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Ma Y, Qin LY, Ding X, Wu AP. Diversity, Complexity, and Challenges of Viral Infectious Disease Data in the Big Data Era: A Comprehensive Review. CHINESE MEDICAL SCIENCES JOURNAL = CHUNG-KUO I HSUEH K'O HSUEH TSA CHIH 2025; 40:29-44. [PMID: 40165755 DOI: 10.24920/004461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2025]
Abstract
Viral infectious diseases, characterized by their intricate nature and wide-ranging diversity, pose substantial challenges in the domain of data management. The vast volume of data generated by these diseases, spanning from the molecular mechanisms within cells to large-scale epidemiological patterns, has surpassed the capabilities of traditional analytical methods. In the era of artificial intelligence (AI) and big data, there is an urgent necessity for the optimization of these analytical methods to more effectively handle and utilize the information. Despite the rapid accumulation of data associated with viral infections, the lack of a comprehensive framework for integrating, selecting, and analyzing these datasets has left numerous researchers uncertain about which data to select, how to access it, and how to utilize it most effectively in their research.This review endeavors to fill these gaps by exploring the multifaceted nature of viral infectious diseases and summarizing relevant data across multiple levels, from the molecular details of pathogens to broad epidemiological trends. The scope extends from the micro-scale to the macro-scale, encompassing pathogens, hosts, and vectors. In addition to data summarization, this review thoroughly investigates various dataset sources. It also traces the historical evolution of data collection in the field of viral infectious diseases, highlighting the progress achieved over time. Simultaneously, it evaluates the current limitations that impede data utilization.Furthermore, we propose strategies to surmount these challenges, focusing on the development and application of advanced computational techniques, AI-driven models, and enhanced data integration practices. By providing a comprehensive synthesis of existing knowledge, this review is designed to guide future research and contribute to more informed approaches in the surveillance, prevention, and control of viral infectious diseases, particularly within the context of the expanding big-data landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Infection Prevention and Control (Peking Union Medical College), Ministry of Education, Beijing 107302, China
| | - Lu-Yao Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Infection Prevention and Control (Peking Union Medical College), Ministry of Education, Beijing 107302, China
| | - Xiao Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Infection Prevention and Control (Peking Union Medical College), Ministry of Education, Beijing 107302, China.
| | - Ai-Ping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Infection Prevention and Control (Peking Union Medical College), Ministry of Education, Beijing 107302, China.
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Crespo M, Guedes D, Paiva M, Sobral M, Helvecio E, Alves R, Tadeu G, Oliveira C, Melo-Santos MAV, Barbosa R, Ayres C. Exposure to Zika and chikungunya viruses impacts aspects of the vectorial capacity of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0281851. [PMID: 38748732 PMCID: PMC11095752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Zika (ZIKV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) are arboviruses that cause infections in humans and can cause clinical complications, representing a worldwide public health problem. Aedes aegypti is the primary vector of these pathogens and Culex quinquefasciatus may be a potential ZIKV vector. This study aimed to evaluate fecundity, fertility, survival, longevity, and blood feeding activity in Ae. aegypti after exposure to ZIKV and CHIKV and, in Cx. quinquefasciatus exposed to ZIKV. Three colonies were evaluated: AeCamp (Ae. aegypti-field), RecL (Ae. aegypti-laboratory) and CqSLab (Cx. quinquefasciatus-laboratory). Seven to 10 days-old females from these colonies were exposed to artificial blood feeding with CHIKV or ZIKV. CHIKV caused reduction in fecundity and fertility in AeCamp and reduction in survival and fertility in RecL. ZIKV impacted survival in RecL, fertility in AeCamp and, fecundity and fertility in CqSLab. Both viruses had no effect on blood feeding activity. These results show that CHIKV produces a higher biological cost in Ae. aegypti, compared to ZIKV, and ZIKV differently alters the biological performance in colonies of Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus. These results provide a better understanding over the processes of virus-vector interaction and can shed light on the complexity of arbovirus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica Crespo
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-PE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil
| | - Duschinka Guedes
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-PE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Paiva
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-PE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil
- Núcleo de Ciências da Vida, Centro Acadêmico do Agreste, Universidade Federal de (UFPE), Caruaru, Pernambuco, Brasil
| | - Mariana Sobral
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-PE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil
| | - Elisama Helvecio
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-PE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil
| | - Rafael Alves
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-PE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil
| | - George Tadeu
- Núcleo de Estatística e Geoprocessamento, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Pernambuco (FIOCRUZ-PE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil
| | - Claudia Oliveira
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-PE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil
| | | | - Rosângela Barbosa
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-PE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil
| | - Constância Ayres
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-PE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil
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Janjoter S, Kataria D, Yadav M, Dahiya N, Sehrawat N. Transovarial transmission of mosquito-borne viruses: a systematic review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 13:1304938. [PMID: 38235494 PMCID: PMC10791847 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1304938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background A number of mosquito-borne viruses (MBVs), such as dengue virus (DENV), zika virus (ZIKV), chikungunya (CHIKV), West Nile virus (WNV), and yellow fever virus (YFV) exert adverse health impacts on the global population. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are the prime vectors responsible for the transmission of these viruses. The viruses have acquired a number of routes for successful transmission, including horizontal and vertical transmission. Transovarial transmission is a subset/type of vertical transmission adopted by mosquitoes for the transmission of viruses from females to their offspring through eggs/ovaries. It provides a mechanism for these MBVs to persist and maintain their lineage during adverse climatic conditions of extremely hot and cold temperatures, during the dry season, or in the absence of susceptible vertebrate host when horizontal transmission is not possible. Methods The publications discussed in this systematic review were searched for using the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, and websites such as those of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, using the search terms "transovarial transmission" and "mosquito-borne viruses" from 16 May 2023 to 20 September 2023. Results A total of 2,391 articles were searched, of which 123 were chosen for full text evaluation, and 60 were then included in the study after screening and removing duplicates. Conclusion The present systematic review focuses on understanding the above diseases, their pathogenesis, epidemiology and host-parasite interactions. The factors affecting transovarial transmission, potential implications, mosquito antiviral defense mechanism, and the control strategies for these mosquito-borne viral diseases (MBVDs) are also be included in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Neelam Sehrawat
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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Balea R, Pollak NM, Hobson-Peters J, Macdonald J, McMillan DJ. Development and pre-clinical evaluation of a Zika virus diagnostic for low resource settings. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1214148. [PMID: 38053551 PMCID: PMC10694267 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1214148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Zika virus (ZIKV) is a re-emerging flavivirus that poses a significant public health threat. ZIKV exhibits a wide array of non-vector borne human transmission routes, such as sexual transmission, transplacental transmission and blood transfusion. Detection and surveillance of ZIKV is considered paramount in prevention of major outbreaks. With the majority of cases reported in low-resource locations, simple, low-cost detection methods are considered highly desirable. Materials and Methods Here we have developed a sensitive and specific ZIKV diagnostic using reverse transcription recombinase-aided amplification (RT-RAA) coupled with lateral flow detection (LFD) targeting a highly conserved region of the ZIKV NS1 gene. Results We show our rapid, isothermal-ZIKV-diagnostic (Iso-ZIKV-Dx) can detect 500 copies of synthetic ZIKV RNA/μL in under 30 min at a constant 39°C. Using simulated urine samples, we observed that Iso-ZIKV-Dx also detects as low as 34.28 RNA copies/reaction of ZIKV (MR766 strain). Specificity testing confirmed that our test does not detect any co-circulating flaviviruses (dengue, West Nile, Japanese encephalitis, Murray Valley encephalitis and yellow fever viruses) or chikungunya virus. Sample processing results show complete inactivation of ZIKV (MR766 strain) in 5 min at room temperature using our novel viral RNA sample preparation reagent. Furthermore, lateral flow strips testing demonstrates positive diagnoses in as little as 5 min in running buffer. Discussion Contrary to conventional RT-qPCR, our Iso-ZIKV-Dx does not require expensive machinery, specialised laboratory settings or extensively trained personnel. Pre-clinical evaluation demonstrates that our test exhibits robust, in-field capabilities without compromising sensitivity or specificity. When compared to the gold-standard RT-qPCR, our Iso-ZIKV-Dx test offers an array of applications that extend beyond diagnostics alone, including potential for surveillance and monitoring of ZIKV vector competency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rickyle Balea
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Nina M. Pollak
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Jody Hobson-Peters
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Joanne Macdonald
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
- BioCifer Pty Ltd., Auchenflower, QLD, Australia
| | - David J. McMillan
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
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Darby CS, Featherston KM, Lin J, Franz AWE. Detection of La Crosse Virus In Situ and in Individual Progeny to Assess the Vertical Transmission Potential in Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti. INSECTS 2023; 14:601. [PMID: 37504607 PMCID: PMC10380845 DOI: 10.3390/insects14070601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
La Crosse virus (LACV) is circulating in the midwestern and southeastern states of the United States and can cause human encephalitis. The main vector of the virus is the eastern tree-hole mosquito, Aedes triseriatus. Ae. albopictus has been also described as a natural LACV vector, while Ae. aegypti has been infected with the virus under laboratory conditions. Here, we compare the vertical transmission potential of LACV in Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti, with emphasis given to the ovarian infection patterns that the virus generates in both species. Both mosquito species received artificial bloodmeals containing LACV. At defined time points post-infection/bloodmeal, midguts, head tissue, and ovaries were analyzed for the presence of virus. Viral infection patterns in the ovaries were visualized via immunofluorescence confocal microscopy and immunohistopathology assays using an LACV-specific monoclonal antibody. In Ae. aegypti, LACV was confronted with midgut infection and escape barriers, which were much less pronounced in Ae. albopictus, resulting in a significantly higher prevalence of infection in the latter. Following the ingestion of a single virus-containing bloodmeal, no progeny larvae were found to be virus-infected. Regardless, females of both species showed the presence of LACV antigen in their ovariole sheaths. Furthermore, in a single Ae. albopictus female, viral antigen was associated with the nurse cells inside the primary follicles. Following the ingestion of a second non-infectious bloodmeal at 7- or 10-days post-ingestion of an LACV-containing bloodmeal, more progeny larvae of Ae. albopictus than of Ae. aegypti were virus-infected. LACV antigen was detected in the egg chambers and ovariole sheaths of both mosquito species. Traces of viral antigen were also detected in a few oocytes from Ae. albopictus. The low level of vertical transmission and the majority of the ovarian infection patterns suggested the transovum rather than transovarial transmission (TOT) of the virus in both vector species. However, based on the detection of LACV antigen in follicular tissue and oocytes, there was the potential for TOT among several Ae. albopictus females. Thus, TOT is not a general feature of LACV infection in mosquitoes. Instead, the TOT of LACV seems to be dependent on its particular interaction with the reproductive tissues of a female.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alexander W. E. Franz
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (C.S.D.); (K.M.F.); (J.L.)
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Zimler RA, Alto BW. Vertical Transmission of Zika Virus by Florida Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus. INSECTS 2023; 14:289. [PMID: 36975974 PMCID: PMC10059064 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Zika virus pandemic of 2015, with mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus as the putative vectors, prompted public health concerns and the need to improve our understanding of both the horizontal and vertical transmission of Zika virus. Local transmission is especially concerning for Florida, where these two mosquito species are abundant and widespread throughout much of the year. Here, we evaluate the relative vertical transmission and filial infection rate of progeny of Florida Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus following ingestion of infected blood by parental mosquitoes at either 6 or 7 log10 plaque forming units/mL of Zika virus. Florida Ae. aegypti exhibited higher rates of disseminated infection than Ae. albopictus, consistent with other studies indicating greater permissibility of Zika virus in Ae. aegypti. We observed low vertical transmission in both Ae. aegypti (1.1-3.2%) and Ae. albopictus (0-0.3%) mosquitoes, despite imbibing infected blood at titers that yielded high susceptibility to infection and modest horizontal transmission rates. Filial infection rates, testing individual mosquitoes for Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, were 6-10% and 0-6.4%, respectively. Both these invasive Stegomyia mosquitoes were capable of vertically transmitting Zika virus under laboratory conditions, and approximately 5% of female progeny of Ae. aegypti were capable of transmitting Zika virus upon first bite.
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Arboviruses and symbiotic viruses cooperatively hijack insect sperm-specific proteins for paternal transmission. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1289. [PMID: 36894574 PMCID: PMC9998617 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36993-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses and symbiotic viruses can be paternally transmitted by male insects to their offspring for long-term viral persistence in nature, but the mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, we identify the sperm-specific serpin protein HongrES1 of leafhopper Recilia dorsalis as a mediator of paternal transmission of the reovirus Rice gall dwarf virus (RGDV) and a previously undescribed symbiotic virus of the Virgaviridae family, Recilia dorsalis filamentous virus (RdFV). We show that HongrES1 mediates the direct binding of virions to leafhopper sperm surfaces and subsequent paternal transmission via interaction with both viral capsid proteins. Direct interaction of viral capsid proteins mediates simultaneously invasion of two viruses into male reproductive organs. Moreover, arbovirus activates HongrES1 expression to suppress the conversion of prophenoloxidase to active phenoloxidase, potentially producing a mild antiviral melanization defense. Paternal virus transmission scarcely affects offspring fitness. These findings provide insights into how different viruses cooperatively hijack insect sperm-specific proteins for paternal transmission without disturbing sperm functions.
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Jian XY, Jiang YT, Wang M, Jia N, Cai T, Xing D, Li CX, Zhao TY, Guo XX, Wu JH. Effects of constant temperature and daily fluctuating temperature on the transovarial transmission and life cycle of Aedes albopictus infected with Zika virus. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1075362. [PMID: 36687634 PMCID: PMC9845868 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1075362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Numerous studies on the mosquito life cycle and transmission efficacy were performed under constant temperatures. Mosquito in wild, however, is not exposed to constant temperature but is faced with temperature variation on a daily basis. Methods In the present study, the mosquito life cycle and Zika virus transmission efficiency were conducted at daily fluctuating temperatures and constant temperatures. Aedes albopictus was infected with the Zika virus orally. The oviposition and survival of the infected mosquitoes and hatching rate, the growth cycle of larvae at each stage, and the infection rate (IR) of the progeny mosquitoes were performed at two constant temperatures (23°C and 31°C) and a daily temperature range (DTR, 23-31°C). Results It showed that the biological parameters of mosquitoes under DTR conditions were significantly different from that under constant temperatures. Mosquitoes in DTR survived longer, laid more eggs (mean number: 36.5 vs. 24.2), and had a higher hatching rate (72.3% vs. 46.5%) but a lower pupation rate (37.9% vs. 81.1%) and emergence rate (72.7% vs. 91.7%) than that in the high-temperature group (constant 31°C). When compared to the low-temperature group (constant 23°C), larvae mosquitoes in DTR developed faster (median days: 9 vs. 23.5) and adult mosquitoes carried higher Zika viral RNA load (median log10 RNA copies/μl: 5.28 vs. 3.86). However, the temperature or temperature pattern has no effect on transovarial transmission. Discussion Those results indicated that there are significant differences between mosquito development and reproductive cycles under fluctuating and constant temperature conditions, and fluctuating temperature is more favorable for mosquitos' survival and reproduction. The data would support mapping and predicting the distribution of Aedes mosquitoes in the future and establishing an early warning system for Zika virus epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-yi Jian
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China,State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-ting Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-xiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Tong-yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China,Tong-yan Zhao ✉
| | - Xiao-xia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China,Xiao-xia Guo ✉
| | - Jia-hong Wu
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China,*Correspondence: Jia-hong Wu ✉
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Evidence of Spreading Zika Virus Infection Caused by Males of Different Species. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092047. [PMID: 36146853 PMCID: PMC9506123 DOI: 10.3390/v14092047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA flavivirus and is mainly transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. This arbovirus has had a significant impact on health in recent years by causing malformations, such as microcephaly in babies and Guillain–Barré syndrome in adults. Some evidence indicates that ZIKV can be sexually transmitted and may persist in the male reproductive tract for an extended period in humans. Knockout and vasectomized mice have been used as models to reveal ZIKV infection in the male reproductive tract as a virus source. ZIKV presence in male and female mosquito reproductive tracts and eggs point to venereal and vertical/transovarian transmission, again demonstrating that the reproductive tract can be involved in the spread of ZIKV. Moreover, eggs protected by eggshells have the potential to be a ZIKV reservoir. Given the +-lack of vaccines and therapies for Zika fever and the underestimated prevalence rate, an understanding of ZIKV infection and its spread from the reproductive tract, which is protected from the immune system and potentially active for virus transmission, is imperative. We must also develop cheaper, more efficient techniques for virological surveillance inside vectors and humans, control vectors with ecofriendly insecticides, and promote condom use to avoid ZIKV contamination during sexual intercourse, as recommended by the World Health Organization.
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Ramos LFC, Martins M, Murillo JR, Domont GB, de Oliveira DMP, Nogueira FCS, Maciel-de-Freitas R, Junqueira M. Interspecies Isobaric Labeling-Based Quantitative Proteomics Reveals Protein Changes in the Ovary of Aedes aegypti Coinfected With ZIKV and Wolbachia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:900608. [PMID: 35873163 PMCID: PMC9302590 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.900608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika is a vector-borne disease caused by an arbovirus (ZIKV) and overwhelmingly transmitted by Ae. aegypti. This disease is linked to adverse fetal outcomes, mostly microcephaly in newborns, and other clinical aspects such as acute febrile illness and neurologic complications, for example, Guillain-Barré syndrome. One of the most promising strategies to mitigate arbovirus transmission involves releasing Ae. aegypti mosquitoes carrying the maternally inherited endosymbiont bacteria Wolbachia pipientis. The presence of Wolbachia is associated with a reduced susceptibility to arboviruses and a fitness cost in mosquito life-history traits such as fecundity and fertility. However, the mechanisms by which Wolbachia influences metabolic pathways leading to differences in egg production remains poorly known. To investigate the impact of coinfections on the reproductive tract of the mosquito, we applied an isobaric labeling-based quantitative proteomic strategy to investigate the influence of Wolbachia wMel and ZIKV infection in Ae. aegypti ovaries. To the best of our knowledge, this is the most complete proteome of Ae. aegypti ovaries reported so far, with a total of 3913 proteins identified, were also able to quantify 1044 Wolbachia proteins in complex sample tissue of Ae. aegypti ovary. Furthermore, from a total of 480 mosquito proteins modulated in our study, we discuss proteins and pathways altered in Ae. aegypti during ZIKV infections, Wolbachia infections, coinfection Wolbachia/ZIKV, and compared with no infection, focusing on immune and reproductive aspects of Ae. aegypti. The modified aspects mainly were related to the immune priming enhancement by Wolbachia presence and the modulation of the Juvenile Hormone pathway caused by both microorganism’s infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Felipe Costa Ramos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Michele Martins
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jimmy Rodriguez Murillo
- Division of Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gilberto Barbosa Domont
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Fábio César Sousa Nogueira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Maciel-de-Freitas
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Arbovirology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Magno Junqueira, ; Rafael Maciel-de-Freitas,
| | - Magno Junqueira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Magno Junqueira, ; Rafael Maciel-de-Freitas,
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Zhang Q, Jiang Y, Li C, Gao J, Zhao T, Zhang H, Li C, Xing D, Dong Y, Zhao T, Guo X. Survival and Replication of Zika Virus in Diapause Eggs of Aedes Albopictus From Beijing, China. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:924334. [PMID: 35875521 PMCID: PMC9301240 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.924334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) has emerged as a globally important arbovirus. The virus is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of an infective Aedes albopictus in temperate area. Vertical transmission of ZIKV by Ae. albopictus is determined and has been suggested to be a means by which the virus could persist in nature. Ae. albopictus undergoes a well-characterized photoperiodic diapause. Viruses are harbored by overwintering mosquitoes in diapause that contributes to the resurgence of vertebrate diseases in the following spring, yet little is known about the impact of diapause on the regulation of viral replication and survival. The purpose of this study is to determine that Ae. albopictus in Beijing are highly susceptible to ZIKV (92.3%), and viable virus is passed to their organs of progeny via vertical transmission. Moreover, diapause eggs (diapause incidence 97.8%) had significantly lower minimum infection rates and filial infection rates of the first gonotrophic cycle than those of the second gonotrophic cycle in the short-day photoperiod group. Regarding the development of diapause eggs, the minimum infection rates and ZIKV RNA copy number increased significantly, suggesting that virus RNA replication occurred in the diapause eggs. Meanwhile, eggs from the ZIKV-infected mosquitoes had a significantly lower hatching rate compared with uninfected mosquitoes, implying an intriguing interaction between diapause eggs and virus. The findings here suggest that vertical transmission of ZIKV from diapause eggs to progeny may have a critical epidemiological role in the dissemination and maintenance of ZIKV circulating in the vector.
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12
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Piedra LA, Martinez LC, Ruiz A, Vazquez JR, Guzman MG, Rey J, Bisset JA. First Record of Natural Transovarial Transmission of Dengue Virus in Aedes albopictus from Cuba. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 106:582-584. [PMID: 34749310 PMCID: PMC8832932 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Transovarial transmission (TOT) of dengue virus (DENV) in Aedes spp. is an important mechanism for DENV maintenance in nature and may be important in initiating outbreaks. The objective of this study was to explore the occurrence of TOT in wild Aedes albopictus populations in Cuba. Mosquito larvae were collected in Cotorro municipality, Havana, Cuba, and identified to species. Fifteen pools of Ae. albopictus each containing 30 larvae were processed for DENV detection by using conventional reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and nested PCR. Four out of 15 pools processed were positive for DENV-3, but no other DENV serotype was detected. This is the first time TOT of DENV detected in Cuban field populations of Ae. albopictus, and this suggests that this species may be an important vector of DENV in Cuba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Augusto Piedra
- Vector Control Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine “Pedro Kourí,” Havana, Cuba;,Address correspondence to Luis Augusto Piedra, Vector Control Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine “Pedro Kourí,” Avenida Novia del Mediodia, KM 6 1/2, La Lisa, La Habana, 11400, Cuba. E-mail:
| | - Liss Claudia Martinez
- Vector Control Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine “Pedro Kourí,” Havana, Cuba
| | - Armando Ruiz
- Vector Control Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine “Pedro Kourí,” Havana, Cuba
| | | | | | - Jorge Rey
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Juan Andres Bisset
- Vector Control Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine “Pedro Kourí,” Havana, Cuba
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13
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da Encarnação Sá-Guimarães T, Salles TS, Rocha Dos Santos C, Moreira MF, de Souza W, Caldas LA. Route of Zika virus infection in Aedes aegypti by transmission electron microscopy. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:300. [PMID: 34717555 PMCID: PMC8557066 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02366-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zika fever has been a global health security threat, especially in the tropical and subtropical regions where most of the cases occur. The disease is caused by Zika virus (ZIKV), which belongs to the family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus. The virus is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, mostly by Aedes aegypti, during its blood meal. In this study we present a descriptive analysis, by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), of ZIKV infection in A. aegypti elected tissues at the 3rd day of infection. ZIKV vertical transmission experiments by oral infection were conducted to explore an offspring of natural infection. Results Gut and ovary tissues harbored a higher number of viral particles. The ZIKV genome was also detected, by RT-qPCR technique, in the organism of orally infected female mosquitoes and in their eggs laid. Conclusions The data obtained suggest that the ovary is an organ susceptible to be infected with ZIKV and that virus can be transmitted from mother to a fraction of the progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiago Souza Salles
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, CEP 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlucio Rocha Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, CEP 21040-900, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Monica Ferreira Moreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, CEP 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem (CENABIO), CEP 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lucio Ayres Caldas
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. .,Duque de Caxias, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa UFRJ-Xerém em Biologia - NUMPEX-BIO, RJ, CEP: 25265-970, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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14
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Zhu C, Jiang Y, Zhang Q, Gao J, Li C, Li C, Dong Y, Xing D, Zhang H, Zhao T, Guo X, Zhao T. Vector competence of Aedes aegypti and screening for differentially expressed microRNAs exposed to Zika virus. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:504. [PMID: 34579782 PMCID: PMC8477552 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zika virus (ZIKV) is transmitted to humans primarily by Aedes aegypti. Previous studies on Ae. aegypti from Jiegao (JG) and Mengding (MD) in Yunnan province, China have shown that these mosquitoes are able to transmit ZIKV to their offspring through vertical transmission, indicating that these two Ae. aegypti strains pose a potential risk for ZIKV transmission. However, the vector competence of these two Ae. aegypti strains to ZIKV has not been evaluated and the molecular mechanisms influencing vector competence are still unclear. Methods Aedes aegypti mosquitoes from JG and MD were orally infected with ZIKV, and the infection rate (IR), dissemination rate (DR), transmission rate (TR) and transmission efficiency (TE) of these two mosquito strains were explored to evaluate their vector competence to ZIKV. On 2, 4 and 6 days post-infection (dpi), the small RNA profiles between ZIKV-infected and non-infected Ae. aegypti midgut and salivary gland tissues were compared to gain insights into the molecular interactions between ZIKV and Ae. aegypti. Results There were no significant differences in the IR, DR, TR and TE between the two Ae. aegypti strains (P > 0.05). However, ZIKV RNA appeared 2 days earlier in saliva of the JG strain, which indicated a higher competence of the JG strain to transmit ZIKV. Significant differences in the microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles between ZIKV-infected and non-infected Ae. aegypti were found in the 2-dpi libraries of both the midgut and salivary gland tissues from the two strains. In addition, 27 and 74 miRNAs (|log2 fold change| > 2) were selected from the miRNA expression profiles of ZIKV-infected and non-infected midgut and salivary gland tissues from the JG and MD strains, respectively. Conclusions Our results provide novel insights into the ZIKV–mosquito interactions and build a foundation for future research on how miRNAs regulate the vector competence of mosquitoes to this arbovirus. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-05007-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunling Zhu
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Diseases, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangxi International Zhuang Medicine Hospital, Nanning, 530201, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuting Jiang
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Diseases, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Qianghui Zhang
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Diseases, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Diseases, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Chaojie Li
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Diseases, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Chunxiao Li
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Diseases, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yande Dong
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Diseases, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Dan Xing
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Diseases, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Hengduan Zhang
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Diseases, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Teng Zhao
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Diseases, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Xiaoxia Guo
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Diseases, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Tongyan Zhao
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Diseases, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China.
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15
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Ren N, Wang X, Liang M, Tian S, Ochieng C, Zhao L, Huang D, Xia Q, Yuan Z, Xia H. Characterization of a novel reassortment Tibet orbivirus isolated from Culicoides spp. in Yunnan, PR China. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34494948 PMCID: PMC8567429 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Orbiviruses are arboviruses with 10 double-stranded linear RNA segments, and some have been identified as pathogens of dramatic epizootics in both wild and domestic ruminants. Tibet orbivirus (TIBOV) is a new orbivirus isolated from hematophagous insects in recent decades, and, currently, most of the strains have been isolated from insects in PR China, except for two from Japan. In this study, we isolated a novel reassortment TIBOV strain, YN15-283-01, from Culicoides spp. To identify and understand more characteristics of YN15-283-01, electrophoresis profiles of the viral genome, electron microscopic observations, plaque assays, growth curves in various cell lines, and bioinformatic analysis were conducted. The results indicated that YN15-283-01 replicated efficiently in mosquito cells, rodent cells and several primate cells. Furthermore, the maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees and simplot analysis of the 10 segments indicated that YN15-283-01 is a natural reassortment isolate that had emerged mainly from XZ0906 and SX-2017a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanjie Ren
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Mengying Liang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shen Tian
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Control of Tropical diseases,School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, PR China
| | - Christabel Ochieng
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Doudou Huang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qianfeng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Control of Tropical diseases,School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, PR China
| | - Zhiming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Han Xia
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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16
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Vertical transmission of zika virus in Aedes albopictus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008776. [PMID: 33057411 PMCID: PMC7671534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arthropod-borne flavivirus transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Aedes albopictus is an important vector of ZIKV worldwide. To date, most experiments have focused on the vertical transmission of ZIKV in Ae. aegypti, while studies on Ae. albopictus are very limited. To explore vertical transmission in Ae. albopictus, a series of laboratory studies were carried out. Methodology/Principal findings In this study, Ae. albopictus were blood-fed with ZIKV-infectious blood, and the ovaries and offspring viral infection rates were analyzed by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR), real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). ZIKV was detected in the ovaries and oviposited eggs in two gonotrophic cycles. The minimum filial egg infection rates in two gonotrophic cycles were 2.06% and 0.69%, and the effective population transmission rate was 1.87%. The hatching, pupation, and emergence rates of infected offspring were not significantly different from those of uninfected offspring, indicating that ZIKV did not prevent the offspring from completing the growth and development process. ZIKV was detected in three of thirteen C57BL/6 suckling mice bitten by ZIKV-positive F1 females, and the viremia persisted for at least seven days. Conclusions/Significance ZIKV can be vertically transmitted in Ae. albopictus via transovarial transmission. The vertical transmission rates in F1 eggs and adults were 2.06% and 1.87%, respectively. Even though the vertical transmission rates were low, the female mosquitoes infected via the congenital route horizontally transmitted ZIKV to suckling mice through bloodsucking. This is the first experimental evidence of offspring with vertically transmitted ZIKV initiating new horizontal transmission. The present study deepens the understanding of the vertical transmission of flaviviruses in Aedes mosquitoes and sheds light on the prevention and control of mosquito-borne diseases. Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that poses a serious threat worldwide because of its associated serious neurological complications, such as Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults and microcephaly in newborns. Vertical transmission of ZIKV in humans has been confirmed. Furthermore, there have been reports of ZIKV infection in field-collected eggs, larvae and adult mosquitoes, which implies that ZIKV can also be vertically transmitted in mosquito vectors. However, the characteristics of vertical transmission of ZIKV in Aedes albopictus remain unclear. Here, we infected mosquitoes by allowing them to feed on an infectious blood meal. F1 progeny (eggs and adults) from mosquitoes with ZIKV-positive ovaries were studied. Our results demonstrate that ZIKV can be vertically transmitted in Ae. albopictus via transovarial transmission. The female mosquitoes infected via the congenital route can horizontally transmit ZIKV to suckling mice through bloodsucking. These updated findings can be used for ZIKV disease prevention and vector control strategies.
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17
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Tang Z, Yamada H, Kraupa C, Canic S, Busquets N, Talavera S, Jiolle D, Vreysen MJB, Bouyer J, Abd-Alla AMM. High sensitivity of one-step real-time reverse transcription quantitative PCR to detect low virus titers in large mosquito pools. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:460. [PMID: 32907625 PMCID: PMC7488135 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04327-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mosquitoes are the deadliest animals in the world. Their ability to carry and spread diseases to humans causes millions of deaths every year. Due to the lack of efficient vaccines, the control of mosquito-borne diseases primarily relies on the management of the vector. Traditional control methods are insufficient to control mosquito populations. The sterile insect technique (SIT) is an additional control method that can be combined with other control tactics to suppress specific mosquito populations. The SIT requires the mass-rearing and release of sterile males with the aim to induce sterility in the wild female population. Samples collected from the environment for laboratory colonization, as well as the released males, should be free from mosquito-borne viruses (MBV). Therefore, efficient detection methods with defined detection limits for MBV are required. Although a one-step reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) method was developed to detect arboviruses in human and mosquito samples, its detection limit in mosquito samples has yet to be defined. Methods We evaluated the detection sensitivity of one step RT-qPCR for targeted arboviruses in large mosquito pools, using pools of non-infected mosquitoes of various sizes (165, 320 and 1600 mosquitoes) containing one infected mosquito body with defined virus titers of chikungunya virus (CHIKV), usutu virus (USUV), West Nile virus (WNV) and Zika virus (ZIKV). Results CHIK, USUV, ZIKV, and WNV virus were detected in all tested pools using the RT-qPCR assay. Moreover, in the largest mosquito pools (1600 mosquitoes), RT-qPCR was able to detect the targeted viruses using different total RNA quantities (10, 1 and 0.1 ng per reaction) as a template. Correlating the virus titer with the total RNA quantity allowed the prediction of the maximum number of mosquitoes per pool in which the RT-qPCR can theoretically detect the virus infection. Conclusions Mosquito-borne viruses can be reliably detected by RT-qPCR assay in pools of mosquitoes exceeding 1000 specimens. This will represent an important step to expand pathogen-free colonies for mass-rearing sterile males for programmes that have a SIT component by reducing the time and the manpower needed to conduct this quality control process.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Tang
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria.,Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Hanano Yamada
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carina Kraupa
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sumejja Canic
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Núria Busquets
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Sandra Talavera
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Davy Jiolle
- UMR MIVEGEC (IRD 224-CNRS 5290-UM), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Marc J B Vreysen
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jérémy Bouyer
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adly M M Abd-Alla
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria.
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18
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Comeau G, Zinna RA, Scott T, Ernst K, Walker K, Carrière Y, Riehle MA. Vertical Transmission of Zika Virus in Aedes aegypti Produces Potentially Infectious Progeny. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:876-883. [PMID: 32524954 PMCID: PMC7410478 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Vertical transmission, or pathogen transfer from female to offspring, can facilitate the persistence of emerging arboviruses, such as Zika virus (ZIKV), through periods of low horizontal transmission or adverse environmental conditions. We aimed at determining the rate of vertical transmission for ZIKV in its principal vector, Aedes aegypti, and the vector competence of vertically infected progeny. Aedes aegypti females that consumed a blood meal provisioned with ZIKV were maintained under three temperature conditions (27°C, 30°C, and 33°C) following the infectious blood meal and allowed to complete three reproductive cycles. The overall vertical transmission rate was 6.5% (95% CI = 3.9-9.9). Vertical transmission of ZIKV was observed across all temperature conditions and virus detected in adult progeny up to 2 weeks postemergence. In total, 3.4% (95% CI = 1.6-6.2) of adult progeny produced saliva with ZIKV, indicating their vector competence. These results suggest the virus may be maintained in Ae. aegypti populations without a vertebrate host for short periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Comeau
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Robert A. Zinna
- Department of Biology, Mars Hill University, Mars Hill, North Carolina
| | - Taylor Scott
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Kacey Ernst
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Kathleen Walker
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Yves Carrière
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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19
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Zhu C, Jiang Y, Zhang Q, Gao J, Gu Z, Lan C, Li C, Li C, Dong Y, Xing D, Li J, Guo X, Zhao T. Vertical Transmission of Zika Virus by Jiegao and Mengding Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Strains in Yunnan Province in China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 20:664-669. [PMID: 32639204 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen classified in the genus Flavivirus of the family Flaviviridae. Vertical transmission is considered to be the primary way to maintain some arboviruses under adverse natural conditions, which play a critical epidemiological role in arbovirus spread and maintenance. Aedes aegypti is the primary vector for ZIKV. In this study, we demonstrated vertical transmission in two Ae. aegypti strains from Jiegao (JG) and Mengding (MD) in the border area of Yunnan province. The minimum infection rate of F1 adult progeny from JG Ae. aegypti strain was significantly higher than that of MD Ae. aegypti strain in the second gonotrophic cycle (1:14.29 and 1:200, respectively, p < 0.05). The cytopathic effect was observed in C6/36 cells after infection of ZIKV isolated from the progeny. The results suggest that Ae. aegypti mosquitoes from JG and MD play potential roles in ZIKV spread and maintenance. Therefore, more adult and eggs control methods should be implemented to control mosquitoes if a Zika epidemic occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunling Zhu
- Department of Human Parasitology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Diseases, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Yuting Jiang
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Diseases, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Qianghui Zhang
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Diseases, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Diseases, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyu Gu
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Diseases, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Cejie Lan
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Diseases, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Chaojie Li
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Diseases, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxiao Li
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Diseases, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Yande Dong
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Diseases, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Xing
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Diseases, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Jinfu Li
- Department of Human Parasitology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaoxia Guo
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Diseases, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Tongyan Zhao
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Diseases, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
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20
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Li CX, Guo XX, Deng YQ, Liu QM, Xing D, Sun AJ, Wu Q, Dong YD, Zhang YM, Zhang HD, Cao WC, Qin CF, Zhao TY. Susceptibility of Armigeres subalbatus Coquillett (Diptera: Culicidae) to Zika virus through oral and urine infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008450. [PMID: 32628662 PMCID: PMC7402514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zika virus (ZIKV) disease outbreaks have been occurring in South America since 2015, and has spread to North America. Because birth defects and cases of Guillain Barré have been associated with infection with ZIKV, this has drawn global attention. ZIKV is generally considered an Aedes-transmitted pathogen. The transmission of ZIKV through blood by Aedes mosquito bites has been recognized as the major transmission route. However, it is not clear whether there are other transmission routes that can cause viral infection in mosquitos. The aim of the present study is to describe the susceptibility of Armigeres subalbatus, which often develop in human waste lagoons, to ZIKV, through oral infection in adult mosquitoes and urine infection in larvae. Methodology/Principal findings Five-day-old female Ar. subalbatus ingested infectious blood meals containing ZIKV. After 4, 7, and 10 days of ingesting infectious blood meals, ZIKV could be detected in the midguts, salivary glands, ovaries, and collected saliva of mosquitoes. The ZIKV infection rate (IR) on day 10 reached 40% in salivary glands and 13% in saliva, indicating that these mosquitoes were able to transmit ZIKV. In addition, ZIKV infection was also discovered in mosquito ovaries, suggesting the possibility of vertical transmission of virus. Moreover, Ar. subalbatus transmitted ZIKV to infant mice bitten by infectious mosquitoes. In a second experiment, 1st-instar larvae of Ar. subalbatus were reared in water containing ZIKV and human urine. After pupation, pupae were placed in clean water and transferred to a mosquito cage for emergence. Although ZIKV RNA was detected in all of the larvae tested, ZIKV was not detected in the saliva of any adult Ar. subalbatus. Considering that there are more uncontrollable factors in nature than in the laboratory environment, the possibility that the virus is transmitted to adult mosquitoes via larvae is very small period. Conclusions/Significance Adult Ar. subalbatus could be infected with ZIKV and transmit ZIKV through mosquito bites. Therefore, in many rural areas in China and in undeveloped areas of other Asian countries, the management of human waste lagoons in the prevention and control of Zika disease should be considered. Corresponding adjustments and modifications should also be made in prevention and control strategies against ZIKV. Zika is a serious threat to global health since the outbreak in Brazil in 2015. Zika virus (ZIKV) is generally considered as an Aedes-transmitted pathogen. The transmission of ZIKV by mosquito bite has been recognized as the major transmission route. However, it is possible that some important potential vectors may not yet have been examined. Armigeres subalbatus is one of primary mosquito species in China, which could develop in human waste lagoons. In the study, through oral infection experiments, it was found that Ar. subalbatus could be infected with ZIKV and transmit ZIKV through mosquito bites. Therefore, in many rural areas in China and in undeveloped areas of other Asian countries, it is valid to consider that this mosquito species should be given enough attention in the prevention and control of Zika epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-xiao Li
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-xia Guo
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-qiang Deng
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Qin-mei Liu
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Xing
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Ai-juan Sun
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Qun Wu
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-de Dong
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-mei Zhang
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Heng-duan Zhang
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Wu-chun Cao
- Department of Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WCC); (CFQ); (TYZ)
| | - Cheng-feng Qin
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WCC); (CFQ); (TYZ)
| | - Tong-yan Zhao
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WCC); (CFQ); (TYZ)
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21
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Manuel M, Missé D, Pompon J. Highly Efficient Vertical Transmission for Zika Virus in Aedes aegypti after Long Extrinsic Incubation Time. Pathogens 2020; 9:E366. [PMID: 32403319 PMCID: PMC7281418 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
While the Zika virus (ZIKV) 2014-2017 pandemic has subsided, there remains active transmission. Apart from horizontal transmission to humans, the main vector Aedes aegypti can transmit the virus vertically from mother to offspring. Large variation in vertical transmission (VT) efficiency between studies indicates the influence of parameters, which remain to be characterized. To determine the roles of extrinsic incubation time and gonotrophic cycle, we deployed an experimental design that quantifies ZIKV in individual progeny and larvae. We observed an early infection of ovaries that exponentially progressed. We quantified VT rate, filial infection rate, and viral load per infected larvae at 10 days post oral infection (d.p.i.) on the second gonotrophic cycle and at 17 d.p.i. on the second and third gonotrophic cycle. As compared to previous reports that studied pooled samples, we detected a relatively high VT efficiency from 1.79% at 10 d.p.i. and second gonotrophic cycle to 66% at 17 d.p.i. and second gonotrophic cycle. At 17 d.p.i., viral load largely varied and averaged around 800 genomic RNA (gRNA) copies. Longer incubation time and fewer gonotrophic cycles promoted VT. These results shed light on the mechanism of VT, how environmental conditions favor VT, and whether VT can maintain ZIKV circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menchie Manuel
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore;
| | - Dorothée Missé
- CNRS, IRD, MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, 34394 Montpellier, France;
| | - Julien Pompon
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore;
- CNRS, IRD, MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, 34394 Montpellier, France;
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22
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Rubio A, Cardo MV, Vezzani D, Carbajo AE. Aedes aegypti spreading in South America: new coldest and southernmost records. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2020; 115:e190496. [PMID: 32401999 PMCID: PMC7207151 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760190496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The geographic distribution of Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (L.) in South America has been expanding during the last decades. Herein we present two new distribution records that extend its southern limits towards localities with extremer environmental conditions than reported to date. San Antonio Oeste constitutes the southernmost finding for the continent (40º44’S), whereas Tandil is the infested locality with the coldest mean annual temperature in Argentina (14.17ºC). The projection of a previous distribution model for Ae. aegypti predicts these two cities as positive and suggests several other localities with suitable conditions for vector proliferation beyond its assumed distribution limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Rubio
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Cardo
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Darío Vezzani
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Aníbal Eduardo Carbajo
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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23
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Ali R, Azmi RA, Wasi Ahmad N, Abd Hadi A, Muhamed KA, Rasli R, Yoon Ling C, Anak Chua H, Lian Wan K, Lee HL. Entomological Surveillance Associated with Human Zika Cases in Miri Sarawak, Malaysia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 102:964-970. [PMID: 32228777 PMCID: PMC7204566 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Two confirmed human cases of Zika virus (ZIKV) were reported in the district of Miri, Sarawak, in 2016. Following that, a mosquito-based ZIKV surveillance study was conducted within 200-m radius from the case houses. Mosquito surveillance was conducted using five different methods, that is, biogents sentinel mosquito (BG) sentinel trap, modified sticky ovitrap, resting catch, larval surveillance, and conventional ovitrap. A total of 527 and 390 mosquito samples were obtained from the case houses in two localities, namely, Kampung Lopeng and Taman Shang Ri La, Miri, Sarawak, respectively. All mosquitoes collected were identified, which consisted of 11 species. Aedes albopictus, both the adult and larval stages, was the dominant species. Resting catch method obtained the highest number of adult mosquitoes (67%), whereas ovitrap showed the highest catch for larval mosquitoes (84%). Zika virus was detected in both adults and larvae of Ae. albopictus together with adults of Culex gelidus, and Culex quinquefasciatus using the real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. It was noteworthy that Ae. albopictus positive with ZIKV were caught and obtained from four types of collection method. By contrast, Cx. gelidus and Culex quinquefasciatus adults collected from sticky ovitraps were also found positive with ZIKV. This study reveals vital information regarding the potential vectors of ZIKV and the possibility of transovarian transmission of the virus in Malaysia. These findings will be essentials for vector control program managers to devise preparedness and contingency plans of prevention and control of the arboviral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roziah Ali
- Medical Entomology Unit, Institute for Medical Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Vectors, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ruziyatul Aznieda Azmi
- Medical Entomology Unit, Institute for Medical Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Vectors, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nazni Wasi Ahmad
- Medical Entomology Unit, Institute for Medical Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Vectors, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Azahari Abd Hadi
- Medical Entomology Unit, Institute for Medical Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Vectors, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khairul Asuad Muhamed
- Medical Entomology Unit, Institute for Medical Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Vectors, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rosilawati Rasli
- Medical Entomology Unit, Institute for Medical Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Vectors, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Cheong Yoon Ling
- Medical Entomology Unit, Institute for Medical Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Vectors, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Henry Anak Chua
- Miri District Health Office, Jalan Temenggong Oyong Lawai Jau, Miri, Malaysia
| | - Kiew Lian Wan
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Han Lim Lee
- Medical Entomology Unit, Institute for Medical Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Vectors, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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24
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Araujo RV, Feitosa-Suntheimer F, Gold AS, Londono-Renteria B, Colpitts TM. One-step RT-qPCR assay for ZIKV RNA detection in Aedes aegypti samples: a protocol to study infection and gene expression during ZIKV infection. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:128. [PMID: 32171303 PMCID: PMC7071672 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-4002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zika virus (ZIKV) is transmitted to humans during the bite of an infected mosquito. In a scenario of globalization and climate change, the frequency of outbreaks has and will increase in areas with competent vectors, revealing a need for continuous improvement of ZIKV detection tools in vector populations. A simple, rapid and sensitive assay for viral detection is quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), yet oligos optimized for ZIKV detection in mammalian cells and samples have repeatedly shown high background when used on mosquito ribonucleic acid (RNA). In this paper, we present a one-step qRT-PCR protocol that allows for the detection of ZIKV in mosquitoes and for the evaluation of gene expression from the same mosquito sample and RNA. This assay is a less expensive qRT-PCR approach than that most frequently used in the literature and has a much lower background, allowing confident detection. Methods Our new oligo design to detect ZIKV RNA included in silico analysis of both viral and mosquito (Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus) genomes, targeting sequences conserved between Asian and African ZIKV lineages, but not matching Aedes genomes. This assay will allow researchers to avoid nonspecific amplification in insect samples due to viral integration into the mosquito genome, a phenomenon known to happen in wild and colonized populations of mosquitoes. Standard curves constructed with in vitro transcribed ZIKV RNA were used to optimize the sensitivity, efficiency and reproducibility of the assay. Results Finally, the assay was used with success to detect both ZIKV RNA in infected mosquitoes and to detect expression of the Defensin A gene, an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) involved in Aedes aegypti immune response to virus infection. Conclusions The experimental approach to detect ZIKV RNA in Aedes aegypti presented here has demonstrated to be specific, sensitive and reliable, and additionally it allows for the analysis of mosquito gene expression during ZIKV infection.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Vieira Araujo
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.,Climate Division, Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovations and Communications, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Feitosa-Suntheimer
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander S Gold
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Tonya M Colpitts
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. .,National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
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25
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Monteiro FJC, Mourão FRP, Ribeiro ESD, Rêgo MODS, Frances PADC, Souto RNP, Façanha MDS, Tahmasebi R, Costa ACD. Prevalence of dengue, Zika and chikungunya viruses in Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in a medium-sized city, Amazon, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2020; 62:e10. [PMID: 32049261 PMCID: PMC7014551 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202062010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is associated with epidemic diseases in Brazil, such as urban yellow fever, dengue, and more recently, chikungunya and Zika viruses infections. More information about Ae. aegypti infestation is fundamental to virological surveillance in order to ensure the effectiveness of control measures in use. Thus, the present study aims to identify and compare infestation and infectivity of Ae. aegypti females in Macapa city, Amapa State (Amazon region), Brazil, between the epidemiological weeks 2017/02 and 2018/20. A total number of 303 Ae. aegypti females were collected at 21 fixed collection points, 171 at the 10 collection points in the Marabaixo neighborhood and 132 at the 11 collection points in the Central neighborhood. Among the collected samples, only two were positive for dengue virus, with a 2.08% (2/96 pools) infectivity rate for Marabaixo. The difference between the medians of Ae. aegypti females captured in Central and Marabaixo sites was not statistically significant. The findings indicate similar mosquito infestation levels between the neighborhoods, and a low-level of mosquito infectivity, although dengue virus was found only in Marabaixo. Virological surveillance of Ae. aegypti was important to identify sites of infection and determine possible routes of transmission to enable health surveillance teams to adopt preventive strategies where infected mosquitoes are present and act faster.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Roozbeh Tahmasebi
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Politécnica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antônio Charlys da Costa
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Laboratório de Virologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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26
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Maniero VC, Rangel PSC, Coelho LMC, Silva CSB, Aguiar RS, Lamas CC, Cardozo SV. Identification of Zika virus in immature phases of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus: a surveillance strategy for outbreak anticipation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 52:e8339. [PMID: 31721902 PMCID: PMC6853075 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20198339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A progressive increase in the circulation of arboviruses in tropical countries has been observed, accounting for 700,000 yearly deaths in the world. The main objective of this article was to identify the presence of Zika (ZIKV), dengue (DENV), and Chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses in immature stages of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus. Household collections of immature phases of the vectors were carried out in the years 2015 and 2016. A total of 2902 dwellings were visited and the rate of infestation with larvae and pupae of Aedes mosquitoes was 283/1462 (19.4%) in March 2015 and 55/1440 (3.8%) in June 2015. In March 2015, 907 larvae/pupae were collected (583 or 64.3% of Ae. aegypti and 324 or 35.7% of Ae. albopictus) while in June 2015 there was a reduction in the number of immature forms found: 197 larvae/pupae (121 or 61.4% of Ae. aegypti and 76 or 38.6% of Ae. albopictus). This reduction was accompanied by a decrease in suspected human ZIKV cases from March to June 2015. The RT-qPCR performed in 18 pools identified that three (two of Ae. aegypti and one of Ae. albopictus) were positive for ZIKV, and none were positive for DENV or CHIKV. Our findings demonstrated that ZIKV was present in immature stages of insect vectors in the study region at least five months prior to the peak of ZIKV associated cases. Xenomonitoring of immature phases of the vectors may prove useful for predicting outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- V C Maniero
- Departamento de Saúde, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biomedicina Translacional, Universidade do Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brasil
| | - P S C Rangel
- Departamento de Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade do Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brasil
| | - L M C Coelho
- Departamento de Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brasil
| | - C S B Silva
- Departamento de Genética, Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - R S Aguiar
- Departamento de Genética, Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - C C Lamas
- Departamento de Saúde, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biomedicina Translacional, Universidade do Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brasil.,Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - S V Cardozo
- Departamento de Saúde, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biomedicina Translacional, Universidade do Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brasil
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27
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Maia LMS, Bezerra MCF, Costa MCS, Souza EM, Oliveira MEB, Ribeiro ALM, Miyazaki RD, Slhessarenko RD. Natural vertical infection by dengue virus serotype 4, Zika virus and Mayaro virus in Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti and Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 33:437-442. [PMID: 30776139 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Vertical transmission to progeny ensures the maintenance of arboviruses in their natural vectors. This mechanism is largely reported for dengue virus (DENV) and yellow fever virus (YFV). Few studies have addressed this mechanism for Zika virus (ZIKV), Mayaro virus (MAYV) and other arboviruses. The present study investigated the natural infection rate by arboviruses in 4490 Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti and 296 Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) reared from eggs collected with ovitraps in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso State, from February to July, 2017. After viral RNA extraction and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction protocols for 10 flaviviruses and five alphaviruses, nucleotide sequencing and three passages in C6/36 cells, eight pools of Ae. aegypti positive for DENV-4 genotype II, seven for ZIKV Asian genotype and two for MAYV genotype L were found. In addition, two Ae. albopictus pools were positive for DENV-4 genotype II and two were positive for ZIKV Asian genotype. Infection was confirmed by viral isolation in all positive pools for DENV-4 and for MAYV and in eight of nine for ZIKV. This mechanism may contribute to the spread of arboviruses during epidemics and also to their maintenance in natural vectors during interepidemic periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M S Maia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde. Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - M C F Bezerra
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde. Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - M C S Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde. Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - E M Souza
- Instituto de Biociências. Laboratório de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - M E B Oliveira
- Instituto de Biociências. Laboratório de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - A L M Ribeiro
- Instituto de Biociências. Laboratório de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - R D Miyazaki
- Instituto de Biociências. Laboratório de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - R D Slhessarenko
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde. Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, Brazil
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28
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Izquierdo-Suzán M, Zárate S, Torres-Flores J, Correa-Morales F, González-Acosta C, Sevilla-Reyes EE, Lira R, Alcaraz-Estrada SL, Yocupicio-Monroy M. Natural Vertical Transmission of Zika Virus in Larval Aedes aegypti Populations, Morelos, Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:1477-1484. [PMID: 31310224 PMCID: PMC6649329 DOI: 10.3201/eid2508.181533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We characterized natural vertical transmission of Zika virus in pools of Aedes aegypti larvae hatched from eggs collected in Jojutla, Morelos, Mexico. Of the 151 pools analyzed, 17 tested positive for Zika virus RNA; infectious Zika virus was successfully isolated from 1 of the larvae pools (31N) in C6/36 cells. Real-time quantitative PCR and indirect immunofluorescence assays confirmed the identity of the isolate, named Zika virus isolate 31N; plaque assays in Vero cells demonstrated the isolate's infectivity in a mammalian cell line. We obtained the complete genome of Zika virus isolate 31N by next-generation sequencing and identified 3 single-nucleotide variants specific to Zika virus isolate 31N using the meta-CATS tool. These results demonstrate the occurrence of natural vertical transmission of Zika virus in wild Ae. aegypti mosquitoes and suggest that this transmission mode could aid in the spread and maintenance of Zika virus in nature.
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29
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Interaction of RNA viruses of the natural virome with the African malaria vector, Anopheles coluzzii. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6319. [PMID: 31004099 PMCID: PMC6474895 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42825-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes are colonized by a little-studied natural virome. Like the bacterial microbiome, the virome also probably influences the biology and immunity of mosquito vector populations, but tractable experimental models are lacking. We recently discovered two novel viruses in the virome of wild Anopheles and in colonies of the malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii: Anopheles C virus and Anopheles cypovirus. Here, we describe biological interactions between these two viruses and An. coluzzii mosquitoes. Viral abundance varies reproducibly during mosquito development. DNA forms of these viruses were not detected, and thus viral persistence is likely based on vertical transmission of RNA genomes. At least Anopheles C virus is vertically transmitted by an intraembryonic route. Relative abundance of the two viruses is inversely correlated in individual mosquitoes. One possible mechanism for this could be interactions with host immunity, and functional genomic analysis indicated differential influence of at least the Toll and JAK/STAT immune signaling pathways upon the viruses. The nonrandom distributions and interactions with host immunity suggest that these and other members of the natural virome may constitute a source of unrecognized heterogeneity in mosquito vector populations.
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30
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Gregory CJ, Oduyebo T, Brault AC, Brooks JT, Chung KW, Hills S, Kuehnert MJ, Mead P, Meaney-Delman D, Rabe I, Staples E, Petersen LR. Modes of Transmission of Zika Virus. J Infect Dis 2019; 216:S875-S883. [PMID: 29267909 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
For >60 years, Zika virus (ZIKV) has been recognized as an arthropod-borne virus with Aedes species mosquitoes as the primary vector. However in the past 10 years, multiple alternative routes of ZIKV transmission have been identified. We review the available data on vector and non-vector-borne modes of transmission and interventions undertaken, to date, to reduce the risk of human infection through these routes. Although much has been learned during the outbreak in the Americas on the underlying mechanisms and pathogenesis of non-vector-borne ZIKV infections, significant gaps remain in our understanding of the relative incidence of, and risk from, these modes compared to mosquito transmission. Additional research is urgently needed on the risk, pathogenesis, and effectiveness of measures to mitigate non-vector-borne ZIKV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Gregory
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Titilope Oduyebo
- Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Aaron C Brault
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - John T Brooks
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Koo-Whang Chung
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Susan Hills
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Matthew J Kuehnert
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Paul Mead
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Dana Meaney-Delman
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ingrid Rabe
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Erin Staples
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Lyle R Petersen
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
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31
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Mao Q, Wu W, Liao Z, Li J, Jia D, Zhang X, Chen Q, Chen H, Wei J, Wei T. Viral pathogens hitchhike with insect sperm for paternal transmission. Nat Commun 2019; 10:955. [PMID: 30814506 PMCID: PMC6393494 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08860-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) can be maternally transmitted by female insects to their offspring, however, it is unknown whether male sperm can directly interact with the arbovirus and mediate its paternal transmission. Here we report that an important rice arbovirus is paternally transmitted by the male leafhoppers by hitchhiking with the sperm. The virus-sperm binding is mediated by the interaction of viral capsid protein and heparan sulfate proteoglycan on the sperm head surfaces. Mating experiments reveal that paternal virus transmission is more efficient than maternal transmission. Such paternal virus transmission scarcely affects the fitness of adult males or their offspring, and plays a pivotal role in maintenance of viral population during seasons unfavorable for rice hosts in the field. Our findings reveal that a preferred mode of vertical arbovirus transmission has been evolved by hitchhiking with insect sperm without disturbing sperm functioning, facilitating the long-term viral epidemic and persistence in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianzhuo Mao
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.,State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops and College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Zhenfeng Liao
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Jiajia Li
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Dongsheng Jia
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.,State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops and College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.
| | - Taiyun Wei
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China. .,State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops and College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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32
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Zimler RA, Alto BW. Florida Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) and Aedes albopictus Vector Competency for Zika Virus. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:341-346. [PMID: 30668772 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) first spread into Brazil in 2013 and is now present throughout the Americas. In 2016, Florida witnessed the beginnings of local ZIKV transmission. No reports of local transmission have been reported for 2018; however, travel related cases continue to be reported. Recurrence of local transmission in the United States is a major public health risk in Florida where vectors Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae, Linnaeus) and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae, Skuse) are abundant and there is a high potential for virus reintroduction. A dose-response study was used to evaluate susceptibility and transmission potential of Florida Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus to ZIKV originating from Puerto Rico. Mosquitoes were orally exposed to one of three doses of ZIKV. Higher doses of infected blood resulted in overall greater infection rates in both mosquito species. Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were susceptible to infection with ZIKV and revealed a significant species by dose interaction. At low doses, Ae. aegypti was significantly less susceptible to infection with ZIKV than Ae. albopictus (6.7% and 44.4%, respectively). In contrast, at high doses, Ae. aegypti was significantly more susceptible to infection than Ae. albopictus (75.8% and 53.8%, respectively). No significant differences were observed between Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in disseminated infection (0-75%) and saliva infection (0-52.4%). These observations suggest greater susceptibility to infection for Ae. albopictus at lower doses likely encountered by viremic humans. However, low disseminated infection and saliva infection for Ae. albopictus, combined with catholic feeding behavior, are likely to limit transmission potential relative to Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Zimler
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Vero Beach, FL
| | - Barry W Alto
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Vero Beach, FL
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33
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Carbajo AE, Cardo MV, Vezzani D. Past, present and future of Aedes aegypti in its South American southern distribution fringe: What do temperature and population tell us? Acta Trop 2019; 190:149-156. [PMID: 30458122 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) (Linnaeus) is currently the major threat among arbovirus vectors in the Americas. We examined its past, present, and future distribution patterns in the South American fringe in association with environmental and demographic variables at two spatial scales. We updated the database of the occurrence of Ae. aegypti per locality and modelled by GLMM the past occurrence (until 2000) and its expansion (2001-2017) as a function of air temperature, precipitation, altitude, and population. We also conducted a field survey in 7 pairs of urban/rural cemeteries along the entire temperature range within the expansion region. At both scales, mean annual air temperature and human population were significantly associated with the distribution of Ae. aegypti. Projection of the expansion models for 2030 under two climatic change scenarios showed a vast infestation, mainly driven by the shift of the 16 °C isotherm. We postulate a quantitative compromise between air temperature and human population associated with vector occurrence, along with potential thresholds for their mutual favourability.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Carbajo
- Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores, General San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - M V Cardo
- Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores, General San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D Vezzani
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto Multidisciplinario sobre Ecosistemas y Desarrollo Sustentable, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires - CIC, Tandil, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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34
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Souza-Neto JA, Powell JR, Bonizzoni M. Aedes aegypti vector competence studies: A review. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019; 67:191-209. [PMID: 30465912 PMCID: PMC8135908 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is the primary transmitter of the four viruses that have had the greatest impact on human health, the viruses causing yellow fever, dengue fever, chikungunya, and Zika fever. Because this mosquito is easy to rear in the laboratory and these viruses grow in laboratory tissue culture cells, many studies have been performed testing the relative competence of different populations of the mosquito to transmit many different strains of viruses. We review here this large literature including studies on the effect of the mosquito microbiota on competence. Because of the heterogeneity of both mosquito populations and virus strains used, as well as methods measuring potential to transmit, it is very difficult to perform detailed meta-analysis of the studies. However, a few conclusions can be drawn: (1) almost no population of Ae. aegypti is 100% naturally refractory to virus infection. Complete susceptibility to infection has been observed for Zika (ZIKV), dengue (DENV) and chikungunya (CHIKV), but not yellow fever viruses (YFV); (2) the dose of virus used is directly correlated to the rate of infection; (3) Brazilian populations of mosquito are particularly susceptible to DENV-2 infections; (4) the Asian lineage of ZIKV is less infective to Ae. aegypti populations from the American continent than is the African ZIKV lineage; (5) virus adaptation to different species of mosquitoes has been demonstrated with CHIKV; (6) co-infection with more than one virus sometimes causes displacement while in other cases has little effect; (7) the microbiota in the mosquito also has important effects on level of susceptibility to arboviral infection; (8) resistance to virus infection due to the microbiota may be direct (e.g., bacteria producing antiviral proteins) or indirect in activating the mosquito host innate immune system; (9) non-pathogenic insect specific viruses (ISVs) are also common in mosquitoes including genome insertions. These too have been shown to have an impact on the susceptibility of mosquitoes to pathogenic viruses. One clear conclusion is that it would be a great advance in this type of research to implement standardized procedures in order to obtain comparable and reproducible results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayme A Souza-Neto
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, Multiuser Central Laboratory, Botucatu, Brazil; São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biotechnology, Botucatu, Brazil
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35
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da Silveira ID, Petersen MT, Sylvestre G, Garcia GA, David MR, Pavan MG, Maciel-de-Freitas R. Zika Virus Infection Produces a Reduction on Aedes aegypti Lifespan but No Effects on Mosquito Fecundity and Oviposition Success. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:3011. [PMID: 30619118 PMCID: PMC6305470 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A Zika virus (ZIKV) pandemic started soon after the first autochthonous cases in Latin America. Although Aedes aegypti is pointed as the primary vector in Latin America, little is known about the fitness cost due to ZIKV infection. We investigated the effects of ZIKV infection on the life-history traits of Ae. aegypti females collected in three districts of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Barra, Deodoro, and Porto), equidistant ~25 km each other. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes were classified into infected (a single oral challenge with ZIKV) and superinfected (two ZIKV-infected blood meals spaced by 7 days each other). ZIKV infection reduced Ae. aegypti survival in two of the three populations tested, and superinfection produced a sharper increase in mortality in one of those populations. We hypothesized higher mortality with the presence of more ZIKV copies in Ae. aegypti females from Porto. The number of eggs laid per clutch was statistically similar between vector populations and infected and uninfected mosquitoes. Infection by ZIKV not affected female oviposition success. ZIKV infection impacted Ae. aegypti vectorial capacity by reducing its lifespan, although female fecundity remained unaltered. The outcome of these findings to disease transmission intensity still needs further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Dias da Silveira
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Martha Thieme Petersen
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Sylvestre
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Azambuja Garcia
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Rocha David
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Márcio Galvão Pavan
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Maciel-de-Freitas
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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36
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Effects of the Environmental Temperature on Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus Mosquitoes: A Review. INSECTS 2018; 9:insects9040158. [PMID: 30404142 PMCID: PMC6316560 DOI: 10.3390/insects9040158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The temperature of the environment is one of the most important abiotic factors affecting the life of insects. As poikilotherms, their body temperature is not constant, and they rely on various strategies to minimize the risk of thermal stress. They have been thus able to colonize a large spectrum of habitats. Mosquitoes, such as Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, vector many pathogens, including dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses. The spread of these diseases has become a major global health concern, and it is predicted that climate change will affect the mosquitoes’ distribution, which will allow these insects to bring new pathogens to naïve populations. We synthesize here the current knowledge on the impact of temperature on the mosquito flight activity and host-seeking behavior (1); ecology and dispersion (2); as well as its potential effect on the pathogens themselves and how climate can affect the transmission of some of these pathogens (3).
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37
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Gutiérrez-Bugallo G, Rodríguez-Roche R, Díaz G, Pérez M, Mendizábal ME, Peraza I, Vázquez AA, Alvarez M, Rodríguez M, Bisset JA, Guzmán MG. Spatio-temporal distribution of vertically transmitted dengue viruses byAedes aegypti(Diptera: Culicidae) from Arroyo Naranjo, Havana, Cuba. Trop Med Int Health 2018; 23:1342-1349. [DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gladys Gutiérrez-Bugallo
- Department of Vector Control; Center for Research; Diagnostic and Reference; Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kourí; PAHO-WHO Collaborating Center for Dengue and its Control; Havana Cuba
| | | | - Gisell Díaz
- Department of Virology; Center for Research; Diagnostic and Reference; Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kourí; PAHO-WHO Collaborating Center for Dengue and its Control; Havana Cuba
| | - Magaly Pérez
- Unidad Provincial de Vigilancia y Lucha Antivectorial; Centro Provincial de Higiene y Epidemiología; Havana Cuba
| | - María Elena Mendizábal
- Unidad Provincial de Vigilancia y Lucha Antivectorial; Centro Provincial de Higiene y Epidemiología; Havana Cuba
| | - Iris Peraza
- Unidad Provincial de Vigilancia y Lucha Antivectorial; Centro Provincial de Higiene y Epidemiología; Havana Cuba
| | - Antonio A. Vázquez
- Department of Vector Control; Center for Research; Diagnostic and Reference; Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kourí; PAHO-WHO Collaborating Center for Dengue and its Control; Havana Cuba
| | - Mayling Alvarez
- Department of Virology; Center for Research; Diagnostic and Reference; Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kourí; PAHO-WHO Collaborating Center for Dengue and its Control; Havana Cuba
| | - Magdalena Rodríguez
- Department of Vector Control; Center for Research; Diagnostic and Reference; Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kourí; PAHO-WHO Collaborating Center for Dengue and its Control; Havana Cuba
| | - Juan A. Bisset
- Department of Vector Control; Center for Research; Diagnostic and Reference; Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kourí; PAHO-WHO Collaborating Center for Dengue and its Control; Havana Cuba
| | - María G. Guzmán
- Department of Virology; Center for Research; Diagnostic and Reference; Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kourí; PAHO-WHO Collaborating Center for Dengue and its Control; Havana Cuba
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38
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Tham HW, Balasubramaniam V, Ooi MK, Chew MF. Viral Determinants and Vector Competence of Zika Virus Transmission. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1040. [PMID: 29875751 PMCID: PMC5974093 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) has emerged as a new global health threat. Since its first discovery in Zika forest in Uganda, this virus has been isolated from several mosquito species, including Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. The geographical distribution of these mosquito species across tropical and subtropical regions has led to several outbreaks, including the recent pandemic in Brazil, followed by the Pacific islands and other areas of North and South America. This has gained attention of the scientific community to elucidate the epidemiology and transmission of ZIKV. Despite its strong attention on clinical aspects for healthcare professionals, the relationships between ZIKV and its principal vectors, A. aegypti and A. albopictus, have not gained substantial interest in the scientific research community. As such, this review aims to summarize the current knowledge on ZIKV tropism and some important mechanisms which may be employed by the virus for effective strategies on viral survival in mosquitoes. In addition, this review identifies the areas of research that should be placed attention to, for which to be exploited for novel mosquito control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wai Tham
- Biology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, SEGi University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Vinod Balasubramaniam
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Man K. Ooi
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Miaw-Fang Chew
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
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39
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Alfonso-Parra C, Avila FW. Molecular Responses to the Zika Virus in Mosquitoes. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7020049. [PMID: 29751526 PMCID: PMC6027243 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7020049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Zika virus (ZIKV), originally discovered in 1947, did not become a major concern until the virus swept across the Pacific and into the Americas in the last decade, bringing with it news of neurological complications and birth defects in ZIKV affected areas. This prompted researchers to dissect the molecular interactions between ZIKV and the mosquito vector in an attempt to better understand not only the changes that occur upon infection, but to also identify molecules that may potentially enhance or suppress a mosquito’s ability to become infected and/or transmit the virus. Here, we review what is currently known regarding ZIKV-mosquito molecular interactions, focusing on ZIKV infection of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, the primary species implicated in transmitting ZIKV during the recent outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Alfonso-Parra
- Max Planck Tandem Group in Mosquito Reproductive Biology, University of Antioquia, Calle 67 #53-108, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
- Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical, Carerra 43A # 52 sur-99, Sabaneta 055450, Colombia.
| | - Frank W Avila
- Max Planck Tandem Group in Mosquito Reproductive Biology, University of Antioquia, Calle 67 #53-108, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
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40
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Gaburro J, Bhatti A, Harper J, Jeanne I, Dearnley M, Green D, Nahavandi S, Paradkar PN, Duchemin JB. Neurotropism and behavioral changes associated with Zika infection in the vector Aedes aegypti. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:68. [PMID: 29691362 PMCID: PMC5915379 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0069-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Understanding Zika virus infection dynamics is essential, as its recent emergence revealed possible devastating neuropathologies in humans, thus causing a major threat to public health worldwide. Recent research allowed breakthrough in our understanding of the virus and host pathogenesis; however, little is known on its impact on its main vector, Aedes aegypti. Here we show how Zika virus targets Aedes aegypti’s neurons and induces changes in its behavior. Results are compared to dengue virus, another flavivirus, which triggers a different pattern of behavioral changes. We used microelectrode array technology to record electrical spiking activity of mosquito primary neurons post infections and discovered that only Zika virus causes an increase in spiking activity of the neuronal network. Confocal microscopy also revealed an increase in synapse connections for Zika virus-infected neuronal networks. Interestingly, the results also showed that mosquito responds to infection by overexpressing glutamate regulatory genes while maintaining virus levels. This neuro-excitation, possibly via glutamate, could contribute to the observed behavioral changes in Zika virus-infected Aedes aegypti females. This study reveals the importance of virus-vector interaction in arbovirus neurotropism, in humans and vector. However, it appears that the consequences differ in the two hosts, with neuropathology in human host, while behavioral changes in the mosquito vector that may be advantageous to the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Gaburro
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia.,Deakin University, Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation (IISRI), Geelong, Australia
| | - Asim Bhatti
- Deakin University, Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation (IISRI), Geelong, Australia
| | - Jenni Harper
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
| | | | - Megan Dearnley
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
| | - Diane Green
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
| | - Saeid Nahavandi
- Deakin University, Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation (IISRI), Geelong, Australia
| | - Prasad N Paradkar
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
| | - Jean-Bernard Duchemin
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia.
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Zika Virus in Salivary Glands of Five Different Species of Wild-Caught Mosquitoes from Mexico. Sci Rep 2018; 8:809. [PMID: 29339746 PMCID: PMC5770420 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18682-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen, and Aedes aegypti has been identified as the main vector of the disease. Other mosquito species in the Aedes and Culex genera have been suggested to have the potential for being competent vectors based on experimental exposition of mosquitoes to an infectious blood meal containing ZIKV. Here, we report the isolation in cell culture of ZIKV obtained from different body parts of wild-caught female mosquitoes (Ae. aegypti, Ae. vexans, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. coronator, and Cx. tarsalis) and whole male mosquitoes (Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus) in Mexico. Importantly, this is the first report that shows the presence of the virus in the salivary glands of the wild-caught female mosquitoes species, Cx. coronator, Cx. tarsalis, and Ae. vexans. Our findings strongly suggest that all the species reported herein are potential vectors for ZIKV.
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42
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Mosquitoes as Arbovirus Vectors: From Species Identification to Vector Competence. PARASITOLOGY RESEARCH MONOGRAPHS 2018. [PMCID: PMC7122353 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-94075-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Mosquitoes and other arthropods transmit a large number of medically important pathogens, in particular viruses. These arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) include a wide variety of RNA viruses belonging to the Flaviviridae family (West Nile virus (WNV), Usutu virus (USUV), Dengue virus (DENV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Zika virus (ZIKV)), the Togaviridae family (Chikungunya virus (CHIKV)), and Bunyavirales order (Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV)) (please refer also to Table 9.1). Arboviral transmission to humans and livestock constitutes a major threat to public health and economy as illustrated by the emergence of ZIKV in the Americas, RVFV outbreaks in Africa, and the worldwide outbreaks of DENV. To answer the question if those viral pathogens also pose a risk to Europe, we need to first answer the key questions (summarized in Fig. 9.1):Who could contribute to such an outbreak? Information about mosquito species resident or imported, potential hosts and viruses able to infect vectors and hosts in Germany is needed. Where would competent mosquito species meet favorable conditions for transmission? Information on the minimum requirements for efficient replication of the virus in a given vector species and subsequent transmission is needed. How do viruses and vectors interact to facilitate transmission? Information on the vector immunity, vector physiology, vector genetics, and vector microbiomes is needed.
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43
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Epelboin Y, Talaga S, Epelboin L, Dusfour I. Zika virus: An updated review of competent or naturally infected mosquitoes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005933. [PMID: 29145400 PMCID: PMC5690600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) that recently caused outbreaks in the Americas. Over the past 60 years, this virus has been observed circulating among African, Asian, and Pacific Island populations, but little attention has been paid by the scientific community until the discovery that large-scale urban ZIKV outbreaks were associated with neurological complications such as microcephaly and several other neurological malformations in fetuses and newborns. This paper is a systematic review intended to list all mosquito species studied for ZIKV infection or for their vector competence. We discuss whether studies on ZIKV vectors have brought enough evidence to formally exclude other mosquitoes than Aedes species (and particularly Aedes aegypti) to be ZIKV vectors. From 1952 to August 15, 2017, ZIKV has been studied in 53 mosquito species, including 6 Anopheles, 26 Aedes, 11 Culex, 2 Lutzia, 3 Coquillettidia, 2 Mansonia, 2 Eretmapodites, and 1 Uranotaenia. Among those, ZIKV was isolated from 16 different Aedes species. The only species other than Aedes genus for which ZIKV was isolated were Anopheles coustani, Anopheles gambiae, Culex perfuscus, and Mansonia uniformis. Vector competence assays were performed on 22 different mosquito species, including 13 Aedes, 7 Culex, and 2 Anopheles species with, as a result, the discovery that A. aegypti and Aedes albopictus were competent for ZIKV, as well as some other Aedes species, and that there was a controversy surrounding Culex quinquefasciatus competence. Although Culex, Anopheles, and most of Aedes species were generally observed to be refractory to ZIKV infection, other potential vectors transmitting ZIKV should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanouk Epelboin
- Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Vector Control and Adaptation Unit, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Stanislas Talaga
- Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Vector Control and Adaptation Unit, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Loïc Epelboin
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
- Ecosystèmes amazoniens et pathologie tropicale (EPAT), EA 3593, Université de Guyane–Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Isabelle Dusfour
- Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Vector Control and Adaptation Unit, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
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Diallo D, Diallo M. Why is Zika virus so rarely detected during outbreaks and how can detection be improved? BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:524. [PMID: 29084593 PMCID: PMC5661906 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2854-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Even during outbreaks, detection of Zika virus (ZIKV; genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae) in its mosquito vectors is surprisingly uncommon. Here we explore the reason for this apparent paradox and suggest strategies for improving the efficacy of ZIKV detection. Results There are several likely explanations for the rarity of ZIKV detection in field-collected mosquitoes during outbreaks, including the lag between the period when people are clinically ill and the initiation of entomological investigations, the prompt spraying of houses of identified cases, the difficulty of identifying some of the households of ZIKV infected cases, and the low efficiency of the sampling methods currently available. Thus, timely entomological investigation of suspected cases before the intervention of the vector control squad would enhance ZIKV detection from mosquitoes. For this to happen, administrative, financial and logistical issues must be solved before the beginning of outbreaks, and routine entomological surveillance must be conducted in foci of ZIKV amplification. Improving ZIKV detection during outbreaks is of paramount importance because identification of the mosquito species and population involved as vector in a given outbreak is a key element to a comprehensive and effective vector control strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diawo Diallo
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Mawlouth Diallo
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal
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