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Ying R, Li C, Li H, Zou J, Hu M, Hong Q, Shen Y, Hou L, Cheng H, Zhou R. RPGR is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the small GTPase RAB37 required for retinal function via autophagy regulation. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114010. [PMID: 38536817 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the small GTPase RAB37 acts as an organizer of autophagosome biogenesis, the upstream regulatory mechanism of autophagy via guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-guanosine triphosphate (GTP) exchange in maintaining retinal function has not been determined. We found that retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator (RPGR) is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that activates RAB37 by accelerating GDP-to-GTP exchange. RPGR directly interacts with RAB37 via the RPGR-RCC1-like domain to promote autophagy through stimulating exchange. Rpgr knockout (KO) in mice leads to photoreceptor degeneration owing to autophagy impairment in the retina. Notably, the retinopathy phenotypes of Rpgr KO retinas are rescued by the adeno-associated virus-mediated transfer of pre-trans-splicing molecules, which produce normal Rpgr mRNAs via trans-splicing in the Rpgr KO retinas. This rescue upregulates autophagy through the re-expression of RPGR in KO retinas to accelerate GDP-to-GTP exchange; thus, retinal homeostasis reverts to normal. Taken together, these findings provide an important missing link for coordinating RAB37 GDP-GTP exchange via the RPGR and retinal homeostasis by autophagy regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruhong Ying
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Cong Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Huirong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325003, China
| | - Juan Zou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Mengxin Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qiang Hong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yin Shen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ling Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325003, China.
| | - Hanhua Cheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Rongjia Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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2
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Pan L, Wu J, Wang N. Association of Gene Polymorphisms with Normal Tension Glaucoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:491. [PMID: 38674425 PMCID: PMC11050218 DOI: 10.3390/genes15040491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Normal tension glaucoma (NTG) is becoming a more and more serious problem, especially in Asia. But the pathological mechanisms are still not illustrated clearly. We carried out this research to uncover the gene polymorphisms with NTG. METHODS We searched in Web of Science, Embase, Pubmed and Cochrane databases for qualified case-control studies investigating the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and NTG risk. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each SNP were estimated by fixed- or random-effect models. Sensitivity analysis was also performed to strengthen the reliability of the results. RESULTS Fifty-six studies involving 33 candidate SNPs in 14 genetic loci were verified to be eligible for our meta-analysis. Significant associations were found between 16 SNPs (rs166850 of OPA1; rs10451941 of OPA1; rs735860 of ELOVL5; rs678350 of HK2; c.603T>A/Met98Lys of OPTN; c.412G>A/Thr34Thr of OPTN; rs10759930 of TLR4; rs1927914 of TLR4; rs1927911 of TLR4; c.*70C>G of EDNRA; rs1042522/-Arg72Pro of P53; rs10483727 of SIX1-SIX6; rs33912345 of SIX1-SIX6; rs2033008 of NCK2; rs3213787 of SRBD1 and c.231G>A of EDNRA) with increased or decreased risk of NTG. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we confirmed 16 genetic polymorphisms in 10 genes (OPA1, ELOVL5, HK2, OPTN, TLR4, EDNRA, P53, NCK2, SRBD1 and SIX1-SIX6) were associated with NTG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Pan
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, No. 1 Dong Jiao Min Xiang Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China;
| | - Jian Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, China
- Henan Academy of Innovations in Medical Science, No. 2 Biotechnology Street, Hangkonggang District, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Ningli Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, No. 1 Dong Jiao Min Xiang Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China;
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3
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Afiat BC, Zhao D, Wong VHY, Perera ND, Turner BJ, Nguyen CTO, Bui BV. Age-related deficits in retinal autophagy following intraocular pressure elevation in autophagy reporter mouse model. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 131:74-87. [PMID: 37586253 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
This study quantified age-related changes to retinal autophagy using the CAG-RFP-EGFP-LC3 autophagy reporter mice and considered how aging impacts autophagic responses to acute intraocular pressure (IOP) stress. IOP was elevated to 50 mm Hg for 30 minutes in 3-month-old and 12-month-old CAG-RFP-EGFP-LC3 (n = 7 per age group) and Thy1-YFPh transgenic mice (n = 3 per age group). Compared with younger eyes, older eyes showed diminished basal autophagy in the outer retina, while the inner retina was unaffected. Autophagic flux (red:yellow puncta ratio) was elevated in the inner plexiform layer. Three days following IOP elevation, older eyes showed poorer functional recovery, most notably in ganglion cell responses compared to younger eyes (12 months old: -33.4 ± 5.3% vs. 3 months mice: -13.4 ± 4.5%). This paralleled a reduced capacity to upregulate autophagic puncta volume in the inner retina in older eyes, a response that was seen in younger eyes. Age-related decline in basal and stress-induced autophagy in the retina is associated with greater retinal ganglion cells' susceptibility to IOP elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna C Afiat
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Da Zhao
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vickie H Y Wong
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nirma D Perera
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bradley J Turner
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christine T O Nguyen
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bang V Bui
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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4
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Jiménez-Loygorri JI, Benítez-Fernández R, Viedma-Poyatos Á, Zapata-Muñoz J, Villarejo-Zori B, Gómez-Sintes R, Boya P. Mitophagy in the retina: Viewing mitochondrial homeostasis through a new lens. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 96:101205. [PMID: 37454969 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2023.101205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial function is key to support metabolism and homeostasis in the retina, an organ that has one of the highest metabolic rates body-wide and is constantly exposed to photooxidative damage and external stressors. Mitophagy is the selective autophagic degradation of mitochondria within lysosomes, and can be triggered by distinct stimuli such as mitochondrial damage or hypoxia. Here, we review the importance of mitophagy in retinal physiology and pathology. In the developing retina, mitophagy is essential for metabolic reprogramming and differentiation of retina ganglion cells (RGCs). In basal conditions, mitophagy acts as a quality control mechanism, maintaining a healthy mitochondrial pool to meet cellular demands. We summarize the different autophagy- and mitophagy-deficient mouse models described in the literature, and discuss the potential role of mitophagy dysregulation in retinal diseases such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, and age-related macular degeneration. Finally, we provide an overview of methods used to monitor mitophagy in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. This review highlights the important role of mitophagy in sustaining visual function, and its potential as a putative therapeutic target for retinal and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ignacio Jiménez-Loygorri
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rocío Benítez-Fernández
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Departament of Neuroscience and Movement Science, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Álvaro Viedma-Poyatos
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Zapata-Muñoz
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Villarejo-Zori
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Gómez-Sintes
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Boya
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Departament of Neuroscience and Movement Science, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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5
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Ramírez-Pardo I, Villarejo-Zori B, Jiménez-Loygorri JI, Sierra-Filardi E, Alonso-Gil S, Mariño G, de la Villa P, Fitze PS, Fuentes JM, García-Escudero R, Ferrington DA, Gomez-Sintes R, Boya P. Ambra1 haploinsufficiency in CD1 mice results in metabolic alterations and exacerbates age-associated retinal degeneration. Autophagy 2023; 19:784-804. [PMID: 35875981 PMCID: PMC9980615 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2103307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a key process in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. The age-dependent decline in retinal autophagy has been associated with photoreceptor degeneration. Retinal dysfunction can also result from damage to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), as the RPE-retina constitutes an important metabolic ecosystem that must be finely tuned to preserve visual function. While studies of mice lacking essential autophagy genes have revealed a predisposition to retinal degeneration, the consequences of a moderate reduction in autophagy, similar to that which occurs during physiological aging, remain unclear. Here, we described a retinal phenotype consistent with accelerated aging in mice carrying a haploinsufficiency for Ambra1, a pro-autophagic gene. These mice showed protein aggregation in the retina and RPE, metabolic underperformance, and premature vision loss. Moreover, Ambra1+/gt mice were more prone to retinal degeneration after RPE stress. These findings indicate that autophagy provides crucial support to RPE-retinal metabolism and protects the retina against stress and physiological aging.Abbreviations : 4-HNE: 4-hydroxynonenal; AMBRA1: autophagy and beclin 1 regulator 1, AMD: age-related macular degeneration;; GCL: ganglion cell layer; GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein; GLUL: glutamine synthetase/glutamate-ammonia ligase; HCL: hierarchical clustering; INL: inner nuclear layer; IPL: inner plexiform layer; LC/GC-MS: liquid chromatography/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; MA: middle-aged; MTDR: MitoTracker Deep Red; MFI: mean fluorescence intensity; NL: NH4Cl and leupeptin; Nqo: NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase; ONL: outer nuclear layer; OPL: outer plexiform layer; OP: oscillatory potentials; OXPHOS: oxidative phosphorylation; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; PRKC/PKCα: protein kinase C; POS: photoreceptor outer segment; RGC: retinal ganglion cells; RPE: retinal pigment epithelium; SI: sodium iodate; TCA: tricarboxylic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Ramírez-Pardo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Villarejo-Zori
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Ignacio Jiménez-Loygorri
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Sierra-Filardi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Alonso-Gil
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Pedro de la Villa
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Vision neurophisiology group, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patrick S Fitze
- Departament of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Fuentes
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Nursing and Occupational Therapy, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Nerodegenerative Diseases unit, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), Cáceres, Spain
| | - Ramón García-Escudero
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Deborah A Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Raquel Gomez-Sintes
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Boya
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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6
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Liton PB, Boesze-Battaglia K, Boulton ME, Boya P, Ferguson TA, Ganley IG, Kauppinnen A, Laurie GW, Mizushima N, Morishita H, Russo R, Sadda J, Shyam R, Sinha D, Thompson DA, Zacks DN. AUTOPHAGY IN THE EYE: FROM PHYSIOLOGY TO PATHOPHYSOLOGY. AUTOPHAGY REPORTS 2023; 2:2178996. [PMID: 37034386 PMCID: PMC10078619 DOI: 10.1080/27694127.2023.2178996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic self-degradative pathway that promotes the degradation and recycling of intracellular material through the lysosomal compartment. Although first believed to function in conditions of nutritional stress, autophagy is emerging as a critical cellular pathway, involved in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Autophagy dysregulation is associated with an increasing number of diseases, including ocular diseases. On one hand, mutations in autophagy-related genes have been linked to cataracts, glaucoma, and corneal dystrophy; on the other hand, alterations in autophagy and lysosomal pathways are a common finding in essentially all diseases of the eye. Moreover, LC3-associated phagocytosis, a form of non-canonical autophagy, is critical in promoting visual cycle function. This review collects the latest understanding of autophagy in the context of the eye. We will review and discuss the respective roles of autophagy in the physiology and/or pathophysiology of each of the ocular tissues, its diurnal/circadian variation, as well as its involvement in diseases of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma B. Liton
- Departments of Ophthalmology & Pathology, Duke School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael E. Boulton
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Patricia Boya
- Department of Neuroscience and Movement Science. Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A. Ferguson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ian G. Ganley
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Anu Kauppinnen
- Faculty of Health and Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Gordon W. Laurie
- Departments of Cell Biology, Ophthalmology and Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Noboru Mizushima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hideaki Morishita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Rossella Russo
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Glaucoma Unit, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Jaya Sadda
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Debasish Sinha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cell Biology, and Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Debra A. Thompson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David N. Zacks
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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7
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Choi KE, Cha S, Yun C, Ahn J, Hwang S, Kim YJ, Jung H, Eom H, Shin D, Oh J, Goo YS, Kim SW. Outer retinal degeneration in a non-human primate model using temporary intravitreal tamponade with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea in cynomolgus monkeys. J Neural Eng 2023; 20. [PMID: 36603218 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/acb085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective:The main objective of this study was to induce and evaluate drug-dose-dependent outer retinal degeneration in cynomolgus monkeys by application of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU).Approach:Intravitreal temporary tamponade induced outer retinal degeneration with MNU solutions (2-3 mg ml-1) after vitrectomy in five cynomolgus monkeys. Optical coherence tomography (OCT), fundus autofluorescence (FAF), full-field electroretinography (ffERG), and visual evoked potentials (VEP) were performed at baseline and weeks 2, 6, and 12 postoperatively. At week 12, OCT angiography, histology, and immunohistochemistry were performed.Main results:Outer retinal degeneration was observed in four monkeys, especially in the peripheral retina. Anatomical and functional changes occurred at week 2 and persisted until week 12. FAF images showed hypoautofluorescence dots, similar to AF patterns seen in human retinitis pigmentosa. Hyperautofluorescent lesions in the pericentral area were also observed, which corresponded to the loss of the ellipsoid zone on OCT images. OCT revealed thinning of the outer retinal layer adding to the loss of the ellipsoid zone outside the vascular arcade. Histological findings confirmed that the abovementioned changes resulted from a gradual loss of photoreceptors from the perifovea to the peripheral retina. In contrast, the inner retina, including ganglion cell layers, was preserved. Functionally, a decrease or extinction of scotopic ffERGs was observed, which indicated rod-dominant loss. Nevertheless, VEPs were relatively preserved.Significance:Therefore, we can conclude that temporary exposure to intravitreal MNU tamponade after vitrectomy induces rod-dominant outer retinal degeneration in cynomolgus monkeys, especially in the peripheral retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Eon Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 08373, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongkwang Cha
- Department of Physiology, Chungbuk National University School of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolmin Yun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 08373, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungryul Ahn
- Department of Physiology, Chungbuk National University School of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Seil Hwang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 08373, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jin Kim
- Medical Device Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju 28160, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hachul Jung
- Medical Device Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju 28160, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejong Eom
- Laboratory Animal Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju 28160, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongkwan Shin
- Laboratory Animal Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju 28160, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeryung Oh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 08373, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sook Goo
- Department of Physiology, Chungbuk National University School of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Woo Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 08373, Republic of Korea
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8
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Lu C, Li S, Jin M. Rapamycin Inhibits Light-Induced Necrosome Activation Occurring in Wild-Type, but not RPE65-Null, Mouse Retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:19. [PMID: 36534385 PMCID: PMC9769341 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.13.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Both photodamage and aberrant visual cycle contribute to disease progress of many retinal degenerative disorders, whereas the signaling pathways causing photoreceptor death remain unclear. Here we investigated the effects of intense photo-stress on (1) necrosome activation in wild-type and RPE65-null mice, (2) interaction of p62/Sequestosome-1 with the necrosome proteins, and (3) the effects of rapamycin on photodamage-induced necrosome activation and retinal degeneration in wild-type mice. Methods Dark-adapted rd12 mice and 129S2/Sv mice with or without rapamycin treatment were exposed to 15,000 lux light for different times. Expression levels and subcellular localization of proteins were determined through immunoblot and immunohistochemical analyses. Cone sheaths were stained with peanut agglutinin. Correlation between photoreceptor degeneration and receptor-interacting protein kinase-1 (RIPK1) expression was assessed with Spearman's correlation analysis. Protein-protein interaction was analyzed by immunoprecipitation. Results Intense light caused rod and cone degeneration accompanied by a significant increase in RIPK1-RIPK3 expressions, mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein phosphorylation, damage-associated molecular patterns protein release, and inflammatory responses in wild-type mouse retina. The same intense light did not induce the necrosome activation in rd12 retina, but it did in rd12 mice that received 9-cis-retinal supply. RIPK1 expression levels are positively correlated with the degrees of rod and cone degeneration. Photodamage upregulated expression and interaction of the p62 autophagosome cargo protein with the necrosome proteins, whereas rapamycin treatment attenuated the light-induced necrosome activation and photoreceptor degeneration. Conclusions Necrosome activation contributed to photodamage-induced rod and cone degeneration. The visual cycle and autophagy are the important therapeutic targets to alleviate light-induced retinal necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfeng Lu
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, LSU Health New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
| | - Songhua Li
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, LSU Health New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
| | - Minghao Jin
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, LSU Health New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States,Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, LSU Health New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
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9
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Wang J, Du E, Li F, Zheng Y. Changes of Beclin-1 and ULK1 in retina of mice model in oxygen-inducedretinopathy. ADVANCES IN OPHTHALMOLOGY PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2022; 2:100065. [PMID: 37846291 PMCID: PMC10577824 DOI: 10.1016/j.aopr.2022.100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To observe the expression differences and potential effects of autophagy-related Beclin1 (mammalian Atg6) and Uncoordinated-51 like kinase 1 (ULK1) in the oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model. Materials and methods Thirty-three C57BL/6 mice in OIR model group were exposed to 75 ± 0.5% oxygen from postnatal day-of-life 7 (P7) to P12, and were then brought into normal room environment (relative hypoxia stage) and raised to P17. Thirty-three control mice were kept in a normal room environment. The expression of autophagy in the retina tissue was assessed by Western blot analysis. The thickness and ultrastructural of retina were observed by light microscopy and transmission electron microscope (TEM) on P17. Results In the hyperoxia stage (P8-P11), the expression of Beclin1, ULK1 and Autophagy 5 (Atg5) in retina showed no significant difference between the OIR model group and the control group. In the relatively hypoxia stage (P14 to P17), however, the protein level of Beclin1, ULK1, and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) were upregulated in the retina of the OIR model group, whereas B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) was downregulated. The autophagosomes in the photoreceptors of retina in the OIR mice were observed. The inner-segment/out-segment (IS/OS) layer in OIR model group was thinner than that the control group on P17. Conclusions The expression of Beclin-1 and ULK1 in retina has changed in the OIR model, and the change of Beclin-1 and ULK1 expression is related to the change of oxygen concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital College of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ergang Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
| | - FeiFei Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunliang Zheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Evaluation and Clinical Research, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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10
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Qi X, Walton DA, Plafker KS, Boulton ME, Plafker SM. Sulforaphane recovers cone function in an Nrf2-dependent manner in middle-aged mice undergoing RPE oxidative stress. Mol Vis 2022; 28:378-393. [PMID: 36338670 PMCID: PMC9603948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Sulforaphane (SFN) is an isothiocyanate derived from cruciferous vegetables that has therapeutic efficacy in numerous animal models of human disease, including mouse models of retinal degeneration. However, despite dozens of clinical trials, the compound remains to be tested as a clinical treatment for ocular disease. Numerous cellular activities of SFN have been identified, including the activation of Nrf2, a transcription factor that induces a battery of target gene products to neutralize oxidative and xenobiotic stresses. As Nrf2 expression and function reportedly decrease with aging, we tested whether the loss of the transcription factor limits the therapeutic efficacy of SFN against retinal degeneration. METHODS Six- to 8-month-old wild-type and Nrf2 knockout mice were treated with SFN beginning 1 month after ribozyme-mediated knockdown of superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) mRNA in the RPE. The impacts of MnSOD (the protein product of SOD2) knockdown and the efficacy of SFN were evaluated using a combination of electroretinography (ERG), spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), and postmortem histology. RESULTS SFN restored the ERG photopic b-wave suppressed by MnSOD loss in wild-type mice, but not in the Nrf2 knockout mice. In contrast, ERG scotopic a- and b-wave loss was not restored for either genotype. SFN significantly improved retinal thickness in the Nrf2 knockout mice with MnSOD knockdown, but this was not observed in the wild-type mice. In both genotypes, SFN treatment reduced morphological markers of RPE atrophy and degeneration, although these improvements did not correlate proportionally with functional recovery. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the capacity of SFN to preserve cone function, as well as the potential challenges of using the compound as a standalone treatment for age-related retinal degeneration under conditions associated with reduced Nrf2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL
| | - Dorothy A. Walton
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Kendra S. Plafker
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Michael E. Boulton
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL
| | - Scott M. Plafker
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
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11
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12
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Molecular Mechanism and Regulation of Autophagy and Its Potential Role in Epilepsy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172621. [PMID: 36078029 PMCID: PMC9455075 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionally conserved degradation mechanism for maintaining cell homeostasis whereby cytoplasmic components are wrapped in autophagosomes and subsequently delivered to lysosomes for degradation. This process requires the concerted actions of multiple autophagy-related proteins and accessory regulators. In neurons, autophagy is dynamically regulated in different compartments including soma, axons, and dendrites. It determines the turnover of selected materials in a spatiotemporal control manner, which facilitates the formation of specialized neuronal functions. It is not surprising, therefore, that dysfunctional autophagy occurs in epilepsy, mainly caused by an imbalance between excitation and inhibition in the brain. In recent years, much attention has been focused on how autophagy may cause the development of epilepsy. In this article, we overview the historical landmarks and distinct types of autophagy, recent progress in the core machinery and regulation of autophagy, and biological roles of autophagy in homeostatic maintenance of neuronal structures and functions, with a particular focus on synaptic plasticity. We also discuss the relevance of autophagy mechanisms to the pathophysiology of epileptogenesis.
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13
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Heckel E, Cagnone G, Agnihotri T, Cakir B, Das A, Kim JS, Kim N, Lavoie G, Situ A, Pundir S, Sun Y, Wünnemann F, Pierce KA, Dennis C, Mitchell GA, Chemtob S, Rezende FA, Andelfinger G, Clish CB, Roux PP, Sapieha P, Smith LE, Joyal JS. Triglyceride-derived fatty acids reduce autophagy in a model of retinal angiomatous proliferation. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e154174. [PMID: 35167498 PMCID: PMC8986067 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.154174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia and autophagy have been implicated in the pathogenesis of blinding neovascular age-related macular degeneration (NV-AMD). VLDL receptor (VLDLR), expressed in photoreceptors with a high metabolic rate, facilitates the uptake of triglyceride-derived fatty acids. Since fatty acid uptake is reduced in Vldlr-/- tissues, more remain in circulation, and the retina is fuel deficient, driving the formation in mice of neovascular lesions reminiscent of retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP), a subtype of NV-AMD. Nutrient scarcity and energy failure are classically mitigated by increasing autophagy. We found that excess circulating lipids restrained retinal autophagy, which contributed to pathological angiogenesis in the Vldlr-/- RAP model. Triglyceride-derived fatty acid sensed by free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1) restricted autophagy and oxidative metabolism in photoreceptors. FFAR1 suppressed transcription factor EB (TFEB), a master regulator of autophagy and lipid metabolism. Reduced TFEB, in turn, decreased sirtuin-3 expression and mitochondrial respiration. Metabolomic signatures of mouse RAP-like retinas were consistent with a role in promoting angiogenesis. This signature was also found in human NV-AMD vitreous. Restoring photoreceptor autophagy in Vldlr-/- retinas, either pharmacologically or by deleting Ffar1, enhanced metabolic efficiency and suppressed pathological angiogenesis. Dysregulated autophagy by circulating lipids might therefore contribute to the energy failure of photoreceptors driving neovascular eye diseases, and FFAR1 may be a target for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Heckel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gael Cagnone
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tapan Agnihotri
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bertan Cakir
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ashim Das
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jin Sung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicholas Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Geneviève Lavoie
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), and
| | - Anu Situ
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sheetal Pundir
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ye Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Florian Wünnemann
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kerry A. Pierce
- Metabolomics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Courtney Dennis
- Metabolomics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Grant A. Mitchell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Flavio A. Rezende
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gregor Andelfinger
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Clary B. Clish
- Metabolomics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Philippe P. Roux
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), and
| | - Przemyslaw Sapieha
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lois E.H. Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jean-Sébastien Joyal
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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14
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Brunet AA, Harvey AR, Carvalho LS. Primary and Secondary Cone Cell Death Mechanisms in Inherited Retinal Diseases and Potential Treatment Options. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020726. [PMID: 35054919 PMCID: PMC8775779 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) are a leading cause of blindness. To date, 260 disease-causing genes have been identified, but there is currently a lack of available and effective treatment options. Cone photoreceptors are responsible for daylight vision but are highly susceptible to disease progression, the loss of cone-mediated vision having the highest impact on the quality of life of IRD patients. Cone degeneration can occur either directly via mutations in cone-specific genes (primary cone death), or indirectly via the primary degeneration of rods followed by subsequent degeneration of cones (secondary cone death). How cones degenerate as a result of pathological mutations remains unclear, hindering the development of effective therapies for IRDs. This review aims to highlight similarities and differences between primary and secondary cone cell death in inherited retinal diseases in order to better define cone death mechanisms and further identify potential treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia A. Brunet
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia;
- Lions Eye Institute Ltd., 2 Verdun St, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-423-359-714
| | - Alan R. Harvey
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia;
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Livia S. Carvalho
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia;
- Lions Eye Institute Ltd., 2 Verdun St, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
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15
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Cai Q, Ganesan D. Regulation of neuronal autophagy and the implications in neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 162:105582. [PMID: 34890791 PMCID: PMC8764935 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons are highly polarized and post-mitotic cells with the specific requirements of neurotransmission accompanied by high metabolic demands that create a unique challenge for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Thus, neurons rely heavily on autophagy that constitutes a key quality control system by which dysfunctional cytoplasmic components, protein aggregates, and damaged organelles are sequestered within autophagosomes and then delivered to the lysosome for degradation. While mature lysosomes are predominantly located in the soma of neurons, the robust, constitutive biogenesis of autophagosomes occurs in the synaptic terminal via a conserved pathway that is required to maintain synaptic integrity and function. Following formation, autophagosomes fuse with late endosomes and then are rapidly and efficiently transported by the microtubule-based cytoplasmic dynein motor along the axon toward the soma for lysosomal clearance. In this review, we highlight the recent knowledge of the roles of autophagy in neuronal health and disease. We summarize the available evidence about the normal functions of autophagy as a protective factor against neurodegeneration and discuss the mechanism underlying neuronal autophagy regulation. Finally, we describe how autophagy function is affected in major neurodegenerative diseases with a special focus on Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.
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16
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Adamus G. Importance of Autoimmune Responses in Progression of Retinal Degeneration Initiated by Gene Mutations. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:672444. [PMID: 34926479 PMCID: PMC8674421 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.672444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) are clinically and genetically heterogeneous rare disorders associated with retinal dysfunction and death of retinal photoreceptor cells, leading to blindness. Among the most frequent and severe forms of those retinopathies is retinitis pigmentosa (RP) that affects 1:4,000 individuals worldwide. The genes that have been implicated in RP are associated with the proteins present in photoreceptor cells or retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Asymmetric presentation or sudden progression in retinal disease suggests that a gene mutation alone might not be responsible for retinal degeneration. Immune responses could directly target the retina or be site effect of immunity as a bystander deterioration. Autoantibodies against retinal autoantigens have been found in RP, which led to a hypothesis that autoimmunity could be responsible for the progression of photoreceptor cell death initiated by a genetic mutation. The other contributory factor to retinal degeneration is inflammation that activates the innate immune mechanisms, such as complement. If autoimmune responses contribute to the progression of retinopathy, this could have an implication on treatment, such as gene replacement therapy. In this review, we provide a perspective on the current role of autoimmunity/immunity in RP pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Adamus
- Ocular Immunology Laboratory, Casey Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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17
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Hernandez-Diaz S, Ghimire S, Sanchez-Mirasierra I, Montecinos-Oliva C, Swerts J, Kuenen S, Verstreken P, Soukup SF. Endophilin-B regulates autophagy during synapse development and neurodegeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 163:105595. [PMID: 34933093 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Synapses are critical for neuronal communication and brain function. To maintain neuronal homeostasis, synapses rely on autophagy. Autophagic alterations cause neurodegeneration and synaptic dysfunction is a feature in neurodegenerative diseases. In Parkinson's disease (PD), where the loss of synapses precedes dopaminergic neuron loss, various PD-causative proteins are involved in the regulation of autophagy. So far only a few factors regulating autophagy at the synapse have been identified and the molecular mechanisms underlying autophagy at the synapse is only partially understood. Here, we describe Endophilin-B (EndoB) as a novel player in the regulation of synaptic autophagy in health and disease. We demonstrate that EndoB is required for autophagosome biogenesis at the synapse, whereas the loss of EndoB blocks the autophagy induction promoted by the PD mutation LRRK2G2019S. We show that EndoB is required to prevent neuronal loss. Moreover, loss of EndoB in the Drosophila visual system leads to an increase in synaptic contacts between photoreceptor terminals and their post-synaptic synapses. These data confirm the role of autophagy in synaptic contact formation and neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saurav Ghimire
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | - Jef Swerts
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department for Human Genetics, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (LIND), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sabine Kuenen
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department for Human Genetics, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (LIND), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrik Verstreken
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department for Human Genetics, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (LIND), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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18
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Kallergi E, Nikoletopoulou V. Macroautophagy and normal aging of the nervous system: Lessons from animal models. Cell Stress 2021; 5:146-166. [PMID: 34708187 PMCID: PMC8490955 DOI: 10.15698/cst2021.10.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging represents a cumulative form of cellular stress, which is thought to challenge many aspects of proteostasis. The non-dividing, long-lived neurons are particularly vulnerable to stress, and, not surprisingly, even normal aging is highly associated with a decline in brain function in humans, as well as in other animals. Macroautophagy is a fundamental arm of the proteostasis network, safeguarding proper protein turnover during different cellular states and against diverse cellular stressors. An intricate interplay between macroautophagy and aging is beginning to unravel, with the emergence of new tools, including those for monitoring autophagy in cultured neurons and in the nervous system of different organisms in vivo. Here, we review recent findings on the impact of aging on neuronal integrity and on neuronal macroautophagy, as they emerge from studies in invertebrate and mammalian models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouela Kallergi
- University of Lausanne, Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
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19
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Ramachandra Rao S, Fliesler SJ. Monitoring basal autophagy in the retina utilizing CAG-mRFP-EGFP-MAP1LC3B reporter mouse: technical and biological considerations. Autophagy 2021; 18:1187-1201. [PMID: 34674604 PMCID: PMC9196719 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1969634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the utility of a tandem-tagged autophagy reporter mouse model (CAG-RFP-EGFP-MAP1LC3B) in investigating basal macroautophagic/autophagic flux in the neural retina. Western blot, in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and confocal microscopy showed that CAG promoter-driven expression of RFP-EGFP-MAP1LC3B increased “cytosolic” RFP-EGFP-LC3B-I levels, whereas RFP-EGFP-LC3B-II decorates true phagosomes. We verified that the electroretinographic (ERG) responses of tandem-tagged LC3B mice were comparable to those of age-matched controls. Optimized microscope settings detected lipofuscin autofluorescence in retinas of abca4−/- mice. The majority of retinal phagosomes in the reporter mice exhibited only RFP (not EGFP) fluorescence, suggesting rapid maturation of phagosomes. Only ~1.5% of the total phagosome population was EGFP-labeled; RFP-labeled (mature) phagosomes colocalized with lysosomal markers LAMP2 and CTSD. In the outer retina, phagosome sizes were as follows (in µm2, ave ± SEM): RPE, 0.309 ± 0.015; photoreceptor inner segment-myoid, 0.544 ± 0.031; and outer nuclear layer, 0.429 ± 0.011. Detection of RPE phagosomes by fluorescence microscopy is challenging, due to the presence of melanin. Increased lipofuscin autofluorescence, such as observed in the abca4−/- mouse model of Stargardt disease, is a strong confounding factor when attempting to study autophagy in the RPE. In addition to RPE and photoreceptor cells, phagosomes were detected in inner retinal cell types, microglia, astrocytes, and endothelial cells. We conclude that the tandem-tagged LC3B mouse model serves as a useful system for studying autophagy in the retina. This utility, however, is dependent upon several technical and biological factors, including microscope settings, transgene expression, choice of fluorophores, and lipofuscin autofluorescence. Abbreviations: ACTB: actin, beta; AIF1: allograft inflammatory factor 1; ATG: autophagy related; CTSD: cathepsin D; DAPI: (4’,6-diamido-2-phenylindole); DIC: differential interference contrast; EGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein; ELM: external limiting membrane; ERG: electroretinography; GCL: ganglion cell layer; GLUL: glutamine-ammonia ligase (glutamine synthetase); INL: inner nuclear layer; IS-E/M: inner segment – ellipsoid/myoid; ISH: in situ hybridization; LAMP2: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2; L.I.: laser Intensity; MAP1LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; O.C.T.: optimal cutting temperature; OS: outer segment; ONL: outer nuclear layer; PE: phosphatidylethanolamine; RFP: red fluorescent protein; R.O.I.: region of interest; RPE: retinal pigment epithelium
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriganesh Ramachandra Rao
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry and Neuroscience Graduate Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York- University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Research Service, VA Western Ny Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Steven J Fliesler
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry and Neuroscience Graduate Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York- University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Research Service, VA Western Ny Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA
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20
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Villarejo-Zori B, Jiménez-Loygorri JI, Zapata-Muñoz J, Bell K, Boya P. New insights into the role of autophagy in retinal and eye diseases. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 82:101038. [PMID: 34620506 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.101038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a fundamental homeostatic pathway that mediates the degradation and recycling of intracellular components. It serves as a key quality control mechanism, especially in non-dividing cells such as neurons. Proteins, lipids, and even whole organelles are engulfed in autophagosomes and delivered to the lysosome for elimination. The retina is a light-sensitive tissue located in the back of the eye that detects and processes visual images. Vision is a highly demanding process, making the eye one of the most metabolically active tissues in the body and photoreceptors display glycolytic metabolism, even in the presence of oxygen. The retina and eye are also exposed to other stressors that can impair their function, including genetic mutations and age-associated changes. Autophagy, among other pathways, is therefore a key process for the preservation of retinal homeostasis. Here, we review the roles of both canonical and non-canonical autophagy in normal retinal function. We discuss the most recent studies investigating the participation of autophagy in eye diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy and its role protecting photoreceptors in several forms of retinal degeneration. Finally, we consider the therapeutic potential of strategies that target autophagy pathways to treat prevalent retinal and eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Villarejo-Zori
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research, CSIC, Ramiro de Maetzu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Ignacio Jiménez-Loygorri
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research, CSIC, Ramiro de Maetzu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Zapata-Muñoz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research, CSIC, Ramiro de Maetzu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Katharina Bell
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Republic of Singapore
| | - Patricia Boya
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research, CSIC, Ramiro de Maetzu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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21
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Klionsky DJ, Petroni G, Amaravadi RK, Baehrecke EH, Ballabio A, Boya P, Bravo‐San Pedro JM, Cadwell K, Cecconi F, Choi AMK, Choi ME, Chu CT, Codogno P, Colombo M, Cuervo AM, Deretic V, Dikic I, Elazar Z, Eskelinen E, Fimia GM, Gewirtz DA, Green DR, Hansen M, Jäättelä M, Johansen T, Juhász G, Karantza V, Kraft C, Kroemer G, Ktistakis NT, Kumar S, Lopez‐Otin C, Macleod KF, Madeo F, Martinez J, Meléndez A, Mizushima N, Münz C, Penninger JM, Perera R, Piacentini M, Reggiori F, Rubinsztein DC, Ryan K, Sadoshima J, Santambrogio L, Scorrano L, Simon H, Simon AK, Simonsen A, Stolz A, Tavernarakis N, Tooze SA, Yoshimori T, Yuan J, Yue Z, Zhong Q, Galluzzi L, Pietrocola F. Autophagy in major human diseases. EMBO J 2021; 40:e108863. [PMID: 34459017 PMCID: PMC8488577 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 575] [Impact Index Per Article: 191.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a core molecular pathway for the preservation of cellular and organismal homeostasis. Pharmacological and genetic interventions impairing autophagy responses promote or aggravate disease in a plethora of experimental models. Consistently, mutations in autophagy-related processes cause severe human pathologies. Here, we review and discuss preclinical data linking autophagy dysfunction to the pathogenesis of major human disorders including cancer as well as cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, metabolic, pulmonary, renal, infectious, musculoskeletal, and ocular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giulia Petroni
- Department of Radiation OncologyWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Ravi K Amaravadi
- Department of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Abramson Cancer CenterUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Eric H Baehrecke
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer BiologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMAUSA
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and MedicinePozzuoliItaly
- Department of Translational Medical SciencesSection of PediatricsFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of Medicine, and Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research InstituteTexas Children HospitalHoustonTXUSA
| | - Patricia Boya
- Margarita Salas Center for Biological ResearchSpanish National Research CouncilMadridSpain
| | - José Manuel Bravo‐San Pedro
- Faculty of MedicineDepartment Section of PhysiologyComplutense University of MadridMadridSpain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)MadridSpain
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball InstituteNew York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of MicrobiologyNew York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineNew York University Langone HealthNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Francesco Cecconi
- Cell Stress and Survival UnitCenter for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease (CARD)Danish Cancer Society Research CenterCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Pediatric Onco‐Hematology and Cell and Gene TherapyIRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's HospitalRomeItaly
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’RomeItaly
| | - Augustine M K Choi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineJoan and Sanford I. Weill Department of MedicineWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
- New York‐Presbyterian HospitalWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Mary E Choi
- New York‐Presbyterian HospitalWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
- Division of Nephrology and HypertensionJoan and Sanford I. Weill Department of MedicineWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Charleen T Chu
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
| | - Patrice Codogno
- Institut Necker‐Enfants MaladesINSERM U1151‐CNRS UMR 8253ParisFrance
- Université de ParisParisFrance
| | - Maria Isabel Colombo
- Laboratorio de Mecanismos Moleculares Implicados en el Tráfico Vesicular y la Autofagia‐Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM)‐Universidad Nacional de CuyoCONICET‐ Facultad de Ciencias MédicasMendozaArgentina
| | - Ana Maria Cuervo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular BiologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNYUSA
- Institute for Aging StudiesAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNYUSA
| | - Vojo Deretic
- Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism (AIMCenter of Biomedical Research ExcellenceUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Ivan Dikic
- Institute of Biochemistry IISchool of MedicineGoethe UniversityFrankfurt, Frankfurt am MainGermany
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life SciencesGoethe UniversityFrankfurt, Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Zvulun Elazar
- Department of Biomolecular SciencesThe Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | | | - Gian Maria Fimia
- Department of Molecular MedicineSapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
- Department of EpidemiologyPreclinical Research, and Advanced DiagnosticsNational Institute for Infectious Diseases ‘L. Spallanzani’ IRCCSRomeItaly
| | - David A Gewirtz
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologySchool of MedicineVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVAUSA
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of ImmunologySt. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisTNUSA
| | - Malene Hansen
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery InstituteProgram of DevelopmentAging, and RegenerationLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Marja Jäättelä
- Cell Death and MetabolismCenter for Autophagy, Recycling & DiseaseDanish Cancer Society Research CenterCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Terje Johansen
- Department of Medical BiologyMolecular Cancer Research GroupUniversity of Tromsø—The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - Gábor Juhász
- Institute of GeneticsBiological Research CenterSzegedHungary
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental BiologyEötvös Loránd UniversityBudapestHungary
| | | | - Claudine Kraft
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyZBMZFaculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- CIBSS ‐ Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling StudiesUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des CordeliersEquipe Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le CancerUniversité de ParisSorbonne UniversitéInserm U1138Institut Universitaire de FranceParisFrance
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology PlatformsInstitut Gustave RoussyVillejuifFrance
- Pôle de BiologieHôpital Européen Georges PompidouAP‐HPParisFrance
- Suzhou Institute for Systems MedicineChinese Academy of Medical SciencesSuzhouChina
- Karolinska InstituteDepartment of Women's and Children's HealthKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | | | - Sharad Kumar
- Centre for Cancer BiologyUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
- Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Carlos Lopez‐Otin
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología MolecularFacultad de MedicinaInstituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA)Universidad de OviedoOviedoSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC)MadridSpain
| | - Kay F Macleod
- The Ben May Department for Cancer ResearchThe Gordon Center for Integrative SciencesW‐338The University of ChicagoChicagoILUSA
- The University of ChicagoChicagoILUSA
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular BiosciencesNAWI GrazUniversity of GrazGrazAustria
- BioTechMed‐GrazGrazAustria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth – University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease LaboratoryNational Institute of Environmental Health SciencesNIHResearch Triangle ParkNCUSA
| | - Alicia Meléndez
- Biology Department, Queens CollegeCity University of New YorkFlushingNYUSA
- The Graduate Center Biology and Biochemistry PhD Programs of the City University of New YorkNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Noboru Mizushima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyGraduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral ImmunobiologyInstitute of Experimental ImmunologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Josef M Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA)Vienna BioCenter (VBC)ViennaAustria
- Department of Medical GeneticsLife Sciences InstituteUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Rushika M Perera
- Department of AnatomyUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Department of PathologyUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Rome “Tor Vergata”RomeItaly
- Laboratory of Molecular MedicineInstitute of Cytology Russian Academy of ScienceSaint PetersburgRussia
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & SystemsMolecular Cell Biology SectionUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - David C Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical GeneticsCambridge Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- UK Dementia Research InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson InstituteGlasgowUK
- Institute of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular MedicineCardiovascular Research InstituteRutgers New Jersey Medical SchoolNewarkNJUSA
| | - Laura Santambrogio
- Department of Radiation OncologyWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkNYUSA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer CenterNew YorkNYUSA
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Luca Scorrano
- Istituto Veneto di Medicina MolecolarePadovaItaly
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Hans‐Uwe Simon
- Institute of PharmacologyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Department of Clinical Immunology and AllergologySechenov UniversityMoscowRussia
- Laboratory of Molecular ImmunologyInstitute of Fundamental Medicine and BiologyKazan Federal UniversityKazanRussia
| | | | - Anne Simonsen
- Department of Molecular MedicineInstitute of Basic Medical SciencesUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Centre for Cancer Cell ReprogrammingInstitute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of Molecular Cell BiologyInstitute for Cancer ResearchOslo University Hospital MontebelloOsloNorway
| | - Alexandra Stolz
- Institute of Biochemistry IISchool of MedicineGoethe UniversityFrankfurt, Frankfurt am MainGermany
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life SciencesGoethe UniversityFrankfurt, Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyFoundation for Research and Technology‐HellasHeraklion, CreteGreece
- Department of Basic SciencesSchool of MedicineUniversity of CreteHeraklion, CreteGreece
| | - Sharon A Tooze
- Molecular Cell Biology of AutophagyThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Tamotsu Yoshimori
- Department of GeneticsGraduate School of MedicineOsaka UniversitySuitaJapan
- Department of Intracellular Membrane DynamicsGraduate School of Frontier BiosciencesOsaka UniversitySuitaJapan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science DivisionInstitute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI)Osaka UniversitySuitaJapan
| | - Junying Yuan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and ChemistryShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- Department of Cell BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Zhenyu Yue
- Department of NeurologyFriedman Brain InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Qing Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of EducationDepartment of PathophysiologyShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU‐SM)ShanghaiChina
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation OncologyWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkNYUSA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer CenterNew YorkNYUSA
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of DermatologyYale School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
- Université de ParisParisFrance
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22
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Pan M, Yin Y, Wang X, Wang Q, Zhang L, Hu H, Wang C. Mice deficient in UXT exhibit retinitis pigmentosa-like features via aberrant autophagy activation. Autophagy 2021; 17:1873-1888. [PMID: 32744119 PMCID: PMC8386600 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1796015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UXT (ubiquitously expressed prefoldin like chaperone), a small chaperone-like protein, is widely expressed in diverse human and mouse tissues and is more abundant in retina and kidney. However, the functional characterization of UXT at tissue level was largely unknown. Here, we reported that mice deficient in UXT exhibited salient features of retinal degenerative disease, similar to retinitis pigmentosa. Conditional knockout (CKO) of Uxt led to retinal degeneration and pigmentation in mice retina along with significant alterations of retinitis pigmentosa-related genes, which indicated UXT might be associated with retinal degenerative disease sharing key features to retinitis pigmentosa. Consistently, the electroretinogram (ERG) responses were dramatically impaired in uxt CKO retinas. Strong degenerative features were observed in uxt CKO retinas, including specific and progressive reduction of photoreceptor cells and increased numbers of apoptotic cells. Intriguingly, macroautophagic/autophagic flux was enhanced in uxt CKO retina. Mechanistically, we found UXT was indispensable to suppress photoreceptor apoptotic cell death by inhibiting autophagy through regulating the activity of MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase), a key negative regulator of autophagy. Conversely, knockdown of UXT induced the robust expression of the canonical autophagy-related genes and boosted autophagic flux and apoptosis, finally resulting in severe retina degeneration in uxt CKO mice. Taken together, our study reveals a vital role of UXT in preventing retina from degeneration. The loss of UXT results in a hyper-autophagic state leading to massive retinal degeneration. Therefore, UXT may be a crucial target for retinal degenerative disease.Abbreviations: 3-ma: 3-methyladenine; casp3: caspase 3; cko: conditional knockout; erg: electroretinogram; gapdh: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; map1lc3b/lc3b: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; mtor: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; parp: poly (adp-ribose) polymerase family; rna-seq: rna sequencing; rp: retinitis pigmentosa; rps6kb1/s6k: ribosomal protein s6 kinase b1; sqstm1: sequestosome 1; tunel: terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dutp nick-end labeling; uxt: ubiquitously expressed prefoldin like chaperone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Quanyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lele Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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23
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Kim JY, Park S, Park HJ, Kim SH, Lew H, Kim GJ. PEDF-Mediated Mitophagy Triggers the Visual Cycle by Enhancing Mitochondrial Functions in a H 2O 2-Injured Rat Model. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051117. [PMID: 34066394 PMCID: PMC8148157 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal degenerative diseases result from oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to the loss of visual acuity. Damaged retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) and photoreceptor cells undergo mitophagy. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) protects from oxidative stress in RPE and improves mitochondrial functions. Overexpression of PEDF in placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (PD-MSCs; PD-MSCsPEDF) provides therapeutic effects in retinal degenerative diseases. Here, we investigated whether PD-MSCsPEDF restored the visual cycle through a mitophagic mechanism in RPE cells in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-injured rat retinas. Compared with naïve PD-MSCs, PD-MSCsPEDF augmented mitochondrial biogenesis and translation markers as well as mitochondrial respiratory states. In the H2O2-injured rat model, intravitreal administration of PD-MSCsPEDF restored total retinal layer thickness compared to that of naïve PD-MSCs. In particular, PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), which is the major mitophagy marker, exhibited increased expression in retinal layers and RPE cells after PD-MSCPEDF transplantation. Similarly, expression of the visual cycle enzyme retinol dehydrogenase 11 (RDH11) showed the same patterns as PINK1 levels, resulting in improved visual activity. Taken together, these findings suggest that PD-MSCsPEDF facilitate mitophagy and restore the loss of visual cycles in H2O2-injured rat retinas and RPE cells. These data indicate a new strategy for next-generation MSC-based treatment of retinal degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yeon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea; (J.Y.K.); (S.P.); (H.J.P.); (S.H.K.)
- Research Institute of Placental Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea
| | - Sohae Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea; (J.Y.K.); (S.P.); (H.J.P.); (S.H.K.)
| | - Hee Jung Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea; (J.Y.K.); (S.P.); (H.J.P.); (S.H.K.)
| | - Se Ho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea; (J.Y.K.); (S.P.); (H.J.P.); (S.H.K.)
| | - Helen Lew
- CHA Bundang Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, CHA University, Seongnam 13496, Korea;
| | - Gi Jin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea; (J.Y.K.); (S.P.); (H.J.P.); (S.H.K.)
- Research Institute of Placental Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-881-7145
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24
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Autophagy activation and photoreceptor survival in retinal detachment. Exp Eye Res 2021; 205:108492. [PMID: 33609513 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We assess the effect of autophagy inhibition on photoreceptor (PR) survival during experimental retinal detachment (RD) and examine the and examine the relationship between autophagy and the expression of glycolytic enzymes HK2 and PKM2 in the retina. We find that inhibiting autophagy by genetic knock out of the autophagy activator Atg5 in rod PRs resulted in increased apoptotic and necroptotic cell death during RD, demonstrated by elevated terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells, caspase 8 activity, transcript levels of Fas receptor and RIPK3 as compared to controls. The absence of autophagy in rods resulted in downregulation of hexokinase 2 and pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme 2 levels. More than 460 proteins were identified by mass spectroscopy in autophagosomes isolated from detached retinas compared with less than 150 proteins identified in autophagosomes from attached retinas. Among various cellular compartments, proteins from cytoskeleton, cytoplasm and intracellular organelles constituted a large portion of increased autophagosome contents. These proteins represent numerous biological processes, including phototransduction, cell-cell signaling, metabolism and inflammation. Our findings suggest that competent autophagy machinery is necessary for PR homeostasis and improving PR survival during periods of nutrient deprivation.
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25
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Fu Z, Kern TS, Hellström A, Smith LEH. Fatty acid oxidation and photoreceptor metabolic needs. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100035. [PMID: 32094231 PMCID: PMC7905050 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.tr120000618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptors have high energy demands and a high density of mitochondria that produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) of fuel substrates. Although glucose is the major fuel for CNS brain neurons, in photoreceptors (also CNS), most glucose is not metabolized through OXPHOS but is instead metabolized into lactate by aerobic glycolysis. The major fuel sources for photoreceptor mitochondria remained unclear for almost six decades. Similar to other tissues (like heart and skeletal muscle) with high metabolic rates, photoreceptors were recently found to metabolize fatty acids (palmitate) through OXPHOS. Disruption of lipid entry into photoreceptors leads to extracellular lipid accumulation, suppressed glucose transporter expression, and a duel lipid/glucose fuel shortage. Modulation of lipid metabolism helps restore photoreceptor function. However, further elucidation of the types of lipids used as retinal energy sources, the metabolic interaction with other fuel pathways, as well as the cross-talk among retinal cells to provide energy to photoreceptors is not fully understood. In this review, we will focus on the current understanding of photoreceptor energy demand and sources, and potential future investigations of photoreceptor metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Manton Center for Orphan Disease, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Timothy S Kern
- Center for Translational Vision Research, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ann Hellström
- Section for Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Lois E H Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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26
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Clinical Course and Electron Microscopic Findings in Lymphocytes of Patients with DRAM2-Associated Retinopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041331. [PMID: 32079136 PMCID: PMC7072995 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
DRAM2-associated retinopathy is a rare inherited retinal dystrophy, and its outcome has not been determined. A single retinal involvement by a mutation of the DRAM2 gene is unexplained. We found three unrelated patients with a disease-causing DRAM2 variant in a biallelic state from 1555 Japanese individuals of 1314 families with inherited retinal dystrophy. We reviewed their medical records and examined their peripheral lymphocytes by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Patient 1 was a 38-year-old woman who complained of night blindness and reduced vision. She developed macular degeneration at age 43 years. Patients 2 and 3 were a man and a woman both of whom noticed night blindness in their 30s. Both had a degeneration in the macula and midperiphery in their 40s, which progressed to a diffuse retinal degeneration in their 60s when their vision was reduced to hand motions. Three novel DRAM2 variants were identified. TEM of the lymphocytes of Patients 1 and 2 showed abnormal structures in 40.6% and 0.3% of the peripheral lymphocytes, respectively. We concluded that the DRAM2-associated retinopathy of our patients was a progressive rod-cone dystrophy, and the visual outcome was poor. The systemic effect of DRAM2 mutations may be compensable and have variations.
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27
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All-trans-retinal induces autophagic cell death via oxidative stress and the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Toxicol Lett 2020; 322:77-86. [PMID: 31931077 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Failure of all-trans-retinal (atRAL) clearance contributes to retina degeneration. However, whether autophagy can be activated by excess atRAL accumulation in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells is not known. This study showed that atRAL provoked mitochondria-associated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, activated the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 and apoptosis in a human RPE cell line, ARPE-19 cells. Moreover, we found that autophagic flux was functionally activated after atRAL treatment. The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine attenuated the expression of autophagy markers, suggesting that ROS triggered atRAL-activated autophagy. In addition, autophagic cell death was observed in atRAL-treated RPE cells, while inhibition of autophagy with 3-methyladenine or LC3, Beclin1, p62 silencing ameliorated atRAL-induced cytotoxicity. Suppression of autophagy quenched mitochondrial ROS and inhibited HO-1 and γ-GCSh expression, indicating that atRAL-activated autophagy enhances intracellular oxidative stress, thereby promoting RPE cell apoptosis. Furthermore, we found that inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress suppressed atRAL-induced mitochondrial ROS generation, subsequently attenuated autophagy and apoptosis in RPE cells. Taken together, these results suggest that atRAL-induced oxidative stress and ER stress modulate autophagy, which may contribute to RPE degeneration. There may be positive feedback regulatory mechanisms between atRAL-induced oxidative stress and autophagy or ER stress.
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28
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Pfeiffer RL, Marc RE, Jones BW. Persistent remodeling and neurodegeneration in late-stage retinal degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 74:100771. [PMID: 31356876 PMCID: PMC6982593 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Retinal remodeling is a progressive series of negative plasticity revisions that arise from retinal degeneration, and are seen in retinitis pigmentosa, age-related macular degeneration and other forms of retinal disease. These processes occur regardless of the precipitating event leading to degeneration. Retinal remodeling then culminates in a late-stage neurodegeneration that is indistinguishable from progressive central nervous system (CNS) proteinopathies. Following long-term deafferentation from photoreceptor cell death in humans, and long-lived animal models of retinal degeneration, most retinal neurons reprogram, then die. Glial cells reprogram into multiple anomalous metabolic phenotypes. At the same time, survivor neurons display degenerative inclusions that appear identical to progressive CNS neurodegenerative disease, and contain aberrant α-synuclein (α-syn) and phosphorylated α-syn. In addition, ultrastructural analysis indicates a novel potential mechanism for misfolded protein transfer that may explain how proteinopathies spread. While neurodegeneration poses a barrier to prospective retinal interventions that target primary photoreceptor loss, understanding the progression and time-course of retinal remodeling will be essential for the establishment of windows of therapeutic intervention and appropriate tuning and design of interventions. Finally, the development of protein aggregates and widespread neurodegeneration in numerous retinal degenerative diseases positions the retina as a ideal platform for the study of proteinopathies, and mechanisms of neurodegeneration that drive devastating CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Pfeiffer
- Dept of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Robert E Marc
- Dept of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Bryan William Jones
- Dept of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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29
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Fu Z, Chen CT, Cagnone G, Heckel E, Sun Y, Cakir B, Tomita Y, Huang S, Li Q, Britton W, Cho SS, Kern TS, Hellström A, Joyal JS, Smith LE. Dyslipidemia in retinal metabolic disorders. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 11:e10473. [PMID: 31486227 PMCID: PMC6783651 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201910473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The light‐sensitive photoreceptors in the retina are extremely metabolically demanding and have the highest density of mitochondria of any cell in the body. Both physiological and pathological retinal vascular growth and regression are controlled by photoreceptor energy demands. It is critical to understand the energy demands of photoreceptors and fuel sources supplying them to understand neurovascular diseases. Retinas are very rich in lipids, which are continuously recycled as lipid‐rich photoreceptor outer segments are shed and reformed and dietary intake of lipids modulates retinal lipid composition. Lipids (as well as glucose) are fuel substrates for photoreceptor mitochondria. Dyslipidemia contributes to the development and progression of retinal dysfunction in many eye diseases. Here, we review photoreceptor energy demands with a focus on lipid metabolism in retinal neurovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Manton Center for Orphan Disease, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chuck T Chen
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gael Cagnone
- Department of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Emilie Heckel
- Department of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ye Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bertan Cakir
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yohei Tomita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shuo Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qian Li
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - William Britton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steve S Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy S Kern
- Center for Translational Vision Research, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ann Hellström
- Section for Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jean-Sébastien Joyal
- Department of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lois Eh Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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30
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McWilliams TG, Prescott AR, Villarejo-Zori B, Ball G, Boya P, Ganley IG. A comparative map of macroautophagy and mitophagy in the vertebrate eye. Autophagy 2019; 15:1296-1308. [PMID: 30786807 PMCID: PMC6613837 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1580509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoreception is pivotal to our experience and perception of the natural world; hence the eye is of prime importance for most vertebrate animals to sense light. Central to visual health is mitochondrial homeostasis, and the selective autophagic turnover of mitochondria (mitophagy) is predicted to play a key role here. Despite studies that link aberrant mitophagy to ocular dysfunction, little is known about the prevalence of basal mitophagy, or its relationship to general autophagy, in the visual system. In this study, we utilize the mito-QC mouse and a closely related general macroautophagy reporter model to profile basal mitophagy and macroautophagy in the adult and developing eye. We report that ocular macroautophagy is widespread, but surprisingly mitophagy does not always follow the same pattern of occurrence. We observe low levels of mitophagy in the lens and ciliary body, in stark contrast to the high levels of general MAP1LC3-dependent macroautophagy in these regions. We uncover a striking reversal of this process in the adult retina, where mitophagy accounts for a larger degree of the macroautophagy taking place, specifically in the photoreceptor neurons of the outer nuclear layer. We also show the developmental regulation of autophagy in a variety of ocular tissues. In particular, mitophagy in the adult mouse retina is reversed in localization during the latter stages of development. Our work thus defines the landscape of mitochondrial homeostasis in the mammalian eye, and in doing so highlights the selective nature of autophagy in vivo and the specificity of the reporters used. Abbreviations: ATG: autophagy related; GFP: green fluorescent protein; LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; ONH: optic nerve head; ONL: outer nuclear layer; RPE: retinal pigment epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G. McWilliams
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Sir James Black Centre School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- Translational Stem Cell Biology & Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alan R. Prescott
- Dundee Imaging Facility, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Beatriz Villarejo-Zori
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Graeme Ball
- Dundee Imaging Facility, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Patricia Boya
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ian G. Ganley
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Sir James Black Centre School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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Wen RH, Stanar P, Tam B, Moritz OL. Autophagy in Xenopus laevis rod photoreceptors is independently regulated by phototransduction and misfolded RHO P23H. Autophagy 2019; 15:1970-1989. [PMID: 30975014 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1596487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported autophagic structures in rod photoreceptors expressing a misfolding RHO (rhodopsin) mutant (RHOP23H), suggesting that autophagy may play a role in degrading the mutant RHO and/or be involved in photoreceptor cell death. To further examine autophagy in normal and diseased rods, we generated transgenic Xenopus laevis tadpoles expressing the dually fluorescent autophagy marker mRFP-eGFP-LC3 in rods, which changes from green to yellow and finally red as autophagic structures develop and mature. Using transgenic lines with constitutive and inducible expression, we determined the time-course of autophagy in rod photoreceptors: autophagosomes last for 6 to 8 hours before fusing with lysosomes, and acidified autolysosomes last for about 28 hours before being degraded. Autophagy was diurnally regulated in normal rods, with more autophagic structures generated during periods of light, and this regulation was non-circadian. We also found that more autophagosomes were produced in rods expressing the misfolding RHOP23H mutant. The RHO chromophore absorbs photons to initiate phototransduction, and is consumed in this process; it also promotes RHO folding. To determine whether increased autophagy in light-exposed normal rods is caused by increased RHO misfolding or phototransduction, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to knock out the RPE65 and GNAT1 genes, which are essential for chromophore biosynthesis and phototransduction respectively. Both knockouts suppressed light-induced autophagy, indicating that although light and misfolded rhodopsin can both induce autophagy in rods, light-induced autophagy is not due to misfolding of RHO, but rather due to phototransduction. Abbreviations: CYCS: cytochrome c; bRHOP23H: bovine RHOP23H; Cas9: CRISPR associated protein 9; dpf: days post-fertilization; eGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein; GNAT1: guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(t) subunit alpha-1 aka rod alpha-transducin; HSPA1A/hsp70: heat shock protein of 70 kilodaltons; LAMP1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B light chain 3; mRFP: monomeric red fluorescent protein; RHO: rhodopsin; RP: retinitis pigmentosa; RPE65: retinal pigment epithelium-specific 65 kDa protein: sfGFP: superfolding GFP; sgRNA: single guide RNA; WGA: wheat germ agglutinin; RHOp: the Xenopus laevis RHO.2.L promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runxia H Wen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Paloma Stanar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Beatrice Tam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Orson L Moritz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada
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32
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Hu X, Lu Z, Yu S, Reilly J, Liu F, Jia D, Qin Y, Han S, Liu X, Qu Z, Lv Y, Li J, Huang Y, Jiang T, Jia H, Wang Q, Liu J, Shu X, Tang Z, Liu M. CERKL regulates autophagy via the NAD-dependent deacetylase SIRT1. Autophagy 2019; 15:453-465. [PMID: 30205735 PMCID: PMC6351130 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1520548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is an important intracellular mechanism for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Here we show that the CERKL (ceramide kinase like) gene, a retinal degeneration (RD) pathogenic gene, plays a critical role in regulating autophagy by stabilizing SIRT1. In vitro and in vivo, suppressing CERKL results in impaired autophagy. SIRT1 is one of the main regulators of acetylation/deacetylation in autophagy. In CERKL-depleted retinas and cells, SIRT1 is downregulated. ATG5 and ATG7, 2 essential components of autophagy, show a higher degree of acetylation in CERKL-depleted cells. Overexpression of SIRT1 rescues autophagy in CERKL-depleted cells, whereas CERKL loses its function of regulating autophagy in SIRT1-depleted cells, and overexpression of CERKL upregulates SIRT1. Finally, we show that CERKL directly interacts with SIRT1, and may regulate its phosphorylation at Ser27 to stabilize SIRT1. These results show that CERKL is an important regulator of autophagy and it plays this role by stabilizing the deacetylase SIRT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Zhaojing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - James Reilly
- Department of Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Fei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Danna Jia
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Yayun Qin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Han
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
- Department of Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Xiliang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Qu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Yuexia Lv
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Jingzhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Yuwen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Haibo Jia
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Jingyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Xinhua Shu
- Department of Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Zhaohui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Mugen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
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Valproic Acid for a Treatment of Retinitis Pigmentosa: Reasons for Optimism and Caution. J Neurosci 2018; 37:5215-5217. [PMID: 28539347 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0774-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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34
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von Eisenhart-Rothe P, Grubman A, Greferath U, Fothergill LJ, Jobling AI, Phipps JA, White AR, Fletcher EL, Vessey KA. Failure of Autophagy–Lysosomal Pathways in Rod Photoreceptors Causes the Early Retinal Degeneration Phenotype Observed inCln6nclfMice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 59:5082-5097. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra Grubman
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ursula Greferath
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Linda J. Fothergill
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew I. Jobling
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joanna A. Phipps
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony R. White
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Erica L. Fletcher
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kirstan A. Vessey
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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35
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Dhingra A, Bell BA, Peachey NS, Daniele LL, Reyes-Reveles J, Sharp RC, Jun B, Bazan NG, Sparrow JR, Kim HJ, Philp NJ, Boesze-Battaglia K. Microtubule-Associated Protein 1 Light Chain 3B, (LC3B) Is Necessary to Maintain Lipid-Mediated Homeostasis in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:351. [PMID: 30349463 PMCID: PMC6186781 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Like other neurons, retinal cells utilize autophagic pathways to maintain cell homeostasis. The mammalian retina relies on heterophagy and selective autophagy to efficiently degrade and metabolize ingested lipids with disruption in autophagy associated degradation contributing to age related retinal disorders. The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) supports photoreceptor cell renewal by daily phagocytosis of shed photoreceptor outer segments (OS). The daily ingestion of these lipid-rich OS imposes a constant degradative burden on these terminally differentiated cells. These cells rely on Microtubule-Associated Protein 1 Light Chain 3 (LC3) family of proteins for phagocytic clearance of the ingested OS. The LC3 family comprises of three highly homologous members, MAP1LC3A (LC3A), MAP1LC3B (LC3B), and MAP1LC3C (LC3C). The purpose of this study was to determine whether the LC3B isoform plays a specific role in maintaining RPE lipid homeostasis. We examined the RPE and retina of the LC3B-/- mouse as a function of age using in vivo ocular imaging and electroretinography coupled with ex vivo, lipidomic analyses of lipid mediators, assessment of bisretinoids as well as imaging of lipid aggregates. Deletion of LC3B resulted in defects within the RPE including increased phagosome accumulation, decreased fatty acid oxidation and a subsequent increase in RPE and sub-RPE lipid deposits. Age-dependent RPE changes included elevated levels of oxidized cholesterol, deposition of 4-HNE lipid peroxidation products, bisretinoid lipofuscin accumulation, and subretinal migration of microglia, collectively likely contributing to loss of retinal function. These observations are consistent with a critical role for LC3B-dependent processes in the maintenance of normal lipid homeostasis in the aging RPE, and suggest that LC3 isoform specific disruption in autophagic processes contribute to AMD-like pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Dhingra
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Brent A Bell
- Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Neal S Peachey
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Lauren L Daniele
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Juan Reyes-Reveles
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rachel C Sharp
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Bokkyoo Jun
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Nicolas G Bazan
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Janet R Sparrow
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hye Jin Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nancy J Philp
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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36
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Moreno ML, Mérida S, Bosch-Morell F, Miranda M, Villar VM. Autophagy Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress, Two Related Mechanisms Implicated in Retinitis Pigmentosa. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1008. [PMID: 30093867 PMCID: PMC6070619 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is one of the most common clinical subtypes of retinal degeneration (RD), and it is a neurodegenerative disease that could cause complete blindness in humans because it ultimately affects the photoreceptors viability. RP afflicts an estimated 1.5 million patients worldwide. The retina is highly susceptible to oxidative stress which can impair mitochondrial function. Many retina pathologies, such as diabetic retinopathy and secondary cone photoreceptor death in RP, have been related directly or indirectly with mitochondrial dysfunction. The possible role of autophagy in retina and cell differentiation is described and also the implications of autophagy dysregulation in RP. The present review shows the crucial role of autophagy in maintaining the retina homeostasis and possible therapeutic approaches for the treatment of RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari-Luz Moreno
- Department of Basic Sciences, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
| | - Salvador Mérida
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Bosch-Morell
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Medical Ophtalmology, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Miranda
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vincent M Villar
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
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37
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Trachsel-Moncho L, Benlloch-Navarro S, Fernández-Carbonell Á, Ramírez-Lamelas DT, Olivar T, Silvestre D, Poch E, Miranda M. Oxidative stress and autophagy-related changes during retinal degeneration and development. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:812. [PMID: 30042417 PMCID: PMC6057918 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0855-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited retinopathy that leads to photoreceptor loss. RP has been related to oxidative stress, autophagy, and inflammation. This study aimed to identify changes in the levels of oxidative stress and autophagy markers in the retina of control and rd10 mice during different phases of retinal development. Changes in the retinal oxidation system were investigated by measuring the levels of oxidized and reduced glutathione (GSH/GSSG), retinal avidin-positive cells, and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) staining intensity. Autophagy characterization was explored by measuring the levels of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), beclin, autophagy-related proteins 5 and 7 (Atg5 and Atg7), and lysosomal associated membrane protein-2A (LAMP-2A). At P28 retinal GSH concentrations decreased in rd10 mice compared to the controls. No differences were found in retinal GSSG concentrations between the control and rd10 mice. There was an increase in retinal GSSG concentrations and a decrease in the GSH/GSSG ratio in the control and rd10 mice at P21 and P28 compared to P13. We observed an increase in avidin-positive cells in rd10 retinas. 4-HNE was increased in rd10 retinas at P13, and it also increased in control mice with age. We did not observe any differences in the retinal levels of LC3II/I ratio, Beclin, Atg5, or Atg7 in the rd10 mice compared to the controls. There was an increase in the LAMP-2A concentrations in the control and rd10 mice with development age (P28 concentrations vs. P13). Although only slight differences were found in the oxidative stress and autophagy markers between the control and rd10 mice, there were increases in the GSSG, 4-HNE, and LAMP-2A with age. This increase in the oxidative stress and chaperone-mediated autophagy has not been described before and occurred just after the mice opened their eyes, potentially indicating a retinal response to light exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Trachsel-Moncho
- Departamento Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Soledad Benlloch-Navarro
- Departamento Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángel Fernández-Carbonell
- Departamento Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Dolores Tania Ramírez-Lamelas
- Departamento Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Olivar
- Departamento Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Dolores Silvestre
- Departamento Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Enric Poch
- Departamento Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain.
| | - María Miranda
- Departamento Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain.
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Yao J, Qiu Y, Frontera E, Jia L, Khan NW, Klionsky DJ, Ferguson TA, Thompson DA, Zacks DN. Inhibiting autophagy reduces retinal degeneration caused by protein misfolding. Autophagy 2018; 14:1226-1238. [PMID: 29940785 PMCID: PMC6103695 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1463121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the genes necessary for the structure and function of vertebrate photoreceptor cells are associated with multiple forms of inherited retinal degeneration. Mutations in the gene encoding RHO (rhodopsin) are a common cause of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP), with the Pro23His variant of RHO resulting in a misfolded protein that activates endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response. Stimulating macroautophagy/autophagy has been proposed as a strategy for clearing misfolded RHO and reducing photoreceptor death. We found that retinas from mice heterozygous for the gene encoding the RHOP23H variant (hereafter called P23H) exhibited elevated levels of autophagy flux, and that pharmacological stimulation of autophagy accelerated retinal degeneration. In contrast, reducing autophagy flux pharmacologically or by rod-specific deletion of the autophagy-activating gene Atg5, improved photoreceptor structure and function. Furthermore, proteasome levels and activity were reduced in the P23H retina, and increased when Atg5 was deleted. Our findings suggest that autophagy contributes to photoreceptor cell death in P23H mice, and that decreasing autophagy shifts the degradation of misfolded RHO protein to the proteasome and is protective. These observations suggest that modulating the flux of misfolded proteins from autophagy to the proteasome may represent an important therapeutic strategy for reducing proteotoxicity in adRP and other diseases caused by protein folding defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yaoyan Qiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya School of medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Eric Frontera
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lin Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Naheed W. Khan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Thomas A. Ferguson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Debra A. Thompson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David N. Zacks
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Bingol B. Autophagy and lysosomal pathways in nervous system disorders. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 91:167-208. [PMID: 29729319 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved pathway for delivering cytoplasmic cargo to lysosomes for degradation. In its classically studied form, autophagy is a stress response induced by starvation to recycle building blocks for essential cellular processes. In addition, autophagy maintains basal cellular homeostasis by degrading endogenous substrates such as cytoplasmic proteins, protein aggregates, damaged organelles, as well as exogenous substrates such as bacteria and viruses. Given their important role in homeostasis, autophagy and lysosomal machinery are genetically linked to multiple human disorders such as chronic inflammatory diseases, cardiomyopathies, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. Multiple targets within the autophagy and lysosomal pathways offer therapeutic opportunities to benefit patients with these disorders. Here, I will summarize the mechanisms of autophagy pathways, the evidence supporting a pathogenic role for disturbed autophagy and lysosomal degradation in nervous system disorders, and the therapeutic potential of autophagy modulators in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris Bingol
- Genentech, Inc., Department of Neuroscience, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco 94080, United States.
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40
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Retinal organotypic culture – A candidate for research on retinas. Tissue Cell 2018; 51:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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41
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Liu YH, Corbett C, Klaska IP, Makinen K, Nickerson JM, Cornall RJ, Kuffova L, Forrester JV. Partial retinal photoreceptor loss in a transgenic mouse model associated with reduced levels of interphotoreceptor retinol binding protein (IRBP, RBP3). Exp Eye Res 2018; 172:54-65. [PMID: 29571629 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Organ-specific transgenic membrane expression of hen egg lysozyme (HEL) as a "neo-self antigen" has been used in several models to study immunological tolerance. In this study we report the changes which occur in the B10.BR mouse retina when membrane-bound HEL is expressed in photoreceptors under the control of the promoter for interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein (IRBP, RBP3). On direct clinical examination of the single transgenic (sTg-IRBP:HEL) mouse fundus, a low-level increase in retinal degeneration compared to non-transgenic controls was observed, presenting as drusenoid deposits and occasional small patches of atrophy. On histological examination, there was an overall shortening of outer segments and loss of photoreceptor nuclei in sTg-IRBP:HEL mice, which was more pronounced in the retinal periphery, particularly inferiorly. The fundoscopically observed lesions did not correlate with the photoreceptor shortening/loss but appeared to be located at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium/choriocapillaris layer and were an exaggeration in size and number of similar age-related changes found in wild type (WT) mice. In addition, neither the atrophic lesions nor the photoreceptor shortening were associated with common retinal degeneration genes, nor were they caused by exposure to light damage since mice housed at both high and low ambient light levels had similar degrees of retinal degeneration. Instead, sTg-IRBP:HEL mice expressed reduced levels of soluble retinal IRBP compared to WT mice which were present from postnatal day16 (P16) and preceded development of photoreceptor shortening (onset P21). We propose that insertion of the HEL transgene in the photoreceptor membrane disrupted normal photoreceptor function and led to reduced levels of soluble IRBP and retinal thinning. A similar phenotype has been observed in IRBP deficient mice. Despite the retinal thinning, the amount of HEL expressed in the retina was sufficient to act as an autoantigenic target when the mice were crossed to the HEL T cell receptor Tg mouse, since double transgenic (dTg-IRBP:HEL) mice spontaneously developed a severe uveoretinitis with onset at weaning. We suggest that, although membrane expression of foreign transgene products is likely to modify the structure and function of tissues and cells, the technology provides useful models to investigate mechanisms of antigen-specific immunological tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsia Liu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Clare Corbett
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK; School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Izabela P Klaska
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kimmo Makinen
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK; Human Health, Novozymes A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark
| | | | | | - Lucia Kuffova
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK; Department of Ophthalmology, NHS Grampian, Aberdeen, UK
| | - John V Forrester
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK; University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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Abstract
Genetic mouse models mimicking human diseases have been developed and utilized for retinal research in various topics, involving anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, and pathology. The main reasons why mouse models are important for retinal research include that rodents share a key retinal homology with humans and that genetic manipulation is relatively easily applicable for mice. Here, we describe genetic mouse models, which are categorized with functions in the retina and relationship with human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Maeda
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Tadao Maeda
- Research Division, Kobe Research Institute, HEALIOS K.K., Kobe, Japan.
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43
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Tao Y, Wang Y, Ma Z, Wang L, Qin L, Wang L, Huang YF, Zhang S. Subretinal delivery of erythropoietin alleviates the N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced photoreceptor degeneration and visual functional impairments: an in vivo and ex vivo study. Drug Deliv 2017; 24:1273-1283. [PMID: 28891332 PMCID: PMC8241182 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2017.1370620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a heterogeneous group hereditary retinal disease that is characterized by photoreceptor degeneration. The present study sought to explore the therapeutic effects of erythropoietin (EPO) on the N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced photoreceptor degeneration. The MNU-administered mouse or normal control received a subretinal injection of EPO (at the dose of 10U). Twenty-four hours after EPO injection, the retinal EPO levels of experimental animals were quantified. Subsequently, the experimental animals were subjected to optokinetic tests, ERG examination, SD-OCT examination, histology assessment, and immunohistochemistry evaluation. The retinal superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and expression levels of several apoptotic factors were also quantified. The subretinal injection of EPO up-regulated the retinal EPO level in the retinas of MNU-administered mice. The optokinetic tests and ERG examination suggested the visual functional impairments in MNU-administered mice were ameliorated after EPO treatment. The SD-OCT and histological examination suggested the morphological devastations in MNU-administered mice were alleviated after EPO treatment. The cone photoreceptors in MNU-administered mice were protected from the MNU-induced detrimental effects. Moreover, the EPO treatment rectified the apoptotic abnormalities in MNU-administered mice, and enhanced the expression level of Foxo3, a critical mediator of autophagy. The EPO treatment also mitigated the MDA concentration and enhanced the retinal SOD activity, thereby counteracting the retinal oxidative stress in MNU administered mice. In ophthalmological practice, the subretinal delivery of EPO is a feasible therapeutic strategy to alleviate photoreceptor degeneration. These findings would enrich our pharmacological knowledge about EPO and shed light on the development of an effective therapy against RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yue Wang
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhao Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Liqiang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Limin Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yi Fei Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shizhong Zhang
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
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Menzies FM, Fleming A, Caricasole A, Bento CF, Andrews SP, Ashkenazi A, Füllgrabe J, Jackson A, Jimenez Sanchez M, Karabiyik C, Licitra F, Lopez Ramirez A, Pavel M, Puri C, Renna M, Ricketts T, Schlotawa L, Vicinanza M, Won H, Zhu Y, Skidmore J, Rubinsztein DC. Autophagy and Neurodegeneration: Pathogenic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities. Neuron 2017; 93:1015-1034. [PMID: 28279350 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 742] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved pathway that delivers cytoplasmic contents to the lysosome for degradation. Here we consider its roles in neuronal health and disease. We review evidence from mouse knockout studies demonstrating the normal functions of autophagy as a protective factor against neurodegeneration associated with intracytoplasmic aggregate-prone protein accumulation as well as other roles, including in neuronal stem cell differentiation. We then describe how autophagy may be affected in a range of neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we describe how autophagy upregulation may be a therapeutic strategy in a wide range of neurodegenerative conditions and consider possible pathways and druggable targets that may be suitable for this objective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Menzies
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Angeleen Fleming
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Andrea Caricasole
- Alzheimer's Research UK Cambridge Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Carla F Bento
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Stephen P Andrews
- Alzheimer's Research UK Cambridge Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Avraham Ashkenazi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Jens Füllgrabe
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Anne Jackson
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Maria Jimenez Sanchez
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Cansu Karabiyik
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Floriana Licitra
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Ana Lopez Ramirez
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Mariana Pavel
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Claudia Puri
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Maurizio Renna
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Thomas Ricketts
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Lars Schlotawa
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Mariella Vicinanza
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Hyeran Won
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Ye Zhu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - John Skidmore
- Alzheimer's Research UK Cambridge Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - David C Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
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45
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Fazeli G, Wehman AM. Safely removing cell debris with LC3-associated phagocytosis. Biol Cell 2017; 109:355-363. [PMID: 28755428 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201700028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis and autophagy are two distinct pathways that degrade external and internal unwanted particles. Both pathways lead to lysosomal degradation inside the cell, and over the last decade, the line between them has blurred; autophagy proteins were discovered on phagosomes engulfing foreign bacteria, leading to the proposal of LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP). Many proteins involved in macroautophagy are used for phagosome degradation, although Atg8/LC3 family proteins only decorate the outer membrane of LC3-associated phagosomes, in contrast to both autophagosome membranes. A few proteins distinguish LAP from autophagy, such as components of the autophagy pre-initiation complex. However, most LAP cargo is wrapped in multiple layers of membranes, making them similar in structure to autophagosomes. Recent evidence suggests that LC3 is important for the degradation of internal membranes, explaining why LC3 would be a vital part of both macroautophagy and LAP. In addition to removing invading pathogens, multicellular organisms also use LAP to degrade cell debris, including cell corpses and photoreceptor outer segments. The post-mitotic midbody remnant is another cell fragment, which results from each cell division, that was recently added to the growing list of LAP cargoes. Thus, LAP plays an important role during the normal physiology and homoeostasis of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Fazeli
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - Ann Marie Wehman
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, 97080, Germany
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46
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Inoue Y, Shimazawa M, Noda Y, Nagano R, Otsuka T, Kuse Y, Nakano Y, Tsuruma K, Nakagami Y, Hara H. RS9, a novel Nrf2 activator, attenuates light-induced death of cells of photoreceptor cells and Müller glia cells. J Neurochem 2017; 141:750-765. [PMID: 28345128 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The retina is highly sensitive to oxidative stress because of its high consumption of oxygen associated with the phototransductional processes. Recent findings have suggested that oxidative stress is involved in the pathology of age-related macular degeneration, a progressive degeneration of the central retina. A well-known environmental risk factor is light exposure, as excessive and continuous light exposure can damage photoreceptors. Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcriptional factor that controls antioxidative responses and phase 2 enzymes. Thus, we hypothesized that RS9, a specific activator of Nrf2, decreases light-induced retinal cell death in vivo and in vitro. Nrf2 was detected in the nucleus of the 661W cells exposed to RS9 and also after light exposure, and the Nrf2-antioxidant response element binding was increased in 661W cells after exposure to RS9. Consequentially, the expression of the phase 2 enzyme's mRNAs of Ho-1, Nqo-1, and Gclm genes was increased in 661W cells after exposure to RS9. Furthermore, RS9 decreased the light-induced death of 661W cells (2500 lux, 24 h), and also reduced the functional damages and the histological degeneration of the nuclei in the outer nuclear layer or the retina in the in vivo studies (8000 lux, 3 h). Heme oxygenase-1 was increased after light exposure, and Nrf2 was translocated into the nucleus after light exposure in vivo. Silencing of Ho-1 reduced the protective effects of RS9 against light-induced death of 661W cells. These findings indicate that RS9 has therapeutic potential for retinal diseases that are aggravated by light exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Inoue
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Noda
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ryota Nagano
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Otsuka
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kuse
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yukimichi Nakano
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tsuruma
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | | | - Hideaki Hara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
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48
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Lee BL, Kang JH, Kim HM, Jeong SH, Jang DS, Jang YP, Choung SY. Polyphenol-enriched Vaccinium uliginosum L. fractions reduce retinal damage induced by blue light in A2E-laden ARPE19 cell cultures and mice. Nutr Res 2016; 36:1402-1414. [PMID: 27993192 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols exert beneficial effects on vision. We hypothesized that polyphenol components of Vaccinium uliginosum L. (V.U.) extract protect retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells against blue light-induced damage. Our aim was to test extracts containing polyphenol components to ascertain effects to reduce damage against blue light in RPEs. We measured the activity in fractions eluted from water, ethanol, and HP20 resin (FH), and found that the FH fraction had the highest beneficial activity. We isolated the individual active compounds from the FH fraction using chromatographic techniques, and found that FH contained flavonoids, anthocyanins, phenyl propanoids, and iridoids. Cell cultures of A2E-laden ARPE-19 exposed to blue light after treatment with V.U. extract fractions and their individual constituents indicated improvement. V uliginosum L extract fractions and constituent compounds significantly reduced A2E photo-oxidation-induced RPE cell death and inhibited intracellular A2E accumulation. Furthermore, Balb/c male mice were exposed to blue light at 10000 lux for 1 h/d for 2 weeks to induce retinal damage. One week after the final blue light exposure, retinal damage evaluated revealed that the outer nuclear layer thickness and nuclei count were improved. Histologic examination of murine photoreceptor cells demonstrated that FH, rich in polyphenols, inhibited the loss of outer nuclear layer thickness and nuclei. Our findings suggest that V.U. extract and eluted fractions are a potential source of bioactive compounds that potentially serve a therapeutic approach for age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bom-Lee Lee
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences of Pharmacy, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Kang
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences of Pharmacy, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Mi Kim
- Department of Preventive Pharmacy and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Hee Jeong
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Sik Jang
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences of Pharmacy, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Preventive Pharmacy Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Pyo Jang
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences of Pharmacy, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Young Choung
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences of Pharmacy, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Preventive Pharmacy and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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49
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Wensel TG, Zhang Z, Anastassov IA, Gilliam JC, He F, Schmid MF, Robichaux MA. Structural and molecular bases of rod photoreceptor morphogenesis and disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 55:32-51. [PMID: 27352937 PMCID: PMC5112133 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The rod cell has an extraordinarily specialized structure that allows it to carry out its unique function of detecting individual photons of light. Both the structural features of the rod and the metabolic processes required for highly amplified light detection seem to have rendered the rod especially sensitive to structural and metabolic defects, so that a large number of gene defects are primarily associated with rod cell death and give rise to blinding retinal dystrophies. The structures of the rod, especially those of the sensory cilium known as the outer segment, have been the subject of structural, biochemical, and genetic analysis for many years, but the molecular bases for rod morphogenesis and for cell death in rod dystrophies are still poorly understood. Recent developments in imaging technology, such as cryo-electron tomography and super-resolution fluorescence microscopy, in gene sequencing technology, and in gene editing technology are rapidly leading to new breakthroughs in our understanding of these questions. A summary is presented of our current understanding of selected aspects of these questions, highlighting areas of uncertainty and contention as well as recent discoveries that provide new insights. Examples of structural data from emerging imaging technologies are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore G Wensel
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Zhixian Zhang
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ivan A Anastassov
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jared C Gilliam
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Feng He
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael F Schmid
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael A Robichaux
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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50
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Yao J, Jia L, Feathers K, Lin C, Khan NW, Klionsky DJ, Ferguson TA, Zacks DN. Autophagy-mediated catabolism of visual transduction proteins prevents retinal degeneration. Autophagy 2016; 12:2439-2450. [PMID: 27753525 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1238553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway critical to preventing the accumulation of cytotoxic proteins. Deletion of the essential autophagy gene Atg5 from the rod photoreceptors of the retina (atg5Δrod mouse) results in the accumulation of the phototransduction protein transducin and the degeneration of these neurons. The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that autophagic degradation of visual transduction proteins prevents retinal degeneration. Targeted deletion of both Gnat1 (a gene encoding the α subunit of the heterotrimeric G-protein transducin) and Atg5 in the rod photoreceptors resulted in a significantly decreased rate of rod cell degeneration as compared to the atg5Δrod mouse retina, and considerable preservation of photoreceptors. Supporting this we used a novel technique to immunoprecipitate green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged autophagosomes from the retinas of the GFP-LC3 mice and demonstrated that the visual transduction proteins transducin and ARR/arrestin are associated with autophagosome-specific proteins. Altogether, this study shows that degradation of phototransduction proteins by autophagy is necessary to prevent retinal degeneration. In addition, we demonstrate a simple and easily reproducible immunoisolation technique for enrichment of autophagosomes from the GFP-LC3 mouse retina, providing a novel application to the study of autophagosome contents across different organs and specific cell types in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Yao
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Lin Jia
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Kecia Feathers
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Chengmao Lin
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Naheed W Khan
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- b Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.,c Department of Molecular , Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Thomas A Ferguson
- d Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - David N Zacks
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
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