1
|
Shi B, Ma L, He X, Wang X, Wang P, Zhou L, Yao X. Comparative analysis of human and mouse immunoglobulin variable heavy regions from IMGT/LIGM-DB with IMGT/HighV-QUEST. Theor Biol Med Model 2014; 11:30. [PMID: 24992938 PMCID: PMC4085081 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4682-11-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunoglobulin (IG) complementarity determining region (CDR) includes VH CDR1, VH CDR2, VH CDR3, VL CDR1, VL CDR2 and VL CDR3. Of these, VH CDR3 plays a dominant role in recognizing and binding antigens. Three major mechanisms are involved in the formation of the VH repertoire: germline gene rearrangement, junctional diversity and somatic hypermutation. Features of the generation mechanisms of VH repertoire in humans and mice share similarities while VH CDR3 amino acid (AA) composition differs. Previous studies have mainly focused on germline gene rearrangement and the composition and structure of the CDR3 AA in humans and mice. However the number of AA changes due to somatic hypermutation and analysis of the junctional mechanism have been ignored. Methods Here we analyzed 9,340 human and 6,657 murine unique productive sequences of immunoglobulin (IG) variable heavy (VH) domains derived from IMGT/LIGM-DB database to understand how VH CDR3 AA compositions significantly differed between human and mouse. These sequences were identified and analyzed by IMGT/HighV-QUEST (http://www.imgt.org), including gene usage, number of AA changes due to somatic hypermutation, AA length distribution of VH CDR3, AA composition, and junctional diversity. Results Analyses of human and murine IG repertoires showed significant differences. A higher number of AA changes due to somatic hypermutation and more abundant N-region addition were found in human compared to mouse, which might be an important factor leading to differences in VH CDR3 amino acid composition. Conclusions These findings are a benchmark for understanding VH repertoires and can be used to characterize the VH repertoire during immune responses. The study will allow standardized comparison for high throughput results obtained by IMGT/HighV-QUEST, the reference portal for NGS repertoire.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xinsheng Yao
- Department of Immunology, Research Center for Medicine & Biology, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Trüssel S, Dumelin C, Frey K, Villa A, Buller F, Neri D. New strategy for the extension of the serum half-life of antibody fragments. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 20:2286-92. [PMID: 19916518 DOI: 10.1021/bc9002772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antibody fragments can recognize their cognate antigen with high affinity and can be produced at high yields, but generally display rapid blood clearance profiles. For pharmaceutical applications, the serum half-life of antibody fragments is often extended by chemical modification with polymers or by genetic fusion to albumin or albumin-binding polypeptides. Here, we report that the site-specific chemical modification of a C-terminal cysteine residue in scFv antibody fragments with a small organic molecule capable of high-affinity binding to serum albumin substantially extends serum half-life in rodents. The strategy was implemented using the antibody fragment F8, specific to the alternatively spliced EDA domain of fibronectin, a tumor-associated antigen. The unmodified and chemically modified scFv-F8 antibody fragments were studied by biodistribution analysis in tumor-bearing mice, exhibiting a dramatic increase in tumor uptake for the albumin-binding antibody derivative. The data presented in this paper indicate that the chemical modification of the antibody fragment with the 2-(3-maleimidopropanamido)-6-(4-(4-iodophenyl)butanamido)hexanoate albumin-binding moiety may represent a general strategy for the extension of the serum half-life of antibody fragments and for the improvement of their in vivo targeting performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Trüssel
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Philochem AG, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cloning antifungal single chain fragment variable antibodies by phage display and competitive panning elution. Anal Biochem 2009; 395:16-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2009.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 08/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
4
|
Duan T, Ferguson M, Yuan L, Xu F, Li G. Human Monoclonal Fab Antibodies Against West Nile Virus and its Neutralizing Activity Analyzed in Vitro and in Vivo. JOURNAL OF ANTIVIRALS & ANTIRETROVIRALS 2009; 1:36-42. [PMID: 20505850 PMCID: PMC2875541 DOI: 10.4172/jaa.1000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The disease progression with West Nile virus (WNV) infection in humans leads to meningitis or encephalitis and may cause death, particularly among elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Passive immunity using immunoglobulins has shown efficacy in treating some patients with WNV infection, which makes the development of human anti-WNV antibodies significant. The goal of this study was to construct a Fab-specific phage display library against WNV, and to identify and select clones with neutralizing activities. Total RNA was extracted from peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) of two immunized individuals, and RT-PCR was used to amplify the Fab fragments containing the heavy (V(H)) and light (V(L)) chains. The amplified genes were sequentially cloned into the recombinant antibody expression vector pComb3-H, and the Fab-specific phage display library was packaged with helper phage VCS-M13. Five rounds of panning were carried out with WNV E protein domain III, and then binding antibodies were selected by ELISA. Antigen binding specificity, complementarity determining region (CDR) sequence of V(H) and V(L), and neutralizing activity against WNV were analyzed in vitro and in vivo. Eight Fab monoclonal antibodies recognized E protein domain III from a library of 7×10(7) clones/ml. Of the eight, one (Fab 1), exhibited significant neutralizing activity, and completely blocked 100 pfu WNV infection in Vero cells at a concentration 160 μg/ml. In contrast, Fab 13 and Fab 25, showed weaker neutralizing activities, and modestly blocked 100 pfu WNV infections at concentrations of 320 μg/ml and 160 μg/ml, respectively. However, animal studies showed that Fab 1 failed to protect mice from death at the concentration of 160μg/ml indicating that the neutralizing potential of an antibody in vivo is determined by the strength of binding and the abundance of its epitope for the virion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Duan
- Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, USA 77555-0435
| | - Monique Ferguson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, USA 77555-0435
| | - Lintian Yuan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China 710032
| | - Fangling Xu
- Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, USA 77555-0435
| | - Guangyu Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, USA 77555-0435
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
We provide procedures for the panning of fully humanized Fab antibodies using guided selection. Human heavy and light chain genes are amplified. A parental light chain is cloned into a phage display vector and combined with the heavy chain library. After several rounds of panning, positive clones are identified and the heavy chain sequences that are recovered are combined with light chains for further selection by phage display. Human Fab antibodies are obtained that bind the same epitope as the parental antibody.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bao Guo-Qiang
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Barbosa AM, Villaverde AB, Guimarães-Souza L, Ribeiro W, Cogo JC, Zamuner SR. Effect of low-level laser therapy in the inflammatory response induced by Bothrops jararacussu snake venom. Toxicon 2008; 51:1236-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Revised: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
7
|
Boswell CA, Brechbiel MW. Development of radioimmunotherapeutic and diagnostic antibodies: an inside-out view. Nucl Med Biol 2007; 34:757-78. [PMID: 17921028 PMCID: PMC2212602 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Revised: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Only a handful of radiolabeled antibodies (Abs) have gained US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for use in clinical oncology, including four immunodiagnostic agents and two targeted radioimmunotherapeutic agents. Despite the advent of nonimmunogenic Abs and the availability of a diverse library of radionuclides, progress beyond early Phase II radioimmunotherapy (RIT) studies in solid tumors has been marginal. Furthermore, [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose continues to dominate the molecular imaging domain, underscored by a decade-long absence of any newly approved Ab-based imaging agent (none since 1996). Why has the development of clinically successful Abs for RIT been limited to lymphoma? What obstacles must be overcome to allow the FDA approval of immuno-positron emission tomography (immuno-PET) imaging agents? How can we address the unique challenges that have thus far prevented the introduction of Ab-based imaging agents and therapeutics for solid tumors? Many poor decisions have been made regarding radiolabeled Abs, but useful insight can be gained from these mistakes. The following review addresses the physical, chemical, biological, clinical, regulatory and financial limitations that impede the progress of this increasingly important class of drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. Andrew Boswell
- Radioimmune & Inorganic Chemistry Section, Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Building 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-1088
| | - Martin W. Brechbiel
- Radioimmune & Inorganic Chemistry Section, Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Building 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-1088
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang Q, Zhang SH, Su MQ, Bao GQ, Liu JY, Yi J, Shen JJ, Hao XK. Guided selection of an anti-gamma-seminoprotein human Fab for antibody directed enzyme prodrug therapy of prostate cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:477-89. [PMID: 16868778 PMCID: PMC11030898 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0202-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Accepted: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The HAMA response is a major challenge when murine antibodies are repeatedly administered for antibody directed enzyme prodrug therapy in vivo. In this study we have achieved humanization of the anti-gamma-seminoprotein E(4)B(7) murine mAb by guided selection. METHODS Using optimal Ig Fab primers, human Fd and CL gene repertoires were amplified by RT-PCR from PBMCs of prostate cancer patients. The human Lc gene repertoire was first paired with the murine Fd gene of E(4)B(7) mAb to construct a pComb3X hybrid Fab display library. This hybrid library was screened with purified gamma-seminoprotein antigen. The human Fd gene repertoire was then paired with the selected human Lc to construct a fully human Fab library. After four more rounds of panning, completely human Fab antibodies specific for gamma-seminoprotein were selected and further identified. RESULTS First, using the E(4)B(7) Fd gene as a template, light chain shuffling was achieved by panning the hybrid library. Then, using the selected Lc as a template, a human Fab antibody against gamma-seminoprotein was produced through heavy chain Fd shuffling. Western blotting, ELISA, and flow cytometry results demonstrated that the resulting human Fab antibody resembled the parental E(4)B(7) mAb in that they both recognized the same epitope with similar affinities. Fluorescent cell staining and immunohistochemistry analysis further confirmed that this newly constructed human anti-gamma-seminoprotein Fab antibody indeed specifically bound prostate cancer cells and tissue. CONCLUSIONS Through guided-selection, we successfully produced a human anti-gamma-seminoprotein Fab antibody. This work lays the foundation for optimal antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy of prostate cancer using a fully human Fab antibody.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710038 People’s Republic of China
| | - Si-He Zhang
- Cell Engineering Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming-Quan Su
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guo-Qiang Bao
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710038 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Yun Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Yi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Jun Shen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ke Hao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Park SG, Jeong YJ, Lee YY, Kim IJ, Seo SK, Kim EJ, Jung HC, Pan JG, Park SJ, Lee YJ, Kim IS, Choi IH. Hepatitis B virus-neutralizing anti-pre-S1 human antibody fragments from large naïve antibody phage library. Antiviral Res 2005; 68:109-15. [PMID: 16290278 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2005.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2005] [Revised: 06/24/2005] [Accepted: 06/27/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We report the construction of a large nonimmunized human phage antibody library in single-chain variable region fragment (scFv) format, which allowed the selection of antibodies that neutralize hepatitis B virus (HBV) in vitro. We generated 1.1 x 10(10) independent scFv clones using the cDNA of functional variable (V) gene segments of heavy and light chains purified from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 50 nonimmunized human donors. Using BIAcore, we selected two clones that recognized pre-S1 and neutralized pre-S1 and HBV binding to Chang liver cells. Clone G10 had the highest affinity (K(D)=1.69 x 10(-7)M), which was higher than that of clone 1E4 that was generated previously from a heavy chain-shuffled immune library. The off-rates of clones were within 10(-3)s(-1) as determined by BIAcore and were comparable to those of antibodies derived from a normal secondary immune response. In the inhibition assays of pre-S1 and virus binding to Chang liver cells using flow cytometry and the polymerase chain reaction, G10 had better neutralizing activity than 1E4. The new phage library may be a valuable source of antibodies with reasonable affinities to different targets, and the anti-pre-S1 G10 may be a good candidate for immunoprophylaxis against HBV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sae-Gwang Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Center for Viral Disease Research, Inje University, Jin-Gu, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Glassy MC, Yasutomi J, Koda K. Lessons learned about the therapeutic potential of the natural human immune response to lung cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 8:995-1006. [PMID: 15992101 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.8.7.995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths; patients with this disease often develop antibodies to their own tumour antigens. TB94 is one such human antibody, and was obtained from the natural immune response from a patient with lung cancer. The data generated so far on TB94 suggest that this human antibody may have clinical applications in the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer. Since humans make antibodies to tumour antigens, the intelligence of the human immune response can be exploited for the discovery of potential novel antigens. These novel antigens can then be developed for vaccine applications. Creating effective strategies to analyse systematically the natural human immune response to tumour antigens will open up new areas of immunotherapy for the control and eradication of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Glassy
- The Rajko Medenica Research Foundation, 10246 Parkdale Avenue, San Diego, CA 92126, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zemlin M, Klinger M, Link J, Zemlin C, Bauer K, Engler JA, Schroeder HW, Kirkham PM. Expressed murine and human CDR-H3 intervals of equal length exhibit distinct repertoires that differ in their amino acid composition and predicted range of structures. J Mol Biol 2004; 334:733-49. [PMID: 14636599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2003.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin junctional diversity is concentrated in the third complementarity-determining region of the heavy chain (CDR-H3), which often plays a dominant role in antigen binding. The range of CDR-H3 lengths in mouse is shorter than in human, and thus the murine repertoire could be presumed to be a subset of the human one. To test this presumption, we analyzed 4751 human and 2170 murine unique, functional, published CDR-H3 intervals. Although tyrosine, glycine, and serine were found to predominate in both species, the human sequences contained fewer tyrosine residues, more proline residues, and more hydrophobic residues (p<0.001, respectively). While changes in amino acid utilization as a function of CDR-H3 length followed similar trends in both species, murine and human CDR-H3 intervals of identical length were found to differ from each other. These differences reflect both divergence of germline diversity and joining gene sequence and somatic selection. Together, these factors promote the production of a rather uniform repertoire in mice of tyrosine-enriched CDR-H3 loops with stabilized hydrogen bond-ladders versus a much more diverse repertoire in human that contains CDR-H3 loops sculpted by the presence of intra-chain disulfide bonds due to germline-encoded cysteine residues as well as the enhanced presence of somatically generated proline residues that preclude hydrogen bond ladder formation. Thus, despite the presumed need to recognize a similar range of antigen epitopes, the murine CDR-H3 repertoire is clearly distinct from its human counterpart in its amino acid composition and its predicted range of structures. These findings represent a benchmark to which CDR-H3 repertoires can be compared to better characterize and understand the shaping of the CDR-H3 repertoire over evolution and during immune responses. This information may also be useful for the design of species-specific CDR-H3 sequences in synthetic antibody libraries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zemlin
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-3300, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ostendorp R, Frisch C, Urban M. Generation, Engineering and Production of Human Antibodies Using Hucal®. Antibodies (Basel) 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8877-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
|
13
|
Joosten V, Lokman C, van den Hondel CAMJJ, Punt PJ. The production of antibody fragments and antibody fusion proteins by yeasts and filamentous fungi. Microb Cell Fact 2003; 2:1. [PMID: 12605725 PMCID: PMC149433 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2002] [Accepted: 01/30/2003] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review we will focus on the current status and views concerning the production of antibody fragments and antibody fusion proteins by yeasts and filamentous fungi. We will focus on single-chain antibody fragment production (scFv and VHH) by these lower eukaryotes and the possible applications of these proteins. Also the coupling of fragments to relevant enzymes or other components will be discussed. As an example of the fusion protein strategy, the 'magic bullet' approach for industrial applications, will be highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivi Joosten
- TNO Nutrition and Food Research, Department of Applied Microbiology and Gene Technology, P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Christien Lokman
- TNO Nutrition and Food Research, Department of Applied Microbiology and Gene Technology, P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Cees AMJJ van den Hondel
- TNO Nutrition and Food Research, Department of Applied Microbiology and Gene Technology, P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Punt
- TNO Nutrition and Food Research, Department of Applied Microbiology and Gene Technology, P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Scheffer GL, Reurs AW, Jutten B, Beiboer SHW, van Amerongen R, Schoester M, Wiemer EAC, Hoogenboom HR, Scheper RJ. Selection and characterisation of a phage-displayed human antibody (Fab) reactive to the lung resistance-related major vault protein. Br J Cancer 2002; 86:954-62. [PMID: 11953829 PMCID: PMC2364164 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2001] [Accepted: 12/11/2001] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The major vault protein is the main component on multimeric vault particles, that are likely to play an essential role in normal cell physiology and to be associated with multidrug resistance of tumour cells. In order to unravel the function of vaults and their putative contribution to multidrug resistance, specific antibodies are invaluable tools. Until now, only conventional major vault protein-reactive murine monoclonal antibodies have been generated, that are most suitable for immunohistochemical analyses. The phage display method allows for selection of human antibody fragments with potential use in clinical applications. Furthermore, cDNA sequences encoding selected antibody fragments are readily identified, facilitating various molecular targeting approaches. In order to obtain such human Fab fragments recognising major vault protein we used a large non-immunized human Fab fragment phage library. Phages displaying major vault protein-reactive Fabs were obtained through several rounds of selection on major vault protein-coated immunotubes and subsequent amplification in TG1 E coli bacteria. Eventually, one major vault protein-reactive clone was selected and further examined. The anti-major vault protein Fab was found suitable for immunohistochemical and Western blot analysis of tumour cell lines and human tissues. BIAcore analysis showed that the binding affinity of the major vault protein-reactive clone almost equalled that of the murine anti-major vault protein Mabs. The cDNA sequence of this human Fab may be exploited to generate an intrabody for major vault protein-knock out studies. Thus, this human Fab fragment should provide a valuable tool in elucidating the contribution(s) of major vault protein/vaults to normal physiology and cellular drug resistance mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G L Scheffer
- Department of Pathology, Free University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Antibodies are unique in their high affinity and specificity for a binding partner, a quality that has made them one of the most useful molecules for biotechnology and biomedical applications. The field of antibody engineering has changed rapidly in the past 10 years, fueled by novel technologies for the in vitro isolation of antibodies from combinatorial libraries and their functional expression in bacteria. This review presents an overview of the methods available for the de novo generation of human antibodies, for engineering antibodies with increased antigen affinity, and for the production of antibody fragments. Select applications of recombinant antibodies are also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Maynard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Norton EJ, Diekman AB, Westbrook VA, Flickinger CJ, Herr JC. RASA, a recombinant single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody directed against the human sperm surface: implications for novel contraceptives. Hum Reprod 2001; 16:1854-60. [PMID: 11527888 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/16.9.1854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recombinant single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody was engineered to a tissue-specific carbohydrate epitope located on human sperm agglutination antigen-1 (SAGA-1), a sperm glycoform of CD52. METHODS AND RESULTS cDNAs encoding the variable regions of the S19 [IgG(1)kappa] monoclonal antibody (mAb) were identified, linked, and cloned into the pCANTAB 5E vector. The recombinant anti-sperm antibody (RASA) was expressed in E. coli HB2151 cells as a 29 kDa monomer and, remarkably, also formed multimers of approximately 60 and 90 kDa. RASA reacted with the endogenous SAGA-1 antigen by Western blot analysis, labelled the entire human sperm surface by indirect immunofluorescence, and aggregated human spermatozoa in a tangled (head-to-head, head-to-tail, tail-to-tail) pattern of agglutination, as was also observed with the native S19 mAb. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that active recombinant antibodies can be produced to a tissue-specific carbohydrate epitope on the human sperm surface, thereby opening opportunities for novel contraceptive agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E J Norton
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Recombinant Gamete Contraceptive Vaccinogens, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Willuda J, Kubetzko S, Waibel R, Schubiger PA, Zangemeister-Wittke U, Plückthun A. Tumor targeting of mono-, di-, and tetravalent anti-p185(HER-2) miniantibodies multimerized by self-associating peptides. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:14385-92. [PMID: 11278961 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m011669200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Multimerization of antibody fragments increases the valency and the molecular weight, both identified as key features in the design of the optimal targeting molecule. Here, we report the construction of mono-, di-, and tetrameric variants of the anti-tumor p185(HER-2) single chain Fv fragment 4D5 by fusion of self-associating peptides to the carboxyl terminus. Dimeric miniantibodies with a synthetic helix-turn-helix domain and tetrameric ones with the multimerization domain of the human p53 protein were produced in functional form in the periplasm of Escherichia coli. We have directly compared these molecules and the single-chain Fv fragment in the targeting of SK-OV-3 xenografts. Tetramerization of the 4D5 antibody fragment resulted in increased serum persistence, significantly reduced off-rate, due to the avidity effect, both in surface plasmon resonance measurements on purified p185(HER-2) and on SK-OV-3 cells. The (99m)technetium-tricarbonyl-labeled tetrameric 4D5-p53 miniantibody localized with the highest dose at the tumor and remained stably bound for at least 72 h. The highest total dose was 4.3% injected dose/g after 24 h, whereas the highest tumor-to-blood ratio was found to be 13.5:1 after 48 h, with a total dose of 3.2% injected dose/g. The tetramer shows no higher avidity than the dimer, presumably since the simultaneous binding to more than two antigen molecules on the surface of cells is not possible, and the improvement in performance over the dimer must at least be due in part to the molecular weight. These results demonstrate that multimerization by self-associating peptides can be used for the development of more effective targeting molecules for medical diagnostics and therapy.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies/immunology
- Antibodies/metabolism
- Chromatography, Gel
- Cloning, Molecular
- Dimerization
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Female
- Humans
- Kinetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Models, Genetic
- Peptides/metabolism
- Periplasm/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Radioimmunoassay
- Receptor, ErbB-2/chemistry
- Receptor, ErbB-2/immunology
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Technetium/pharmacokinetics
- Temperature
- Time Factors
- Tissue Distribution
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Willuda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shields RL, Namenuk AK, Hong K, Meng YG, Rae J, Briggs J, Xie D, Lai J, Stadlen A, Li B, Fox JA, Presta LG. High resolution mapping of the binding site on human IgG1 for Fc gamma RI, Fc gamma RII, Fc gamma RIII, and FcRn and design of IgG1 variants with improved binding to the Fc gamma R. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:6591-604. [PMID: 11096108 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m009483200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 852] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc receptors play a critical role in linking IgG antibody-mediated immune responses with cellular effector functions. A high resolution map of the binding site on human IgG1 for human Fc gamma RI, Fc gamma RIIA, Fc gamma RIIB, Fc gamma RIIIA, and FcRn receptors has been determined. A common set of IgG1 residues is involved in binding to all Fc gamma R; Fc gamma RII and Fc gamma RIII also utilize residues outside this common set. In addition to residues which, when altered, abrogated binding to one or more of the receptors, several residues were found that improved binding only to specific receptors or simultaneously improved binding to one type of receptor and reduced binding to another type. Select IgG1 variants with improved binding to Fc gamma RIIIA exhibited up to 100% enhancement in antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity using human effector cells; these variants included changes at residues not found at the binding interface in the IgG/Fc gamma RIIIA co-crystal structure (Sondermann, P., Huber, R., Oosthuizen, V., and Jacob, U. (2000) Nature 406, 267-273). These engineered antibodies may have important implications for improving antibody therapeutic efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R L Shields
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Saffran DC, Raitano AB, Hubert RS, Witte ON, Reiter RE, Jakobovits A. Anti-PSCA mAbs inhibit tumor growth and metastasis formation and prolong the survival of mice bearing human prostate cancer xenografts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:2658-63. [PMID: 11226295 PMCID: PMC30194 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.051624698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate stem-cell antigen (PSCA) is a cell-surface antigen expressed in normal prostate and overexpressed in prostate cancer tissues. PSCA expression is detected in over 80% of patients with local disease, and elevated levels of PSCA are correlated with increased tumor stage, grade, and androgen independence, including high expression in bone metastases. We evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of anti-PSCA mAbs in human prostate cancer xenograft mouse models by using the androgen-dependent LAPC-9 xenograft and the androgen-independent recombinant cell line PC3-PSCA. Two different anti-PSCA mAbs, 1G8 (IgG1kappa) and 3C5 (IgG2akappa), inhibited formation of s.c. and orthotopic xenograft tumors in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, administration of anti-PSCA mAbs led to retardation of established orthotopic tumor growth and inhibition of metastasis to distant sites, resulting in a significant prolongation in the survival of tumor-bearing mice. These studies suggest PSCA as an attractive target for immunotherapy and demonstrate the therapeutic potential of anti-PSCA mAbs for the treatment of local and metastatic prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D C Saffran
- UroGenesys, Inc., 1701 Colorado Avenue, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Schaffitzel C, Hanes J, Jermutus L, Plückthun A. Ribosome display: an in vitro method for selection and evolution of antibodies from libraries. J Immunol Methods 1999; 231:119-35. [PMID: 10648932 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(99)00149-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Combinatorial approaches in biology require appropriate screening methods for very large libraries. The library size, however, is almost always limited by the initial transformation steps following its assembly and ligation, as other all screening methods use cells or phages and viruses derived from them. Ribosome display is the first method for screening and selection of functional proteins performed completely in vitro and thus circumventing many drawbacks of in vivo systems. We review here the principle and applications of ribosome display for generating high-affinity antibodies from complex libraries. In ribosome display, the physical link between genotype and phenotype is accomplished by a mRNA-ribosome-protein complex that is used for selection. As this complex is stable for several days under appropriate conditions, very stringent selections can be performed. Ribosome display allows protein evolution through a built-in diversification of the initial library during selection cycles. Thus, the initial library size no longer limits the sequence space sampled. By this method, scFv fragments of antibodies with affinities in the low picomolar range have been obtained. As all steps of ribosome display are carried out entirely in vitro, reaction conditions of individual steps can be tailored to the requirements of the protein species investigated and the objectives of the selection or evolution experiment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Schaffitzel
- Biochemisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Wintherthurerstr. 190, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
In this narrative, I describe how my interest in the nature and origin of antibody diversity led me to tackle the problem by using somatic cell genetic techniques. The first hybridoma (an immortal antibody-secreting cell line derived by fusion of a short-lived lymphocyte and a myeloma cell line) was an offshoot of this approach. Although not intended for such purposes, it soon became obvious that this invention had widespread potential in basic research and industry. Indeed, the technique opened new inroads into the study of complex biological substances and became the method of choice to define new differentiation markers. Hybridomas also allowed us to dissect the immune response to a simple antigen and to demonstrate the critical role of somatic mutations in the generation of high affinity antibodies. Now, monoclonal antibodies can be derived and manipulated in vitro, leading to important new developments in therapeutic applications. BioEssays 1999;21:966-973.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Milstein
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, MRC Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
For the third complementarity determining region of the antibody heavy chain (CDR-H3), we propose the 'H3-rules', which should identify the tertiary structure from the amino acid sequence of the CDR-H3 segment. A total of 100 CDR-H3 segments from well-determined crystal structures were analyzed. Distinctive relationships between the structures and the sequences were revealed from 55 segments, and the rules were examined for the other 45 segments and were verified. In some antibodies, basic residues at specific positions were revealed to be notable signals, with their ability to form salt bridges and to assume conformations inconsistent with the rules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Shirai
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biomolecular Engineering Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
de Haard HJ, van Neer N, Reurs A, Hufton SE, Roovers RC, Henderikx P, de Bruïne AP, Arends JW, Hoogenboom HR. A large non-immunized human Fab fragment phage library that permits rapid isolation and kinetic analysis of high affinity antibodies. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:18218-30. [PMID: 10373423 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.26.18218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the design, construction, and use of the first very large non-immunized phage antibody library in Fab format, which allows the rapid isolation and affinity analysis of antigen-specific human antibody fragments. Individually cloned heavy and light chain variable region libraries were combined in an efficient two-step cloning procedure, permitting the cloning of a total of 3.7 x 10(10) independent Fab clones. The performance of the library was determined by the successful selection of on average 14 different Fabs against 6 antigens tested. These include tetanus toxoid, the hapten phenyl-oxazolone, the breast cancer-associated MUC1 antigen, and three highly related glycoprotein hormones: human chorionic gonadotropin, human luteinizing hormone, and human follicle-stimulating hormone. In the latter category, a panel of either homone-specific or cross-reactive antibodies were identified. The design of the library permits the monitoring of selections with polyclonal phage preparations and to carry out large scale screening of antibody off-rates with unpurified Fab fragments on BIAcore. Antibodies with off-rates in the order of 10(-2) to 10(-4) s-1 and affinities up to 2.7 nM were recovered. The kinetics of these phage antibodies are of the same order of magnitude as antibodies associated with a secondary immune response. This new phage antibody library is set to become a valuable source of antibodies to many different targets, and to play a vital role in target discovery and validation in the area of functional genomics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H J de Haard
- Target Quest B.V., Maastricht University and University Hospital Maastricht, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|