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Chen B, Liu J. Prospects and challenges of CAR-T in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 133:112112. [PMID: 38640714 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer ranks as the seventh most prevalent cancer among women and is considered the most lethal gynecological malignancy on a global scale. The absence of reliable screening techniques, coupled with the insidious onset of nonspecific symptoms, often results in a delayed diagnosis, typically at an advanced stage characterized by peritoneal involvement. Management of advanced tumors typically involves a combination of chemotherapy and cytoreductive surgery. However, the therapeutic arsenal for ovarian cancer patients remains limited, highlighting the unmet need for precise, targeted, and sustained-release pharmacological agents. Genetically engineered T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) represent a promising novel therapeutic modality that selectively targets specific antigens, demonstrating robust and enduring antitumor responses in numerous patients. CAR T cell therapy has exhibited notable efficacy in hematological malignancies and is currently under investigation for its potential in treating various solid tumors, including ovarian cancer. Currently, numerous researchers are engaged in the development of novel CAR-T cells designed to target ovarian cancer, with subsequent evaluation of these candidate cells in preclinical studies. Given the ability of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) expressing T cells to elicit potent and long-lasting anti-tumor effects, this therapeutic approach holds significant promise for the treatment of ovarian cancer. This review article examines the utilization of CAR-T cells in the context of ovarian cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biqing Chen
- Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
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2
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Gitto SB, Ihewulezi CJN, Powell DJ. Adoptive T cell therapy for ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2024; 186:77-84. [PMID: 38603955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Although ovarian cancer patients typically respond to standard of care therapies, including chemotherapy and DNA repair inhibitors, the majority of tumors recur highlighting the need for alternative therapies. Ovarian cancer is an immunogenic cancer in which the accumulation of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), particularly T cells, is associated with better patient outcome. Thus, harnessing the immune system through passive administration of T cells, a process called adoptive cell therapy (ACT), is a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of ovarian cancer. There are multiple routes by which tumor-specific T cell products can be generated. Dendritic cell cancer vaccines can be administered to the patients to induce or bolster T cell responses against tumor antigens or be utilized ex vivo to prime T cells against tumor antigens; these T cells can then be prepared for infusion. ACT protocols can also utilize naturally-occurring tumor-reactive T cells isolated from a patient tumor, known as TILs, as these cells often are heterogeneous in composition and antigen specificity with patient-specific cancer recognition. Alternatively, T cells may be sourced from the peripheral blood, including those that are genetically modified to express a tumor antigen-specific T cell receptor (TCR) or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) to redirect their specificity and promote their activity against tumor cells expressing the target tumor antigen. Here, we review current ACT strategies for ovarian cancer and provide insights into advancing ACT therapy strategies for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Gitto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Chibuike J N Ihewulezi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel J Powell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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3
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Zhang J, Yu J, Liu M, Xie Z, Lei X, Yang X, Huang S, Deng X, Wang Z, Tang G. Small-molecule modulators of tumor immune microenvironment. Bioorg Chem 2024; 145:107251. [PMID: 38442612 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, tumor immunotherapy, aimed at increasing the activity of immune cells and reducing immunosuppressive effects, has attracted wide attention. Among them, immune checkpoint blocking (ICB) is the most commonly explored therapeutic approach. All approved immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are clinically effective monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Compared with biological agents, small-molecule drugs have many unique advantages in tumor immunotherapy. Therefore, they also play an important role. Immunosuppressive signals such as PD-L1, IDO1, and TGF-β, etc. overexpressed in tumor cells form the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment. In addition, the efficacy of multi-pathway combined immunotherapy has also been reported and verified. Here, we mainly reviewed the mechanism of tumor immunotherapy, analyzed the research status of small-molecule modulators, and discussed drug candidates' structure-activity relationship (SAR). It provides more opportunities for further research to design more immune small-molecule modulators with novel structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Jia Yu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Meijing Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Zhizhong Xie
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Xiaoyong Lei
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Sheng Huang
- Jiuzhitang Co., Ltd, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China
| | - Xiangping Deng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhe Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Guotao Tang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
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Gervais C, Auclin E, Saltel-Fulero A, Clair G, Oudard S, Mirghani H. Nivolumab immunotherapy rechallenge for progressive laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma after failure of conventional treatment: A CARE case report. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis 2024:S1879-7296(24)00020-6. [PMID: 38418356 DOI: 10.1016/j.anorl.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Analysis of rechallenge with nivolumab as 5th-line therapy for locally and nodally failed laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma following conventional therapeutic modalities: radiotherapy, surgery and chemotherapy. OBSERVATION A 70-year-old male, with local and nodal progression of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma after treatment with chemoradiotherapy and surgery, was initially treated for recurrence with carboplatin, 5-fluorouracile (FU) and cetuximab, followed by second-line nivolumab, and then two lines of conventional chemotherapy with paclitaxel and cetuximab followed by carboplatin and cetuximab. He underwent rechallenge with nivolumab in 5th line, achieving 12months' response, ongoing at the time of writing, and 42.5months' survival since initiation of exclusive systemic management after failure of conventional treatment. CONCLUSION This case report highlights the benefit of nivolumab rechallenge in 5th line following previous failure as stand-alone therapy in 2nd line for a patient with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma locally and nodally uncontrolled after conventional treatment. Clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of this approach are necessary to assess its contribution, as it is currently not a standard therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gervais
- Université Paris Cité, Service d'Oncologie Médicale, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, 20, rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - E Auclin
- Université Paris Cité, Service d'Oncologie Médicale, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, 20, rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
| | - A Saltel-Fulero
- Université Paris Cité, Service d'Imagerie, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, 20, rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
| | - G Clair
- Université Paris Cité, Service d'Anatomopathologie, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, 20, rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
| | - S Oudard
- Université Paris Cité, Service d'Oncologie Médicale, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, 20, rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France; Inserm U970, PARCC, Paris, France
| | - H Mirghani
- Université Paris Cité, Service d'Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie et Chirurgie Cervicofaciale, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, 20, rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
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5
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Biomedical polymers: synthesis, properties, and applications. Sci China Chem 2022; 65:1010-1075. [PMID: 35505924 PMCID: PMC9050484 DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1243-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biomedical polymers have been extensively developed for promising applications in a lot of biomedical fields, such as therapeutic medicine delivery, disease detection and diagnosis, biosensing, regenerative medicine, and disease treatment. In this review, we summarize the most recent advances in the synthesis and application of biomedical polymers, and discuss the comprehensive understanding of their property-function relationship for corresponding biomedical applications. In particular, a few burgeoning bioactive polymers, such as peptide/biomembrane/microorganism/cell-based biomedical polymers, are also introduced and highlighted as the emerging biomaterials for cancer precision therapy. Furthermore, the foreseeable challenges and outlook of the development of more efficient, healthier and safer biomedical polymers are discussed. We wish this systemic and comprehensive review on highlighting frontier progress of biomedical polymers could inspire and promote new breakthrough in fundamental research and clinical translation.
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Liu L, Huang X, Shi F, Song J, Guo C, Yang J, Liang T, Bai X. Combination therapy for pancreatic cancer: anti-PD-(L)1-based strategy. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:56. [PMID: 35139879 PMCID: PMC8827285 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02273-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mortality associated with pancreatic cancer is among the highest of all malignancies, with a 5-year overall survival of 5-10%. Immunotherapy, represented by the blocking antibodies against programmed cell death protein 1 or its ligand 1 (anti-PD-(L)1), has achieved remarkable success in a number of malignancies. However, due to the immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment, the therapeutic efficacy of anti-PD-(L)1 in pancreatic cancer is far from expectation. To address such a fundamental issue, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy and even immunotherapy itself, have individually been attempted to combine with anti-PD-(L)1 in preclinical and clinical investigation. This review, with a particular focus on pancreatic cancer therapy, collects current anti-PD-(L)1-based combination strategy, highlights potential adverse effects of accumulative combination, and further points out future direction in optimization of combination, including targeting post-translational modification of PD-(L)1 and improving precision of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyue Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79# Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xing Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79# Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fukang Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79# Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinyuan Song
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79# Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chengxiang Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79# Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiaqi Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79# Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
- The Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Clinical Research Center of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tingbo Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79# Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
- The Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.
- Zhejiang Clinical Research Center of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xueli Bai
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79# Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
- The Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.
- Zhejiang Clinical Research Center of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China.
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Xu J, Meng Q, Sun H, Zhang X, Yun J, Li B, Wu S, Li X, Yang H, Zhu H, Aschner M, Relucenti M, Familiari G, Chen R. HER2-specific chimeric antigen receptor-T cells for targeted therapy of metastatic colorectal cancer. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:1109. [PMID: 34839348 PMCID: PMC8627513 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04100-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) - T cell therapy is a new class of cellular immunotherapies, which has made great achievements in the treatment of malignant tumors. Despite improvements in colorectal cancer (CRC) therapy, treatment of many patients fails because of metastasis and recurrence. The human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is a substantiated target for CAR-T therapy, and has been reported recently to be over-expressed in CRC, which may provide a potential therapeutic target for CRC treatment. Herein, HER2 was a promising target of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) in CAR-T therapy as assessed by flow cytometry and tissue microarray (TMA) with 9-year survival follow-up data. Furthermore, HER2-specific CAR-T cells exhibited strong cytotoxicity and cytokine-secreting ability against CRC cells in vitro. Moreover, through the tumor-bearing model of the NOD-Prkdcem26cd52Il2rgem26Cd22/Nju (NCG) mice, HER2 CAR-T cells showed signs of effectively preventing CRC progression in three different xenograft models. Notably, HER2 CAR-T cells displayed greater aggressiveness in HER2+ CRC in the patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDX) models and had potent immunotherapeutic capacity for mCRC in the metastatic xenograft mouse models. In conclusion, our studies provide scientific evidence that HER2 CAR-T cells represent an emerging immunotherapy for the treatment of mCRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qingtao Meng
- School of Public Health, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xinwei Zhang
- Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210003, China
| | - Jun Yun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Shenshen Wu
- School of Public Health, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,School of Public Health, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Hongbao Yang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Haitao Zhu
- Colorectal Cancer Center, Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Cancer Research Institute, Cancer hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Michela Relucenti
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, 5000161, Italia
| | - Giuseppe Familiari
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Medical and Legal locomotive Apparatus, Section of Human Anatomy Via Alfonso Borelli, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, 5000161, Italia
| | - Rui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China. .,School of Public Health, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China. .,Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
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8
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Chauhan J, Maddi SR, Dubey KD, Sen S. Developing C2-Aroyl Indoles as Novel Inhibitors of IDO1 and Understanding Their Mechanism of Inhibition via Mass Spectroscopy, QM/MM Calculations and Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Front Chem 2021; 9:691319. [PMID: 34336787 PMCID: PMC8319603 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.691319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) and tryptophan dioxygenases are two heme based metalloenzymes that catalyze the tryptophan oxidation reaction by inserting molecular dioxygen to cleave the pyrrole ring. The mechanism of such ring cleavage reaction is of carcinogenic importance as the malignant tumors recruit this mechanism for immune invasion. In the presence study, we have synthesized a Novel C2 aroyl indoles inhibitor, 8d, which shows significant inhibition of 180 nM at IC50 scale. The binding and conformational changes that transpire after inhibitor binding were thoroughly studied by molecular docking and MD simulations. The subsequent QM/MM (Quantum Mechanical/Molecular Mechanical) calculations were used to proposed the mechanism of inhibition. The QM/MM calculations show that the reaction proceeds via multistep processes where the dioxygen insertion to the substrate 8a is the rate determining process. Theoretical mechanism is further supported by mass spectroscopy, and drug metabolism/pharmacokinetics study (DMPK) and metabolic stability of compound 8d was investigated in rat and human liver microsomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, India
| | | | - Kshatresh Dutta Dubey
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Subhabrata Sen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, India
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9
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Bassan D, Gozlan YM, Sharbi-Yunger A, Tzehoval E, Greenstein E, Bitan L, Friedman N, Eisenbach L. Avidity optimization of a MAGE-A1-specific TCR with somatic hypermutation. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1505-1518. [PMID: 33835499 PMCID: PMC8252751 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202049007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A T‐cell receptor (TCR) with optimal avidity to a tumor antigen can be used to redirect T cells to eradicate cancer cells via adoptive cell transfer. Cancer testis antigens (CTAs) are attractive targets because they are expressed in the testis, which is immune‐privileged, and in the tumor. However, CTAs are self‐antigens and natural TCRs to CTAs have low affinity/avidity due to central tolerance. We previously described a method of directed evolution of TCR avidity using somatic hypermutation. In this study, we made several improvements to this method and enhanced the avidity of the hT27 TCR, which is specific for the cancer testis antigen HLA‐A2‐MAGE‐A1278‐286. We identified eight point mutations with varying degrees of improved avidity. Human T cells transduced with TCRs containing these mutations displayed enhanced tetramer binding, IFN‐γ and IL2 production, and cytotoxicity. Most of the mutations have retained specificity, except for one mutant with extremely high avidity. We demonstrate that somatic hypermutation is capable of optimizing avidity of clinically relevant TCRs for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bassan
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yosi Meir Gozlan
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adi Sharbi-Yunger
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Esther Tzehoval
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Erez Greenstein
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lidor Bitan
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nir Friedman
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lea Eisenbach
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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10
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Kim HR, Tagirasa R, Yoo E. Covalent Small Molecule Immunomodulators Targeting the Protease Active Site. J Med Chem 2021; 64:5291-5322. [PMID: 33904753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cells of the immune system utilize multiple proteases to regulate cell functions and orchestrate innate and adaptive immune responses. Dysregulated protease activities are implicated in many immune-related disorders; thus, protease inhibitors have been actively investigated for pharmaceutical development. Although historically considered challenging with concerns about toxicity, compounds that covalently modify the protease active site represent an important class of agents, emerging not only as chemical probes but also as approved drugs. Here, we provide an overview of technologies useful for the study of proteases with the focus on recent advances in chemoproteomic methods and screening platforms. By highlighting covalent inhibitors that have been designed to target immunomodulatory proteases, we identify opportunities for the development of small molecule immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Rae Kim
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Ravichandra Tagirasa
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Euna Yoo
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
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11
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Ray SK, Meshram Y, Mukherjee S. Cancer Immunology and CAR-T Cells: A Turning Point Therapeutic Approach in Colorectal Carcinoma with Clinical Insight. Curr Mol Med 2021; 21:221-236. [PMID: 32838717 DOI: 10.2174/1566524020666200824103749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy endeavours in harnessing the delicate strength and specificity of the immune system for therapy of different malignancies, including colorectal carcinoma. The recent challenge for cancer immunotherapy is to practice and develop molecular immunology tools to create tactics that efficiently and securely boost antitumor reactions. After several attempts of deceptive outcomes, the wave has lastly altered and immunotherapy has become a clinically confirmed treatment for several cancers. Immunotherapeutic methods include the administration of antibodies or modified proteins that either block cellular activity or co-stimulate cells through immune control pathways, cancer vaccines, oncolytic bacteria, ex vivo activated adoptive transfer of T cells and natural killer cells. Engineered T cells are used to produce a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) to treat different malignancies, including colorectal carcinoma in a recent decade. Despite the considerable early clinical success, CAR-T therapies are associated with some side effects and sometimes display minimal efficacy. It gives special emphasis on the latest clinical evidence with CAR-T technology and also other related immunotherapeutic methods with promising performance, and highlighted how this therapy can affect the therapeutic outcome and next upsurge as a key clinical aspect of colorectal carcinoma. In this review, we recapitulate the current developments produced to improve the efficacy and specificity of CAR-T therapies in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman K Ray
- Independent Researcher, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh-462020, India
| | - Yamini Meshram
- Independent Researcher, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh-462020, India
| | - Sukhes Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh-462020, India
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12
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Merkle PS, Trabjerg E, Hongjian S, Ferber M, Cuendet MA, Jørgensen TJD, Luescher I, Irving M, Zoete V, Michielin O, Rand KD. Probing the Conformational Dynamics of Affinity-Enhanced T Cell Receptor Variants upon Binding the Peptide-Bound Major Histocompatibility Complex by Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry. Biochemistry 2021; 60:859-872. [PMID: 33689297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Binding of the T cell receptor (TCR) to its cognate, peptide antigen-loaded major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) is a key interaction for triggering T cell activation and ultimately elimination of the target cell. Despite the importance of this interaction for cellular immunity, a comprehensive molecular understanding of TCR specificity and affinity is lacking. We conducted hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) analyses of individual affinity-enhanced TCR variants and clinically relevant pMHC class I molecules (HLA-A*0201/NY-ESO-1157-165) to investigate the causality between increased binding affinity and conformational dynamics in TCR-pMHC complexes. Differential HDX-MS analyses of TCR variants revealed that mutations for affinity enhancement in TCR CDRs altered the conformational response of TCR to pMHC ligation. Improved pMHC binding affinity was in general observed to correlate with greater differences in HDX upon pMHC binding in modified TCR CDR loops, thereby providing new insights into the TCR-pMHC interaction. Furthermore, a specific point mutation in the β-CDR3 loop of the NY-ESO-1 TCR associated with a substantial increase in binding affinity resulted in a substantial change in pMHC binding kinetics (i.e., very slow kon, revealed by the detection of EX1 HDX kinetics), thus providing experimental evidence for a slow induced-fit binding mode. We also examined the conformational impact of pMHC binding on an unrelated TRAV12-2 gene-encoded TCR directed against the immunodominant MART-126-35 cancer antigen restricted by HLA-A*0201. Our findings provide a molecular basis for the observed TRAV12-2 gene bias in natural CD8+ T cell-based immune responses against the MART-1 antigen, with potential implications for general ligand discrimination and TCR cross-reactivity processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S Merkle
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Esben Trabjerg
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Song Hongjian
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mathias Ferber
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Bâtiment Génopode, UNIL Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel A Cuendet
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Bâtiment Génopode, UNIL Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Thomas J D Jørgensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Immanuel Luescher
- Ludwig Branch for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Melita Irving
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Bâtiment Génopode, UNIL Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Ludwig Branch for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Zoete
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Bâtiment Génopode, UNIL Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Michielin
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Bâtiment Génopode, UNIL Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kasper D Rand
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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13
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Insights into non-peptide small-molecule inhibitors of the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction: Development and perspective. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 33:116038. [PMID: 33517226 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of immune checkpoint inhibitors has become a research hotspot in cancer immunotherapy in recent years. Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), such as pembrolizumab and nivolumab have been approved for treating different types of cancer. Many peptides, peptidomimetics and non-peptide small-molecule inhibitors targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis have been published so far. In comparison with mAbs, small-molecule inhibitors have the potential to overcome inherent shortcomings of mAbs, such as poor oral bioavailability, low tumor penetration, and high manufacturing costs. In this article, we mainly review non-peptide small-molecule inhibitors of the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction, their cocrystal structures, docking studies, and biological activities are also included to guide future study. In addition, we propose several strategies for designing more effective small-molecule modulators of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway.
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14
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Recent advance of peptide-based molecules and nonpeptidic small-molecules modulating PD-1/PD-L1 protein-protein interaction or targeting PD-L1 protein degradation. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 213:113170. [PMID: 33454550 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumor immunotherapy has made great progress in recent years. In the tumor microenvironment, the binding of PD-1 and its ligand PD-L1 can promote tumor immune escape and tumor survival. Clinical studies have indicated that antibodies blocking PD-1 and PD-L1 have reliable effects on many advanced malignant tumors. However, no small-molecule inhibitors have been approved so far, indicating that the development of marketable small-molecules PD-1/PD-L1 targeted therapy drugs is a challenging process. Small-molecule inhibitors can overcome the limitations of monoclonal antibodies, including poor oral bioavailability, high cost, poor tissue and tumor penetration and long half-life, which prompt researchers to turn their attention to the development of peptide molecules and small-molecule inhibitors modulating PD-1/PD-L1 to overcome some disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies or targeting PD-L1 protein degradation as potential alternatives or supplements. In this review, we will focus on the peptide-based and nonpeptidic molecules against PD-1/PD-L1 base on the structural classification. More importantly, we also focus on the latest research progress of small-molecules mediated PD-L1 degradation mechanism.
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15
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Choudhry H. The Microbiome and Its Implications in Cancer Immunotherapy. Molecules 2021; 26:E206. [PMID: 33401586 PMCID: PMC7795182 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is responsible for ~18 million deaths globally each year, representing a major cause of death. Several types of therapy strategies such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy and more recently immunotherapy, have been implemented in treating various types of cancer. Microbes have recently been found to be both directly and indirectly involved in cancer progression and regulation, and studies have provided novel and clear insights into the microbiome-mediated emergence of cancers. Scientists around the globe are striving hard to identify and characterize these microbes and the underlying mechanisms by which they promote or suppress various kinds of cancer. Microbes may influence immunotherapy by blocking various cell cycle checkpoints and the production of certain metabolites. Hence, there is an urgent need to better understand the role of these microbes in the promotion and suppression of cancer. The identification of microbes may help in the development of future diagnostic tools to cure cancers possibly associated with the microbiome. This review mainly focuses on various microbes and their association with different types of cancer, responses to immunotherapeutic modulation, physiological responses, and prebiotic and postbiotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Choudhry
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Li L, Zhu X, Qian Y, Yuan X, Ding Y, Hu D, He X, Wu Y. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy in Glioblastoma: Current and Future. Front Immunol 2020; 11:594271. [PMID: 33224149 PMCID: PMC7669545 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.594271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive glioma with an extremely poor prognosis after conventional treatment. Recent advances in immunotherapy offer hope for these patients with incurable GBM. Our present review aimed to provide an overview of immunotherapy for GBM, especially chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR T) therapy. CAR T-cell immunotherapy, which involves the engineering of T cells to kill tumors by targeting cell surface-specific antigens, has been successful in eliminating B-cell leukemia by targeting CD19. IL-13Rα2, EGFRvIII, and HER2-targeted CAR T cells have shown significant clinical efficacy and safety in phase 1 or 2 clinical trials conducted in patients with GBM; these findings support the need for further studies to examine if this therapy can ultimately benefit this patient group. However, local physical barriers, high tumor heterogeneity, and antigen escape make the use of CAR T therapy, as a treatment for GBM, challenging. The potential directions for improving the efficacy of CAR T in GBM are to combine the existing traditional therapies and the construction of multi-target CAR T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Brain Neoplasms/etiology
- Brain Neoplasms/therapy
- Combined Modality Therapy/methods
- Genetic Engineering
- Glioblastoma/etiology
- Glioblastoma/therapy
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/trends
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Li
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiqun Zhu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Qian
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangling Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Desheng Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin He
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable malignancy of plasma cells. Recently multiple new therapeutic options have been introduced which was able to improve overall survival but ultimately patient become refractory specifically in patients with poor cytogenetics. Therefore, novel therapeutic options like immunotherapy are needed to improve outcomes. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is immunotherapy in which T cell are genetically engineered against a tumor-specific antigen and transfused back to the patient to mount major histocompatibility complex-independent cancer-specific immune response. The success of CAR T-cell therapy in lymphoid malignancies encouraged its development in MM. Most of the clinical studies target B-cell maturation antigen in relapsed refractory MM and relapse is the major issue. In this article, we will present the basics of CAR T-cell therapy, the most recent clinical and preclinical data, and we will discuss the future therapeutic realm of CAR T cells in MM.
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Lee YE, Ju A, Choi HW, Kim JC, Kim EE, Kim TS, Kang HJ, Kim SY, Jang JY, Ku JL, Kim SC, Jun E, Jang M. Rationally designed redirection of natural killer cells anchoring a cytotoxic ligand for pancreatic cancer treatment. J Control Release 2020; 326:310-323. [PMID: 32682905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of T-cell engineering with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) has led to attractive therapeutics; however, autologous CAR-T cells are associated with poor clinical outcomes in solid tumors because of low safety and efficacy. Therefore, the aim of our study was to develop a CAR therapy with enhanced cytotoxicity against solid cancer using allogeneic NK cells. In this study, we engineered "off-the-shelf" NK cells to redirect them towards pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) by improving their target-specific cytotoxic potential. By integrated bioinformatic and clinicopathological analyses, folate receptor alpha (FRα) and death receptor 4 (DR4) were significantly highly expressed in patient-derived tumor cells. The combined expression of FRα and DR4/5 was associated with inferior clinical outcomes, therefore indicating their use as potential targets for biomolecular treatment. Thus, FRα and DR4 expression pattern can be a strong prognostic factor as promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of PDAC. For effective PDAC treatment, allogeneic CAR-NK cells were reprogrammed to carry an apoptosis-inducing ligand and to redirect them towards FRα and initiate DR4/5-mediated cancer-selective cell death in FRα- and DR4/5-positive tumors. As a result, the redirected cytotoxic ligand-loaded NK cells led to a significantly enhanced tumor-selective apoptosis. Accordingly, use of allogeneic CAR-NK cells that respond to FRα and DR4/5 double-positive cancers might improve clinical outcomes based on personal genome profiles. Thus, therapeutic modalities based on allogeneic NK cells can potentially be used to treat large numbers of patients with optimally selective cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Eun Lee
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 02792, South Korea; Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Anna Ju
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Hwi Wan Choi
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, South Korea
| | - Jin-Chul Kim
- Natural Constituents of Research Center, Natural Products Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, South Korea
| | - Eunice EunKyeong Kim
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Tae Sung Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Hyo Jeong Kang
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, South Korea
| | - Sang-Yeob Kim
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, South Korea
| | - Jin-Young Jang
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, South Korea
| | - Ja-Lok Ku
- Korean Cell Line Bank, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, South Korea
| | - Song Cheol Kim
- Division of Hepato-Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, South Korea
| | - Eunsung Jun
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, South Korea; Division of Hepato-Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, South Korea.
| | - Mihue Jang
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 02792, South Korea; KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Yang CY, Fan MH, Miao CH, Liao YJ, Yuan RH, Liu CL. Engineering Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells against Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors PD-1/PD-L1 for Treating Pancreatic Cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2020; 17:571-585. [PMID: 32637575 PMCID: PMC7321819 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive disease with a 5-year survival rate of 9%. Major obstacles to successful treatment of pancreatic cancer are the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and antigenic complexity or heterogeneity. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is expressed on PDAC and immunosuppressed cells within the TME, providing suitable immunotherapy targets. We applied a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) strategy to target immune checkpoint programmed death-1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 interactions. Lentiviral vectors were used to express the extracellular domain of human PD-1 (PD-1-CD28-4-1BB activating chimeric receptor [PD1ACR]) or the single-chain variable fragment (scFv) region of anti-PD-L1 (PDL1CAR) that binds to PD-L1, and each was fused to intracellular signaling domains containing CD3 zeta, CD28, and 4-1BB (CD137). Both engineered CAR T cells recognized and eliminated PD-L1-overexpressing CFPAC1 cells efficiently at approximately 80% in vitro. Adoptive transfer of both CAR T cells enhanced T cell persistence and induced specific regression of established CFPAC1 cancer by >80% in both xenograft and orthotopic models. Ki67 expression in tumors decreased, whereas proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines increased in CAR T cell-treated mouse sera. PD1ACR and PDL1CAR obtained a similar therapeutic efficacy. Thus, these armed third-generation PD-L1-targeted CAR T cells confer antitumor activity and the ability to combat T cell exhaustion, providing a potentially new and innovative CAR T cell immunotherapy against pancreatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yao Yang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Ming Huei Fan
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- PhD Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Carol H. Miao
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Yi Jen Liao
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- PhD Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ray-Hwang Yuan
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital Biomedical Park Hospital, Hsinchu County 30261, Taiwan
| | - Chao Lien Liu
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- PhD Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Corresponding author: Chao Lien Liu, School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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20
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Galli F, Aguilera JV, Palermo B, Markovic SN, Nisticò P, Signore A. Relevance of immune cell and tumor microenvironment imaging in the new era of immunotherapy. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2020; 39:89. [PMID: 32423420 PMCID: PMC7236372 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01586-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating immune cells play a key role against cancer. However, malignant cells are able to evade the immune response and establish a very complex balance in which different immune subtypes may drive tumor progression, metastatization and resistance to therapy. New immunotherapeutic approaches aim at restoring the natural balance and increase immune response against cancer by different mechanisms. The complexity of these interactions and the heterogeneity of immune cell subpopulations are a real challenge when trying to develop new immunotherapeutics and evaluate or predict their efficacy in vivo. To this purpose, molecular imaging can offer non-invasive diagnostic tools like radiopharmaceuticals, contrast agents or fluorescent dyes. These agents can be useful for preclinical and clinical purposes and can overcome [18F]FDG limitations in discriminating between true-progression and pseudo-progression. This review provides a comprehensive overview of immune cells involved in microenvironment, available immunotherapies and imaging agents to highlight the importance of new therapeutic biomarkers and their in vivo evaluation to improve the management of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Galli
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and of Translational Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, S. Andrea University Hospital, Roma, Italy.
| | - Jesus Vera Aguilera
- Department of oncology and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, (MN), Rochester, USA
| | - Belinda Palermo
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics and Technological Innovation, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Svetomir N Markovic
- Department of oncology and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, (MN), Rochester, USA
| | - Paola Nisticò
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics and Technological Innovation, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Signore
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and of Translational Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, S. Andrea University Hospital, Roma, Italy
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21
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Gu W, Wang L, Wu Y, Liu JP. Undo the brake of tumour immune tolerance with antibodies, peptide mimetics and small molecule compounds targeting PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint at different locations for acceleration of cytotoxic immunity to cancer cells. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 46:105-115. [PMID: 30565707 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent clinical success of immunotherapy that inhibits the negative immune regulatory pathway programmed cell death protein-1/PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) has initiated a new era in the treatment of metastatic cancer. However, greater challenges remain to treat all cancers. The molecular architecture in the immune synapse constituting positive engagements for immune activation and negative checkpoints against immune hyperactivity is regulated dynamically by interaction between proteostasis and tumour microenvironment. This article reviews recent progresses in our understandings of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the negative checkpoint PD-1/PD-L1 behaviours in immune tolerance of tumourigenesis and metastasis. We provide an overview on PD-L1 gene expression regulation, protein turnover, intra- and extracellular trafficking, exosome-mediated inter-cellular transport, molecular interface peptide mimetics, inhibitory chemical compounds such as metformin, and antibody dynamics. We summarise PD-L1 post-translational modifications including glycosylation, palmitoylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination, reflecting future research directions and opportunities in identifying tumour-specific signalling targets, their regulatory molecules and pathways for intervention into various types of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Gu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lihui Wang
- Institute of Ageing Research, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanheng Wu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jun-Ping Liu
- Institute of Ageing Research, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Monash University Faculty of Medicine, Prahran, Victoria, Australia.,Hudson Institute of Medical Research, and Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University Faculty of Medicine, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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22
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Hua S, Chen F, Wang X, Gou S. Dual-functional conjugates improving cancer immunochemotherapy by inhibiting tubulin polymerization and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 189:112041. [PMID: 31954880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel conjugates comprising tublin and IDO inhibitors were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their antiproliferative activity. Among them, HI5, composed of combretastatin A-4 (CA-4) and (D)-1-methyltryptophan (D-MT) by a linker, exhibited the most potent antitumor activity, in particular with higher IC50 value (0.07 μM) than CA-4 (0.21 μM) against HeLa cancer cell line. Mechanism studies indicated that HI5 can inhibit tubulin polymerization and cell migration, cause G2/M phase arrest, concurrent induce apoptosis via the mitochondrial dependent apoptosis pathway and cause reactive oxidative stress generation in HeLa cells. Furthermore, HI5 can inhibit IDO expression and decrease kynurenine production, leading to stimulating T cells activation and proliferation to enhance antitumor immunity in vitro. Interestingly, HI5 can effectively limit the tumor growth in the HeLa xenograft mice models without causing significant loss of body weight. Consequently, such a conjugation can be a potent and safe immunochemotherapeutic method for improving cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixian Hua
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing 211189, China; Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Feihong Chen
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing 211189, China; Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing 211189, China; Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Shaohua Gou
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing 211189, China; Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
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23
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Myeloid-driven mechanisms as barriers to antitumor CD8 + T cell activity. Mol Immunol 2019; 118:165-173. [PMID: 31884388 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive immune system is essential for host defense against pathogenic challenges, and a major constituent is the CD8+ cytotoxic T cell. Ordinarily, CD8+ T cells are endowed with a unique ability to specifically recognize and destroy their targets. However, in cases where disease emerges, especially in cancer, the efficacy of the CD8+ T cell response is frequently counterbalanced in a 'tug-of-war' by networks of tumor-driven mechanisms of immune suppression. As a result, antitumor CD8+ T cell activity is hampered, which contributes to clinical manifestations of disease. It is now well-recognized that prominent elements of that network include myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and macrophages which assume tumor-supportive phenotypes. Both myeloid populations are thought to arise as consequences of chronic inflammatory cues produced during the neoplastic process. Numerous preclinical studies have now shown that inhibiting the production, trafficking and/or function of these immune suppressive myeloid populations restore antitumor CD8+ T cell responses during both immune surveillance or in response to immune-targeted interventions. Correlative studies in cancer patients support these preclinical findings and, thus, have laid the foundation for ongoing clinical trials in patients receiving novel agents that target such myeloid elements alone or in combination with immunotherapy to potentially improve cancer patient outcomes. Accordingly, this review focuses on how and why it is important to study the myeloid-T cell interplay as an innovative strategy to boost or reinvigorate the CD8+ T cell response as a critical weapon in the battle against malignancy.
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Picanco-Castro V, Gonçalves Pereira C, Swiech K, Ribeiro Malmegrim KC, Tadeu Covas D, Silveira Porto G. Emerging CAR T cell therapies: clinical landscape and patent technological routes. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 16:1424-1433. [PMID: 31702480 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1689744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to mine CAR-T patents and therapies under development, to design a landscape of the sector and to understand key therapy segments and their current trends. The study analyzed the entire market, consisting of 1624 patent families and 509 biologics under development, to depict an overview of the CAR-T therapies and their state of the art. Our results showed cutting-edge inventions, the major players, the dynamics of cooperation among institutions, the progress of the therapies' generation over the years and future innovation pathways. CAR-T therapies are transforming the current scenario for cancer treatment, and this study reveals the picture of what we can likely expect ahead in order to assist scientists at the academy and industry to improve their research strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgínia Picanco-Castro
- Center for Cell-based Therapy CTC, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Gonçalves Pereira
- School of Economics, Business Administration and Accounting, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kamilla Swiech
- Center for Cell-based Therapy CTC, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Kelen Cristina Ribeiro Malmegrim
- Center for Cell-based Therapy CTC, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Dimas Tadeu Covas
- Center for Cell-based Therapy CTC, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Geciane Silveira Porto
- School of Economics, Business Administration and Accounting, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute of Advanced Studies of the University of São Paulo IEA/USP , Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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25
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Panda S, Pradhan N, Chatterjee S, Morla S, Saha A, Roy A, Kumar S, Bhattacharyya A, Manna D. 4,5-Disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles: Effective Inhibition of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 Enzyme Regulates T cell Activity and Mitigates Tumor Growth. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18455. [PMID: 31804586 PMCID: PMC6895048 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54963-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The improvement of body's own immune system is considered one of the safest approaches to fight against cancer and several other diseases. Excessive catabolism of the essential amino acid, L-tryptophan (L-Trp) assists the cancer cells to escape normal immune obliteration. The formation of disproportionate kynurenine and other downstream metabolites suppress the T cell functions. Blocking of this immunosuppressive mechanism is considered as a promising approach against cancer, neurological disorders, autoimmunity, and other immune-mediated diseases. Overexpression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) enzyme is directly related to the induction of immunosuppressive mechanisms and represents an important therapeutic target. Several classes of small molecule-based IDO1 inhibitors have been already reported, but only few compounds are currently being evaluated in various stages of clinical trials as adjuvants or in combination with chemo- and radiotherapies. In the quest for novel structural class(s) of IDO1 inhibitors, we developed a series of 4,5-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole derivatives. The optimization of 4,5-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole scaffold and comprehensive biochemical and biophysical studies led to the identification of compounds, 3i, 4i, and 4k as potent and selective inhibitors of IDO1 enzyme with IC50 values at a low nanomolar level. These potent compounds also showed strong IDO1 inhibitory activities in MDA-MB-231 cells with no/negligible level of cytotoxicity. The T cell activity studies revealed that controlled regulation of IDO1 enzyme activity in the presence of these potent compounds could induce immune response against breast cancer cells. The compounds also showed excellent in vivo antitumor efficacy (of tumor growth inhibition = 79-96%) in the female Swiss albino mice. As a consequence, this study describes the first example of 4,5-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole based IDO1 inhibitors with potential applications for immunotherapeutic studies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/immunology
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor/immunology
- Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Enzyme Assays
- Female
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/metabolism
- Inhibitory Concentration 50
- Kynurenine/immunology
- Kynurenine/metabolism
- Metabolic Networks and Pathways/drug effects
- Metabolic Networks and Pathways/immunology
- Mice
- Molecular Docking Simulation
- Primary Cell Culture
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Triazoles/chemistry
- Triazoles/pharmacology
- Triazoles/therapeutic use
- Tryptophan/immunology
- Tryptophan/metabolism
- Tryptophan Oxygenase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tryptophan Oxygenase/chemistry
- Tryptophan Oxygenase/metabolism
- Tumor Escape/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhankar Panda
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Nirmalya Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Soumya Chatterjee
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, 700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Sudhir Morla
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Abhishek Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Ashalata Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | | | - Debasis Manna
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
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26
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Abstract
Immunotherapy has been growing in the past decade as a therapeutic alternative for cancer treatment. In this chapter, we deal with CAR-T cells, genetically engineered autologous T cells to express a chimeric receptor specific for an antigen expressed on tumor cell surface. While this type of personalized therapy is revolutionizing cancer treatment, especially B cell malignancies, it has some challenging limitations. Here, we discuss the basic immunological and technological aspects of CAR-T cell therapy, the limitations that have compromised its efficacy and safety, and the current proposed strategies to overcome these limitations, thereby allowing for greater therapeutic application of CAR-T cells.
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27
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Menezes ME, Talukdar S, Wechman SL, Das SK, Emdad L, Sarkar D, Fisher PB. Prospects of Gene Therapy to Treat Melanoma. Adv Cancer Res 2019; 138:213-237. [PMID: 29551128 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of melanoma has continued to increase over the past 30 years. Hence, developing effective therapies to treat both primary and metastatic melanoma are essential. While advances in targeted therapy and immunotherapy have provided novel therapeutic options to treat melanoma, gene therapy may provide additional strategies for the treatment of metastatic melanoma clinically. This review focuses upon the challenges and opportunities that gene therapy provides for targeting melanoma. We begin with a discussion of the various gene therapy targets which are relevant to melanoma. Next, we explore the gene therapy clinical trials that have been conducted for treating melanoma. Finally, challenges faced in gene therapy as well as combination therapies for targeting melanoma, which may circumvent these obstacles, will be discussed. Targeted combination gene therapy strategies hold significant promise for developing the most effective therapeutic outcomes, while reducing the toxicity to noncancerous cells, and would integrate the patient's immune system to diminish melanoma progression. Next-generation vectors designed to embody required safety profiles and "theranostic" attributes, combined with immunotherapeutic strategies would be critical in achieving beneficial management and therapeutic outcomes in melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell E Menezes
- Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Sarmistha Talukdar
- Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Stephen L Wechman
- Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Swadesh K Das
- Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Luni Emdad
- Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.
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28
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Bassan D, Gozlan YM, Sharbi-Yunger A, Tzehoval E, Eisenbach L. Optimizing T-cell receptor avidity with somatic hypermutation. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:2816-2826. [PMID: 31381134 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of T cells that have been genetically modified to express an antitumor T-cell receptor (TCR) is a potent immunotherapy, but only if TCR avidity is sufficiently high. Endogenous TCRs specific to shared (self) tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) have low affinity due to central tolerance. Therefore, for effective therapy, anti-TAA TCRs with higher and optimal avidity must be generated. Here, we describe a new in vitro system for directed evolution of TCR avidity using somatic hypermutation (SHM), a mechanism used in nature by B cells for antibody optimization. We identified 44 point mutations to the Pmel-1 TCR, specific for the H-2Db -gp10025-33 melanoma antigen. Primary T cells transduced with TCRs containing two or three of these mutations had enhanced activity in vitro. Furthermore, the triple-mutant TCR improved in vivo therapy of tumor-bearing mice, which exhibited improved survival, smaller tumors and delayed or no relapse. TCR avidity maturation by SHM may be an effective strategy to improve cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bassan
- Department of immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yosi Meir Gozlan
- Department of immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adi Sharbi-Yunger
- Department of immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Esther Tzehoval
- Department of immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lea Eisenbach
- Department of immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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29
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Kopalli SR, Kang TB, Lee KH, Koppula S. Novel Small Molecule Inhibitors of Programmed Cell Death (PD)-1, and its Ligand, PD-L1 in Cancer Immunotherapy: A Review Update of Patent Literature. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2019; 14:100-112. [DOI: 10.2174/1574892813666181029142812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background:In the last few decades, cancer immunotherapy has been extensively researched, and novel checkpoint signaling mechanisms involving Programmed Death (PD)-1 and PDLigand 1 (PD-L1) receptors have been targeted. The PD-1/PD-L1 binding and interaction play a critical role in the development of malignancies.Objective:The present review focuses on recent patents on the pharmacological and biological cancerregulating properties of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors involved in immunotherapeutic cancer drug development.Methods:Thorough patent literature search published during the last seven years, including the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO®), United States Patent Trademark Office (USPTO®), Espacenet®, and Google Patents, to identify PD-1/PD-L1-targeting small molecule immunomodulators.Results:Several small molecule PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors were patented for regulation of tumor progression by academic and industry-associated investigators. Most of the claimed patents have been validated and confined to in vitro and in vivo mouse models limiting their entry into clinical settings. Majority of the patents are claimed by the researchers at Aurigene Ltd. (India) on novel peptidomimetic compounds. It is worth to be noted that macrocyclic compounds such as the peptides QP20, HD20, WQ20, SQ20, and CQ-22 from Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS) Company, biaryl, and heterocyclic derivatives including 1,3-dihydroxy-phenyl compounds were efficient in regulating the PD-1/PD-L1 protein-protein binding and interaction compared to those of the approved monoclonal antibodies.Conclusion:PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors show significant anti-cancer responses as stand-alone agents and in combination with other cancer therapies. More efficient experimental studies and clinical trials are necessary to evaluate the host-tumor cells’ interactions. Understanding the cancer microenvironment, and identifying specific biomarkers and X-ray crystalline structures of PD-1/PD-L1 complexes, including molecular and genomic signature studies are essential to determine the feasibility of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors for development into drug-like cancer immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spandana R. Kopalli
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea
| | - Tae-Bong Kang
- College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
| | - Kwang-Ho Lee
- College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
| | - Sushruta Koppula
- College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
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30
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Ali AI, Oliver AJ, Samiei T, Chan JD, Kershaw MH, Slaney CY. Genetic Redirection of T Cells for the Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:56. [PMID: 30809507 PMCID: PMC6379296 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional treatments for pancreatic cancer are largely ineffective, and the prognosis for the vast majority of patients is poor. Clearly, new treatment options are desperately needed. Immunotherapy offers hope for the development of treatments for pancreatic cancer. A central requirement for the efficacy of this approach is the existence of cancer antigen-specific T cells, but these are often not present or difficult to isolate for most pancreatic tumors. Nevertheless, specific T cells can be generated using genetic modification to express chimeric antigen receptors (CAR), which can enable T cell responses against pancreatic tumor cells. CAR T cells can be produced ex vivo and expanded in vitro for infusion into patients. Remarkable responses have been documented using CAR T cells against several malignancies, including leukemias and lymphomas. Based on these successes, the extension of CAR T cell therapy for pancreatic cancer holds great promise. However, there are a number of challenges that limit the full potential of CAR T cell therapies for pancreatic cancer, including the highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). In this article, we will review the recent progress in using CAR T cells in pancreatic cancer preclinical and clinical settings, discuss hurdles for utilizing the full potential of CAR T cell therapy and propose research strategies and future perspectives. Research into the use of CAR T cell therapy in pancreatic cancer setting is rapidly gaining momentum and understanding strategies to overcome the current challenges in the pancreatic cancer setting will allow the development of effective CAR T cell therapies, either alone or in combination with other treatments to benefit pancreatic cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aesha I Ali
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Amanda J Oliver
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tinaz Samiei
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jack D Chan
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael H Kershaw
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Clare Y Slaney
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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31
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Survival analysis with regard to PD-L1 and CD155 expression in human small cell lung cancer and a comparison with associated receptors. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:2960-2968. [PMID: 30854074 PMCID: PMC6365950 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.9910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoints expressed on tumor cells may suppress the cytotoxicity of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) via interaction with their ligands. In the present study, checkpoint proteins and ligands, including programmed death-1 (PD-1), programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1), cluster of differentiation (CD)155 and T cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and ITIM domains (TIGIT) were systematically analyzed in patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Furthermore their clinicopathological features and survival rates were investigated. Immunohistochemistry was performed in order to analyze the expression of PD-L1, CD155, PD-1 and TIGIT in 60 patients with SCLC, and survival analyses were performed using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards model. It was reported that CD155/TIGIT and PD-L1/PD-1 were highly expressed on tissues of surgically resected SCLC. High expression levels of PD-L1, CD155 or PD-L1+CD155 were significantly associated with shorter survival. However, high expression levels of PD-1 or TIGIT exhibited no obvious association with shorter survival time. Moreover, patients with SCLC in whom PD-L1 and CD155 levels were highly expressed had the shortest survival rate. Multivariate survival analysis revealed that highly expressed PD-L1 [hazard ratio (HR)=2.55, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.18–5.51, P=0.017] and CD155 (HR=2.40, 95% CI=1.05–5.50, P=0.038) were independent prognostic factors for overall survival (OS) time in SCLC. In addition, it was reported that TIGIT and PD-1, the receptors of CD155 and PD-L1, respectively, were also constitutively expressed on CD8+ TILs and tumor cells in SCLC. High expression levels of PD-L1 and CD155 were independent prognostic factors for OS time in patients with SCLC.
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32
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Chen T, Li Q, Liu Z, Chen Y, Feng F, Sun H. Peptide-based and small synthetic molecule inhibitors on PD-1/PD-L1 pathway: A new choice for immunotherapy? Eur J Med Chem 2018; 161:378-398. [PMID: 30384043 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Blockade the interaction of the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) can prevent immune evasion of tumor cells and significantly prolong the survival of cancer patients. Currently marketed drugs targeting PD-1/PD-L1 pathway are all monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that have achieved great success in clinical trials. With the constantly emerging problems of antibody drugs, small molecule inhibitors have attracted the attention of pharmaceutical chemists due to their controllable pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties, which make them potential alternatives or supplements to mAbs to regulate PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. However, the insufficient target structure information hinders the development of small molecule inhibitors. Since the publication of human-PD-1/human-PD-L1 (hPD-1/hPD-L1) crystal structure, more and more cocrystal structures of mAbs, cyclopeptides and small molecules with PD-1 and PD-L1 have been resolved. These complexes provide a valuable starting point for the rational design of peptide-based and small synthetic molecule inhibitors. Here we reviewed the non-antibody inhibitors that have been published so far and analyzed their structure-activity relationships (SAR). We also summarized the cocrystal structures with hot spots identified, with the aim to provide reference for future drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingkai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Zongliang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Feng Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
| | - Haopeng Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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33
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Jeon BN, Kim HR, Chung YS, Na BR, Park H, Hong C, Fatima Y, Oh H, Kim CH, Jun CD. Actin stabilizer TAGLN2 potentiates adoptive T cell therapy by boosting the inside-out costimulation via lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1500674. [PMID: 30524895 PMCID: PMC6279342 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1500674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Correct temporal and spatial control of actin dynamics is essential for the cytotoxic T cell effector function against tumor cells. However, little is known whether actin engineering in tumor-targeted T cells can enhance their antitumor responses, thereby potentiating the adoptive T cell therapy. Here, we report that TAGLN2, a 22-KDa actin-stabilizing protein which is physically associated with lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), potentiates the OTI TCR CD8+ T cells to kill the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1)-positive/OVA-presenting E0771 cells, but not ICAM-1-negative OVA-B16F10 cells, suggesting an 'inside-out' activation of LFA-1, which causes more efficient immunological synapse formation between T cells and tumor cells. Notably, recombinant TAGLN2 fused with the protein transduction domain (TG2P) overcame the disadvantages of viral gene delivery, leading to a significant reduction in tumor growth in mice. TG2P also potentiated the CD19-targeted, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells to kill Raji B-lymphoma cells. Our findings indicate that activating the TAGLN2-actin-LFA-1 axis is an effective strategy to potentiate the adoptive T-cell immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bu-Nam Jeon
- School of Life Sciences, GIST, Gwangju, Korea.,Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, GIST, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hye-Ran Kim
- School of Life Sciences, GIST, Gwangju, Korea.,Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, GIST, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Yun Shin Chung
- School of Life Sciences, GIST, Gwangju, Korea.,Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, GIST, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Bo-Ra Na
- School of Life Sciences, GIST, Gwangju, Korea.,Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, GIST, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyunkyung Park
- School of Life Sciences, GIST, Gwangju, Korea.,Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, GIST, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Chorong Hong
- School of Life Sciences, GIST, Gwangju, Korea.,Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, GIST, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Yasmin Fatima
- School of Life Sciences, GIST, Gwangju, Korea.,Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, GIST, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyeonju Oh
- School of Life Sciences, GIST, Gwangju, Korea.,Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, GIST, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Chang-Hyun Kim
- School of Life Sciences, GIST, Gwangju, Korea.,Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, GIST, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Chang-Duk Jun
- School of Life Sciences, GIST, Gwangju, Korea.,Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, GIST, Gwangju, Korea
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34
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Brown ZJ, Heinrich B, Greten TF. Mouse models of hepatocellular carcinoma: an overview and highlights for immunotherapy research. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 15:536-554. [PMID: 29904153 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-018-0033-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mouse models are the basis of preclinical and translational research in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Multiple methods exist to induce tumour formation in mice, including genetically engineered mouse models, chemotoxic agents, intrahepatic or intrasplenic injection of tumour cells and xenograft approaches. Additionally, as HCC generally develops in the context of diseased liver, methods exist to induce liver disease in mice to mimic viral hepatitis, fatty liver disease, fibrosis, alcohol-induced liver disease and cholestasis. Similar to HCC in humans, response to therapy in mouse models is monitored with imaging modalities such as CT or MRI, as well as additional techniques involving bioluminescence. As immunotherapy is increasingly applied to HCC, mouse models for these approaches are required for preclinical data. In studying cancer immunotherapy, it is important to consider aspects of antitumour immune responses and to produce a model that mimics the complexity of the immune system. This Review provides an overview of the different mouse models of HCC, presenting techniques to prepare an HCC mouse model and discussing different approaches to help researchers choose an appropriate model for a specific hypothesis. Specific aspects of immunotherapy research in HCC and the applied mouse models in this field are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Brown
- Gastrointestinal Malignancy Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bernd Heinrich
- Gastrointestinal Malignancy Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tim F Greten
- Gastrointestinal Malignancy Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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35
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Abstract
Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is an increasing health problem in the developing and developed world. In recent years, there have been major changes in the treatment paradigms for OPSCC. This is because of a number of reasons: the understanding and discovery of a new viral etiology (the human papillomavirus [HPV]), changes in practice patterns owing to advances in radiotherapy, and then an organ preservation strategy with the increased use of chemotherapy. Next came the development of new surgical technologies and the emergence of a new treatment modality, immunotherapy. In this article, we discuss the evolution of OPSCC treatments, starting with the traditional tobacco era. Treatment paradigms then evolved during the organ preservation era, the HPV era, and the minimally invasive surgery era. We are currently in the immunotherapy era, with a number of new drugs becoming available both on trial and by approval for use in the clinical setting for head and neck cancer patients. We discuss a number of trials and the reasons behind attempts at both treatment escalation and treatment de-escalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Hay
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Iain J Nixon
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
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36
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Roy A, Das S, Manna D. Effect of Molecular Crowding Agents on the Activity and Stability of Immunosuppressive Enzyme Indoleamine 2,3‐Dioxygenase 1. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashalata Roy
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati-781039 Assam India
| | - Sreeparna Das
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati-781039 Assam India
| | - Debasis Manna
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati-781039 Assam India
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37
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Wang QM, Tang PMK, Lian GY, Li C, Li J, Huang XR, To KF, Lan HY. Enhanced Cancer Immunotherapy with Smad3-Silenced NK-92 Cells. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 6:965-977. [PMID: 29915022 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells, early effectors in anticancer immunity, are paralyzed by TGFβ1, an immunosuppressive cytokine produced by cancer cells. Development and activity of NK cells are largely inhibited in the Smad3-dependent tumor microenvironment. Here, we used genetic engineering to generate a stable SMAD3-silencing human NK cell line, NK-92-S3KD, whose cancer-killing activity and cytokine production were significantly enhanced under TGFβ1-rich condition compared with the parental cell line. Interestingly, we identified that the IFNG gene is a direct E4BP4 target gene. Thus, silencing of SMAD3 allows upregulation of E4BP4 that subsequently promoting interferon-γ (IFNγ) production in the NK-92-S3KD cells. More importantly, NK-92-S3KD immunotherapy increases the production of not only IFNγ, but also granzyme B and perforin in tumors; therefore, inhibiting cancer progression in two xenograft mouse models with human hepatoma (HepG2) and melanoma (A375). Thus, the NK-92-S3KD cell line may be useful for the clinical immunotherapy of cancer. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(8); 965-77. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Ming Wang
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, and Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Patrick Ming-Kuen Tang
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, and Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guang-Yu Lian
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, and Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chunjie Li
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, and Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jinhong Li
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, and Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiao-Ru Huang
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, and Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ka-Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hui-Yao Lan
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, and Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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38
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Jindal V, Arora E, Masab M, Gupta S. Chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy in pancreatic cancer: from research to practice. Med Oncol 2018; 35:84. [PMID: 29728788 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-018-1145-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy is genetically engineered tumor antigen-specific anticancer immunotherapy, which after showing great success in hematological malignancies is currently being tried in advanced solid tumors like pancreatic cancer. Immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and dense fibrous stroma are some of the limitation in the success of this novel therapy. However, genetic modifications and combination therapy is the topic of the research to improve its efficacy. In this article, we summarize the current state of knowledge, limitations, and future prospects for CAR T cell therapy in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Jindal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Vincent Hospital, 123 Summer Street, Worcester, 01608, USA.
| | - Ena Arora
- Department of Internal Medicine, Government Medical College, Chandigarh, India
| | - Muhammad Masab
- Department of Internal Medicine, Einstein Healthcare Network, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Sorab Gupta
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Einstein Healthcare Network, Philadelphia, USA
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39
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Jindal V, Arora E, Gupta S, Lal A, Masab M, Potdar R. Prospects of chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy in ovarian cancer. Med Oncol 2018; 35:70. [PMID: 29651744 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-018-1131-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in various chemotherapy regimens, current therapeutic options are limited for ovarian cancer patients. Immunotherapy provides a promising and novel treatment option for ovarian cancer. Recently, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has shown promising results in hematological tumors and current research is going on in various solid tumors like ovarian cancer. CAR T cells are genetically engineered T cells with major histocompatibility complex-independent, tumor-specific, immune-mediated cytolytic actions against cancer cells. Initial studies of CAR T cell therapy have shown promising results in ovarian cancer, but there are some obstacles like impaired T cell trafficking, lack of antigenic targets, cytokine release syndrome and most important immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Optimization of design, improving tumor microenvironment and combinations with other therapies may help us in improving CAR T cell efficacy. In this review article, we highlight the current knowledge regarding CAR T cell therapy in ovarian cancer. We have discussed basic functioning of CAR T cells, their rationale and clinical outcome in ovarian cancer with limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Jindal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Vincent Hospital, 123 Summer Street, Worcester, 01608, USA.
| | - Ena Arora
- Department of Internal Medicine, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sorab Gupta
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Einstein Healthcare Network, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Amos Lal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Vincent Hospital, 123 Summer Street, Worcester, 01608, USA
| | - Muhammad Masab
- Department of Internal Medicine, Einstein Healthcare Network, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Rashmika Potdar
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Einstein Healthcare Network, Philadelphia, USA
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40
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Galkowski D, Ratajczak MZ, Kocki J, Darzynkiewicz Z. Of Cytometry, Stem Cells and Fountain of Youth. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2018; 13:465-481. [PMID: 28364326 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-017-9733-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Outlined are advances of cytometry applications to identify and sort stem cells, of laser scanning cytometry and ImageStream imaging instrumentation to further analyze morphometry of these cells, and of mass cytometry to classify a multitude of cellular markers in large cell populations. Reviewed are different types of stem cells, including potential candidates for cancer stem cells, with respect to their "stemness", and other characteristics. Appraised is further progress in identification and isolation of the "very small embryonic-like stem cells" (VSELs) and their autogenous transplantation for tissue repair and geroprotection. Also assessed is a function of hyaluronic acid, the major stem cells niche component, as a guardian and controller of stem cells. Briefly appraised are recent advances and challenges in the application of stem cells in regenerative medicine and oncology and their future role in different disciplines of medicine, including geriatrics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Janusz Kocki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University in Lublin, 20-080, Lublin, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Darzynkiewicz
- Brander Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10095, USA.
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41
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Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary malignant cancer of brain, which is extremely aggressive and carries a dreadful prognosis. Current treatment protocol runs around radiotherapy, surgical resection, and temozolomide with median overall survival of around 12-15 months. Due to its heterogeneity and mutational load, immunotherapy with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy can be a promising treatment option for recurrent glioblastoma. Initial phase 1 studies have shown that this therapy is safe without dose-limiting side effects and it also has a better clinical outcome. Therefore, CAR T cell therapy can be a great future tool in our armamentarium to treat advanced GBM. In this article, we have explained the structure, mechanism of action, and rationale of CAR T cell therapy in GBM; we also discussed various antigenic targets and clinical outcome of initial studies of this novel therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Jindal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Vincent Hospital, 123 summer street, Worcester, MA, 01608, USA. .,, Worcester, USA.
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42
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Legut M, Dolton G, Mian AA, Ottmann OG, Sewell AK. CRISPR-mediated TCR replacement generates superior anticancer transgenic T cells. Blood 2018; 131:311-322. [PMID: 29122757 PMCID: PMC5774207 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-05-787598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of T cells genetically modified to express a cancer-specific T-cell receptor (TCR) has shown significant therapeutic potential for both hematological and solid tumors. However, a major issue of transducing T cells with a transgenic TCR is the preexisting expression of TCRs in the recipient cells. These endogenous TCRs compete with the transgenic TCR for surface expression and allow mixed dimer formation. Mixed dimers, formed by mispairing between the endogenous and transgenic TCRs, may harbor autoreactive specificities. To circumvent these problems, we designed a system where the endogenous TCR-β is knocked out from the recipient cells using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein-9 (Cas9) technology, simultaneously with transduction with a cancer-reactive receptor of choice. This TCR replacement strategy resulted in markedly increased surface expression of transgenic αβ and γδ TCRs, which in turn translated to a stronger, and more polyfunctional, response of engineered T cells to their target cancer cell lines. Additionally, the TCR-plus-CRISPR-modified T cells were up to a thousandfold more sensitive to antigen than standard TCR-transduced T cells or conventional model proxy systems used for studying TCR activity. Finally, transduction with a pan-cancer-reactive γδ TCR used in conjunction with CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of the endogenous αβ TCR resulted in more efficient redirection of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells against a panel of established blood cancers and primary, patient-derived B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia blasts compared with standard TCR transfer. Our results suggest that TCR transfer combined with genome editing could lead to new, improved generations of cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Legut
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, and
| | - Garry Dolton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, and
| | - Afsar Ali Mian
- Haematology, Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver G Ottmann
- Haematology, Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew K Sewell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, and
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43
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Pradhan N, Paul S, Deka SJ, Roy A, Trivedi V, Manna D. Identification of Substituted 1H
-Indazoles as Potent Inhibitors for Immunosuppressive Enzyme Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nirmalya Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati; Guwahati- 781039, Assam India
| | - Saurav Paul
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati; Guwahati- 781039, Assam India
| | - Suman Jyoti Deka
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering; Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati; Guwahati- 781039, Assam India
| | - Ashalata Roy
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati; Guwahati- 781039, Assam India
| | - Vishal Trivedi
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering; Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati; Guwahati- 781039, Assam India
| | - Debasis Manna
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati; Guwahati- 781039, Assam India
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44
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Paul S, Roy A, Deka SJ, Panda S, Srivastava GN, Trivedi V, Manna D. Synthesis and evaluation of oxindoles as promising inhibitors of the immunosuppressive enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:1640-1654. [PMID: 30108875 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00226b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is considered as an important therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer, chronic infections and other diseases that are associated with immune suppression. Recent developments in understanding the catalytic mechanism of the IDO1 enzyme revealed that conversion of l-tryptophan (l-Trp) to N-formylkynurenine proceeded through an epoxide intermediate state. Accordingly, we synthesized a series of 3-substituted oxindoles from l-Trp, tryptamine and isatin. Compounds with C3-substituted oxindole moieties showed moderate inhibitory activity against the purified human IDO1 enzyme. Their optimization led to the identification of potent compounds, 6, 22, 23 and 25 (IC50 = 0.19 to 0.62 μM), which are competitive inhibitors of IDO1 with respect to l-Trp. These potent compounds also showed IDO1 inhibition potencies in the low-micromolar range (IC50 = 0.33-0.49 μM) in MDA-MB-231 cells. The cytotoxicity of these potent compounds was trivial in different model cancer (MDA-MB-231, A549 and HeLa) cells and macrophage (J774A.1) cells. Stronger selectivity for the IDO1 enzyme (124 to 210-fold) over the tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) enzyme was also observed for these compounds. These results suggest that the oxindole moiety of the compounds could mimic the epoxide intermediate state of l-Trp. Therefore, the structural simplicity and low-micromolar inhibition potencies of these 3-substituted oxindoles make them quite attractive for further investigation of IDO1 function and immunotherapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Paul
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Assam 781039 , India . dmanna@iitg. ernet.in
| | - Ashalata Roy
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Assam 781039 , India . dmanna@iitg. ernet.in
| | - Suman Jyoti Deka
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Assam 781039 , India
| | - Subhankar Panda
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Assam 781039 , India . dmanna@iitg. ernet.in
| | - Gopal Narayan Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Assam 781039 , India . dmanna@iitg. ernet.in
| | - Vishal Trivedi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Assam 781039 , India
| | - Debasis Manna
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Assam 781039 , India . dmanna@iitg. ernet.in
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45
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McConville H, Harvey M, Callahan C, Motley L, Difilippo H, White C. CAR T-Cell Therapy Effects: Review of Procedures and Patient Education. Clin J Oncol Nurs 2017. [DOI: 10.1188/17.cjon.e79-e86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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46
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Yu S, Li A, Liu Q, Li T, Yuan X, Han X, Wu K. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells: a novel therapy for solid tumors. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:78. [PMID: 28356156 PMCID: PMC5372296 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0444-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy is a newly developed adoptive antitumor treatment. Theoretically, CAR-T cells can specifically localize and eliminate tumor cells by interacting with the tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) expressing on tumor cell surface. Current studies demonstrated that various TAAs could act as target antigens for CAR-T cells, for instance, the type III variant epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFRvIII) was considered as an ideal target for its aberrant expression on the cell surface of several tumor types. CAR-T cell therapy has achieved gratifying breakthrough in hematological malignancies and promising outcome in solid tumor as showed in various clinical trials. The third generation of CAR-T demonstrates increased antitumor cytotoxicity and persistence through modification of CAR structure. In this review, we summarized the preclinical and clinical progress of CAR-T cells targeting EGFR, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and mesothelin (MSLN), as well as the challenges for CAR-T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Yu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Anping Li
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Tengfei Li
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xun Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xinwei Han
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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47
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Lopez-Albaitero A, Xu H, Guo H, Wang L, Wu Z, Tran H, Chandarlapaty S, Scaltriti M, Janjigian Y, de Stanchina E, Cheung NKV. Overcoming resistance to HER2-targeted therapy with a novel HER2/CD3 bispecific antibody. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1267891. [PMID: 28405494 PMCID: PMC5384386 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1267891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell-based therapies have emerged as one of the most clinically effective ways to target solid and non-solid tumors. HER2 is responsible for the oncogenesis and treatment resistance of several human solid tumors. As a member of the HER family of tyrosine kinase receptors, its over-activity confers unfavorable clinical outcome. Targeted therapies directed at this receptor have achieved responses, although development of resistance is common. We explored a novel HER2/CD3 bispecific antibody (HER2-BsAb) platform that while preserving the anti-proliferative effects of trastuzumab, it recruits and activates non-specific circulating T-cells, promoting T cell tumor infiltration and ablating HER2(+) tumors, even when these are resistant to standard HER2-targeted therapies. Its in vitro tumor cytotoxicity, when expressed as EC50, correlated with the surface HER2 expression in a large panel of human tumor cell lines, irrespective of lineage or tumor type. HER2-BsAb-mediated cytotoxicity was relatively insensitive to PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibition. In four separate humanized mouse models of human breast cancer and ovarian cancer cell line xenografts, as well as human breast cancer and gastric cancer patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), HER2-BsAb was highly effective in promoting T cell infiltration and suppressing tumor growth when used in the presence of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) or activated T cells (ATC). The in vivo and in vitro antitumor properties of this BsAb support its further clinical development as a cancer immunotherapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY, USA
| | - Hongfen Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY, USA
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhihao Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY, USA
| | - Hoa Tran
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarat Chandarlapaty
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY, USA
| | - Maurizio Scaltriti
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yelena Janjigian
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY, USA
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Antitumor Assessment Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY, USA
| | - Nai-Kong V Cheung
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY, USA
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48
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Zhang E, Xu H. A new insight in chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T cells for cancer immunotherapy. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:1. [PMID: 28049484 PMCID: PMC5210295 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-016-0379-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cells has emerged as a very promising approach to combating cancer. Despite its ability to eliminate tumors shown in some clinical trials, CAR-T cell therapy involves some significant safety challenges, such as cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and “on-target, off-tumor” toxicity, which is related to poor control of the dose, location, and timing of T cell activity. In the past few years, some strategies to avoid the side effects of CAR-T cell therapy have been reported, including suicide gene, inhibitory CAR, dual-antigen receptor, and the use of exogenous molecules as switches to control the CAR-T cell functions. Because of the advances of the CAR paradigm and other forms of cancer immunotherapy, the most effective means of defeating the cancer has become the integration therapy with the combinatorial control system of switchable dual-receptor CAR-T cell and immune checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhao Zhang
- The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hanmei Xu
- The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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49
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Varn FS, Mullins DW, Arias‐Pulido H, Fiering S, Cheng C. Adaptive immunity programmes in breast cancer. Immunology 2017; 150:25-34. [PMID: 27564847 PMCID: PMC5341497 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the immune system in shaping cancer development and patient prognosis has recently become an area of intense focus in industry and academia. Harnessing the adaptive arm of the immune system for tumour eradication has shown great promise in a variety of tumour types. Differences between tissues, however, necessitate a greater understanding of the adaptive immunity programmes that are active within each tumour type. In breast cancer, adaptive immune programmes play diverse roles depending on the cellular infiltration found in each tumour. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and T helper type 1 cells can induce tumour eradication, whereas regulatory T cells and T helper type 2 cells are known to be involved in tumour-promoting immunosuppressive responses. Complicating these matters, heterogeneous expression of hormone receptors and growth factors in different tumours leads to disparate, patient-specific adaptive immune responses. Despite this non-conformity in adaptive immune behaviours, encouraging basic and clinical results have been observed that suggest a role for immunotherapeutic approaches in breast cancer. Here, we review the literature pertaining to the adaptive immune response in breast cancer, summarize the primary findings relating to the breast tumour's biology, and discuss potential clinical immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick S. Varn
- Department of Molecular and Systems BiologyGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthHanoverNHUSA
| | - David W. Mullins
- Department of Medical EducationGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthHanoverNHUSA
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthLebanonNHUSA
- Norris Cotton Cancer CenterLebanonNHUSA
| | - Hugo Arias‐Pulido
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthLebanonNHUSA
| | - Steven Fiering
- Department of Molecular and Systems BiologyGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthHanoverNHUSA
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthLebanonNHUSA
- Norris Cotton Cancer CenterLebanonNHUSA
| | - Chao Cheng
- Department of Molecular and Systems BiologyGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthHanoverNHUSA
- Norris Cotton Cancer CenterLebanonNHUSA
- Department of Biomedical Data ScienceGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthLebanonNHUSA
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Panda S, Roy A, Deka SJ, Trivedi V, Manna D. Fused Heterocyclic Compounds as Potent Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:1167-1172. [PMID: 27994758 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled metabolism of l-tryptophan (l-Trp) in the immune system has been recognized as a critical cellular process in immune tolerance. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) enzyme plays an important role in the metabolism of a local l-Trp through the kynurenine pathway in the immune systems. In this regard, IDO1 has emerged as a therapeutic target for the treatment of diseases that are associated with immune suppression like chronic infections, cancer, and others. In this study, we synthesized a series of pyridopyrimidine, pyrazolopyranopyrimidine, and dipyrazolopyran derivatives. Further lead optimizations directed to the identification of potent compounds, 4j and 4l (IC50 = 260 and 151 nM, respectively). These compounds also exhibited IDO1 inhibitory activities in the low nanomolar range in MDA-MB-231 cells with very low cytotoxicity. Stronger selectivity for the IDO1 enzyme (>300-fold) over tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) enzyme was also observed for these compounds. Hence, these fused heterocyclic compounds are attractive candidates for the advanced study of IDO1-dependent cellular function and immunotherapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhankar Panda
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Ashalata Roy
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | | | | | - Debasis Manna
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
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