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Dockterman J, Reitano JR, Everitt JI, Wallace GD, Hendrix M, Taylor GA, Coers J. Irgm proteins attenuate inflammatory disease in mouse models of genital Chlamydia infection. mBio 2024; 15:e0030324. [PMID: 38501887 PMCID: PMC11005385 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00303-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens that may cause genital pathology via induction of destructive host immune responses. Human-adapted Chlamydia trachomatis causes inflammatory disease in human hosts but is easily cleared in mice, and mouse-adapted Chlamydia muridarum establishes a productive and pathogenic infection in murine hosts. While numerous anti-chlamydial host resistance factors have been discovered in mice and humans alike, little is known about host factors promoting host fitness independent of host resistance. Here, we show that interferon-inducible immunity-related GTPase M (Irgm) proteins function as such host factors ameliorating infection-associated sequalae in the murine female genital tract, thus characterizing Irgm proteins as mediators of disease tolerance. Specifically, we demonstrate that mice deficient for all three murine Irgm paralogs (pan-Irgm-/-) are defective for cell-autonomous immunity to C. trachomatis, which correlates with an early and transient increase in bacterial burden and sustained hyperinflammation in vivo. In contrast, upon infection of pan-Irgm-/- mice with C. muridarum, bacterial burden is unaffected, yet genital inflammation and scarring pathology are nonetheless increased, demonstrating that Irgm proteins can promote host fitness without altering bacterial burden. Additionally, pan-Irgm-/- mice display increased granulomatous inflammation in genital Chlamydia infection, implicating Irgm proteins in the regulation of granuloma formation and maintenance. These findings demonstrate that Irgm proteins regulate pathogenic immune responses to Chlamydia infection in vivo, establishing an effective infection model to examine the immunoregulatory functions and mechanisms of Irgm proteins. IMPORTANCE In response to genital Chlamydia infection, the immune system mounts a proinflammatory response to resist the pathogen, yet inflammation must be tightly controlled to avoid collateral damage and scarring to host genital tissue. Variation in the human IRGM gene is associated with susceptibility to autoinflammatory diseases but its role in ameliorating inflammatory diseases caused by infections is poorly defined. Here, we use mice deficient for all three murine Irgm paralogs to demonstrate that Irgm proteins not only provide host resistance to Chlamydia infections but also limit associated inflammation in the female genital tract. In particular, we find that murine Irgm expression prevents granulomatous inflammation, which parallels inflammatory diseases associated with variants in human IRGM. Our findings therefore establish genital Chlamydia infection as a useful model to study the roles for Irgm proteins in both promoting protective immunity and limiting pathogenic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Dockterman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Reitano
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jeffrey I. Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Graham D. Wallace
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Meghan Hendrix
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gregory A. Taylor
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Health Care Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke Universitygrid.26009.3d Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jörn Coers
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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2
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Lüder CGK. IFNs in host defence and parasite immune evasion during Toxoplasma gondii infections. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1356216. [PMID: 38384452 PMCID: PMC10879624 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1356216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines with diverse functions in host resistance to pathogens and in immune regulation. Type II IFN, i.e. IFN-γ, is widely recognized as a major mediator of resistance to intracellular pathogens, including the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. More recently, IFN-α/β, i.e. type I IFNs, and IFN-λ (type III IFN) have been identified to also play important roles during T. gondii infections. This parasite is a widespread pathogen of humans and animals, and it is a model organism to study cell-mediated immune responses to intracellular infection. Its success depends, among other factors, on the ability to counteract the IFN system, both at the level of IFN-mediated gene expression and at the level of IFN-regulated effector molecules. Here, I review recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying IFN-mediated host resistance and immune regulation during T. gondii infections. I also discuss those mechanisms that T. gondii has evolved to efficiently evade IFN-mediated immunity. Knowledge of these fascinating host-parasite interactions and their underlying signalling machineries is crucial for a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of toxoplasmosis, and it might also identify potential targets of parasite-directed or host-directed supportive therapies to combat the parasite more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten G. K. Lüder
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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3
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Okuma H, Saijo-Hamano Y, Yamada H, Sherif AA, Hashizaki E, Sakai N, Kato T, Imasaki T, Kikkawa S, Nitta E, Sasai M, Abe T, Sugihara F, Maniwa Y, Kosako H, Takei K, Standley DM, Yamamoto M, Nitta R. Structural basis of Irgb6 inactivation by Toxoplasma gondii through the phosphorylation of switch I. Genes Cells 2024; 29:17-38. [PMID: 37984375 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.13080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Irgb6 is a priming immune-related GTPase (IRG) that counteracts Toxoplasma gondii. It is known to be recruited to the low virulent type II T. gondii parasitophorous vacuole (PV), initiating cell-autonomous immunity. However, the molecular mechanism by which immunity-related GTPases become inactivated after the parasite infection remains obscure. Here, we found that Thr95 of Irgb6 is prominently phosphorylated in response to low virulent type II T. gondii infection. We observed that a phosphomimetic T95D mutation in Irgb6 impaired its localization to the PV and exhibited reduced GTPase activity in vitro. Structural analysis unveiled an atypical conformation of nucleotide-free Irgb6-T95D, resulting from a conformational change in the G-domain that allosterically modified the PV membrane-binding interface. In silico docking corroborated the disruption of the physiological membrane binding site. These findings provide novel insights into a T. gondii-induced allosteric inactivation mechanism of Irgb6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Okuma
- Division of Structural Medicine and Anatomy, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yumiko Saijo-Hamano
- Division of Structural Medicine and Anatomy, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamada
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Aalaa Alrahman Sherif
- Department of Genome Informatics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Systems Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Emi Hashizaki
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Takaaki Kato
- Division of Structural Medicine and Anatomy, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Imasaki
- Division of Structural Medicine and Anatomy, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kikkawa
- Division of Structural Medicine and Anatomy, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Eriko Nitta
- Division of Structural Medicine and Anatomy, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Miwa Sasai
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tadashi Abe
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Fuminori Sugihara
- Core Instrumentation Facility, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Maniwa
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Kosako
- Division of Cell Signaling, Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kohji Takei
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Daron M Standley
- Department of Genome Informatics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Systems Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryo Nitta
- Division of Structural Medicine and Anatomy, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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Ha HJ, Kim JH, Lee GH, Kim S, Park HH. Structural basis of IRGB10 oligomerization by GTP hydrolysis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1254415. [PMID: 37705969 PMCID: PMC10495984 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1254415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunity-related GTPase B10 (IRGB10) is a crucial member of the interferon (IFN)-inducible GTPases and plays a vital role in host defense mechanisms. Following infection, IRGB10 is induced by IFNs and functions by liberating pathogenic ligands to activate the inflammasome through direct disruption of the pathogen membrane. Despite extensive investigation into the significance of the cell-autonomous immune response, the precise molecular mechanism underlying IRGB10-mediated microbial membrane disruption remains elusive. Herein, we present two structures of different forms of IRGB10, the nucleotide-free and GppNHp-bound forms. Based on these structures, we identified that IRGB10 exists as a monomer in nucleotide-free and GTP binding states. Additionally, we identified that GTP hydrolysis is critical for dimer formation and further oligomerization of IRGB10. Building upon these observations, we propose a mechanistic model to elucidate the working mechanism of IRGB10 during pathogen membrane disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ji Ha
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hyeong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwan Hee Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Subin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ho Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kongsomboonvech AK, García-López L, Njume F, Rodriguez F, Souza SP, Rosenberg A, Jensen KDC. Variation in CD8 T cell IFNγ differentiation to strains of Toxoplasma gondii is characterized by small effect QTLs with contribution from ROP16. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1130965. [PMID: 37287466 PMCID: PMC10242045 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1130965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Toxoplasma gondii induces a strong CD8 T cell response characterized by the secretion of IFNγ that promotes host survival during infection. The initiation of CD8 T cell IFNγ responses in vitro differs widely between clonal lineage strains of T. gondii, in which type I strains are low inducers, while types II and III strains are high inducers. We hypothesized this phenotype is due to a polymorphic "Regulator Of CD8 T cell Response" (ROCTR). Methods Therefore, we screened F1 progeny from genetic crosses between the clonal lineage strains to identify ROCTR. Naïve antigen-specific CD8 T cells (T57) isolated from transnuclear mice, which are specific for the endogenous and vacuolar TGD057 antigen, were measured for their ability to become activated, transcribe Ifng and produce IFNγ in response to T. gondii infected macrophages. Results Genetic mapping returned four non-interacting quantitative trait loci (QTL) with small effect on T. gondii chromosomes (chr) VIIb-VIII, X and XII. These loci encompass multiple gene candidates highlighted by ROP16 (chrVIIb-VIII), GRA35 (chrX), TgNSM (chrX), and a pair of uncharacterized NTPases (chrXII), whose locus we report to be significantly truncated in the type I RH background. Although none of the chromosome X and XII candidates bore evidence for regulating CD8 T cell IFNγ responses, type I variants of ROP16 lowered Ifng transcription early after T cell activation. During our search for ROCTR, we also noted the parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM) targeting factor for dense granules (GRAs), GRA43, repressed the response suggesting PVM-associated GRAs are important for CD8 T cell activation. Furthermore, RIPK3 expression in macrophages was an absolute requirement for CD8 T cell IFNγ differentiation implicating the necroptosis pathway in T cell immunity to T. gondii. Discussion Collectively, our data suggest that while CD8 T cell IFNγ production to T. gondii strains vary dramatically, it is not controlled by a single polymorphism with strong effect. However, early in the differentiation process, polymorphisms in ROP16 can regulate commitment of responding CD8 T cells to IFNγ production which may have bearing on immunity to T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel K. Kongsomboonvech
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States
- Quantitative Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States
| | - Laura García-López
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States
- Quantitative Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States
| | - Ferdinand Njume
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States
| | - Felipe Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States
| | - Scott P. Souza
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States
- Quantitative Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States
| | - Alex Rosenberg
- The Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kirk D. C. Jensen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States
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Murillo-León M, Bastidas-Quintero AM, Endres NS, Schnepf D, Delgado-Betancourt E, Ohnemus A, Taylor GA, Schwemmle M, Staeheli P, Steinfeldt T. IFN-λ is protective against lethal oral Toxoplasma gondii infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.24.529861. [PMID: 36865100 PMCID: PMC9980175 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.24.529861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Interferons are essential for innate and adaptive immune responses against a wide variety of pathogens. Interferon lambda (IFN-λ) protects mucosal barriers during pathogen exposure. The intestinal epithelium is the first contact site for Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) with its hosts and the first defense line that limits parasite infection. Knowledge of very early T. gondii infection events in the gut tissue is limited and a possible contribution of IFN-λ has not been investigated so far. Here, we demonstrate with systemic interferon lambda receptor (IFNLR1) and conditional (Villin-Cre) knockout mouse models and bone marrow chimeras of oral T. gondii infection and mouse intestinal organoids a significant impact of IFN-λ signaling in intestinal epithelial cells and neutrophils to T. gondii control in the gastrointestinal tract. Our results expand the repertoire of interferons that contribute to the control of T. gondii and may lead to novel therapeutic approaches against this world-wide zoonotic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateo Murillo-León
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Aura M. Bastidas-Quintero
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Niklas S. Endres
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Current address:Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Schnepf
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Current address: Immunoregulation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Annette Ohnemus
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gregory A. Taylor
- Departments of Medicine; Molecular Genetics and Microbiology; and Immunology; and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, NC 27710 Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham VA Health Care System, NC 27705 Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Staeheli
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Steinfeldt
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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7
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Deng S, Graham ML, Chen XM. The Complexity of Interferon Signaling in Host Defense against Protozoan Parasite Infection. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020319. [PMID: 36839591 PMCID: PMC9962834 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Protozoan parasites, such as Plasmodium, Leishmania, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium, and Trypanosoma, are causative agents of health-threatening diseases in both humans and animals, leading to significant health risks and socioeconomic losses globally. The development of effective therapeutic and prevention strategies for protozoan-caused diseases requires a full understanding of the pathogenesis and protective events occurring in infected hosts. Interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines with diverse biological effects in host antimicrobial defense and disease pathogenesis, including protozoan parasite infection. Type II IFN (IFN-γ) has been widely recognized as the essential defense cytokine in intracellular protozoan parasite infection, whereas recent studies also revealed the production and distinct function of type I and III IFNs in host defense against these parasites. Decoding the complex network of the IFN family in host-parasite interaction is critical for exploring potential new therapeutic strategies against intracellular protozoan parasite infection. Here, we review the complex effects of IFNs on the host defense against intracellular protozoan parasites and the crosstalk between distinct types of IFN signaling during infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silu Deng
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Marion L. Graham
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Xian-Ming Chen
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Correspondence:
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8
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Singh S, Murillo-León M, Endres NS, Arenas Soto AF, Gómez-Marín JE, Melbert F, Kanneganti TD, Yamamoto M, Campos C, Howard JC, Taylor GA, Steinfeldt T. ROP39 is an Irgb10-specific parasite effector that modulates acute Toxoplasma gondii virulence. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011003. [PMID: 36603017 PMCID: PMC9848475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a zoonotic apicomplexan parasite that is an important cause of clinical disability in humans. On a global scale, one third of the human population is infected with T. gondii. Mice and other small rodents are believed to be responsible for transmission of T. gondii to the domestic cat, its definitive host. Interferon-inducible Immunity-Related GTPases (IRG proteins) are important for control of murine T. gondii infections. Virulence differences between T. gondii strains are linked to polymorphic rhoptry proteins (ROPs) that cooperate to inactivate individual IRG family members. In particular, the pseudokinase ROP5 isoform B is critically important in laboratory strains of mice. We identified T. gondii ROP39 in complex with ROP5B and demonstrate its contribution to acute T. gondii virulence. ROP39 directly targets Irgb10 and inhibits homodimer formation of the GTPase leading to an overall reduction of IRG protein loading onto the parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (PVM). Maintenance of PVM integrity rescues the parasite from IRG protein-mediated clearance in vitro and in vivo. This study identifies a novel T. gondii effector that is important for specific inactivation of the IRG resistance system. Our data reveal that yet unknown T. gondii effectors can emerge from identification of direct interaction partners of ROP5B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishir Singh
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mateo Murillo-León
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Niklas Sebastian Endres
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ailan Farid Arenas Soto
- Grupo GEPAMOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad del Quindio, Armenia, Quindio, Colombia
| | - Jorge Enrique Gómez-Marín
- Grupo GEPAMOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad del Quindio, Armenia, Quindio, Colombia
| | - Florence Melbert
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children´s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tenessee, United States of America
| | - Masahiro Yamamoto
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Claudia Campos
- Fundacao Calouste Gulbekian, Instituto Gulbekian de Ciencia, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | - Gregory Alan Taylor
- Departments of Medicine; Molecular Genetics and Microbiology; and Immunology; and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Tobias Steinfeldt
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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9
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Pant A, Yao X, Lavedrine A, Viret C, Dockterman J, Chauhan S, Chong-Shan Shi, Manjithaya R, Cadwell K, Kufer TA, Kehrl JH, Coers J, Sibley LD, Faure M, Taylor GA, Chauhan S. Interactions of Autophagy and the Immune System in Health and Diseases. AUTOPHAGY REPORTS 2022; 1:438-515. [PMID: 37425656 PMCID: PMC10327624 DOI: 10.1080/27694127.2022.2119743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved process that utilizes lysosomes to selectively degrade a variety of intracellular cargo, thus providing quality control over cellular components and maintaining cellular regulatory functions. Autophagy is triggered by multiple stimuli ranging from nutrient starvation to microbial infection. Autophagy extensively shapes and modulates the inflammatory response, the concerted action of immune cells, and secreted mediators aimed to eradicate a microbial infection or to heal sterile tissue damage. Here, we first review how autophagy affects innate immune signaling, cell-autonomous immune defense, and adaptive immunity. Then, we discuss the role of non-canonical autophagy in microbial infections and inflammation. Finally, we review how crosstalk between autophagy and inflammation influences infectious, metabolic, and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Pant
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Xiaomin Yao
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Aude Lavedrine
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
- Equipe Labellisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, FRM
| | - Christophe Viret
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
- Equipe Labellisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, FRM
| | - Jake Dockterman
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Swati Chauhan
- Cell biology and Infectious diseases, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Chong-Shan Shi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ravi Manjithaya
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. Kufer
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - John H. Kehrl
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jörn Coers
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - L. David Sibley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University Sch. Med., St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Mathias Faure
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
- Equipe Labellisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, FRM
| | - Gregory A Taylor
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University Sch. Med., St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Health Care Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Departments of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Santosh Chauhan
- Cell biology and Infectious diseases, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- CSIR–Centre For Cellular And Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad, Telangana
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10
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Dockterman J, Coers J. How did we get here? Insights into mechanisms of immunity-related GTPase targeting to intracellular pathogens. Curr Opin Microbiol 2022; 69:102189. [PMID: 35963099 PMCID: PMC9745802 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2022.102189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine gamma-interferon activates cell-autonomous immunity against intracellular bacterial and protozoan pathogens by inducing a slew of antimicrobial proteins, some of which hinge upon immunity-related GTPases (IRGs) for their function. Three regulatory IRG clade M (Irgm) proteins chaperone about approximately 20 effector IRGs (GKS IRGs) to localize to pathogen-containing vacuoles (PVs) within mouse cells, initiating a cascade that results in PV elimination and killing of PV-resident pathogens. However, the mechanisms that allow IRGs to identify and traffic specifically to 'non-self' PVs have remained elusive. Integrating recent findings demonstrating direct interactions between GKS IRGs and lipids with previous work, we propose that three attributes mark PVs as GKS IRG targets: the absence of membrane-bound Irgm proteins, Atg8 lipidation, and the presence of specific lipid species. Combinatorial recognition of these three distinct signals may have evolved as a mechanism to ensure safe delivery of potent host antimicrobial effectors exclusively to PVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Dockterman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jörn Coers
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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11
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Interferon-Inducible E3 Ligase RNF213 Facilitates Host-Protective Linear and K63-Linked Ubiquitylation of Toxoplasma gondii Parasitophorous Vacuoles. mBio 2022; 13:e0188822. [PMID: 36154443 PMCID: PMC9601232 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01888-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The obligate intracellular protozoan pathogen Toxoplasma gondii infects a wide range of vertebrate hosts and frequently causes zoonotic infections in humans. Whereas infected immunocompetent individuals typically remain asymptomatic, toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised individuals can manifest as a severe, potentially lethal disease, and congenital Toxoplasma infections are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. The protective immune response of healthy individuals involves the production of lymphocyte-derived cytokines such as interferon gamma (IFN-γ), which elicits cell-autonomous immunity in host cells. IFN-γ-inducible antiparasitic defense programs comprise nutritional immunity, the production of noxious gases, and the ubiquitylation of the Toxoplasma-containing parasitophorous vacuole (PV). PV ubiquitylation prompts the recruitment of host defense proteins to the PV and the consequential execution of antimicrobial effector programs, which reduce parasitic burden. However, the ubiquitin E3 ligase orchestrating these events has remained unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the IFN-γ-inducible E3 ligase RNF213 translocates to Toxoplasma PVs and facilitates PV ubiquitylation in human cells. Toxoplasma PVs become decorated with linear and K63-linked ubiquitin and recruit ubiquitin adaptor proteins in a process that is RNF213 dependent but independent of the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC). IFN-γ priming fails to restrict Toxoplasma growth in cells lacking RNF213 expression, thus identifying RNF213 as a potent executioner of ubiquitylation-driven antiparasitic host defense.
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12
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Yamada H, Abe T, Nagaoka H, Takashima E, Nitta R, Yamamoto M, Takei K. Recruitment of Irgb6 to the membrane is a direct trigger for membrane deformation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:992198. [PMID: 36159643 PMCID: PMC9504060 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.992198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Irgb6 is a member of interferon γ-induced immunity related GTPase (IRG), and one of twenty “effector” IRGs, which coordinately attack parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM), causing death of intracellular pathogen. Although Irgb6 plays a pivotal role as a pioneer in the process of PVM disruption, the direct effect of Irgb6 on membrane remained to be elucidated. Here, we utilized artificial lipid membranes to reconstitute Irgb6-membrane interaction in vitro, and revealed that Irgb6 directly deformed the membranes. Liposomes incubated with recombinant Irgb6 were drastically deformed generating massive tubular protrusions in the absence of guanine nucleotide, or with GMP-PNP. Liposome deformation was abolished by incubating with Irgb6-K275A/R371A, point mutations at membrane targeting residues. The membrane tubules generated by Irgb6 were mostly disappeared by the addition of GTP or GDP, which are caused by detachment of Irgb6 from membrane. Binding of Irgb6 to the membrane, which was reconstituted in vitro using lipid monolayer, was stimulated at GTP-bound state. Irgb6 GTPase activity was stimulated by the presence of liposomes more than eightfold. Irgb6 GTPase activity in the absence of membrane was also slightly stimulated, by lowering ionic strength, or by increasing protein concentration, indicating synergistic stimulation of the GTPase activity. These results suggest that membrane targeting of Irgb6 and resulting membrane deformation does not require GTP, but converting into GTP-bound state is crucial for detaching Irgb6 from the membrane, which might coincident with local membrane disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yamada
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hiroshi Yamada, ; Kohji Takei,
| | - Tadashi Abe
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hikaru Nagaoka
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Eizo Takashima
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Ryo Nitta
- Division of Structural Medicine and Anatomy, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamamoto
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Kohji Takei
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hiroshi Yamada, ; Kohji Takei,
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13
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Chandrasekaran S, Kochanowsky JA, Merritt EF, Lagas JS, Swannigan A, Koshy AA. IFN-γ stimulated murine and human neurons mount anti-parasitic defenses against the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4605. [PMID: 35941154 PMCID: PMC9360015 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32225-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogma holds that Toxoplasma gondii persists in neurons because neurons cannot clear intracellular parasites, even with IFN-γ stimulation. As several recent studies questioned this idea, here we use primary murine neuronal cultures from wild type and transgenic mice in combination with IFN-γ stimulation and parental and transgenic parasites to reassess IFN-γ dependent neuronal clearance of intracellular parasites. We find that neurons respond to IFN-γ and that a subset of neurons clear intracellular parasites via immunity regulated GTPases. Whole neuron reconstructions from mice infected with parasites that trigger neuron GFP expression only after full invasion reveal that ~50% of these T. gondii-invaded neurons no longer harbor parasites. Finally, IFN-γ stimulated human pluripotent stem cell derived neurons show an ~50% decrease in parasite infection rate when compared to unstimulated cultures. This work highlights the capability of human and murine neurons to mount cytokine-dependent anti-T. gondii defense mechanisms in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua A Kochanowsky
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Emily F Merritt
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Joseph S Lagas
- Undergraduate Biology Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ayesha Swannigan
- Undergraduate Research Opportunities Consortium, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Anita A Koshy
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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14
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Zhang Z, Xun Y, Rong S, Yan L, SoRelle JA, Li X, Tang M, Keller K, Ludwig S, Moresco EMY, Beutler B. Loss of immunity-related GTPase GM4951 leads to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease without obesity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4136. [PMID: 35842425 PMCID: PMC9288484 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31812-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes are well known risk factors for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but the genetic factors contributing to the development of NAFLD remain poorly understood. Here we describe two semi-dominant allelic missense mutations (Oily and Carboniferous) of Predicted gene 4951 (Gm4951) identified from a forward genetic screen in mice. GM4951 deficient mice developed NAFLD on high fat diet (HFD) with no changes in body weight or glucose metabolism. Moreover, HFD caused a reduction in the level of Gm4951, which in turn promoted the development of NAFLD. Predominantly expressed in hepatocytes, GM4951 was verified as an interferon inducible GTPase. The NAFLD in Gm4951 knockout mice was associated with decreased lipid oxidation in the liver and no defect in hepatic lipid secretion. After lipid loading, hepatocyte GM4951 translocated to lipid droplets (LDs), bringing with it hydroxysteroid 17β-dehydrogenase 13 (HSD17B13), which in the absence of GM4951 did not undergo this translocation. We identified a rare non-obese mouse model of NAFLD caused by GM4951 deficiency and define a critical role for GTPase-mediated translocation in hepatic lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhang
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA. .,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| | - Yu Xun
- grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA ,grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Shunxing Rong
- grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA ,grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Lijuan Yan
- grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Jeffrey A. SoRelle
- grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Xiaohong Li
- grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Miao Tang
- grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Katie Keller
- grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Sara Ludwig
- grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Eva Marie Y. Moresco
- grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Bruce Beutler
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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15
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Skariah S, Sultan AA, Mordue DG. IFN-induced cell-autonomous immune mechanisms in the control of intracellular protozoa. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:1559-1571. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07514-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Sasai M, Yamamoto M. Anti-toxoplasma host defense systems and the parasitic counterdefense mechanisms. Parasitol Int 2022; 89:102593. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Fisch D, Clough B, Khan R, Healy L, Frickel EM. Toxoplasma-proximal and distal control by GBPs in human macrophages. Pathog Dis 2022; 79:ftab058. [PMID: 34931666 PMCID: PMC8752258 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftab058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human guanylate binding proteins (GBPs) are key players of interferon-gamma (IFNγ)-induced cell intrinsic defense mechanisms targeting intracellular pathogens. In this study, we combine the well-established Toxoplasmagondii infection model with three in vitro macrophage culture systems to delineate the contribution of individual GBP family members to control this apicomplexan parasite. Use of high-throughput imaging assays and genome engineering allowed us to define a role for GBP1, 2 and 5 in parasite infection control. While GBP1 performs a pathogen-proximal, parasiticidal and growth-restricting function through accumulation at the parasitophorous vacuole of intracellular Toxoplasma, GBP2 and GBP5 perform a pathogen-distal, growth-restricting role. We further find that mutants of the GTPase or isoprenylation site of GBP1/2/5 affect their normal function in Toxoplasma control by leading to mis-localization of the proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fisch
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK
- Host-Toxoplasma Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Barbara Clough
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK
- Host-Toxoplasma Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Rabia Khan
- Host-Toxoplasma Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Lyn Healy
- HESCU (Human Embryo and Stem Cell Unit), The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Eva-Maria Frickel
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK
- Host-Toxoplasma Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
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18
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Frickel EM, Hunter CA. Lessons from Toxoplasma: Host responses that mediate parasite control and the microbial effectors that subvert them. J Exp Med 2021; 218:212714. [PMID: 34670268 PMCID: PMC8532566 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii has long provided a tractable experimental system to investigate how the immune system deals with intracellular infections. This review highlights the advances in defining how this organism was first detected and the studies with T. gondii that contribute to our understanding of how the cytokine IFN-γ promotes control of vacuolar pathogens. In addition, the genetic tractability of this eukaryote organism has provided the foundation for studies into the diverse strategies that pathogens use to evade antimicrobial responses and now provides the opportunity to study the basis for latency. Thus, T. gondii remains a clinically relevant organism whose evolving interactions with the host immune system continue to teach lessons broadly relevant to host–pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Frickel
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | - Christopher A Hunter
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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19
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Dockterman J, Fee BE, Taylor GA, Coers J. Murine Irgm Paralogs Regulate Nonredundant Functions To Execute Host Defense to Toxoplasma gondii. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0020221. [PMID: 34338548 PMCID: PMC8519265 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00202-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-induced immunity-related GTPases (IRGs) confer cell-autonomous immunity to the intracellular protozoan pathogen Toxoplasma gondii. Effector IRGs are loaded onto the Toxoplasma-containing parasitophorous vacuole (PV), where they recruit ubiquitin ligases, ubiquitin-binding proteins, and IFN-γ-inducible guanylate-binding proteins (Gbps), prompting PV lysis and parasite destruction. Host cells lacking the regulatory IRGs Irgm1 and Irgm3 fail to load effector IRGs, ubiquitin, and Gbps onto the PV and are consequently defective for cell-autonomous immunity to Toxoplasma. However, the role of the third regulatory IRG, Irgm2, in cell-autonomous immunity to Toxoplasma has remained unexplored. Here, we report that Irgm2 unexpectedly plays a limited role in the targeting of effector IRGs, ubiquitin, and Gbps to the Toxoplasma PV. Instead, Irgm2 is instrumental in the decoration of PVs with γ-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein-like 2 (GabarapL2). Cells lacking Irgm2 are as defective for cell-autonomous host defense to Toxoplasma as pan-Irgm-/- cells lacking all three Irgm proteins, and Irgm2-/- mice succumb to Toxoplasma infections as readily as pan-Irgm-/- mice. These findings demonstrate that, relative to Irgm1 and Irgm3, Irgm2 plays a distinct but critically important role in host resistance to Toxoplasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Dockterman
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brian E. Fee
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Health Care Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Departments of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gregory A. Taylor
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Health Care Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Departments of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jörn Coers
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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20
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Pradipta A, Sasai M, Motani K, Ma JS, Lee Y, Kosako H, Yamamoto M. Cell-autonomous Toxoplasma killing program requires Irgm2 but not its microbe vacuolar localization. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/7/e202000960. [PMID: 34078740 PMCID: PMC8200298 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-inducible GTPases, such as immunity-related GTPases (IRGs) and guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs), are essential for cell-autonomous immunity against a wide variety of intracellular pathogens including Toxoplasma IRGs comprise regulatory and effector subfamily proteins. Regulatory IRGs Irgm1 and Irgm3 play important roles in anti-Toxoplasma immunity by globally controlling effector IRGs and GBPs. There is a remaining regulatory IRG, called Irgm2, which highly accumulates on parasitophorous vacuole membranes (PVMs). Very little is known about the mechanism of the unique localization on Toxoplasma PVMs. Here, we show that Irgm2 is important to control parasite killing through recruitment of Gbp1 and Irgb6, which does not require Irgm2 localization at Toxoplasma PVMs. Ubiquitination of Irgm2 in the cytosol, but not at the PVM, is also important for parasite killing through recruitment of Gbp1 to the PVM. Conversely, PVM ubiquitination and p62/Sqstm1 loading at later time points post-Toxoplasma infection require Irgm2 localization at the PVM. Irgm2-deficient mice are highly susceptible to Toxoplasma infection. Taken together, these data indicate that Irgm2 selectively controls accumulation of anti-Toxoplasma effectors to the vacuole in a manner dependent or independent on Irgm2 localization at the Toxoplasma PVM, which mediates parasite killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Pradipta
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miwa Sasai
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kou Motani
- Division of Cell Signaling, Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ji Su Ma
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Youngae Lee
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Kosako
- Division of Cell Signaling, Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamamoto
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan .,Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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21
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Fisch D, Clough B, Domart MC, Encheva V, Bando H, Snijders AP, Collinson LM, Yamamoto M, Shenoy AR, Frickel EM. Human GBP1 Differentially Targets Salmonella and Toxoplasma to License Recognition of Microbial Ligands and Caspase-Mediated Death. Cell Rep 2021; 32:108008. [PMID: 32783936 PMCID: PMC7435695 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-inducible guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) promote cell-intrinsic defense through host cell death. GBPs target pathogens and pathogen-containing vacuoles and promote membrane disruption for release of microbial molecules that activate inflammasomes. GBP1 mediates pyroptosis or atypical apoptosis of Salmonella Typhimurium (STm)- or Toxoplasma gondii (Tg)- infected human macrophages, respectively. The pathogen-proximal detection-mechanisms of GBP1 remain poorly understood, as humans lack functional immunity-related GTPases (IRGs) that assist murine Gbps. Here, we establish that GBP1 promotes the lysis of Tg-containing vacuoles and parasite plasma membranes, releasing Tg-DNA. In contrast, we show GBP1 targets cytosolic STm and recruits caspase-4 to the bacterial surface for its activation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), but does not contribute to bacterial vacuole escape. Caspase-1 cleaves and inactivates GBP1, and a cleavage-deficient GBP1D192E mutant increases caspase-4-driven pyroptosis due to the absence of feedback inhibition. Our studies elucidate microbe-specific roles of GBP1 in infection detection and its triggering of the assembly of divergent caspase signaling platforms. Development of two microscopy assays for microbe/microbe-containing vacuole lysis Human GBP1 is essential for the lysis of Toxoplasma gondii vacuoles and parasites Caspase-4 recruitment, but not cytosolic escape of Salmonella, is GBP1 dependent Caspase-1 cleaves and inactivates GBP1 and suppresses caspase-4-driven pyroptosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fisch
- Host-Toxoplasma Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology & Infection, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Barbara Clough
- Host-Toxoplasma Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Marie-Charlotte Domart
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Vesela Encheva
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Hironori Bando
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ambrosius P Snijders
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Lucy M Collinson
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Masahiro Yamamoto
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Avinash R Shenoy
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology & Infection, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Eva-Maria Frickel
- Host-Toxoplasma Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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22
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Interferon-induced GTPases orchestrate host cell-autonomous defence against bacterial pathogens. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1287-1297. [PMID: 34003245 PMCID: PMC8286824 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-induced guanosine triphosphate hydrolysing enzymes (GTPases) have been identified as cornerstones of IFN-mediated cell-autonomous defence. Upon IFN stimulation, these GTPases are highly expressed in various host cells, where they orchestrate anti-microbial activities against a diverse range of pathogens such as bacteria, protozoan and viruses. IFN-induced GTPases have been shown to interact with various host pathways and proteins mediating pathogen control via inflammasome activation, destabilising pathogen compartments and membranes, orchestrating destruction via autophagy and the production of reactive oxygen species as well as inhibiting pathogen mobility. In this mini-review, we provide an update on how the IFN-induced GTPases target pathogens and mediate host defence, emphasising findings on protection against bacterial pathogens.
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Ihara F, Nishikawa Y. Toxoplasma gondii manipulates host cell signaling pathways via its secreted effector molecules. Parasitol Int 2021; 83:102368. [PMID: 33905814 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii secretes a vast variety of effector molecules from organelles known as rhoptries (ROPs) and dense granules (GRAs). ROP proteins are released into the cytosol of the host cell where they are directed to the cell nucleus or to the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) membrane. ROPs secrete proteins that enable host cell penetration and vacuole formation by the parasites, as well as hijacking host-immune responses. After invading host cells, T. gondii multiplies within a PV that is maintained by the parasite proteins secreted from GRAs. Most GRA proteins remain within the PV, but some are known to access the host cytosol across the PV membrane, and a few are able to traffic into the host-cell nucleus. These effectors bind to host cell proteins and affect host cell signaling pathways to favor the parasite. Studies on host-pathogen interactions have identified many infection-altered host signal transductions. Notably, the relationship between individual parasite effector molecules and the specific targeting of host-signaling pathways is being elucidated through the advent of forward and reverse genetic strategies. Understanding the complex nature of the host-pathogen interactions underlying how the host-signaling pathway is manipulated by parasite effectors may lead to new molecular biological knowledge and novel therapeutic methods for toxoplasmosis. In this review, we discuss how T. gondii modulates cell signaling pathways in the host to favor its survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Ihara
- Molecular Parasitology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
| | - Yoshifumi Nishikawa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan.
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24
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Nyonda MA, Hammoudi PM, Ye S, Maire J, Marq JB, Yamamoto M, Soldati-Favre D. Toxoplasma gondii GRA60 is an effector protein that modulates host cell autonomous immunity and contributes to virulence. Cell Microbiol 2020; 23:e13278. [PMID: 33040458 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii infects virtually any nucleated cell and resides inside a non-phagocytic vacuole surrounded by a parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (PVM). Pivotal to the restriction of T. gondii dissemination upon infection in murine cells is the recruitment of immunity regulated GTPases (IRGs) and guanylate binding proteins (GBPs) to the PVM that leads to pathogen elimination. The virulent T. gondii type I RH strain secretes a handful of effectors including the dense granule protein GRA7, the serine-threonine kinases ROP17 and ROP18, and a pseudo-kinase ROP5, that synergistically inhibit the recruitment of IRGs to the PVM. Here, we characterise GRA60, a novel dense granule effector, which localises to the vacuolar space and PVM and contributes to virulence of RH in mice, suggesting a role in the subversion of host cell defence mechanisms. Members of the host cell IRG defence system Irgb10 and Irga6 are recruited to the PVM of RH parasites lacking GRA60 as observed previously for the avirulent RHΔrop5 mutant, with RH preventing such recruitment. Deletion of GRA60 in RHΔrop5 leads to a recruitment of IRGs comparable to the single knockouts. GRA60 therefore represents a novel parasite effector conferring resistance to IRGs in type I parasites, and found associated to ROP18, a member of the virulence complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Akinyi Nyonda
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Mehdi Hammoudi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Shu Ye
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Maire
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Baptiste Marq
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Masahiro Yamamoto
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Dominique Soldati-Favre
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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25
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Interferon-Inducible GTPase 1 Impedes the Dimerization of Rabies Virus Phosphoprotein and Restricts Viral Replication. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01203-20. [PMID: 32796066 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01203-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies, caused by rabies virus (RABV), is an ancient zoonosis and still a major public health problem for humans, especially in developing countries. RABV can be recognized by specific innate recognition receptors, resulting in the production of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), which can inhibit viral replication at different stages. Interferon-inducible GTPase 1 (IIGP1) is a mouse-specific ISG and belongs to the immunity-related GTPases (IRGs) family. IIGP is reported to constrain intracellular parasite infection by disrupting the parasitophorous vacuole membrane. However, the role of IIGP1 in restricting viral replication has not been reported. In this present study, we found that IIGP1 was upregulated in cells and mouse brains upon RABV infection. Overexpression of IIGP1 limited RABV replication in cell lines and reduced viral pathogenicity in a mouse model. Consistently, deficiency of IIGP1 enhanced RABV replication in different parts of mouse brains. Furthermore, we found that IIGP1 could interact with RABV phosphoprotein (P protein). Mutation and immunoprecipitation analyses revealed that the Y128 site of P protein is critical for its interaction with IIGP1. Further study demonstrated that this interaction impeded the dimerization of P protein and thus suppressed RABV replication. Collectively, our findings for the first reveal a novel role of IIGP1 in restricting a typical neurotropic virus, RABV, which will provide fresh insight into the function of this mouse-specific ISG.IMPORTANCE Interferon and its downstream products, ISGs, are essential in defending against pathogen invasion. One of the ISGs, IIGP1, has been found to constrain intracellular parasite infection by disrupting their vacuole membranes. However, the role of IIGP1 in limiting viral infection is unclear. In this study, we show that infection with a typical neurotropic virus, RABV, can induce upregulation of IIGP1, which, in turn, suppresses RABV by interacting with its phosphoprotein (P protein) and thus blocking the dimerization of P protein. Our study provides the first evidence that IIGP1 functions in limiting viral infection and provides a basis for comprehensive understanding of this important ISG.
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Guo X, Zhang W, Wang C, Zhang B, Li R, Zhang L, Zhao K, Li Y, Tian L, Li B, Cheng H, Li L, Pei C, Xu H. IRGM promotes the PINK1‐mediated mitophagy through the degradation of Mitofilin in SH‐SY5Y cells. FASEB J 2020; 34:14768-14779. [PMID: 32939830 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000943rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xize Guo
- Department of Immunology Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity Harbin Medical University Harbin China
| | - Wanping Zhang
- Department of Immunology Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity Harbin Medical University Harbin China
| | - Chun Wang
- Department of Immunology Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity Harbin Medical University Harbin China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Cardiology The Forth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University Harbin China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Lie Zhang
- Department of Immunology Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity Harbin Medical University Harbin China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery The First Affiliate Hospital of Harbin Medical University Harbin China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery The First Affiliate Hospital of Harbin Medical University Harbin China
| | - Linlu Tian
- Department of Immunology Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity Harbin Medical University Harbin China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Immunology Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity Harbin Medical University Harbin China
| | - Huakun Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital Harbin China
| | - Lixian Li
- Department of Neurosurgery The First Affiliate Hospital of Harbin Medical University Harbin China
| | - Chunying Pei
- Department of Immunology Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity Harbin Medical University Harbin China
| | - Hongwei Xu
- Department of Immunology Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity Harbin Medical University Harbin China
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27
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Kongsomboonvech AK, Rodriguez F, Diep AL, Justice BM, Castallanos BE, Camejo A, Mukhopadhyay D, Taylor GA, Yamamoto M, Saeij JPJ, Reese ML, Jensen KDC. Naïve CD8 T cell IFNγ responses to a vacuolar antigen are regulated by an inflammasome-independent NLRP3 pathway and Toxoplasma gondii ROP5. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008327. [PMID: 32853276 PMCID: PMC7480859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Host resistance to Toxoplasma gondii relies on CD8 T cell IFNγ responses, which if modulated by the host or parasite could influence chronic infection and parasite transmission between hosts. Since host-parasite interactions that govern this response are not fully elucidated, we investigated requirements for eliciting naïve CD8 T cell IFNγ responses to a vacuolar resident antigen of T. gondii, TGD057. Naïve TGD057 antigen-specific CD8 T cells (T57) were isolated from transnuclear mice and responded to parasite-infected bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) in an antigen-dependent manner, first by producing IL-2 and then IFNγ. T57 IFNγ responses to TGD057 were independent of the parasite’s protein export machinery ASP5 and MYR1. Instead, host immunity pathways downstream of the regulatory Immunity-Related GTPases (IRG), including partial dependence on Guanylate-Binding Proteins, are required. Multiple T. gondii ROP5 isoforms and allele types, including ‘avirulent’ ROP5A from clade A and D parasite strains, were able to suppress CD8 T cell IFNγ responses to parasite-infected BMDMs. Phenotypic variance between clades B, C, D, F, and A strains suggest T57 IFNγ differentiation occurs independently of parasite virulence or any known IRG-ROP5 interaction. Consistent with this, removal of ROP5 is not enough to elicit maximal CD8 T cell IFNγ production to parasite-infected cells. Instead, macrophage expression of the pathogen sensors, NLRP3 and to a large extent NLRP1, were absolute requirements. Other members of the conventional inflammasome cascade are only partially required, as revealed by decreased but not abrogated T57 IFNγ responses to parasite-infected ASC, caspase-1/11, and gasdermin D deficient cells. Moreover, IFNγ production was only partially reduced in the absence of IL-12, IL-18 or IL-1R signaling. In summary, T. gondii effectors and host machinery that modulate parasitophorous vacuolar membranes, as well as NLR-dependent but inflammasome-independent pathways, determine the full commitment of CD8 T cells IFNγ responses to a vacuolar antigen. Parasites are excellent “students” of our immune system as they can deflect, antagonize and confuse the immune response making it difficult to vaccinate against these pathogens. In this report, we analyzed how a widespread parasite of mammals, Toxoplasma gondii, manipulates an immune cell needed for immunity to many intracellular pathogens, the CD8 T cell. Host pathways that govern CD8 T cell production of the immune protective cytokine, IFNγ, were also explored. We hypothesized the secreted T. gondii virulence factor, ROP5, work to inhibit the MHC 1 antigen presentation pathway therefore making it difficult for CD8 T cells to see T. gondii antigens sequestered inside a parasitophorous vacuole. However, manipulation through T. gondii ROP5 does not fully explain how CD8 T cells commit to making IFNγ in response to infection. Importantly, CD8 T cell IFNγ responses to T. gondii require the pathogen sensor NLRP3 to be expressed in the infected cell. Other proteins associated with NLRP3 activation, including members of the conventional inflammasome activation cascade pathway, are only partially involved. Our results identify a novel pathway by which NLRP3 regulates T cell function and underscore the need for NLRP3-activating adjuvants in vaccines aimed at inducing CD8 T cell IFNγ responses to parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel K. Kongsomboonvech
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Felipe Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Anh L. Diep
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Brandon M. Justice
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Brayan E. Castallanos
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Ana Camejo
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Debanjan Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Gregory A. Taylor
- Departments of Medicine; Molecular Genetics and Microbiology; and Immunology; and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Masahiro Yamamoto
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jeroen P. J. Saeij
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Reese
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kirk D. C. Jensen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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28
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Guanylate Binding Proteins Restrict Leishmania donovani Growth in Nonphagocytic Cells Independent of Parasitophorous Vacuolar Targeting. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.01464-20. [PMID: 32723921 PMCID: PMC7387799 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01464-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-inducible guanylate binding proteins (GBPs) play important roles in host defense against many intracellular pathogens that reside within pathogen-containing vacuoles (PVs). For instance, members of the GBP family translocate to PVs occupied by the protozoan pathogen Toxoplasma and facilitate PV disruption and lytic parasite killing. While the GBP defense program targeting Toxoplasma has been studied in some detail, the role of GBPs in host defense to other protozoan pathogens is poorly characterized. Here, we report a critical role for both mouse and human GBPs in the cell-autonomous immune response against the vector-borne parasite Leishmania donovani Although L. donovani can infect both phagocytic and nonphagocytic cells, it predominantly replicates inside professional phagocytes. The underlying basis for this cell type tropism is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that GBPs restrict growth of L. donovani in both mouse and human nonphagocytic cells. GBP-mediated restriction of L. donovani replication occurs via a noncanonical pathway that operates independent of detectable translocation of GBPs to L. donovan-containing vacuoles (LCVs). Instead of promoting the lytic destruction of PVs, as reported for GBP-mediated killing of Toxoplasma in phagocytic cells, GBPs facilitate the delivery of L. donovani into autolysosomal-marker-positive compartments in mouse embryonic fibroblasts as well as the human epithelial cell line A549. Together our results show that GBPs control a novel cell-autonomous host defense program, which renders nonphagocytic cells nonpermissible for efficient Leishmania replication.IMPORTANCE The obligate intracellular parasite Leishmania causes the disease leishmaniasis, which is transmitted to mammalian hosts, including humans, via the sandfly vector. Following the bite-induced breach of the skin barrier, Leishmania is known to live and replicate predominantly inside professional phagocytes. Although Leishmania is also able to infect nonphagocytic cells, nonphagocytic cells support limited parasitic replication for unknown reasons. In this study, we show that nonphagocytic cells possess an intrinsic property to restrict Leishmania growth. Our study defines a novel role for a family of host defense proteins, the guanylate binding proteins (GBPs), in antileishmanial immunity. Mechanistically, our data indicate that GBPs facilitate the delivery of Leishmania into antimicrobial autolysosomes, thereby enhancing parasite clearance in nonphagocytic cells. We propose that this GBP-dependent host defense program makes nonphagocytic cells an inhospitable host cell type for Leishmania growth.
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29
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Mukhopadhyay D, Sangaré LO, Braun L, Hakimi MA, Saeij JP. Toxoplasma GRA15 limits parasite growth in IFNγ-activated fibroblasts through TRAF ubiquitin ligases. EMBO J 2020; 39:e103758. [PMID: 32293748 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019103758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii lives inside a vacuole in the host cytosol where it is protected from host cytoplasmic innate immune responses. However, IFNγ-dependent cell-autonomous immunity can destroy the vacuole and the parasite inside. Toxoplasma strain differences in susceptibility to human IFNγ exist, but the Toxoplasma effector(s) that determine these differences are unknown. We show that in human primary fibroblasts, the polymorphic Toxoplasma-secreted effector GRA15 mediates the recruitment of ubiquitin ligases, including TRAF2 and TRAF6, to the vacuole membrane, which enhances recruitment of ubiquitin receptors (p62/NDP52) and ubiquitin-like molecules (LC3B, GABARAP). This ultimately leads to lysosomal degradation of the vacuole. In murine fibroblasts, GRA15-mediated TRAF6 recruitment mediates the recruitment of immunity-related GTPases and destruction of the vacuole. Thus, we have identified how the Toxoplasma effector GRA15 affects cell-autonomous immunity in human and murine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjan Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lamba Omar Sangaré
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Laurence Braun
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Team Host-Pathogen Interactions and Immunity to Infection, INSERM U1209, CNRS, UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Mohamed-Ali Hakimi
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Team Host-Pathogen Interactions and Immunity to Infection, INSERM U1209, CNRS, UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Jeroen Pj Saeij
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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30
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Lee Y, Yamada H, Pradipta A, Ma JS, Okamoto M, Nagaoka H, Takashima E, Standley DM, Sasai M, Takei K, Yamamoto M. Initial phospholipid-dependent Irgb6 targeting to Toxoplasma gondii vacuoles mediates host defense. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 3:3/1/e201900549. [PMID: 31852733 PMCID: PMC6925386 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite capable of infecting warm-blooded animals by ingestion. The organism enters host cells and resides in the cytoplasm in a membrane-bound parasitophorous vacuole (PV). Inducing an interferon response enables IFN-γ-inducible immunity-related GTPase (IRG protein) to accumulate on the PV and to restrict parasite growth. However, little is known about the mechanisms by which IRG proteins recognize and destroy T. gondii PV. We characterized the role of IRG protein Irgb6 in the cell-autonomous response against T. gondii, which involves vacuole ubiquitination and breakdown. We show that Irgb6 is capable of binding a specific phospholipid on the PV membrane. Furthermore, the absence of Irgb6 causes reduced targeting of other effector IRG proteins to the PV. This suggests that Irgb6 has a role as a pioneer in the process by which multiple IRG proteins access the PV. Irgb6-deficient mice are highly susceptible to infection by a strain of T. gondii avirulent in wild-type mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngae Lee
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamada
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ariel Pradipta
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ji Su Ma
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaaki Okamoto
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hikaru Nagaoka
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
| | - Eizo Takashima
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
| | - Daron M Standley
- Department of Genome Informatics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Systems Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miwa Sasai
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kohji Takei
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamamoto
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan .,Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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31
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Sasai M, Yamamoto M. Innate, adaptive, and cell-autonomous immunity against Toxoplasma gondii infection. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-10. [PMID: 31827072 PMCID: PMC6906438 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0353-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hosts have been fighting pathogens throughout the evolution of all infectious diseases. Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most common infectious agents in humans but causes only opportunistic infection in healthy individuals. Similar to antimicrobial immunity against other organisms, the immune response against T. gondii activates innate immunity and in turn induces acquired immune responses. After activation of acquired immunity, host immune cells robustly produce the proinflammatory cytokine interferon-γ (IFN-γ), which activates a set of IFN-γ-inducible proteins, including GTPases. IFN-inducible GTPases are essential for cell-autonomous immunity and are specialized for effective clearance and growth inhibition of T. gondii by accumulating in parasitophorous vacuole membranes. Recent studies suggest that the cell-autonomous immune response plays a protective role in host defense against not only T. gondii but also various intracellular bacteria. Moreover, the negative regulatory mechanisms of such strong immune responses are also important for host survival after infection. In this review, we will discuss in detail recent advances in the understanding of host defenses against T. gondii and the roles played by cell-autonomous immune responses. Researchers are extensively studying immune responses to the single-celled parasite Toxoplasma gondii, which infects around one-third of humans, often harmlessly, but can cause life-threatening toxoplasmosis infections in patients with weakened immune systems. Masahiro Yamamoto and Miwa Sasai at Osaka University in Japan review recent advances in understanding the interactions between the immune system and the parasite. They consider non-specific ‘innate’ immune responses and also the ‘acquired’ responses that target specific parts of the parasite, referred to as antigens. Methods that selectively switch off genes in mice are revealing details presumed to also be relevant for humans. Significant molecules, molecular signaling pathways and immune-regulating processes are being identified. Recent studies suggest cell-autonomous immunity, the ability of host cells to defend themselves against attack, plays a significant role in fighting Toxoplasma gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwa Sasai
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamamoto
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. .,Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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32
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Sasai M, Pradipta A, Yamamoto M. Host immune responses to Toxoplasma gondii. Int Immunol 2019; 30:113-119. [PMID: 29408976 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii can infect homoeothermic animals including humans and cause lethal toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised individuals. When hosts are infected with T. gondii, the cells induce immune responses against T. gondii. The pathogen infection is recognized by immune sensors that directly detect T. gondii structural components, leading to production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells strongly activate T cells and induce development of Th1 cells and antigen-specific killer CD8 T cells. These T cells and Group 1 innate lymphoid cells are main producers of IFN-γ, which robustly stimulates cell-autonomous immunity in cells infected with T. gondii. IFN-γ-inducible effectors such as IFN-inducible GTPases, inducible nitric oxide synthase and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase differentially play important roles in suppression of T. gondii growth and its direct killing in anti-T. gondii cell-autonomous immune responses. In this review, we will describe our current knowledge of innate, adaptive and IFN-γ-mediated cell-autonomous immunity against T. gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwa Sasai
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ariel Pradipta
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamamoto
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Murillo-León M, Müller UB, Zimmermann I, Singh S, Widdershooven P, Campos C, Alvarez C, Könen-Waisman S, Lukes N, Ruzsics Z, Howard JC, Schwemmle M, Steinfeldt T. Molecular mechanism for the control of virulent Toxoplasma gondii infections in wild-derived mice. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1233. [PMID: 30874554 PMCID: PMC6420625 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09200-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Some strains of the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii (such as RH) are virulent in laboratory mice because they are not restricted by the Immunity-Related GTPase (IRG) resistance system in these mouse strains. In some wild-derived Eurasian mice (such as CIM) on the other hand, polymorphic IRG proteins inhibit the replication of such virulent T. gondii strains. Here we show that this resistance is due to direct binding of the IRG protein Irgb2-b1CIM to the T. gondii virulence effector ROP5 isoform B. The Irgb2-b1 interface of this interaction is highly polymorphic and under positive selection. South American T. gondii strains are virulent even in wild-derived Eurasian mice. We were able to demonstrate that this difference in virulence is due to polymorphic ROP5 isoforms that are not targeted by Irgb2-b1CIM, indicating co-adaptation of host cell resistance GTPases and T. gondii virulence effectors. Toxoplasma gondii virulence in wild-derived mice is restricted by Immunity-Related GTPases (IRG). Here, the authors show specific binding of the IRG tandem protein Irgb2-b1 with the virulence effector ROP5, and provide insights into how different ROP5 isoforms and IRG alleles shape virulence among T. gondii strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateo Murillo-León
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Urs B Müller
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ines Zimmermann
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Shishir Singh
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pia Widdershooven
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Cologne, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Cláudia Campos
- Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Catalina Alvarez
- Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Stephanie Könen-Waisman
- Department for Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nahleen Lukes
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Aachen, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Zsolt Ruzsics
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan C Howard
- Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Steinfeldt
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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34
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Schlüter D, Barragan A. Advances and Challenges in Understanding Cerebral Toxoplasmosis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:242. [PMID: 30873157 PMCID: PMC6401564 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a widespread parasitic pathogen that infects over one third of the global human population. The parasite invades and chronically persists in the central nervous system (CNS) of the infected host. Parasite spread and persistence is intimately linked to an ensuing immune response, which does not only limit parasite-induced damage but also may facilitate dissemination and induce parasite-associated immunopathology. Here, we discuss various aspects of toxoplasmosis where knowledge is scarce or controversial and, the recent advances in the understanding of the delicate interplay of T. gondii with the immune system in experimental and clinical settings. This includes mechanisms for parasite passage from the circulation into the brain parenchyma across the blood-brain barrier during primary acute infection. Later, as chronic latent infection sets in with control of the parasite in the brain parenchyma, the roles of the inflammatory response and of immune cell responses in this phase of the disease are discussed. Additionally, the function of brain resident cell populations is delineated, i.e., how neurons, astrocytes and microglia serve both as target cells for the parasite but also actively contribute to the immune response. As the infection can reactivate in the CNS of immune-compromised individuals, we bring up the immunopathogenesis of reactivated toxoplasmosis, including the special case of congenital CNS manifestations. The relevance, advantages and limitations of rodent infection models for the understanding of human cerebral toxoplasmosis are discussed. Finally, this review pinpoints questions that may represent challenges to experimental and clinical science with respect to improved diagnostics, pharmacological treatments and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Schlüter
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Antonio Barragan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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35
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Coers J, Brown HM, Hwang S, Taylor GA. Partners in anti-crime: how interferon-inducible GTPases and autophagy proteins team up in cell-intrinsic host defense. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 54:93-101. [PMID: 29986303 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Once pathogens have breached the mechanical barriers to infection, survived extracellular immunity and successfully invaded host cells, cell-intrinsic immunity becomes the last line of defense to protect the mammalian host against viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. Many cell-intrinsic defense programs act as high-precision weapons that specifically target intracellular microbes or cytoplasmic sites of microbial replication while leaving endogenous organelles unharmed. Critical executioners of cell-autonomous immunity include interferon-inducible dynamin-like GTPases and autophagy proteins, which often act cooperatively in locating and antagonizing intracellular pathogens. Here, we discuss possible mechanistic models to account for the functional interactions that occur between these two distinct classes of host defense proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Coers
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Hailey M Brown
- Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Seungmin Hwang
- Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Microbiology, The University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Gregory A Taylor
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
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36
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Brown HM, Biering SB, Zhu A, Choi J, Hwang S. Demarcation of Viral Shelters Results in Destruction by Membranolytic GTPases: Antiviral Function of Autophagy Proteins and Interferon-Inducible GTPases. Bioessays 2018; 40:e1700231. [PMID: 29603284 PMCID: PMC5986617 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark of positive-sense RNA viruses is the formation of membranous shelters for safe replication in the cytoplasm. Once considered invisible to the immune system, these viral shelters are now found to be antagonized through the cooperation of autophagy proteins and anti-microbial GTPases. This coordinated effort of autophagy proteins guiding GTPases functions against not only the shelters of viruses but also cytoplasmic vacuoles containing bacteria or protozoa, suggesting a broad immune-defense mechanism against disparate vacuolar pathogens. Fundamental questions regarding this process remain: how the host recognizes these membranous structures as a target, how the autophagy proteins bring the GTPases to the shelters, and how the recruited GTPases disrupt these shelters. In this review, these questions are discussed, the answers to which will significantly advance our understanding of the response to vacuole-like structures of pathogens, thereby paving the way for the development of broadly effective anti-microbial strategies for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey M. Brown
- Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Scott B. Biering
- Committee on Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Allen Zhu
- Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jayoung Choi
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Seungmin Hwang
- Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Committee on Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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37
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Vallochi AL, Teixeira L, Oliveira KDS, Maya-Monteiro CM, Bozza PT. Lipid Droplet, a Key Player in Host-Parasite Interactions. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1022. [PMID: 29875768 PMCID: PMC5974170 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (lipid bodies, LDs) are dynamic organelles that have important roles in regulating lipid metabolism, energy homeostasis, cell signaling, membrane trafficking, and inflammation. LD biogenesis, composition, and functions are highly regulated and may vary according to the stimuli, cell type, activation state, and inflammatory environment. Increased cytoplasmic LDs are frequently observed in leukocytes and other cells in a number of infectious diseases. Accumulating evidence reveals LDs participation in fundamental mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions, including cell signaling and immunity. LDs are sources of eicosanoid production, and may participate in different aspects of innate signaling and antigen presentation. In addition, intracellular pathogens evolved mechanisms to subvert host metabolism and may use host LDs, as ways of immune evasion and nutrients source. Here, we review mechanisms of LDs biogenesis and their contributions to the infection progress, and discuss the latest discoveries on mechanisms and pathways involving LDs roles as regulators of the immune response to protozoan infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Lima Vallochi
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Patricia T. Bozza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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38
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Finethy R, Coers J. Sensing the enemy, containing the threat: cell-autonomous immunity to Chlamydia trachomatis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 40:875-893. [PMID: 28201690 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuw027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is the etiological agent of the most common sexually transmitted infection in North America and Europe. Medical complications resulting from genital C. trachomatis infections arise predominantly in women where the initial infections often remain asymptomatic and thus unrecognized. Untreated asymptomatic infections in women can ascend into the upper genital tract and establish persistence, ultimately resulting in extensive scarring of the reproductive organs, pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility and ectopic pregnancies. Previously resolved C. trachomatis infections fail to provide protective immune memory, and no effective vaccine against C. trachomatis is currently available. Critical determinants of the pathogenesis and immunogenicity of genital C. trachomatis infections are cell-autonomous immune responses. Cell-autonomous immunity describes the ability of an individual host cell to launch intrinsic immune circuits that execute the detection, containment and elimination of cell-invading pathogens. As an obligate intracellular pathogen C. trachomatis is constantly under attack by cell-intrinsic host defenses. Accordingly, C. trachomatis evolved to subvert and co-opt cell-autonomous immune pathways. This review will provide a critical summary of our current understanding of cell-autonomous immunity to C. trachomatis and its role in shaping host resistance, inflammation and adaptive immunity to genital C. trachomatis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Finethy
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jörn Coers
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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39
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Coppens I. How Toxoplasma and malaria parasites defy first, then exploit host autophagic and endocytic pathways for growth. Curr Opin Microbiol 2017; 40:32-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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40
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Saeij JP, Frickel EM. Exposing Toxoplasma gondii hiding inside the vacuole: a role for GBPs, autophagy and host cell death. Curr Opin Microbiol 2017; 40:72-80. [PMID: 29141239 PMCID: PMC7004510 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii resides inside a vacuole, which shields it from the host’s intracellular defense mechanisms. The cytokine interferon gamma (IFNγ) upregulates host cell effector pathways that are able to destroy the vacuole, restrict parasite growth and induce host cell death. Interferon-inducible GTPases such as the Guanylate Binding Proteins (GBPs), autophagy proteins and ubiquitin-driven mechanisms play important roles in Toxoplasma control in mice and partly also in humans. The host inflammasome is regulated by GBPs in response to bacterial infection in murine cells and may also respond to Toxoplasma infection. Elucidation of murine Toxoplasma defense mechanisms are guiding studies on human cells, while inevitably leading to the discovery of human-specific pathways that often function in a cell type-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen P Saeij
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Eva-Maria Frickel
- The Francis Crick Institute, Host-Toxoplasma Interaction Laboratory, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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41
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Praefcke GJK. Regulation of innate immune functions by guanylate-binding proteins. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 308:237-245. [PMID: 29174633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Guanylate-binding proteins (GBP) are a family of dynamin-related large GTPases which are expressed in response to interferons and other pro-inflammatory cytokines. GBPs mediate a broad spectrum of innate immune functions against intracellular pathogens ranging from viruses to bacteria and protozoa. Several binding partners for individual GBPs have been identified and several different mechanisms of action have been proposed depending on the organisms, the cell type and the pathogen used. Many of these anti-pathogenic functions of GBPs involve the recruitment to and the subsequent destruction of pathogen containing vacuolar compartments, the assembly of large oligomeric innate immune complexes such as the inflammasome, or the induction of autophagy. Furthermore, GBPs often cooperate with immunity-related GTPases (IRGs), another family of dynamin-related GTPases, to exert their anti-pathogenic function, but since most IRGs have been lost in the evolution of higher primates, the anti-pathogenic function of human GBPs seems to be IRG-independent. GBPs and IRGs share biochemical and structural properties with the other members of the dynamin superfamily such as low nucleotide affinity and a high intrinsic GTPase activity which can be further enhanced by oligomerisation. Furthermore, GBPs and IRGs can interact with lipid membranes. In the case of three human and murine GBP isoforms this interaction is mediated by C-terminal isoprenylation. Based on cell biological studies, and in analogy to the function of other dynamins in membrane scission events, it has been postulated that both GBPs and IRGs might actively disrupt the outer membrane of pathogen-containing vacuole leading to the detection and destruction of the pathogen by the cytosolic innate immune system of the host. Recent evidence, however, indicates that GBPs might rather function by mediating membrane tethering events similar to the dynamin-related atlastin and mitofusin proteins, which mediate fusion of the ER and mitochondria, respectively. The aim of this review is to highlight the current knowledge on the function of GBPs in innate immunity and to combine it with the recent progress in the biochemical characterisation of this protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit J K Praefcke
- Division of Haematology / Transfusion Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany; Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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42
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Ngo CC, Man SM. Mechanisms and functions of guanylate-binding proteins and related interferon-inducible GTPases: Roles in intracellular lysis of pathogens. Cell Microbiol 2017; 19. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chinh C. Ngo
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research; Australian National University; Canberra Australia
| | - Si Ming Man
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research; Australian National University; Canberra Australia
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Abstract
Early electron microscopy studies revealed the elaborate cellular features that define the unique adaptations of apicomplexan parasites. Among these were bulbous rhoptry (ROP) organelles and small, dense granules (GRAs), both of which are secreted during invasion of host cells. These early morphological studies were followed by the exploration of the cellular contents of these secretory organelles, revealing them to be comprised of highly divergent protein families with few conserved domains or predicted functions. In parallel, studies on host-pathogen interactions identified many host signaling pathways that were mysteriously altered by infection. It was only with the advent of forward and reverse genetic strategies that the connections between individual parasite effectors and the specific host pathways that they targeted finally became clear. The current repertoire of parasite effectors includes ROP kinases and pseudokinases that are secreted during invasion and that block host immune pathways. Similarly, many secretory GRA proteins alter host gene expression by activating host transcription factors, through modification of chromatin, or by inducing small noncoding RNAs. These effectors highlight novel mechanisms by which T. gondii has learned to harness host signaling to favor intracellular survival and will guide future studies designed to uncover the additional complexity of this intricate host-pathogen interaction.
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44
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Feng J, Cao Z, Wang L, Wan Y, Peng N, Wang Q, Chen X, Zhou Y, Zhu Y. Inducible GBP5 Mediates the Antiviral Response via Interferon-Related Pathways during Influenza A Virus Infection. J Innate Immun 2017; 9:419-435. [PMID: 28376501 DOI: 10.1159/000460294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanylate binding protein (GBP) 5 belongs to the GBP family, which is involved in important cellular processes, including signal transduction, translation, vesicle trafficking, and exocytosis. Structurally, GBPs display a high degree of homology and share highly conserved GTP-binding or hydrolysis domains. GBP5 was reported to be a critical cellular factor in inflammasome assembly. However, little is known about its role in the host antiviral innate immune response. In this study, we found that GBP5 expression was significantly elevated in influenza patients and influenza A virus-infected A549 human lung epithelial cells. The overexpression of GBP5 inhibited virus replication by enhancing the expression of virus-induced interferon (IFN) and IFN-related effectors. Knockdown of GBP5 had the opposite effect. Moreover, GBP5 enhanced endogenous IFN expression by interacting with the NF-κB-essential modulator complex and stimulating NF-κB signaling. Additionally, the expression of proinflammatory factors, such as IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α, cyclooxygenase-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase, was also activated by GBP5. Taken together, our results reveal that GBP5 inhibited virus replication through the activation of IFN signaling and proinflammatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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45
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The Toxoplasma Parasitophorous Vacuole: An Evolving Host-Parasite Frontier. Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:473-488. [PMID: 28330745 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The parasitophorous vacuole is a unique replicative niche for apicomplexan parasites, including Toxoplasma gondii. Derived from host plasma membrane, the vacuole is rendered nonfusogenic with the host endolysosomal system. Toxoplasma secretes numerous proteins to modify the forming vacuole, enable nutrient uptake, and set up mechanisms of host subversion. Here we describe the pathways of host-parasite interaction at the parasitophorous vacuole employed by Toxoplasma and host, leading to the intricate balance of host defence versus parasite survival.
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46
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Schmidt EA, Fee BE, Henry SC, Nichols AG, Shinohara ML, Rathmell JC, MacIver NJ, Coers J, Ilkayeva OR, Koves TR, Taylor GA. Metabolic Alterations Contribute to Enhanced Inflammatory Cytokine Production in Irgm1-deficient Macrophages. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:4651-4662. [PMID: 28154172 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.770735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunity-related GTPases (IRGs) are a family of proteins that are induced by interferon (IFN)-γ and play pivotal roles in immune and inflammatory responses. IRGs ostensibly function as dynamin-like proteins that bind to intracellular membranes and promote remodeling and trafficking of those membranes. Prior studies have shown that loss of Irgm1 in mice leads to increased lethality to bacterial infections as well as enhanced inflammation to non-infectious stimuli; however, the mechanisms underlying these phenotypes are unclear. In the studies reported here, we found that uninfected Irgm1-deficient mice displayed high levels of serum cytokines typifying profound autoinflammation. Similar increases in cytokine production were also seen in cultured, IFN-γ-primed macrophages that lacked Irgm1. A series of metabolic studies indicated that the enhanced cytokine production was associated with marked metabolic changes in the Irgm1-deficient macrophages, including increased glycolysis and an accumulation of long chain acylcarnitines. Cells were exposed to the glycolytic inhibitor, 2-deoxyglucose, or fatty acid synthase inhibitors to perturb the metabolic alterations, which resulted in dampening of the excessive cytokine production. These results suggest that Irgm1 deficiency drives metabolic dysfunction in macrophages in a manner that is cell-autonomous and independent of infectious triggers. This may be a significant contributor to excessive inflammation seen in Irgm1-deficient mice in different contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian E Fee
- the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina 27705, and
| | - Stanley C Henry
- the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina 27705, and
| | - Amanda G Nichols
- the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes
| | - Mari L Shinohara
- From the Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology.,the Department of Immunology
| | - Jeffrey C Rathmell
- the Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Nancie J MacIver
- the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes
| | - Jörn Coers
- From the Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology
| | | | - Timothy R Koves
- the Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, and.,the Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Gregory A Taylor
- From the Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, .,the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina 27705, and.,the Department of Immunology.,the Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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Chlamydia trachomatis Is Resistant to Inclusion Ubiquitination and Associated Host Defense in Gamma Interferon-Primed Human Epithelial Cells. mBio 2016; 7:mBio.01417-16. [PMID: 27965446 PMCID: PMC5156299 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01417-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine gamma interferon (IFN-γ) induces cell-autonomous immunity to combat infections with intracellular pathogens, such as the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. The present study demonstrates that IFN-γ-primed human cells ubiquitinate and eliminate intracellular Chlamydia-containing vacuoles, so-called inclusions. We previously described how IFN-γ-inducible immunity-related GTPases (IRGs) employ ubiquitin systems to mark inclusions for destruction in mouse cells and, furthermore, showed that the rodent pathogen Chlamydia muridarum blocks ubiquitination of its inclusions by interfering with mouse IRG function. Here, we report that ubiquitination of inclusions in human cells is independent of IRG and thus distinct from the murine pathway. We show that C. muridarum is susceptible to inclusion ubiquitination in human cells, while the closely related human pathogen C. trachomatis is resistant. C. muridarum, but not C. trachomatis, inclusions attract several markers of cell-autonomous immunity, including the ubiquitin-binding protein p62, the ubiquitin-like protein LC3, and guanylate-binding protein 1. Consequently, we find that IFN-γ priming of human epithelial cells triggers the elimination of C. muridarum, but not C. trachomatis, inclusions. This newly described defense pathway is independent of indole-2,3-dioxygenase, a known IFN-γ-inducible anti-Chlamydia resistance factor. Collectively, our observations indicate that C. trachomatis evolved mechanisms to avoid a human-specific, ubiquitin-mediated response as part of its unique adaptation to its human host. Chlamydia trachomatis is the leading cause of sexually transmitted bacterial infections and responsible for significant morbidity, including pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and ectopic pregnancies in women. As an obligate intracellular pathogen, C. trachomatis is in perpetual conflict with cell-intrinsic defense programs executed by its human host. Our study defines a novel anti-Chlamydia host resistance pathway active in human epithelial cells. This defense program promotes the deposition of the small antimicrobial protein ubiquitin on vacuoles containing Chlamydia. We show that this ubiquitin-based resistance pathway of human cells is highly effective against a Chlamydia species adapted to rodents but ineffective against human-adapted C. trachomatis. This observation indicates that C. trachomatis evolved strategies to avoid entrapment within ubiquitin-labeled vacuoles as part of its adaptation to the human innate immune system.
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Daumke O, Praefcke GJK. Invited review: Mechanisms of GTP hydrolysis and conformational transitions in the dynamin superfamily. Biopolymers 2016; 105:580-93. [PMID: 27062152 PMCID: PMC5084822 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dynamin superfamily proteins are multidomain mechano-chemical GTPases which are implicated in nucleotide-dependent membrane remodeling events. A prominent feature of these proteins is their assembly- stimulated mechanism of GTP hydrolysis. The molecular basis for this reaction has been initially clarified for the dynamin-related guanylate binding protein 1 (GBP1) and involves the transient dimerization of the GTPase domains in a parallel head-to-head fashion. A catalytic arginine finger from the phosphate binding (P-) loop is repositioned toward the nucleotide of the same molecule to stabilize the transition state of GTP hydrolysis. Dynamin uses a related dimerization-dependent mechanism, but instead of the catalytic arginine, a monovalent cation is involved in catalysis. Still another variation of the GTP hydrolysis mechanism has been revealed for the dynamin-like Irga6 which bears a glycine at the corresponding position in the P-loop. Here, we highlight conserved and divergent features of GTP hydrolysis in dynamin superfamily proteins and show how nucleotide binding and hydrolysis are converted into mechano-chemical movements. We also describe models how the energy of GTP hydrolysis can be harnessed for diverse membrane remodeling events, such as membrane fission or fusion. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 105: 580-593, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Daumke
- Kristallographie, Max-Delbrück Centrum Für Molekulare Medizin, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, Berlin, 13125, Germany
- Institut Für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Gerrit J K Praefcke
- Abteilung Hämatologie/Transfusionsmedizin, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, Langen, 63225, Germany
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Grussendorf KA, Trezza CJ, Salem AT, Al-Hashimi H, Mattingly BC, Kampmeyer DE, Khan LA, Hall DH, Göbel V, Ackley BD, Buechner M. Facilitation of Endosomal Recycling by an IRG Protein Homolog Maintains Apical Tubule Structure in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2016; 203:1789-806. [PMID: 27334269 PMCID: PMC4981278 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.192559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Determination of luminal diameter is critical to the function of small single-celled tubes. A series of EXC proteins, including EXC-1, prevent swelling of the tubular excretory canals in Caenorhabditis elegans In this study, cloning of exc-1 reveals it to encode a homolog of mammalian IRG proteins, which play roles in immune response and autophagy and are associated with Crohn's disease. Mutants in exc-1 accumulate early endosomes, lack recycling endosomes, and exhibit abnormal apical cytoskeletal structure in regions of enlarged tubules. EXC-1 interacts genetically with two other EXC proteins that also affect endosomal trafficking. In yeast two-hybrid assays, wild-type and putative constitutively active EXC-1 binds to the LIM-domain protein EXC-9, whose homolog, cysteine-rich intestinal protein, is enriched in mammalian intestine. These results suggest a model for IRG function in forming and maintaining apical tubule structure via regulation of endosomal recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Grussendorf
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045 Department of Biological Sciences, Minnesota State University, Mankato, Minnesota 56001
| | - Christopher J Trezza
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Alexander T Salem
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Hikmat Al-Hashimi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Brendan C Mattingly
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Drew E Kampmeyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Minnesota State University, Mankato, Minnesota 56001
| | - Liakot A Khan
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Developmental Biology and Genetics Core, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - David H Hall
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Caenorhabditis elegans Anatomy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Verena Göbel
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Developmental Biology and Genetics Core, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Brian D Ackley
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Matthew Buechner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
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Choi J, Biering SB, Hwang S. Quo vadis? Interferon-inducible GTPases go to their target membranes via the LC3-conjugation system of autophagy. Small GTPases 2016; 8:199-207. [PMID: 27428166 PMCID: PMC5680725 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2016.1213090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Many intracellular pathogens survive and replicate within vacuole-like structures in the cytoplasm. It has been unclear how the host immune system controls such pathogen-containing vacuoles. Interferon-inducible GTPases are dynamin-like GTPases that target the membranes of pathogen-containing vacuoles. Upon their oligomerization on the membrane, the vacuole structure disintegrates and the pathogen gets exposed to the hostile cytoplasm. What has been obscure is how the immune system detects and directs the GTPases to these pathogen shelters. Using a common protist parasite of mice, Toxoplasma gondii, we found that the LC3 conjugation system of autophagy is necessary and sufficient for targeting the interferon-inducible GTPases to membranes. We dubbed this process Targeting by AutophaGy proteins (TAG). In canonical autophagy, the LC3 conjugation system is required to form membrane-bound autophagosomes, which encircle and deliver cytosolic materials to lysosomes for degradation. In TAG, however, the conjugation system is required to mark the membranes of pathogen-containing vacuoles with ubiquitin-like LC3 homologs, which function as molecular beacons to recruit the GTPases to their target membranes. Our data suggest that the LC3 conjugation system of autophagy plays an essential role in detecting and marking pathogen-containing vacuoles for immune effector targeting by the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayoung Choi
- a Department of Pathology , The University of Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Scott B Biering
- b Committee on Microbiology, The University of Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Seungmin Hwang
- a Department of Pathology , The University of Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA.,b Committee on Microbiology, The University of Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
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