-21. [PMID: 21265866 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2010.00616.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Skin-lightening products are commercially available for cosmetic purposes to obtain lighter skin complexion. Clinically, they are also used for treatment of hyperpigmentary disorders such as melasma, café au lait spot and solar lentigo. All of these target naturally melanin production, and many of the commonly used agents are known as competitive inhibitors of tyrosinase, one of the key enzymes in melanogenesis. In this review, we present an overview of commonly used skin-whitening ingredients that are commercialized, but we also hypothesize on other mechanisms that could be important targets to control skin pigmentation such as for example regulation of the adrenergic and glutaminergic signalling and also control of tetrahydrobiopterins in the human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Gillbro
- Oriflame Cosmetics Skin Research Institute, SE-101 39 Stockholm, Sweden
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33
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Deng W, Tan Y, Wang X, Xi D, He Y, Yang S, Mao H, Gao S. Molecular cloning, sequence characteristics, and polymorphism analyses of the tyrosinase-related protein 2 / DOPAchrome tautomerase gene of black-boned sheep (Ovis aries). Genome 2010; 52:1001-11. [PMID: 19953128 DOI: 10.1139/g09-078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TYRP2) plays a pivotal role in the biosynthesis of eumelanin. Black-boned sheep have excessive melanin and eumelanin, resulting in dark (black) muscles and organs. This study was designed to investigate the effects of variants of the TYRP2 gene on black traits and coat colour of black-boned sheep. Melanin traits were measured in three populations of sheep (Nanping black-boned, Nanping normal, and Romney Marsh) and compared in this study. From the TYRP2 cDNA, all 8 exons and their flanking regions were amplified and characterized. Fifteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in the exons and their flanking regions. Five exonic polymorphic sites, including two synonymous (c.93T>G and c.1140C>T) and three non-synonymous mutations (c.163C>T (p.R55W), c.605G>A (p.R202H), and c.1141A>G (p.T381A)), were retrieved. PCR-RFLP analysis of c.605G>A showed that the frequencies of allele G in the Nanping black-boned, Nanping normal, and Romney Marsh sheep were 0.632, 0.603, and 0.886, respectively. Sheep with the GG genotype had significantly (P < 0.05) lower tyrosinase activity, alkali-soluble melanin content, and ratio of eumelanin : total melanin than sheep with GA and AA genotypes when measured across all investigated samples but not when samples within each population of sheep were compared. However, there was no association of TYRP2 genotype at a single SNP position with coat colour across populations. Nonetheless, the two breeds with higher overall tyrosinase activity did produce darker and more varied coat colours than the breed with lower tyrosinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Deng
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
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Olivares C, Solano F. New insights into the active site structure and catalytic mechanism of tyrosinase and its related proteins. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2009; 22:750-60. [PMID: 19735457 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2009.00636.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosinases are widely distributed in nature. They are copper-containing oxidases belonging to the type 3 copper protein family, together with catechol oxidases and haemocyanins. Tyrosinases are essential enzymes in melanin biosynthesis and therefore responsible for pigmentation of skin and hair in mammals, where two more enzymes, the tyrosinase-related proteins (Tyrps), participate in the pathway. The structure and catalytic mechanism of mammalian tyrosinases have been extensively studied but they are not completely understood because of the lack of information on the tertiary structure. The availability of crystallographic data of one plant catechol oxidase and one bacterial tyrosinase has improved the model of the three-dimensional structure of the active site of the enzyme. Furthermore, sequence comparison of tyrosinase and the Tyrps reveals that the three orthologue proteins share many key structural features, because of their common origin from an ancestral gene, although the specific residues responsible for their different catalytic capabilities have not been identified yet. This review summarizes our current knowledge of tyrosinase and Tyrps structure and function and describes the catalytic mechanism of tyrosinase and Dct/Tyrp2, which are better characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concepcion Olivares
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Spain
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35
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Huang YH, Lee TH, Chan KJ, Hsu FL, Wu YC, Lee MH. Anemonin is a natural bioactive compound that can regulate tyrosinase-related proteins and mRNA in human melanocytes. J Dermatol Sci 2008; 49:115-23. [PMID: 17766092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2007.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2007] [Revised: 07/07/2007] [Accepted: 07/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanin is the pigment responsible for skin color. Melanin synthesis occurs with the participation of the tyrosinase (TYR) family of proteins including TYR, tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP1), and tyrosinase-related protein 2(TRP2/DCT). OBJECTIVE The effect of a newly isolated natural compound that inhibits hyperpigmentation on the regulation of the TYR family of proteins was examined. METHODS The natural compound, anemonin, was isolated from Clematis crassifolia Benth and was used to inhibit cellular TYR activity; it was found to have a low cytotoxicity (cell viability > 80%) in human melanocytes. RESULTS In human melanocytes, anemonin showed both time- and dose-dependent inhibition (IC(50) 43.5 microM) of TYR. Western blot analysis and immunocytochemical staining revealed that expression of TYR, TRP1, and TRP2 was decreased in anemonin-treated melanocytes. Additionally, reverse transcription and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses revealed that expression of mRNAs for MITF, TYR, TYRP1, and TYRP2 was also suppressed by anemonin. CONCLUSION The natural compound, anemonin, an active compound of C. crassifolia, inhibits pigmentation synthesis in human melanocytes. Anemonin inhibits melanin synthesis by inhibiting the transcription of the genes encoding MITF, TYR, TRP1, and TRP2. This natural compound may be a candidate for cosmetic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Hua Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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36
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Deng WD, Shu W, Yang SL, Shi XW, Mao HM. Pigmentation in Black-boned sheep (Ovis aries): association with polymorphism of the MC1R gene. Mol Biol Rep 2007; 36:431-6. [PMID: 18075782 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-007-9197-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Variations in vertebrate skin and hair color are due to varied amounts of eumelanin (brown/black) and phaeomelanin (red/yellow) produced by the melanocytes. The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) is a regulator of eumelanin and phaeomelanin production in the melanocytes, and MC1R mutations causing coat color changes are known in many vertebrates. We have sequenced the entire coding region of the MC1R gene in Black-boned, Nanping indigenous and Romney Marsh sheep populations and found two silent mutation sites of A12G and G144C, respectively. PCR-RFLP of G144C showed that frequency of allele G in Black-boned, Nanping indigenous and Romney Marsh sheep was 0.818, 0.894 and 0, respectively. Sheep with GG genotype had significantly higher (P < 0.05) tyrosinase activity than sheep with CC genotype in the all investigated samples. Moreover, there was significant effect of MC1R genotype on coat color, suggesting that MC1R gene could affect coat color but not black traits. There would be merit in further studies using molecular techniques to elucidate the cause of black traits in these Black-boned sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Deng
- Yunnan Provincial Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
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38
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Kobayashi T, Hearing VJ. Direct interaction of tyrosinase with Tyrp1 to form heterodimeric complexes in vivo. J Cell Sci 2007; 120:4261-8. [PMID: 18042623 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.017913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the critical and rate-limiting melanogenic enzyme tyrosinase (Tyr) result in hypopigmentation of the hair, skin and eyes. Two other related enzymes, Tyrp1 and Dct, catalyze distinct post-Tyr reactions in melanin biosynthesis. Tyr, Tyrp1 and Dct have been proposed to interact with and stabilize each other in multi-enzyme complexes, and in vitro, Tyr activity is more stable in the presence of Tyrp1 and/or Dct. We recently reported that Tyr is degraded more quickly in mutant Tyrp1 mouse melanocytes than in wild-type Tyrp1 melanocytes, and that decreased stability of Tyr can be partly rescued by infection with wild-type Tyrp1. Although interactions between Tyr and Tyrp1 have been demonstrated in vitro, there is no direct evidence for Tyr interaction with Tyrp1 in vivo. In this study, we use in vivo chemical crosslinking to stabilize the association of Tyr with other cellular proteins. Western blot analysis revealed that Tyrp1, but not Dct, associates with Tyr in murine melanocytes in vivo, and more specifically, in melanosomes. Two-dimensional SDS-PAGE analysis detected heterodimeric species of Tyr and Tyrp1. Taken together, these data demonstrate that Tyrp1 interacts directly with Tyr in vivo, which may regulate the stability and trafficking of melanogenic enzymes and thus pigment synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kobayashi
- Department of Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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Ray K, Chaki M, Sengupta M. Tyrosinase and ocular diseases: Some novel thoughts on the molecular basis of oculocutaneous albinism type 1. Prog Retin Eye Res 2007; 26:323-58. [PMID: 17355913 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2007.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosinase (TYR) is a multifunctional copper-containing glycoenzyme (approximately 80 kDa), which plays a key role in the rate-limiting steps of the melanin biosynthetic pathway. This membrane-bound protein, possibly evolved by the fusion of two different copper-binding proteins, is mainly expressed in epidermal, ocular and follicular melanocytes. In the melanocytes, TYR functions as an integrated unit with other TYR-related proteins (TYRP1, TYRP2), lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) and melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptors; thus forming a melanogenic complex. Mutations in the TYR gene (TYR, 11q14-21, MIM 606933) cause oculocutaneous albinism type 1 (OCA1, MIM 203100), a developmental disorder having an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. In addition, TYR can act as a modifier locus for primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) and it also contributes significantly in the eye developmental process. Expression of TYR during neuroblast division helps in later pathfinding by retinal ganglion cells from retina to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. However, mutation screening of TYR is complicated by the presence of a pseudogene-TYR like segment (TYRL, 11p11.2, MIM 191270), sharing approximately 98% sequence identity with the 3' region of TYR. Thus, in absence of a full-proof strategy, any nucleotide variants identified in the 3' region of TYR could actually be present in TYRL. Interestingly, despite extensive search, the second TYR mutation in 15% of the OCA1 cases remains unidentified. Several possible locations of these "uncharacterized mutations" (UCMs) have been speculated so far. Based on the structure of TYR gene, its sequence context and some experimental evidences, we propose two additional possibilities, which on further investigations might shed light on the molecular basis of UCMs in TYR of OCA1 patients; (i) partial deletion of the exons 4 and 5 region of TYR that is homologous with TYRL and (ii) variations in the polymorphic GA complex repeat located between distal and proximal elements of the human TYR promoter that can modulate the expression of the gene leading to disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Ray
- Molecular and Human Genetics Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India.
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Yoon HS, Kim JK, Kim SJ. The inhibitory effect on the melanin synthesis in B16/F10 mouse melanoma cells by Sasa quelpaertensis leaf extract. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.5352/jls.2007.17.6.873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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41
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Deng WD, Xi DM, Gou X, Yang SL, Shi XW, Mao HM. Pigmentation in Black-boned sheep (Ovis aries): association with polymorphism of the Tyrosinase gene. Mol Biol Rep 2007; 35:379-85. [PMID: 17520341 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-007-9097-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Accepted: 04/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Measurements were made in Black-boned (n = 40) and normal (n = 23) sheep (Ovis aries) from a flock in Nanping County of Yunnan Province, China, as well as a group (n = 21) of Romney Marsh sheep (O. aries) with the view to explaining the basis of the dark pigmentation occurring in the Black-boned animals. Plasma colour was significantly darker (P < 0.01) in Black-boned sheep than in their normal flock mates, which in turn had significantly darker plasma (P < 0.01) than the Romney Marsh sheep. Similar significant (P < 0.01) differences were measured for plasma tyrosinase activity and both groups of sheep from Nanping County had similar plasma concentrations of glutathione which were significantly smaller (P < 0.01) than for the Romney Marsh sheep.A partial fragment of 750 bp of exon 1 of the gene encoding tyrosinase was constructed and found to contain two silent mutation sites (G192C and C462T) but there was no effect on amino acid sequences of tyrosinase. Using restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses two allelic variants of site G192C were identified giving rise to the genotypes GG, GC and CC; the frequencies of allele G being 0.914, 0.824 and 0.286 in the Black-boned sheep, their flock mates and the Romney Marsh sheep respectively. Plasma tyrosinase activity was similar for genotypes GG and GC and for both genotypes significantly higher (P < 0.05) than for genotype CC. The sheep from Nanping County displayed only the GG and GC genotypes and had predominantly black or black and white coat colour whereas the Romney Marsh sheep were of either genotype GC or CC and exhibited only white coat colouration. It is not appears that the dark pigmentation of the Black-boned sheep arises because of polymorphisms in the exon 1 of tyrosinase gene. However, this result could explain the differences between Black-boned and Romney Marsh sheep but not for differences between Black-boned and Nanping Normal sheep. Moreover, this result has provided evidence of genetic markers in the form of polymorphisms of the tyrosinase gene which may help to find the black traits causing mutations. There would be merit in further studies using histochemical and molecular techniques to elucidate the causes of the dark pigmentation in these Black-boned sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Deng
- Yunnan Provincial Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
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Rooryck C, Morice F, Mortemousque B, Lacombe D, Taïeb A, Arveiler B. Albinisme oculo-cutané. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0151-9638(07)89250-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Hirobe T, Wakamatsu K, Ito S, Kawa Y, Soma Y, Mizoguchi M. The slaty mutation affects eumelanin and pheomelanin synthesis in mouse melanocytes. Eur J Cell Biol 2006; 85:537-49. [PMID: 16584806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2006.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2005] [Revised: 01/27/2006] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The slaty (Dct(slt)) mutation is known to reduce the activity of dopachrome tautomerase (DCT) in melanocytes. However, it is unknown whether the reduced DCT activity leads to a defect in the proliferation and differentiation of mouse melanocytes. To address this point, the proliferation and differentiation of neonatal melanocytes from Dct(slt)/Dct(slt) congenic mice in serum-free primary culture were investigated in detail. The proliferation of slaty epidermal melanoblasts/melanocytes in culture did not differ from that of wild-type mice. However, the differentiation was greatly inhibited. Tyrosinase (TYR) activity detected by dopa reaction as well as staining of DCT in slaty melanocytes was greatly reduced. The content of eumelanin in cultured slaty melanocytes was reduced, whereas the content of pheomelanin in media derived from cultured 7.5-day-old slaty melanocytes was greatly increased. The contents of eumelanin and pheomelanin in the neonatal slaty epidermis and dermis were reduced, except that the pheomelanin content in 3.5-day-old dermis was increased. These results suggest that the slaty mutation affects both eumelanin and pheomelanin synthesis in developmental stage-specific and skin site-specific manners, and, in addition, the gene controls the differentiation of melanocytes via the regulation of activity of TYR in addition to its own DCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Hirobe
- Radiation Hazards Research Group, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
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Wang N, Hebert DN. Tyrosinase maturation through the mammalian secretory pathway: bringing color to life. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 19:3-18. [PMID: 16420243 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.2005.00288.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosinase has been extensively utilized as a model substrate to study the maturation of glycoproteins in the mammalian secretory pathway. The visual nature of its enzymatic activity (melanin production) has facilitated the identification and characterization of the proteins that assist it becoming a functional enzyme, localized to its proper cellular location. Here, we review the steps involved in the maturation of tyrosinase from when it is first synthesized by cytosolic ribosomes until the mature protein reaches its post-Golgi residence in the melanosomes. These steps include protein processing, covalent modifications, chaperone binding, oligomerization, and trafficking. The disruption of any of these steps can lead to a wide range of pigmentation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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Costin GE, Valencia J, Wakamatsu K, Ito S, Solano F, Milac A, Vieira W, Yamaguchi Y, Rouzaud F, Petrescu AJ, Lamoreux M, Hearing V. Mutations in dopachrome tautomerase (Dct) affect eumelanin/pheomelanin synthesis, but do not affect intracellular trafficking of the mutant protein. Biochem J 2005; 391:249-59. [PMID: 15960609 PMCID: PMC1276922 DOI: 10.1042/bj20042070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2004] [Revised: 06/06/2005] [Accepted: 06/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dopachrome tautomerase (Dct) is a type I membrane protein and an important regulatory enzyme that plays a pivotal role in the biosynthesis of melanin and in the rapid metabolism of its toxic intermediates. Dct-mutant melanocytes carrying the slaty or slaty light mutations were derived from the skin of newborn congenic C57BL/6J non-agouti black mice and were used to study the effect(s) of these mutations on the intracellular trafficking of Dct and on the pigmentation of the cells. Dct activity is 3-fold lower in slaty cells compared with non-agouti black melanocytes, whereas slaty light melanocytes have a surprisingly 28-fold lower Dct activity. Homology modelling of the active site of Dct suggests that the slaty mutation [R194Q (Arg194-->Gln)] is located in the active site and may alter the ability of the enzyme to transform the substrate. Transmembrane prediction methods indicate that the slaty light mutation [G486R (Gly486-->Arg)] may result in the sliding of the transmembrane domain towards the N-terminus, thus interfering with Dct function. Chemical analysis showed that both Dct mutations increase pheomelanin and reduce eumelanin produced by melanocytes in culture. Thus the enzymatic activity of Dct may play a role in determining whether the eumelanin or pheomelanin pathway is preferred for pigment biosynthesis.
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Key Words
- dopachrome tautomerase (dct)
- eumelanin
- melanocyte
- pheomelanin
- pigmentation
- slaty
- 4-ahp, 4-amino-3-hydroxyphenylalanine
- bip, immunoglobulin heavy-chain binding protein
- dapi, 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- dct, dopachrome tautomerase
- dhica, 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid
- endo h, endoglycosidase h
- er, endoplasmic reticulum
- hrp, horseradish peroxidase
- np40, nonidet p40
- oca, oculocutaneous albinism
- pngase f, peptide n-glycosidase f
- ptca, pyrrole-2,3,5-tricarboxylic acid
- rt, reverse transcriptase
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertrude-E. Costin
- *Pigment Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, U.S.A
| | - Julio C. Valencia
- *Pigment Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, U.S.A
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- †Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shosuke Ito
- †Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Francisco Solano
- ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Adina L. Milac
- §Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Wilfred D. Vieira
- *Pigment Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, U.S.A
| | - Yuji Yamaguchi
- *Pigment Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, U.S.A
| | - François Rouzaud
- *Pigment Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, U.S.A
| | | | - M. Lynn Lamoreux
- ∥Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, U.S.A
| | - Vincent J. Hearing
- *Pigment Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, U.S.A
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Beermann F, Orlow SJ, Lamoreux ML. The Tyr (albino) locus of the laboratory mouse. Mamm Genome 2005; 15:749-58. [PMID: 15520878 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-004-4002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2002] [Accepted: 05/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The albino mouse was already known in ancient times and was apparently selectively bred in Egypt, China, and Japan. Thus, it is not surprising that the c or albino locus (now the Tyr locus) was among the first used to demonstrate Mendelian inheritance in mammals at the dawn of the past century. This locus is now known to encode tyrosinase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the production of melanin pigment, and the molecular basis of the albino ( Tyr(c)) mutation is known. Here we describe the congenic series of Tyr-locus alleles, from wild type to null ( albino). We compare eye and skin pigmentation phenotypes and the genetic lesions that cause each. We suggest that this panel of congenic mutants contains rich, untapped resources for the study of many questions of basic cell biological interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Beermann
- ISREC, National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR)Molecular Oncology, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
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Ostankovitch M, Robila V, Engelhard VH. Regulated folding of tyrosinase in the endoplasmic reticulum demonstrates that misfolded full-length proteins are efficient substrates for class I processing and presentation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:2544-51. [PMID: 15728460 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.5.2544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Short-lived protein translation products have been proposed to be the principal substrates that enter the class I MHC processing and presentation pathway. However, the biochemical nature of these substrates is poorly defined. Whether the major processing substrates are misfolded full-length proteins, or alternatively, aberrantly initiated or truncated polypeptides still remains to be addressed. To examine this, we used melanoma in which one-third of wild-type tyrosinase molecules were correctly folded and localized beyond the Golgi, while the remainder were present in the endoplasmic reticulum in an unfolded/misfolded state. Increasing the efficiency of tyrosinase folding using chemical chaperones led to a reduction in the level of substrate available to the proteasome and decreased the expression of a tyrosinase-derived epitope. Conversely, in transfectants expressing tyrosinase mutants that are completely misfolded, both proteasome substrate and epitope presentation were significantly enhanced. Proteasome substrate availability was a consequence of misfolding and not simply due to retention in the endoplasmic reticulum. Thus, the extent of folding/misfolding of a full-length protein is an important determinant of the level of epitope presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ostankovitch
- Carter Immunology Center and Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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48
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Slominski A, Tobin DJ, Shibahara S, Wortsman J. Melanin pigmentation in mammalian skin and its hormonal regulation. Physiol Rev 2004; 84:1155-228. [PMID: 15383650 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00044.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1340] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanin pigment plays a critical role in camouflage, mimicry, social communication, and protection against harmful effects of solar radiation. Melanogenesis is under complex regulatory control by multiple agents interacting via pathways activated by receptor-dependent and -independent mechanisms, in hormonal, auto-, para-, or intracrine fashion. Because of the multidirectional nature and heterogeneous character of the melanogenesis modifying agents, its controlling factors are not organized into simple linear sequences, but they interphase instead in a multidimensional network, with extensive functional overlapping with connections arranged both in series and in parallel. The most important positive regulator of melanogenesis is the MC1 receptor with its ligands melanocortins and ACTH, whereas among the negative regulators agouti protein stands out, determining intensity of melanogenesis and also the type of melanin synthesized. Within the context of the skin as a stress organ, melanogenic activity serves as a unique molecular sensor and transducer of noxious signals and as regulator of local homeostasis. In keeping with these multiple roles, melanogenesis is controlled by a highly structured system, active since early embryogenesis and capable of superselective functional regulation that may reach down to the cellular level represented by single melanocytes. Indeed, the significance of melanogenesis extends beyond the mere assignment of a color trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Slominski
- Dept. of Pathology, Suite 599, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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Rad HH, Yamashita T, Jin HY, Hirosaki K, Wakamatsu K, Ito S, Jimbow K. Tyrosinase-related proteins suppress tyrosinase-mediated cell death of melanocytes and melanoma cells. Exp Cell Res 2004; 298:317-28. [PMID: 15265682 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2003] [Revised: 03/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of melanin intermediates through tyrosinase (TYR) involves the production of cytotoxic free radicals. By using recombinant adenoviruses that express TYR, tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1) or DOPAchrome tautomerase (DCT), we analyzed the biological function of these proteins with regard to melanin production and the growth of melanocytes, fibroblasts, melanoma cells and nonmelanoma cancer cells. High-level expression of TYR produced newly synthesized melanin and induced cell death in all of these cells. However, when TYRP1 or DCT was coexpressed with TYR in melanocytes and melanoma cells, TYR-mediated cell death was clearly decreased. This decrease was not observed in nonmelanocytic cells. Western blot analysis and measurement of enzyme activity revealed that the expression of TYRP1 or DCT had little effect on the amount or activity of cointroduced TYR in either the melanocytic or nonmelanocytic cells. In cells expressing both TYR and TYRP1 or TYR and DCT, the total amount of melanin and/or eumelanin increased substantially more than that in cells expressing TYR alone. On the other hand, the level of pheomelanin was similar in these three cell types. These findings suggest that TYRP1 and DCT play an important role in suppressing TYR-mediated cytotoxicity in melanocytic cells without decreasing TYR expression and/or activity. These biological activities of TYRP1 and DCT may work through the interaction with TYR in melanosomal compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesamaddin Hejazy Rad
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Chuo, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan
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50
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Guyonneau L, Murisier F, Rossier A, Moulin A, Beermann F. Melanocytes and pigmentation are affected in dopachrome tautomerase knockout mice. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:3396-403. [PMID: 15060160 PMCID: PMC381679 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.8.3396-3403.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The tyrosinase family comprises three members, tyrosinase (Tyr), tyrosinase-related protein 1 (Tyrp1), and dopachrome tautomerase (Dct). Null mutations and deletions at the Tyr and Tyrp1 loci are known and phenotypically affect coat color due to the absence of enzyme or intracellular mislocalization. At the Dct locus, three mutations are known that lead to pigmentation phenotype. However, these mutations are not null mutations, and we therefore set out to generate a null allele at the Dct gene locus by removing exon 1 of the mouse Dct gene. Mice deficient in Dct [Dct(tm1(Cre)Bee)] lack Dct mRNA and dopachrome tautomerase protein. They are viable and do not show any abnormalities in Dct-expressing sites such as skin, retinal pigment epithelium, or brain. However, the mice show a diluted coat color phenotype, which is due to reduced melanin content in hair. Primary melanocytes from Dct knockout mice are viable in culture and show a normal distribution of tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein 1. In comparison to the knockout, the slaty mutation (Dct(slt)/Dct(slt)) has less melanin and affects growth of primary melanocytes severely. In summary, we have generated a knockout of the Dct gene in mice with effects restricted to pigment production and coat color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Guyonneau
- Molecular Oncology, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, National Center of Competence in Research, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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