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Barnes S, Schilizzi O, Audsley KM, Newnes HV, Foley B. Deciphering the Immunological Phenomenon of Adaptive Natural Killer (NK) Cells and Cytomegalovirus (CMV). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228864. [PMID: 33238550 PMCID: PMC7700325 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a significant and vital role in the first line of defense against infection through their ability to target cells without prior sensitization. They also contribute significantly to the activation and recruitment of both innate and adaptive immune cells through the production of a range of cytokines and chemokines. In the context of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, NK cells and CMV have co-evolved side by side to employ several mechanisms to evade one another. However, during this co-evolution the discovery of a subset of long-lived NK cells with enhanced effector potential, increased antibody-dependent responses and the potential to mediate immune memory has revolutionized the field of NK cell biology. The ability of a virus to imprint on the NK cell receptor repertoire resulting in the expansion of diverse, highly functional NK cells to this day remains a significant immunological phenomenon that only occurs in the context of CMV. Here we review our current understanding of the development of these NK cells, commonly referred to as adaptive NK cells and their current role in transplantation, infection, vaccination and cancer immunotherapy to decipher the complex role of CMV in dictating NK cell functional fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Barnes
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (S.B.); (O.S.); (K.M.A.); (H.V.N.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Ophelia Schilizzi
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (S.B.); (O.S.); (K.M.A.); (H.V.N.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Katherine M. Audsley
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (S.B.); (O.S.); (K.M.A.); (H.V.N.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Hannah V. Newnes
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (S.B.); (O.S.); (K.M.A.); (H.V.N.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Bree Foley
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (S.B.); (O.S.); (K.M.A.); (H.V.N.)
- Correspondence:
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2
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Expression of human leukocyte antigen class I in endocrine and exocrine pancreatic tissue at onset of type 1 diabetes. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:129-38. [PMID: 25524212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The cause of type 1 diabetes remains unknown. To dissect the link between hyperexpression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I on the islet cells, we examined its expression in subjects with recent-onset type 1 diabetes. IHC showed seemingly pronounced hyperexpression in subjects with recent-onset type 1 diabetes, as well as in some nondiabetic subjects. In all subjects, HLA class I expression on exocrine tissue was low. However, no difference in the level of HLA class I expression was found between islet and exocrine tissue using Western blot, flow cytometry, real-time quantitative PCR, or RNA sequencing analyses. Also, the level of HLA class I expression on the messenger level was not increased in islets from subjects with recent-onset type 1 diabetes compared with that in nondiabetic subjects. Consistently, the HLA class I specific enhanceosome (NLRC5) and related transcription factors, as well as interferons, were not enhanced in islets from recent-onset type 1 diabetic subjects. In conclusion, a discrepancy in HLA class I expression in islets assessed by IHC was observed compared with that using quantitative techniques showing similar expression of HLA class I in islets and exocrine tissue in subjects with recent-onset type 1 diabetes, nor could any differences be found between type 1 diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. Results presented provide important clues for a better understanding on how this complex disease develops.
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3
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Kim Y, Park B, Cho S, Shin J, Cho K, Jun Y, Ahn K. Human cytomegalovirus UL18 utilizes US6 for evading the NK and T-cell responses. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000123. [PMID: 18688275 PMCID: PMC2483941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) US6 glycoprotein inhibits TAP function, resulting in down-regulation of MHC class I molecules at the cell surface. Cells lacking MHC class I molecules are susceptible to NK cell lysis. HCMV expresses UL18, a MHC class I homolog that functions as a surrogate to prevent host cell lysis. Despite a high level of sequence and structural homology between UL18 and MHC class I molecules, surface expression of MHC class I, but not UL18, is down regulated by US6. Here, we describe a mechanism of action by which HCMV UL18 avoids attack by the self-derived TAP inhibitor US6. UL18 abrogates US6 inhibition of ATP binding by TAP and, thereby, restores TAP-mediated peptide translocation. In addition, UL18 together with US6 interferes with the physical association between MHC class I molecules and TAP that is required for optimal peptide loading. Thus, regardless of the recovery of TAP function, surface expression of MHC class I molecules remains decreased. UL18 represents a unique immune evasion protein that has evolved to evade both the NK and the T cell immune responses. HCMV establishes a lifelong latent infection and causes serious disease in immunocompromised individuals. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells are the primary effectors for the immune defense against HCMV. However, HCMV has evolved to evade both the innate and adaptive cellular immunity to viral infection. HCMV US6 glycoprotein inhibits TAP function, resulting in down-regulation of MHC class I, while HCMV UL18 is an MHC class I homolog that functions as a surrogate to prevent host cell lysis. Despite significant sequence and structural homology between UL18 and MHC class I molecules, US6 down regulates surface expression of MHC class I, but not UL18. Here, we describe a mechanism by which UL18 circumvents the self-derived TAP inhibitor, US6. UL18 abrogates US6 inhibition of TAP-ATP binding and restores TAP-mediated peptide translocation, thereby making peptides available for the assembly and subsequent surface expression of UL18. Together UL18 and US6 inhibit binding of MHC class I to TAP, thus down regulating surface expression of MHC class I molecules. UL18 represents a unique immune evasion protein resistant to both the NK and T cell immune responses. Our data provide a molecular basis for persistent HCMV infection and will aid in the development of a therapeutic vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngkyun Kim
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Antigen Presentation, Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Boyoun Park
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Antigen Presentation, Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sunglim Cho
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Antigen Presentation, Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinwook Shin
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Antigen Presentation, Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwangmin Cho
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Antigen Presentation, Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngsoo Jun
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Antigen Presentation, Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwangseog Ahn
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Antigen Presentation, Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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4
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Seliger B, Ritz U, Ferrone S. Molecular mechanisms of HLA class I antigen abnormalities following viral infection and transformation. Int J Cancer 2005; 118:129-38. [PMID: 16003759 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In humans as in other animal species, CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play an important if not the major role in controlling virus-infected and malignant cell growth. The interactions between CD8+ T cells and target cells are mediated by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I antigens loaded with viral and tumor antigen-derived peptides along with costimulatory receptor/ligand stimuli. Thus, to escape from CD8+ T-cell recognition and destruction, viruses and tumor cells have developed strategies to inhibit the expression and/or function of HLA class I antigens. In contrast, cells with downregulated MHC class I surface expression can be recognized by NK cells, although NK cell-mediated lysis could be abrogated by the expression of inhibiting NK cell receptors. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms utilized by viruses to inhibit the formation, transport and/or expression of HLA class I antigen/peptide complexes on the cell surface. The knowledge about viral interference with MHC class I antigen presentation is not only crucial to understand the pathogenesis of viral diseases, but contributes also to the design of novel strategies to counteract the escape mechanisms utilized by viruses. These investigations may eventually lead to the development of effective immunotherapies to control viral infections and virus-associated malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Seliger
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University, Halle, Germany.
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5
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Jacobs R, Heiken H, Schmidt RE. Mutual interference of HIV and natural killer cell-mediated immune response. Mol Immunol 2005; 42:239-49. [PMID: 15488611 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2004.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells represent important early effector cells in innate immune defense as they exert their functions without prior sensitization. They participate in regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses and hematopoiesis by producing various cytokines and chemokines. In addition, NK cells lyse virally infected and malignant cells raising them to multifunctional members of the first line of defense. Unlike other lymphocytes they lack specific antigen receptors. They rather bind cells using ubiquitous molecules and communicate via a pattern of receptors specific for MHC-I molecules with their counterparts. In general, successful binding of the receptors delivers an inhibitory signal to NK cells thus sparing the target cell from lysis. In contrast, down-regulated or altered MHC-I expression as frequently observed during virus infection or on malignant cells prevents ligation of inhibitory receptors and MHC-I paralyzing inhibition and thus inducing lysis of the target cell. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection NK cells are of central importance since they can combat viral infection itself and opportunistic pathogens like fungi and protozoa that usually spread during the course of HIV infection. However, various studies have reported alterations in HIV patients affecting NK cell numbers and functions that might negatively influence course and severity of the disease. This review will focus on the mutual interference of NK cells and the HI virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Jacobs
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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6
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Hilleman MR. Strategies and mechanisms for host and pathogen survival in acute and persistent viral infections. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101 Suppl 2:14560-6. [PMID: 15297608 PMCID: PMC521982 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0404758101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent viral infections causing serious diseases derive, primarily, from altered function of the immune system. Knowledge of the very complex composition and function of the innate and adaptive branches of the immune system is essential to understanding persistent infection. The best solution to the problem of persistent infection is by prevention using prophylactic vaccines. Hit and run viruses evade immune destruction by infecting new hosts and rarely persist. Hit and stay viruses evade immune control by sequestration, blockade of antigen presentation, cytokine escape, evasion of natural killer cell activities, escape from apoptosis, and antigenic change. Twelve prophylactic vaccines against hit and run agents exist, and there are only three vaccines against hit and stay viruses, all of which are of DNA composition. Several new vaccines against hit and stay viruses are feasible, but protective vaccines against RNA HIV and hepatitis C agents are highly unlikely, short of a major breakthrough. Therapeutic vaccines are very improbable without a magnitude of favorable new discoveries. In the meantime, antiviral chemotherapy, chemotherapy/prophylactic vaccination, and short interfering RNA silencing are worthy of intense investigation.
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7
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Kim JS, Choi SE, Yun IH, Kim JY, Ahn C, Kim SJ, Ha J, Hwang ES, Cha CY, Miyagawa S, Park CG. Human cytomegalovirus UL18 alleviated human NK-mediated swine endothelial cell lysis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 315:144-50. [PMID: 15013438 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus UL18, a MHC class I homologue, is known to serve as a natural killer cell (NK) decoy and to ligate NK inhibitory receptors to prevent lysis of an infected target cell. To explore whether the cell surface expression of UL18 represents a potential immune suppressive approach to evade NK-mediated cytotoxicity in the prevention of xenograft rejection, we examined the effect of the UL18 expression in vitro upon human NK-mediated cytotoxicity against swine endothelial cells (SECs). UL18 expression on SECs by a retroviral vector (PLNCX2) significantly suppressed NK-mediated SEC lysis by approximately 25-100%. The protective effect of UL18 could be mediated through ILT-2 inhibitory receptor on NKs. Additionally, the interaction between UL18 and NKs resulted in the significant reduction of IFN-gamma production. This study demonstrates that UL18 can serve as an effective tool for the evasion of NK-mediated cytotoxicity and for the inhibition of IFN-gamma production during xenograft rejection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Capsid Proteins/genetics
- Capsid Proteins/immunology
- Capsid Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/immunology
- Endothelium, Vascular/transplantation
- Endothelium, Vascular/virology
- Flow Cytometry
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- HLA Antigens/biosynthesis
- HLA Antigens/genetics
- HLA Antigens/immunology
- HLA-G Antigens
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/biosynthesis
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Leukocyte Immunoglobulin-like Receptor B1
- Receptors, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Swine
- Transfection
- Transplantation, Heterologous/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Sik Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
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8
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Means RE, Choi JK, Nakamura H, Chung YH, Ishido S, Jung JU. Immune evasion strategies of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2002; 269:187-201. [PMID: 12224509 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-59421-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
To establish lifelong infection in the presence of an active host immune system, herpesviruses have acquired an impressive array of immune modulatory mechanisms that contribute to their success as long-term parasites. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the most recently discovered human tumor virus and is associated with the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman's disease. KSHV has acquired a battery of genes to assist in viral survival against the host immune response. These viral gene products target a variety of host immune surveillance mechanisms, including the cytokine-mediated immune response, apoptosis, natural killer (NK) cell killing and T cell-mediated responses. This review summarizes our understanding of the role of these viral proteins in the escape from host immune surveillance, which ultimately contributes to lifelong infection and pathogenesis of KSHV.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Means
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Tumor Virology Division, New England Regional Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, 1 Pine Hill Drive, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
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9
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Park B, Oh H, Lee S, Song Y, Shin J, Sung YC, Hwang SY, Ahn K. The MHC class I homolog of human cytomegalovirus is resistant to down-regulation mediated by the unique short region protein (US)2, US3, US6, and US11 gene products. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:3464-9. [PMID: 11907106 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.7.3464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human CMV encodes four unique short region proteins (US), US2, US3, US6, and US11, each independently sufficient for causing the down-regulation of MHC class I molecules on the cell surface. This down-regulation allows infected cells to evade recognition by cytotoxic T cells but leaves them susceptible to NK cells, which lyse cells that lack class I molecules. Another human CMV-encoded protein, unique long region protein 18 (UL18), is an MHC class I homolog that might provide a mechanism for inhibiting the NK cell response. The sequence similarities between MHC class I molecules and UL18 along with the ability of UL18 to form trimeric complexes with beta(2)-microglobulin and peptides led to the hypothesis that if the US and UL18 gene products coexist temporally during infection, the US proteins might down-regulate UL18 molecules, similar to their action on MHC class I molecules. We show here that temporal expression of US and UL18 genes partially overlaps during infection. However, unlike MHC class I molecules, the MHC class I homolog, UL18, is fully resistant to the down-regulation associated with the US2, US3, US6, and US11 gene products. The specific effect of US proteins on MHC class I molecules, but not on UL18, represents another example of how viral proteins have evolved to evade immune surveillance, avoiding fratricide by specifically targeting host proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyoun Park
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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10
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Maier S, Tertilt C, Chambron N, Gerauer K, Hüser N, Heidecke CD, Pfeffer K. Inhibition of natural killer cells results in acceptance of cardiac allografts in CD28-/- mice. Nat Med 2001; 7:557-62. [PMID: 11329056 DOI: 10.1038/87880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Successful transplantation of allogeneic organs is an important objective in modern medicine. However, sophisticated immune defense mechanisms, primarily evolved to combat infections, often work against medical transplantation. To investigate the roles of natural and adaptive immune responses in transplant rejection, we functionally inactivated key effector systems of the innate (NK cells) and the adaptive immune system (CD28-mediated costimulation of T cells) in mice. Neither of these interventions alone led to acceptance of allogeneic vascularized cardiac grafts. In contrast, inhibition of NK-receptor-bearing cells combined with CD28-costimulation blockade established long-term graft acceptance. These results indicate a concerted interplay between innate and adaptive immune surveillance for graft rejection. Thus we suggest that inactivation of NK-receptor-bearing cells could be a new strategy for successful survival of solid-organ transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Maier
- Department of Surgery, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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11
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Ishido S, Choi JK, Lee BS, Wang C, DeMaria M, Johnson RP, Cohen GB, Jung JU. Inhibition of natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus K5 protein. Immunity 2000; 13:365-74. [PMID: 11021534 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)00036-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) K3 and K5 proteins dramatically downregulate MHC class I molecules. However, although MHC class I downregulation may protect KSHV-infected cells from cytotoxic T lymphocyte recognition, these cells become potential targets for natural killer (NK) cell-mediated lysis. We now show that K5 also downregulates ICAM-1 and B7-2, which are ligands for NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity receptors. As a consequence, K5 expression drastically inhibits NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Conversely, de novo expression of B7-2 and ICAM-1 resensitizes the K5-expressing cells to NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. This is a novel viral immune evasion strategy where KSHV K5 achieves immune avoidance by downregulation of cellular ligands for NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- B7-2 Antigen
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Membrane/virology
- Cytoplasm/immunology
- Cytoplasm/virology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Drug Synergism
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/immunology
- Humans
- Immediate-Early Proteins/biosynthesis
- Immediate-Early Proteins/physiology
- Immunity, Innate
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/biosynthesis
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/physiology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/virology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ishido
- Tumor Virology Division, New England Regional Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772, USA
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12
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Cerboni C, Mousavi-Jazi M, Linde A, Söderström K, Brytting M, Wahren B, Kärre K, Carbone E. Human cytomegalovirus strain-dependent changes in NK cell recognition of infected fibroblasts. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:4775-82. [PMID: 10779784 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.9.4775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
NK cells play a key role in the control of CMV infection in mice, but the mechanism by which NK cells can recognize and kill CMV-infected cells is unclear. In this study, the modulation of NK cell susceptibility of human CMV (hCMV)-infected cells was examined. We used a human lung and a human foreskin fibroblast cell line infected with clinical isolates (4636, 13B, or 109B) or with laboratory strains (AD169, Towne). The results indicate that all three hCMV clinical isolates confer a strong NK resistance, whereas only marginal or variable effects in the NK recognition were found when the laboratory strains were used. The same results were obtained regardless of the conditions of infection, effector cell activation status, cell culture conditions, and/or donor-target cell combinations. The NK cell inhibition did not correlate with HLA class I expression levels on the surface of the target cell and was independent of the leukocyte Ig-like receptor-1, as evaluated in Ab blocking experiments. No relevant changes were detected in the adhesion molecules ICAM-I and LFA-3 expressed on the cell surface of cells infected with hCMV clinical and laboratory strains. We conclude that hCMV possesses other mechanisms, related neither to target cell expression of HLA-I or adhesion molecules nor to NK cell expression of leukocyte Ig-like receptor-1, that confer resistance to NK cell recognition. Such mechanisms may be lost during in vitro passage of the virus. These results emphasize the differences between clinical hCMV isolates compared with laboratory strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cerboni
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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13
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Cambiaggi A, Lucas M, Vivier E, Vély F. The enigma of activating isoforms of ITIM-bearing molecules. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1999; 244:169-76. [PMID: 10453659 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-58537-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Cambiaggi
- Unité de Biologie Moléculaire du Géne, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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14
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Kubota A, Kubota S, Farrell HE, Davis-Poynter N, Takei F. Inhibition of NK cells by murine CMV-encoded class I MHC homologue m144. Cell Immunol 1999; 191:145-51. [PMID: 9973537 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1998.1424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Murine cytomegalovirus (CMV)-encoded protein m144 is homologous to class I MHC heavy-chain and is thought to regulate NK-cell-mediated immune responses in vivo. To examine the effects of m144 on NK cytotoxicity in vitro, various cell lines were transfected with wild-type m144 or a chimeric construct in which the cytoplasmic domain of m144 was replaced with green fluorescence protein. Burkitt lymphoma line Raji expressed a significant level of m144 as determined by anti-m144 mAb binding or the green fluorescence of the fusion protein. The level of m144 expression was relatively low compared with that of transfected murine class I MHC Dd. However, m144 on Raji cells partially inhibited antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity of IL-2-activated NK cells. NK cells from the CMV-susceptible BALB/c as well as those from the resistant C57BL/6 mice were inhibited by m144. Antibodies against the known murine NK inhibitory receptors Ly-49A, C, G, and I did not affect the inhibitory effect of m144. These results suggest that the murine CMV class I MHC homologue m144 partially inhibits NK cells by interacting with a novel inhibitory receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kubota
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, British Columbia, Canada
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15
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Ruiz-Cabello F, Garrido F. HLA and cancer: from research to clinical impact. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1998; 19:539-42. [PMID: 9864942 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(98)01349-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Ruiz-Cabello
- Dept of Analisis Clinicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain.
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16
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Fletcher JM, Prentice HG, Grundy JE. Natural Killer Cell Lysis of Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-Infected Cells Correlates with Virally Induced Changes in Cell Surface Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-3 (LFA-3) Expression and Not with the CMV-Induced Down-Regulation of Cell Surface Class I HLA. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.5.2365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
CMV and other viruses down-regulate the cell surface expression of class I HLA, and while this allows them to evade CTL, it may make infected cells more susceptible to lysis by NK cells, due to the failure to engage class I inhibitory receptors on the NK cell. We studied CMV infection and found that fibroblasts infected with virus strains Towne, Toledo, Davis, and C1FE were refractory to NK lysis, while those infected with strains AD169, C1F, or R7 were susceptible. All viral strains down-regulated class I HLA to a similar extent, and we concluded that there was no evidence for any correlation between the latter and susceptibility to NK lysis. In contrast, there was a strong correlation between NK killing of CMV-infected cells and cell surface levels of lymphocyte function-associated antigen-3 (LFA-3). Fibroblasts infected with the Towne, Toledo, Davis, and C1FE strains of CMV down-regulated LFA-3 expression and were refractory to lysis, while strains AD169, C1F, and R7 up-regulated LFA-3 and were susceptible to NK killing. U373 MG (malignant glioma) cells expressed constitutively high levels of LFA-3 and were sensitive to NK lysis when infected with any of the above-listed CMV strains. We estimated that a minimum of between 29,000 and 71,000 LFA-3 molecules per target cell were needed for NK susceptibility. The effects on LFA-3 expression were due to immediate early/early viral gene products. We also demonstrated that fibroblasts infected with the strains Towne, Toledo, Davis, and C1FE expressed a ganciclovir-sensitive late CMV gene product, which delivered an inhibitory signal to NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - H. Grant Prentice
- †Haematology, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Medicine does not have a comprehensive theory of health, ill-health, and disease. Its explanations of disease are firmly rooted in pathological anatomy brought about by infection, intoxication, trauma, and mutations in genes. Because medical concepts have been influenced mainly by classical physics, it is mechanistic, materialistic, deterministic, reductionistic, linear-causal, and strongly biased toward proximate explanations of disease. Of late, many thoughtful persons have attempted to provide medicine with a more comprehensive theory that integrates the documented roles of physical, social, environmental, and psychological factors in the etiology and pathogenesis of ill-health and disease (eg, Refs. 1-3). METHOD Until very recently (4), no one has clearly pointed out that such a comprehensive theory should be guided by the concepts of evolutionary and organismic biology. Darwin's great theory states that evolution is "driven," but not exclusively so, by natural and sexual selection. Natural selection acts on variants that differ in adaptive capacities. Those capable of adaptation survive to reproduce. Failure to adapt reduces reproductive fitness and success, and leads to injury or death. But this formulation could be expanded to regard ill-health and disease as adaptive failures, whereas health usually may be conceived of as equivalent to adaptive success. Adaptations are determined by many factors-genetic, morphological, physiological, and behavioral. Selective pressures are many and varied. However, social primates are at a selective advantage, and are among the most successful species and varieties. Social behavior (eg, support) seems to enhance the chances of survival and reproductive fitness. Physiological (immunological, metabolic, cardiovascular) and behavioral adaptations are geared specifically for interactions with the environment. Emotions have evolved as ways of matching physiological responses with environmental demands and signaling the organism's state. RESULTS This study will review aspects of evolutionary theory that would lead to a unified, integrated theory of health, illness, and disease, and to a clearer taxonomy in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Weiner
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, University of California, Los Angeles 90024, USA
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Pandey JP, LeRoy EC. Human cytomegalovirus and the vasculopathies of autoimmune diseases (especially scleroderma), allograft rejection, and coronary restenosis. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1998; 41:10-5. [PMID: 9433864 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(199801)41:1<10::aid-art2>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J P Pandey
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425-2230, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- A Moretta
- Department of Biomedical Science and Biotechnologies, University of Brescia, Italy
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