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Zou Y, Wu S, Xu X, Tan X, Yang S, Chen T, Zhang J, Li S, Li W, Wang F. Cope with copper: From molecular mechanisms of cuproptosis to copper-related kidney diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 133:112075. [PMID: 38663316 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Cuproptosis has recently been identified as a novel regulatory mechanism of cell death. It is characterized by the accumulation of copper in mitochondria and its binding to acylated proteins. These characteristics lead to the downregulation of iron-sulfur cluster proteins and protein toxicity stress, ultimately resulting in cell death. Cuproptosis is distinct from other types of cell death, including necrosis, apoptosis, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis. Cu induces oxidative stress damage, protein acylation, and the oligomerization of acylated TCA cycle proteins. These processes lead to the downregulation of iron-sulfur cluster proteins and protein toxicity stress, disrupting cellular Cu homeostasis, and causing cell death. Cuproptosis plays a significant role in the development and progression of various kidney diseases such as acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy, kidney transplantation, and kidney stones. On the one hand, inducers of cuproptosis, such as disulfiram (DSF), chloroquinolone, and elesclomol facilitate cuproptosis by promoting cell oxidative stress. In contrast, inhibitors of Cu chelators, such as tetraethylenepentamine and tetrathiomolybdate, relieve these diseases by inhibiting apoptosis. To summarize, cuproptosis plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of kidney disease. This review comprehensively discusses the molecular mechanisms underlying cuproptosis and its significance in kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Zou
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Shukun Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingli Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Tan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Tangting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jiong Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Shengqiang Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
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Dyslipidemia in Transplant Patients: Which Therapy? J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11144080. [PMID: 35887846 PMCID: PMC9318180 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11144080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the most important cause of death worldwide in recent years; an increasing trend is also shown in organ transplant patients subjected to immunosuppressive therapies, in which cardiovascular diseases represent one of the most frequent causes of long-term mortality. This is also linked to immunosuppressant-induced dyslipidemia, which occurs in 27 to 71% of organ transplant recipients. The aim of this review is to clarify the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying dyslipidemia in patients treated with immunosuppressants to identify immunosuppressive therapies which do not cause dyslipidemia or therapeutic pathways effective in reducing hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, or both, without further adverse events.
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Elli A, Traversi L, Ponticelli C. Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Renal Transplant Recipients. Int J Artif Organs 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/039139880002301102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Elli
- Nephrology and Dialysis Division, Maggiore Policlinico Hospital, IRCCS, Milano - Italy
| | - L. Traversi
- Nephrology and Dialysis Division, Maggiore Policlinico Hospital, IRCCS, Milano - Italy
| | - C. Ponticelli
- Nephrology and Dialysis Division, Maggiore Policlinico Hospital, IRCCS, Milano - Italy
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Kooshki A, Yazdi ME, Moghaddam MY, Akbarzadeh R. Status of antioxidant and homocysteine-lowering vitamins related to cardiovascular diseases in hemodialysis patients. Electron Physician 2017; 9:4895-4898. [PMID: 28894552 PMCID: PMC5587010 DOI: 10.19082/4895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of mortality in hemodialysis patients. Oxidative stress and hyperhomocysteinemia may contribute to an increased risk of CVD. Therefore, we assessed the status of antioxidant and homocysteine-lowering vitamins related to cardiovascular disease in hemodialysis patients at Vasei hospital in Sabzevar. Methods In this cross-sectional study, we enrolled 75 hemodialysis patients by using census method at Vasei Hospital in Sabzevar (Iran) in 2014. After measuring height and body weight, food intake was assessed by a 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire for at least two days (a non-dialysis and dialysis day), and food frequency was recorded with Nutritionist IV software. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 16, using descriptive statistical tests, one sample t-test and independent samples t-test and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results This study was carried out on 75 patients. Mean age and BMI of patients were 49.95±17.22 years and 20.04±3.38 kg/m2, respectively. Intake of all vitamins with the exception of vitamin B12 in hemodialysis patients studied, were less than the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) (p<0.05). Conclusion According to the survey, consumption of antioxidants and B-vitamins related to cardiovascular disease was less than RDA in hemodialysis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Kooshki
- Ph.D. of Nutrition, Associate Professor, Department of Nutrition & Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mitra Eftekhari Yazdi
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Manidgeh Yousefi Moghaddam
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Roya Akbarzadeh
- Department of Operating Room & Anesthesia, Faculty Member of Paramedic, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
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Agarwal A, Prasad GVR. Post-transplant dyslipidemia: Mechanisms, diagnosis and management. World J Transplant 2016; 6:125-134. [PMID: 27011910 PMCID: PMC4801788 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v6.i1.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-transplant dyslipidemia is highly prevalent and presents unique management challenges to the clinician. The two major outcomes to consider with post-transplant therapies for dyslipidemia are preserving or improving allograft function, and reducing cardiovascular risk. Although there are other cardiovascular risk factors such as graft dysfunction, hypertension, and diabetes, attention to dyslipidemia is warranted because interventions for dyslipidemia have an impact on reducing cardiac events in clinical trials specific to the transplant population. Dyslipidemia is not synonymous with hyperlipidemia. Numerous mechanisms exist for the occurrence of post-transplant dyslipidemia, including those mediated by immunosuppressive drug therapy. Statin therapy has received the most attention in all solid organ transplant recipient populations, although the effect of proper dietary advice and adjuvant pharmacological and non-pharmacological agents should not be dismissed. At all stages of treatment appropriate monitoring strategies for side effects should be implemented so that the benefits from these therapies can be achieved. Clinicians have a choice when there is a conflict between various transplant society and lipid society guidelines for therapy and targets.
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Fluvastatin Decreases Oxidative Stress in Kidney Transplant Patients. Transplant Proc 2015; 47:2870-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2015.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Khalatbari Soltani S, Jamaluddin R, Tabibi H, Mohd Yusof BN, Atabak S, Loh S, Rahmani L. Effects of flaxseed consumption on systemic inflammation and serum lipid profile in hemodialysis patients with lipid abnormalities. Hemodial Int 2012; 17:275-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1542-4758.2012.00754.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saman Khalatbari Soltani
- Department of Nutrition and DieteticsFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversiti Putra Malaysia Selangor Malaysia
| | - Rosita Jamaluddin
- Department of Nutrition and DieteticsFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversiti Putra Malaysia Selangor Malaysia
| | - Hadi Tabibi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition & DieteticsFaculty of Nutrition and Food TechnologyNational Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Barakatun Nisak Mohd Yusof
- Department of Nutrition and DieteticsFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversiti Putra Malaysia Selangor Malaysia
| | - Shahnaz Atabak
- Department of NephrologyShahid Modares Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Su‐Peng Loh
- Department of Nutrition and DieteticsFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversiti Putra Malaysia Selangor Malaysia
| | - Leila Rahmani
- Peritoneal Dialysis WardShahid Modares Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Islamic Republic of Iran
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Kooshki A, Taleban FA, Tabibi H, Hedayati M. Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Serum Lipids, Lipoprotein (a), and Hematologic Factors in Hemodialysis Patients. Ren Fail 2011; 33:892-8. [DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2011.605536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Mekki K, Taleb W, Bouzidi N, Kaddous A, Bouchenak M. Effect of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis on redox status in chronic renal failure patients: a comparative study. Lipids Health Dis 2010; 9:93. [PMID: 20815897 PMCID: PMC2941489 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-9-93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the effects of hemodialysis (HD) and periotoneal dialysis (PD) on oxidative stress in chronic renal failure patients (CRF). Methods 20 HD patients (M/F: 8/12, 36 ± 12 years) and 20 PD patients (M/F: 10/10, 40 ± 8 years) were compared with 20 end stage renal failure patients (CRF) (M/F: 4/16, 61 ± 13 years). Results Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values were elevated in HD and decreased in PD compared to CRF (P < 0.05). TBARS-VLDL and TBARS-HDL2 were decreased in HD and PD, compared to CRF (p < 0.05). TBARS-LDL were higher in HD compared to CRF (p < 0.05). No significant difference in TBARS-HDL3 values between the three groups. Carbonyls were increased in HD (p < 0.05) and PD (p < 0.01) compared to CRF. Plasma superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) was decreased in HD compared to CRF and PD (P < 0.05). Glutathion peroxidase activity (GSH-Px) was decreased in HD and PD (P < 0.005), compared to CRF. Decrease in catalase activity was noted only in PD compared to CRF (P < 0.05). An increase in nitric oxide was noted in HD compared to CRF (p < 0.05). Albumin concentrations were higher in HD and PD compared to CRF (P < 0.001). Whereas uric acid concentrations were decreased in HD (P < 0.001) compared to CRF and PD. Bilirubin values were similar in all groups. Increased values of iron were noted in HD and PD, compared to PD (p < 0.001). Conclusion HD and PD aggravate oxidative stress generated by uremia. HD accentuates lipid and protein peroxidation, while PD aggravates protein oxidation. However, the activity of antioxidant enzymes was altered by both dialysis treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khedidja Mekki
- Laboratoire de Nutrition Clinique et Métabolique, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Oran 31100, Algérie.
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Bakar F, Keven K, Dogru B, Aktan F, Erturk S, Tuzuner A, Erbay B, Nebioglu S. Low-Density Lipoprotein Oxidizability and the Alteration of Its Fatty Acid Content in Renal Transplant Recipients Treated With Cyclosporine/Tacrolimus. Transplant Proc 2009; 41:1630-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.01.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Fassett RG, Driver R, Healy H, Ranganathan D, Ratanjee S, Robertson IK, Geraghty DP, Sharman JE, Coombes JS. Comparison of markers of oxidative stress, inflammation and arterial stiffness between incident hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients--an observational study. BMC Nephrol 2009; 10:8. [PMID: 19284599 PMCID: PMC2666726 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-10-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients on peritoneal and hemodialysis have accelerated atherosclerosis associated with an increase in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The atherosclerosis is associated with increased arterial stiffness, endothelial dysfunction and elevated oxidative stress and inflammation. The aims of this study are to investigate the effects of peritoneal and hemodialysis on arterial stiffness, vascular function, myocardial structure and function, oxidative stress and inflammation in incident patients with end stage kidney disease. METHODS This is an observational study. Eighty stage five CKD patients will be enrolled and followed for one-year. Primary outcome measures will be changes in 1) arterial stiffness measured by aortic pulse wave velocity, 2) oxidative stress assessed by plasma F2 isoprostanes and 3) inflammation measured by plasma pentraxin-3. Secondary outcomes will include additional measures of oxidative stress and inflammation, changes in vascular function assessed using the brachial artery reactivity technique, carotid artery intimal medial thickness, augmentation index and trans thoracic echocardiography to assess left ventricular geometry, and systolic and diastolic function. Patients will undergo these measures at baseline (6-8 weeks prior to starting dialysis therapy), then at six and 12 months after starting dialysis. DISCUSSION The results of this study may guide the choice of dialysis modality in the first year of treatment. It may also lead to a larger study prospectively assessing the effect of dialysis modality on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. TRIAL REGISTRATION ACTRN12609000049279.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Fassett
- Renal Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Fassett RG, Healy H, Driver R, Robertson IK, Geraghty DP, Sharman JE, Coombes JS. Astaxanthin vs placebo on arterial stiffness, oxidative stress and inflammation in renal transplant patients (Xanthin): a randomised controlled trial. BMC Nephrol 2008; 9:17. [PMID: 19091127 PMCID: PMC2666668 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-9-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is evidence that renal transplant recipients have accelerated atherosclerosis manifest by increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The high incidence of atherosclerosis is, in part, related to increased arterial stiffness, vascular dysfunction, elevated oxidative stress and inflammation associated with immunosuppressive therapy. The dietary supplement astaxanthin has shown promise as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory therapeutic agent in cardiovascular disease. The aim of this trial is to investigate the effects of astaxanthin supplementation on arterial stiffness, oxidative stress and inflammation in renal transplant patients. Method and Design This is a randomised, placebo controlled clinical trial. A total of 66 renal transplant recipients will be enrolled and allocated to receive either 12 mg/day of astaxanthin or an identical placebo for one-year. Patients will be stratified into four groups according to the type of immunosuppressant therapy they receive: 1) cyclosporine, 2) sirolimus, 3) tacrolimus or 4) prednisolone+/-azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil or mycophenolate sodium. Primary outcome measures will be changes in 1) arterial stiffness measured by aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV), 2) oxidative stress assessed by plasma isoprostanes and 3) inflammation by plasma pentraxin 3. Secondary outcomes will include changes in vascular function assessed using the brachial artery reactivity (BAR) technique, carotid artery intimal medial thickness (CIMT), augmentation index (AIx), left ventricular afterload and additional measures of oxidative stress and inflammation. Patients will undergo these measures at baseline, six and 12 months. Discussion The results of this study will help determine the efficacy of astaxanthin on vascular structure, oxidative stress and inflammation in renal transplant patients. This may lead to a larger intervention trial assessing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Trial Registration ACTRN12608000159358
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Fassett
- Renal Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Kim BC, Song CY, Hong HK, Lee HS. Role of CAGA boxes in the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter in mediating oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced transcriptional activation in mesangial cells. Transl Res 2007; 150:180-8. [PMID: 17761371 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Revised: 04/03/2007] [Accepted: 04/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) activates transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)/Smad signaling to stimulate plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression in mesangial cells. Smad-binding sequences, termed CAGA boxes, are present in the promoter of human PAI-1 gene, and they mediate TGF-beta transcriptional induction. However, the functional role of each CAGA box in the Ox-LDL-induced PAI-1 promoter activation is unknown. In this study, mutation of 1 of the 3 CAGA boxes located at -730, -580, and -280 of the PAI-1 promoter decreased the Ox-LDL-induced luciferase activity by 40 to 58%, whereas mutations in 2 sites reduced it over 75% or completely abolished it. Overexpression of Smad3 in N-terminal tagged Smad3-transfected cells increased the Ox-LDL-induced transcriptional activation of the PAI-1 promoter, whereas mutation of Smad3 abolished it. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that the labeled -280, -580, and -730 CAGA box probes detected DNA/protein complexes induced by Ox-LDL, whereas mutant probes did not. When nuclear extracts were preincubated with a 100-fold of an unlabeled -280, -580, and -730 CAGA oligonucleotide, the formation of complexes was prevented but not with mutant CAGA box competitors. The addition of anti-Smad3 to the reaction with the labeled -280 or -580 CAGA box probe resulted in a supershift, but not with the -730 CAGA box probe. These results suggest that the 3 CAGA elements in the PAI-1 promoter mediate the Ox-LDL-induced PAI-1 transcription to a different degree, of which the -280 and -580 CAGA regions directly bind to Smad3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong Cho Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Josephine A, Veena CK, Amudha G, Preetha SP, Varalakshmi P. Protective role of sulphated polysaccharides in abating the hyperlipidemic nephropathy provoked by cyclosporine A. Arch Toxicol 2007; 81:371-9. [PMID: 17019561 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-006-0151-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cyclosporine A (CsA)-induced nephrotoxicity hampers the immense therapeutic potential of such a powerful immunosuppressant. The present study was conducted with an aim to explicate the contribution of sulphated polysaccharides (SPS) in abating the lipid abnormalities induced by CsA in the rat kidney. Hyperlipidemia associated with nephrotic syndrome may play a role in the worsening of renal function. Male albino Wistar rats sorted into four groups were used for the study. CsA was given at a dose of 25 mg/kg body weight, orally for 21 days. Significant alterations in the lipid profile as well an increase in the activity of cholesterol ester synthase, coupled with a decrease in cholesterol ester hydrolase and lipoprotein lipase enzyme activities were noted in the plasma and kidneys of CsA-administered rats. A marked increase in the lipoprotein fractions, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), along with a decrease in the HDL level were found in CsA-administered rats. The degree of nephrotoxicity allied with lipid discrepancies was evident from augmented urinary excretion of urea, uric acid and creatinine. Further, an enhanced susceptibility of the apo B-containing lipoproteins (LDL + VLDL) to oxidation in vitro, induced by copper ions was also found in the plasma of CsA given groups. While SPS co-treated groups (5 mg/kg body weight, subcutaneously) revealed a normalized lipid profile and lipid metabolizing enzymes, the supplementation of SPS also brought back the elevated urinary constituents close to that of the controls and substantially minimized the oxidative changes. With these observations, it may be concluded herein that SPS may be an ideal choice as a renoprotective and hypolipidemic agent against CsA-induced hyperlipidemic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Josephine
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, India
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MORENA M, CANAUD B, TERRIER N, CANAUD L, CRISTOL JP. Oxidative stress complex syndrome: The dark side of the malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome. Hemodial Int 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1542-4758.2007.00144.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Ujhelyi L, Balla G, Jeney V, Varga Z, Nagy E, Vercellotti GM, Agarwal A, Eaton JW, Balla J. Hemodialysis reduces inhibitory effect of plasma ultrafiltrate on LDL oxidation and subsequent endothelial reactions. Kidney Int 2006; 69:144-51. [PMID: 16374435 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5000007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and its deleterious effect on endothelium is implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Endothelium responds to such an insult by upregulating the synthesis of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and ferritin. Endothelial cell damage and dysfunction have been observed in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on maintenance hemodialysis (HD). We studied the effect of low-molecular-weight components of uremic plasma on LDL oxidation and LDL-oxidation-provoked endothelial cell reactions, such as the induction of cytotoxicity and the upregulation of cell-protective HO-1 and ferritin. Plasma ultrafiltrate (molecular weight<5000 Da) from CKD patients on HD or when treated conservatively exhibited a pronounced inhibition on heme-mediated oxidative modification of LDL. Endothelial cell cytotoxicity provoked by LDL oxidation was also attenuated by plasma ultrafiltrate from CKD patients. During HD treatment, a dramatic drop occurred in the retardation of oxidative reactions, and a loss of endothelial cytoprotection exerted by plasma ultrafiltrate was noted. The upregulation of HO-1 and ferritin in response to oxidative stress of LDL was blunted by uremic plasma ultrafiltrate that was released by the end of HD. The decreased antioxidant capacity of ultrafiltrate after HD occurred as a consequence of the intradialytic removal of L-ascorbic acid, uric acid, bilirubin, 3-indoxyl sulfate, indoxyl-beta-D-glucuronide, p-cresol, and phenol. Intradialytic removal of L-ascorbic acid, uric acid, bilirubin, 3-indoxyl sulfate, indoxyl-beta-D-glucuronide, p-cresol, and phenol increases the risk of LDL oxidation and subsequent endothelial cell damage, which underlines the importance of activation of cytoprotective HO-1 and ferritin in endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ujhelyi
- Department of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Jurek A, Turyna B, Kubit P, Klein A. LDL susceptibility to oxidation and HDL antioxidant capacity in patients with renal failure. Clin Biochem 2005; 39:19-27. [PMID: 16309663 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2005.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2005] [Revised: 07/07/2005] [Accepted: 08/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examines the susceptibility to oxidation and the ability to stimulate reactive oxygen species of LDL from hemodialysis (HD) and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. It was also designed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of HDL from uremic patients. DESIGN AND METHODS Lipoprotein properties were determined in 28 HD patients, 30 CAPD patients and 30 control subjects by spectrophotometric, chemiluminescence and electrophoresis methods. RESULTS CAPD LDL were more resistant to oxidation than control LDL. HD and control LDL, in contrast to CAPD LDL, stimulated reactive oxygen species generation in granulocytes. The HDL ability to protect LDL against oxidation was impaired in renal patients. CONCLUSIONS The risk of atherosclerosis development in patients with renal failure does not appear to be related to less resistance of LDL to oxidation, but rather to the decreased HDL antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Jurek
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Cracow, Poland.
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Cofan F, Cofan M, Campos B, Guerra R, Campistol JM, Oppenheimer F. Effect of Calcineurin Inhibitors on Low-Density Lipoprotein Oxidation. Transplant Proc 2005; 37:3791-3. [PMID: 16386540 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2005.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation is considered a key factor in the biological processes that trigger and accelerate atherosclerosis. Reported data suggest that tacrolimus improves the lipid profile in renal transplant recipients. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of converting from cyclosporine to tacrolimus on lipoprotein oxidation in renal transplant recipients. METHODS We studied a group of 12 recipients (6 men and 6 women of mean age 55 +/- 11 years) treated with a cyclosporine-mycophenolate mofetil (MMF)-prednisone combination that was converted to tacrolimus-MMF-prednisone because of gingival hyperplasia. The LDL fraction was isolated by density-gradient ultracentrifugation. Oxidative stress was studied before converting (baseline) and at 6 and 12 weeks, thereafter by in vivo oxidation analysis of LDL, a direct assay of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and oxLDL autoantibodies (Ab-oxLDL) using enzyme-immunoassay techniques. We measured total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, ApoA1, ApoB, and Lp(a) levels. RESULTS The change to tacrolimus resulted in significant decreases in TC levels, 213 +/- 30 (B) versus 185 +/- 27 (12s) (P < .01); LDL, 129 +/- 24 (B) versus 104 +/- 14 (12s) (P = .002); and ApoB 98 +/- 15 (B) versus 85 +/- 10 (12s) (P < .01). HDL levels significantly increased (45 +/- 10 vs 48 +/- 10 [12s]; P = .018), whereas oxLDL concentrations decreased significantly after conversion (B) (55.42 +/- 10.61 vs 12s 45.76 +/- 10.21; P < .01). Converting to tacrolimus produced a nonsignificant decrease in Ab-oxLDL (baseline 204.88 +/- 134.49 vs 12s 179.51 +/- 143.54). A correlation was observed between LDL and oxLDL (r = 65, P = .02 [B] and r = 0.7, P = .01 [12s]) but not between oxLDL levels and Ab-oxLDL concentration (r = -0.05, P = .87 [3] and r = -0.1, P = .77 [12s]). CONCLUSIONS In renal transplantation, tacrolimus therapy was associated with a better lipid profile and lower in vivo LDL oxidation when compared with cyclosporine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Cofan
- Renal Transplant Unit, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.
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20
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Morena M, Delbosc S, Dupuy AM, Canaud B, Cristol JP. Overproduction of reactive oxygen species in end-stage renal disease patients: a potential component of hemodialysis-associated inflammation. Hemodial Int 2005; 9:37-46. [PMID: 16191052 DOI: 10.1111/j.1492-7535.2005.01116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
During the past decade, hemodialysis (HD)-induced inflammation has been linked to the development of long-term morbidity in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on regular renal replacement therapy. Because interleukins and anaphylatoxins produced during HD sessions are potent activators for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, an example of an enzyme that is responsible for overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), this may constitute a link between leukocyte activation and cell or organ toxicity. Oxidative stress, which results from an imbalance between oxidant production and antioxidant defense mechanisms, has been documented in ESRD patients using lipid and/or protein oxidative markers. Characterization of HD-induced oxidative stress has included identification of potential activators for NADPH oxidase. Uremia per se could prime phagocyte oxidative burst. HD, far from improving the oxidative status, results in an enhancement of ROS owing to hemoincompatibility of the dialysis system, hemoreactivity of the membrane, and trace amounts of endotoxins in the dialysate. In addition, the HD process is associated with an impairment in antioxidant mechanisms. The resulting oxidative stress has been implicated in long-term complications including anemia, amyloidosis, accelerated atherosclerosis, and malnutrition. Prevention of oxidative stress in HD might focus on improving the hemocompatibility of the dialysis system, supplementation of deficient patients with antioxidants, and modulation of NADPH oxidase by pharmacologic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Morena
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Lapeyronie University Hospital, 371 Avenue Doyen Gaston Giraud, 34295 Montpellier, France
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21
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Corsini A, Holdaas H. Fluvastatin in the treatment of dyslipidemia associated with chronic kidney failure and renal transplantation. Ren Fail 2005. [PMID: 15957541 DOI: 10.1081/jdi-56623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Premature atherosclerotic coronary heart disease driven by multiple risk factors is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among the 6 million patients in the United States with chronic renal failure. Consensus is that kidney failure and renal transplantation patients should be treated aggressively for dyslipidemia. Major medical literature databases were searched for published information about fluvastatin, a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, used in patients with impaired renal function. This article characterizes the dyslipidemia observed in these clinical settings and reviews the clinical experience with fluvastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Corsini
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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22
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Song CY, Kim BC, Hong HK, Lee HS. Oxidized LDL activates PAI-1 transcription through autocrine activation of TGF-beta signaling in mesangial cells. Kidney Int 2005; 67:1743-52. [PMID: 15840021 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipid abnormalities and oxidative stress may be involved in the development of glomerulosclerosis. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a component of extracellular matrix (ECM) and target gene of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). Smad proteins play a key role in TGF-beta signaling, and Smad binding CAGA boxes are present in the PAI-1 promoter. This study examined whether oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) activates PAI-1 transcription in human mesangial cells, mediated by increased Smad/DNA interactions. METHODS Quiescent HMC were incubated with 50 microg/mL of Cu(++)-catalyzed Ox-LDL for 15 minutes to 4 hours, and the effects of Ox-LDL on TGF-beta1 and PAI-1 mRNA expression, PAI-1 promoter activity, and DNA binding activity of Smad proteins were examined. RESULTS Ox-LDL induced TGF-beta1 and PAI-1 mRNA expression. Ox-LDL increased the transiently transfected PAI-1 promoter activity as compared with controls to 3.9-fold. Ox-LDL-treated cells increased Smad3 protein levels two times the control levels in the nuclei. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) performed using a CAGA sequence probe and nuclear extracts showed that Ox-LDL increased DNA/protein complexes. When nuclear extracts were preincubated with 100 molar excess of unlabeled CAGA oligonucleotide or SB-431542, an inhibitor of the TGF-beta type I receptor, the formation of complex was prevented. The DNA binding protein was shown to be Smad3 by antibody supershift. Transfection of phosphorothioate CAGA oligonucleotides, which compete with the CAGA-containing PAI-1 promoter for Smad3 binding, inhibited the Ox-LDL-induced PAI-1 mRNA expression. Cotransfection of phosphorothioate CAGA oligonucleotides with PAI-1 reporter vector also blocked the Ox-LDL-induced PAI-1 promoter activity. CONCLUSION These results suggest that Ox-LDL activates TGF-beta/Smad signaling to stimulate PAI-1 transcription in human mesangial cells. Thus, progression of glomerular disease may be promoted by PAI-1 up-regulation in human mesangial cells mediated by the Ox-LDL-induced TGF-beta/Smad signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Young Song
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Blackhall ML, Coombes JS, Fassett R. The relationship between antioxidant supplements and oxidative stress in renal transplant recipients: a review. ASAIO J 2005; 50:451-7. [PMID: 15497384 DOI: 10.1097/01.mat.0000138077.90404.c8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal transplant recipients (RTRs) have elevated oxidative stress and a high incidence of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Although recent studies do not support the use of antioxidant supplements as a cardioprotectant in the general population, evidence suggests that RTRs may represent individuals that would benefit from this therapy. RTRs have elevated oxidative stress probably caused by the immunosuppressive therapy, and although only a small number of studies have examined the effects of antioxidant supplementation in these patients, most have reported beneficial findings. This review discusses these studies along with the rationale for the use of antioxidant supplements in RTRs and a call for more research to investigate this important topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie L Blackhall
- School of Human Movement Studies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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24
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Ohkawa S, Yoneyama T, Shimoi K, Takita T, Maruyama Y, Kumagai H. Pro-oxidative effect of α-tocopherol in the oxidation of LDL isolated from co-antioxidant-depleted non-diabetic hemodialysis patients. Atherosclerosis 2004; 176:411-8. [PMID: 15380467 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2003] [Accepted: 05/20/2004] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The association between the antioxidants in LDL and the oxidizability of LDL assessed by the oxidation lag time during copper ion-catalyzed oxidation was investigated in 69 non-diabetic hemodialysis patients and 23 healthy volunteers. The concentrations of co-antioxidants, including ubiquinol-10, lycopene and beta-carotene, in LDL were significantly lower in the hemodialysis patients than in the healthy volunteers, while there was no difference in the alpha-tocopherol concentration between the groups. The lag time showed a significantly positive correlation with the alpha-tocopherol level (r = 0.62, P < 0.01) in the healthy subjects, but a significantly negative correlation (r = -0.38, P < 0.05) in the hemodialysis patients. Furthermore, in vitro incubation of LDL with alpha-tocopherol prolonged the lag time in the healthy subjects, but shortened it in the hemodialysis patients. These results suggested that the alpha-tocopherol might exert the pro-oxidative effect in co-antioxidant-depleted LDL that was isolated from the hemodialysis patients. Despite such co-antioxidant depletion and the pro-oxidative effect of alpha-tocopherol, the lag time in the hemodialysis patients was not statistically different from that in the healthy volunteers. This might have been because the polyunsaturated fatty acids concentration, another determinant of the lag time, in LDL was less in the hemodialysis patients than in the healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakae Ohkawa
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences and COE Program in the 21st Century, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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25
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26
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Ferraro B, Galli F, Frei B, Kingdon E, Canestrari F, Rice-Evans C, Buoncristiani U, Davenport A, Moore KP. Peroxynitrite-induced oxidation of plasma lipids is enhanced in stable hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2003; 63:2207-13. [PMID: 12753309 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between end-stage renal disease (ESRD), hemodialysis, and oxidative stress is controversial. To determine whether ESRD causes oxidative stress, we measured basal levels of plasma F2-isoprostanes as a marker of lipid peroxidation in vivo, and peroxynitrite-stimulated formation of F2-isoprostanes, as a marker of the oxidizibility of plasma lipids in vitro, before and after routine hemodialysis. METHODS Total plasma F2-isoprostanes were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) before and after the oxidation of plasma lipids with the peroxynitrite-generating compound, 3-morpholino-sydnonimine (SIN-1), in 23 patients with ESRD patients undergoing regular hemodialysis, and 14 controls. Plasma vitamin E concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS There was no difference in basal plasma concentrations of F2-isoprostanes in the ESRD group prior to hemodialysis, 246 +/- 20 pg/mL, compared to controls, 252 +/- 28 pg/mL, or immediately on completion of hemodialysis, 236 +/- 14 pg/mL. Incubation of control plasma with SIN-1 caused the formation of F2-isoprostanes with plasma concentrations increasing to 987 +/- 54 pg/mL at 6 hours. The formation of F2-isoprostanes stimulated by SIN-1 was markedly enhanced in the plasma obtained from patients undergoing hemodialysis at 1861 +/- 174 pg/mL, P < 0.001, and SIN-1-induced formation of F2-isoprostanes was further increased in plasma obtained immediately after hemodialysis at 2437 +/- 168 pg/mL, P < 0.001. Incubation of plasma with SIN-1 resulted in the net consumption of vitamin E. CONCLUSION Although basal plasma F2-isoprostanes were similar in patients with ESRD compared with controls, the presence of oxidative stress in patients with ESRD was unmasked when the plasma was stressed by peroxynitrite generated from SIN-1, and this was enhanced further by hemodialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ferraro
- Centre for Hepatology, Royal Free & University College Medical School, London, United Kingdom
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27
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Konstadinidou I, Boletis JN, Perrea D, Triantafyllou A, Filiopoulos V, Stamataki E, Kostakis A, Stathakis CP. Beneficial effects of fluvastatin on progressive renal allograft dysfunction. Transplant Proc 2003; 35:1364-7. [PMID: 12826160 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(03)00376-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To assess the time-dependent changes in renal function in relation to antioxidant and lipid-lowering effects of fluvastatin in hyperlipidemic renal transplant recipients, 20 patients were treated with fluvastatin 40 mg/d for 12 months, after failure of a dietary program. Plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and lipid profiles were evaluated in relation to serum creatinine and calculated creatinine clearances 18 months before and during the fluvastatin treatment. Mean baseline lipid values were: total cholesterol 318 mg/dL, triglycerides 212 mg/dL, LDL cholesterol 219 mg/dL, HDL cholesterol 58 mg/dL, apolipoprotein A 176 mg/dL, and apolipoprotein B 145 mg/dL. During 12 months of treatment, fluvastatin produced consistent and significant reductions in total and LDL cholesterol (-18.4% and -24.1%), triglycerides (-17.7%), and apolipoprotein B (-22.7%) as well as an increase in HDL cholesterol (12.3%) and apolipoprotein A (9.2%). Plasma MDA levels decreased by 41.8% (from 3.5 +/- 0.3 to 1.8 +/- 0.1 nmol/mL, P =.00002). Creatinine clearance, which had been declining at a rate of 0.32 mL/min/month during the previous 18 months before treatment, progressively improved during treatment, giving a positive slope of the creatinine clearance, which increased by 0.35 mL/min/month, (P =.016; 53.3 +/- 4.2 mL/min vs 49.8 +/- 4.1 mL/min pretreatment). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that MDA was the parameter most closely associated with the variability in creatinine clearance. In conclusion, renal transplant patients with lipid abnormalities display renoprotective activity of fluvastatin, possibly due to its lipid-lowering and antioxidant effects.
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28
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Vanizor Kural B, Orem A, Cimşit G, Yandi YE, Calapoglu M. Evaluation of the atherogenic tendency of lipids and lipoprotein content and their relationships with oxidant-antioxidant system in patients with psoriasis. Clin Chim Acta 2003; 328:71-82. [PMID: 12559600 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(02)00373-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis is a common chronic and recurrent inflammatory skin disease that can occur due to abnormalities in essential fatty acid metabolism, lymphokine secretion, free radical generation, lipid peroxidation and eicosanoid metabolism, and has been associated with increased frequency of cardiovascular events. The current study was designed to evaluate plasma lipids, susceptibility of LDL to oxidation and oxidant-antioxidant status and their relationships in patients with psoriasis. METHODS The study group included 35 patients with psoriasis (18 females and 17 males), and 35 sex- and age-matched healthy volunteers (16 females and 19 males). From blood samples, their lipids, lipoproteins, acute phase reactants, lipid peroxidation products [lipid hydroperoxide (LHP) and malondialdehyde (MDA)], antioxidant enzymes [glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT)], total antioxidant status (TAS) and autoantibodies against oxidized low-density lipoprotein (AuAb-oxLDL) levels were determined. Moreover, the susceptibility of copper-induced in vitro oxidation of LDL was examined. RESULTS The mean levels of atherogenic lipids (total cholesterol [TC], triacylglycerol [TG] and LDL cholesterol [LDL-C]), acute-phase reactants (CRP, ESR, PMNLs, ceruloplasmin and fibrinogen) and lipid peroxidation products, AuAb-oxLDL levels in patients with psoriasis were found to be significantly higher than those of healthy subjects. On the other hand, TAS and antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, SOD and GSH-Px in erythrocyte and SOD in plasma) were significantly lower when compared to healthy subjects. The lag times [t(lag)], a measure of resistance to oxidation of LDL, were also lower. The levels of AuAb-oxLDL in patients were correlated with TC, LDL-C, plasma LHP, erythrocyte MDA, oxidized LDL-MDA (oxLDL-MDA), fibrinogen, CRP, PMNL levels and plasma SOD activities (r = 0.69, P < 0.01; r = 0.64, P < 0.01; r = 0.38, P < 0.05; r = 0.65, P < 0.01; r = 0.34, P < 0.05; r = 0.34, P < 0.05; r = 0.53, P < 0.01, r = 0.34, P < 0.05; r = -0.67, P < 0.01, respectively). On the other hand, t(lag) was correlated negatively with the levels of VLDL-TG, VLDL-TC and LDL-TG but positively correlated with the levels of TAS in psoriatics (r = -0.49, P < 0.01; r = -0.49, P < 0.01, r = -0.65, P < 0.05; r = 0.37, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that the psoriatic patients could be considered as a group with an increased atherosclerotic risk because of increased oxidant stress, decreased antioxidant capacity and susceptibility in lipid profile and lipoprotein content to atherogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgül Vanizor Kural
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
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29
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Baliga KV, Sharma PK, Prakash MS, Mostafi M. Lipid Profile In Transplant Patients: A Clinical Study. Med J Armed Forces India 2003; 59:32-5. [PMID: 27407454 PMCID: PMC4925745 DOI: 10.1016/s0377-1237(03)80101-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
15 renal transplant recipients were studied for their lipid profile. The patients were on regular post transplant follow up and had non clinical or laboratory evidence of graft dysfunction, intercurrent infection or post transplant diabetes mellitus for at least 3 months prior to the study. The mean duration of transplant was 15 ± 9.5 months (range 3-32 months). Majority (86%) were on triple immunosuppression therapy and received a mean prednisolone dose of 10.5 mg. An equal number of healthy subjects were randomly selected and studied for their lipid profile and served as control for the study group. There was no significant change in the HDL-cholesterol level as compared with controls. However, these patients showed a significantly higher LDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol levels. Further, a significant inverse correlation was observed between triglycerides and total cholesterol levels and transplant duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Baliga
- Classified Specialist (Medicine and Nephrology), Army Hospital (R&R), Delhi Cantt
| | - P K Sharma
- Graded Specialist (Medicine), Military Hospital, Panaji
| | - M S Prakash
- Classified Specialist (Medicine and Nephrology), Command Hospital (Southern Command), Pune 411 040
| | - M Mostafi
- Classified Specialist (Medicine), Combined Military Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Trainee in Nephrology, Command Hospital (Southern Command), Pune - 411 040
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophil oxygen radical production is increased in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients and it is further enhanced during dialysis with low-flux cellulosic membranes. This increased oxygen radical production may contribute to the protein and lipid oxidation observed in ESRD patients. We tested the hypothesis that high-flux hemodialysis does not increase oxygen radical production and that it is not associated with protein oxidation. METHODS Neutrophil oxygen radical production was measured during dialysis with high-flux dialyzers containing polysulfone and cellulose triacetate membranes. Free sulfhydryl and carbonyl groups and advanced oxidation protein products were measured to assess plasma protein oxidation. RESULTS Pre-dialysis, neutrophil oxygen radical production was significantly greater than normal and increased significantly as blood passed through the dialyzer in the first 30 minutes of dialysis. Post-dialysis, however, neutrophil oxygen radical production had decreased and was not different from normal. Pre-dialysis, significant plasma protein oxidation was evident from reduced free sulfhydryl groups, increased carbonyl groups, and increased advanced oxidation protein products. Post-dialysis, plasma protein free sulfhydryl groups had increased to normal levels, while plasma protein carbonyl groups increased slightly, and advanced oxidation protein products remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show that neutrophil oxygen radical production normalizes during high-flux dialysis, despite a transient increase early in dialysis. This decrease in oxygen radical production is associated with an improvement in some, but not all, measures of protein oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Ward
- Department of Medicine University of Louisville and Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky 40202-1718, USA.
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31
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Ambrosch A, Müller R, Freytag C, Borgmann S, Kraus J, Dierkes J, Neumann KH, König W. Small-sized low-density lipoproteins of subclass B from patients with end-stage renal disease effectively augment tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced adhesive properties in human endothelial cells. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 39:972-84. [PMID: 11979341 DOI: 10.1053/ajkd.2002.32771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Increased prevalence of small-sized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) subclass B (diameter < 25.5 nm) possibly is involved in the multifactorial process of cardiovascular disease in patients with end-stage renal disease. Given these epidemiological observations, mechanisms underlying the combined effect of a proinflammatory insult and LDL of different subclasses (subclass A, diameter > 25.5 nm, and subclass B) in a cellular model were investigated. For this, human umbilical vein endothelial cells were preexposed to LDL, then stimulated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Modulatory effects of LDL phenotypes on the activation of adhesion molecules, monocyte adherence, and transcriptional activity of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) were investigated. Our data show that subclass B LDLs were metabolized through nonspecific scavenger receptors and specific LDL-receptor pathways in endothelial cells. Furthermore, LDL subclass B in comparison to subclass A more effectively enhanced monocyte recruitment and adhesive properties of endothelial cells in response to TNF-alpha. These effects appeared not to be mediated by oxidative stress-responsive NF-kappaB because modulation of this transcription factor by LDL was moderate and similar for both LDL phenotypes. Conversely, effects of LDL subclass B were considered to be caused by augmented AP-1 binding activity. In conclusion, the present model provides new clues in atherogenic mechanisms of small-sized LDLs, which sensitize vascular cells to inflammatory signals more effectively than normal-sized LDLs.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiology
- Female
- Humans
- Hypertriglyceridemia/blood
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/biosynthesis
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/blood
- Lipoproteins, LDL/blood
- Lipoproteins, LDL/classification
- Lipoproteins, LDL/genetics
- Lipoproteins, LDL/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Monocytes/metabolism
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- Particle Size
- Phenotype
- Transcription Factor AP-1/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic/physiology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/physiology
- U937 Cells
- Umbilical Veins
- Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ambrosch
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Clinic of Nephrology, Otto-von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
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32
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Morena M, Cristol JP, Senécal L, Leray-Moragues H, Krieter D, Canaud B. Oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients: is NADPH oxidase complex the culprit? KIDNEY INTERNATIONAL. SUPPLEMENT 2002:109-14. [PMID: 11982824 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.61.s80.20.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress results from an imbalance between oxidant production, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), chlorinated compounds, and antioxidant defense mechanisms. Most reports prove that oxidative stress is present in ESRD patients. Several studies tend to accreditate the hypothesis by which oxidative stress is a strong co-factor for the development of complications related to long-term HD such as atherosclerosis, amyloidosis, malnutrition, anemia, and infection. In order to evaluate the rationale for curative action against oxidative damage in chronic renal failure patients, we reviewed the putative factors involved in this process. Antioxidant systems are severely impaired in uremic patients and gradually altered with the degree of renal failure. Moreover, the inflammatory state caused by the hemoincompatibility of the dialysis system plays a critical role in the activation of NADPH oxidase, aggravating the pro-oxidant status of uremic patients. Prevention of ROS overproduction by improvement of dialysis biocompatibility, an important component of adequate dialysis, might be completed by antioxidant supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Morena
- New England Medical Center, Division of Nephrology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Mathur S, Devaraj S, Jialal I. Accelerated atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia, and oxidative stress in end-stage renal disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2002; 11:141-7. [PMID: 11856905 DOI: 10.1097/00041552-200203000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Premature atherosclerosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in end-stage renal disease patients. Dyslipidemia and increased oxidative stress contribute to premature atherogenesis in these patients. The dyslipidemia of end-stage renal disease consists of both quantitative and qualitative abnormalities in serum lipoproteins. Qualitative changes include hypertriglyceridemia (increased remnant lipoproteins), low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and increased lipoprotein (a). In addition to quantitative changes, lipoproteins in end-stage renal disease undergo compositional and qualitative changes that make them pro-atherogenic, such as various modifications of apolipoprotein B, including oxidation, and modification by advanced glycation end-products. The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors and low-dose fibrates could be effective therapies for lipid disorders. The best evidence for increased oxidative stress in end-stage renal disease is the demonstration of increased plasma F2-isoprostanes. Confirmation of the positive findings with high-dose alpha-tocopherol in the Secondary Prevention with Antioxidants of Cardiovascular Disease in End-stage Renal Disease Study is urgently needed. Clinical trials with statins and other drugs that improve dyslipidemia also need to be undertaken. These therapies could clearly lead to a reduction in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surekha Mathur
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9073, USA
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34
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Venkiteswaran K, Sgoutas DS, Santanam N, Neylan JF. Tacrolimus, cyclosporine and plasma lipoproteins in renal transplant recipients. Transpl Int 2002. [PMID: 11793038 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2001.tb00079.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To compare the effect of tacrolimus (FK506) and cyclosporine (CsA) on plasma lipoproteins in renal transplant recipients receiving maintainance therapy, the following prospective study was undertaken. Blood from nineteen recipients on tacrolimus (FK group) and from twenty-one on CsA (CsA group) was collected at baseline, 3-, 6-, and 10-month intervals. Plasma lipids, lipoproteins and oxidation properties of lipoproteins were determined. Plasma total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B (apoB) were substantially increased in both groups, although only the CsA group showed significant differences at all time intervals and at the baseline. High density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and apolipoprotein A varied in both groups at time intervals from the baseline, but not significantly. The susceptibility to oxidation of LDL isolated from the FK group at all times was uninfluenced by the tacrolimus treatment, and values were comparable to those obtained from LDL isolated from healthy individuals. A significantly higher susceptibility to oxidation as indicated by the shorter time required to start the formation of conjugated dienes was observed in LDL isolated from the CsA group at 3 and at 6 months of therapy. Tacrolimus-treated patients appear to have less hyperlipidemic and have LDL less susceptible to oxidation than patients treated with CsA.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Venkiteswaran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University Hospital, Room F147, 1364 Clifton Road, N. E., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Cofan F, Zambon D, Laguna JC, Ros E, Casals E, Cofan M, Campistol JM, Oppenheimer F. Fatty acid composition of low-density lipoprotein in renal transplant recipients treated with cyclosporine. Transplant Proc 2002; 34:374-6. [PMID: 11959334 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(01)02809-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Cofan
- Renal Transplant Unit, Lipid Section, Biochemistry Department, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Cofan F, Zambon D, Laguna JC, Ros E, Casals E, Cofan M, Campistol JM, Oppenheimer F. Oxidation of low-density lipoproteins in renal transplant recipients treated with tacrolimus. Transplant Proc 2002; 34:377-8. [PMID: 11959335 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(01)02810-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Cofan
- Renal Transplant Unit, Lipid Section, Biochemistry Department, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Aging is related with an increase in oxidation products derived from nucleic acids, sugars, sterols and lipids. Evidence will be presented that these different oxidation products are generated by processes induced by changes in the cell membrane structure (CMS), and not by superoxide, as commonly assumed. CMS activate apparently membrane bound phospholipases A2 in mammals and plants. Such changes occur by proliferation, aging and especially by wounding. After activation of phospholipases, influx of Ca2+ ions and activation of lipoxygenases (LOX) is induced. The LOX transform polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) into lipid hydroperoxides (LOOHs), which seem to be decomposed by action of enzymes to signalling compounds. Following severe cell injury, LOX commit suicide. Their suicide liberates iron ions that induce nonenzymic lipid peroxidation (LPO) processes by generation of radicals. Radicals attack all compounds with the structural element -CH=CH-CH(2)-CH=CH-. Thus, they act on all PUFAs independently either in free or conjugated form. The most abundant LPO products are derived from linoleic acid. Radicals induce generation of peroxyl radicals, which oxidise a great variety of biological compounds including proteins and nucleic acids. Nonenzymic LPO processes are induced artificially by the treatment of pure PUFAs with bivalent metal ions. The products are separable after appropriate derivatisation by gas chromatography (GC). They are identified by electron impact mass spectrometry (EI/MS). The complete spectrum of LPO products obtained by artificial LPO of linoleic acid is detectable after wounding of tissue, in aged individuals and in patients suffering from age-dependent diseases. Genesis of different LPO products derived from linoleic acid will be discussed in detail. Some of the LPO products are of high chemical reactivity and therefore escape detection in biological surrounding. For instance, epoxides and highly unsaturated aldehydic compounds that apparently induce apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Spiteller
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
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Abstract
The mortality rates due to cardiovascular disease (CVD) in transplant recipients are greater than in the general population. CVD is a major cause of both graft loss and patient death in renal transplant recipients, and improving cardiovascular health in transplant recipients will presumably help to extend both patient and graft survival. Further studies are needed to better evaluate the effectiveness of risk modification on subsequent CVD morbidity and mortality. There is no reason to consider risk factors for CVD such as hyperlipidaemia, hypertension and diabetes mellitus in transplant recipients differently from in the general population. In addition, there are specific transplantation risk factors such as acute rejection episodes and the use of immunosuppressive drugs. It is obvious that several of the immunosuppressive agents used today have disadvantageous influences on risk factors for CVD such as hyperlipidaemia, hypertension and post-transplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM), but the relative importance of immunosuppressant-induced increases in these risk factors is basically unknown. This may be a strong argument for the selective use and individual tailoring of immunosuppressive agents based upon the risk factor profile of the patient, without jeopardising the function of the graft. Hyperlipidaemia is common after transplantation, and immunosuppression with corticosteroids, cyclosporin, or sirolimus (rapamycin) causes different types of post-transplantation hyperlipidaemia. However, to date, no studies have demonstrated that lipid lowering strategies significantly reduce CVD morbidity or mortality and improve allograft survival in transplant recipients. Several studies using preventive or interventional approaches are ongoing and will be reported in the near future. Post-transplantation hypertension appears to be a major risk factor determining graft and patient survival, and immunosuppressive agents have different effects on hypertension. Controlled studies support the opinion that post-transplantation hypertension must be treated as strictly as in a population with essential hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or chronic renal failure. As increasing numbers of immunosuppressive agents become available for use, we may be in a better position to tailor immunosuppressive therapy to the individual patient, avoiding the use of diabetogenic drugs, drug combinations, or inappropriate doses in patients susceptible to PTDM. Multiple acute rejection episodes have also been demonstrated to be a risk factor for CVD - a strong argument for the use of immunosuppressive drugs to reduce acute rejection. Until we have a better understanding from ongoing landmark studies on the management of CVD, presently available therapy to reduce risk factors needs to be used together with individual tailoring of immunosuppressive therapy with the aim of reducing CVD in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Fellström
- Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Abstract
Oxidative stress is believed to play an important role, albeit not fully recognized, in the development of vascular complications in diabetes mellitus (DM) particularly type 2. In the majority of studies, attention was focused on lipid oxidation, specifically on that of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). More recent investigations have revealed that it is not only the lipid but also the apolipoprotein moiety of LDL that becomes oxidatively modified resulting in the formation of insoluble aggregates. Consequently, it has been documented that LDL aggregation was due to the hydroxyl radical-induced dityrosine crosslinking between apo B monomers. In DM patients with atherosclerotic complications, intravascular fibrous deposits were shown to contain, in addition to oxidized LDL, a fibrin-like material (FLM). This material is immunologically identical to fibrin that is normally formed as a result of intravascular activation of the blood coagulation cascade. Although DM patients with vascular disease display increased concentration of plasma fibrinogen (Fbg), the precursor of fibrin, no markers of full blown activation of blood coagulation could be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lipinski
- Department of Genetics and Epidemiology, Room 305 Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Bosmans JL, Holvoet P, Dauwe SE, Ysebaert DK, Chapelle T, Jürgens A, Kovacic V, Van Marck EA, De Broe ME, Verpooten GA. Oxidative modification of low-density lipoproteins and the outcome of renal allografts at 1 1/2 years. Kidney Int 2001; 59:2346-56. [PMID: 11380839 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.00752.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies reported a significant association between hyperlipidemia of the recipient and chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN). However, the nature and the pathogenic mechanism of circulating lipid abnormalities in CAN remain unclear. METHODS In a prospective study of 50 consecutive adult recipients of a cadaveric renal allograft, we investigated the impact of lipid abnormalities on the outcome of the graft at 1 1/2 years. Besides morphometric analysis of implantation and protocol biopsies, clinical and biochemical variables were studied at three-month intervals. Plasma concentrations of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) were determined by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Immunohistochemical staining for OxLDL and macrophages was performed on paired renal biopsies. Study end points were the fractional interstitial volume and the 24-hour creatinine clearance at 11/2 years. RESULTS High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol of the recipient < or =47 mg/dL was a risk factor for the functional (RR = 1.56; 95% CI, 0.978 to 2.497) and the morphological (RR = 2.75; 95% CI, 1.075 to 7.037) outcome of the graft, mainly in patients without acute rejection (RR = 2.03; 95% CI, 1.13 to 3.65, and RR = 4.67; 95% CI, 1.172 to 18.582, respectively). Interstitial accumulation of OxLDL was inversely associated with HDL cholesterol (R = -0.476, P = 0.019), and was associated with a higher density of tubulointerstitial macrophages (R = 0.656, P = 0.001) and a higher fractional interstitial volume at 11/2 years (P = 0.049). CONCLUSION Decreased HDL cholesterol levels of the recipient adversely affect the outcome of renal allografts through the accumulation of OxLDL in the renal interstitium of the graft. Interstitial accumulation of OxLDL was associated with the presence of macrophages and the development of interstitial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Bosmans
- Department of Nephrology, University (Hospital) of Antwerp, Belgium
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Williams MJ, Sutherland WH, McCormick MP, de Jong SA, McDonald JR, Walker RJ. Vitamin C improves endothelial dysfunction in renal allograft recipients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16:1251-5. [PMID: 11390728 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/16.6.1251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial function is impaired in renal allograft recipients but the effects of antioxidant vitamin therapy on endothelial function in such patients is unknown. METHODS Thirteen renal allograft recipients were randomized to vitamin C or placebo in a double blind cross-over study design. Flow-mediated endothelium-dependent dilation and glyceryltrinitrate-induced endothelium-independent dilation of the brachial artery were assessed before and 2 h after oral administration of 2 g vitamin C or placebo. RESULTS Plasma vitamin C levels increased from 33.5+/-17.0 micromol/l to 98.8+/-60.2 micromol/l after treatment (P=0.0001). Endothelium-dependent dilation improved (from 1.6+/-2.6 to 4.5+/-2.5%) after vitamin C administration but was unchanged after placebo (1.9+/-1.5 to 1.8+/-2.5%; P=0.003 for vitamin C vs placebo). There was no significant change in endothelium-independent dilation in response to vitamin C. Vitamin C was also associated with a significant increase in the lag time in dilute serum oxidation (P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS Vitamin C acutely improves flow-mediated, endothelium-dependent dilation and increases the resistance of lipoproteins in dilute serum to oxidation in renal transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Williams
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Descamps-Latscha B, Drüeke T, Witko-Sarsat V. Dialysis-induced oxidative stress: biological aspects, clinical consequences, and therapy. Semin Dial 2001; 14:193-9. [PMID: 11422926 DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-139x.2001.00052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress, which results from a rupture in the natural balance between pro- and antioxidant systems, is considered as a major factor in dialysis-associated morbidity and mortality. Emerging pharmacologic and dialytic antioxidant therapeutic and dialysis strategies should enable us to reduce the harmful consequences of oxidative stress in dialysis patients. Moreover, since there is increasing evidence of oxidative stress long before the initiation of maintenance dialysis, antioxidant therapeutic strategies should probably be developed very early in the course of renal failure.
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Drüeke TB, Nguyen Khoa T, Massy ZA, Witko-Sarsat V, Lacour B, Descamps-Latscha B. Role of oxidized low-density lipoprotein in the atherosclerosis of uremia. KIDNEY INTERNATIONAL. SUPPLEMENT 2001; 78:S114-9. [PMID: 11168995 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.59780114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Lipoprotein oxidation is involved in the genesis of atherosclerosis. In chronic renal failure (CRF), oxidative stress is enhanced because of an imbalance between pro-oxidant and antioxidant systems. Oxidative modifications of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) occur not only at the level of lipid moiety, but also of protein moiety. We have shown that oxidation of LDL by hypochlorous acid (HOCl) in vitro, reflecting increased myeloperoxidase activity in vivo, leads to modifications of apoliproteins such that the latter in turn are capable of triggering macrophage nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase activation. These oxidative changes of LDL protein moiety, if shown to occur to a significant extent in uremic patients in vivo, may represent an important alternative pathway in the pathogenesis of atheromatous lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Drüeke
- Inserm U507, Division of Nephrology, and Biochemistry Laboratory A, Necker Hospital, Paris, France.
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Roob JM, Rabold T, Hayn M, Khoschsorur G, Resch U, Holzer H, Winklhofer-Roob BM. Ex vivo low-density lipoprotein oxidizability and in vivo lipid peroxidation in patients on CAPD. KIDNEY INTERNATIONAL. SUPPLEMENT 2001; 78:S128-36. [PMID: 11168998 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.59780128.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic renal failure is associated with accelerated atherosclerosis and a high incidence of cardiovascular disease. Oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is considered a key event in atherogenesis. METHODS We studied the ex vivo oxidizability of LDL exposed to Cu2+ ions (lag time, rate of propagation, maximum conjugated diene formation) and its relationship with LDL density, fatty acids, and antioxidants, along with plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and autoantibodies against Cu2+-, MDA-, and hypochlorous acid-modified LDL and plasma antioxidants in 17 continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients and 21 healthy control subjects. RESULTS LDL alpha- and gamma-tocopherol and total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentrations were significantly higher in the CAPD patients. LDL density was shifted to small, dense LDL. LDL oxidizability was comparable to that of healthy subjects. Lag time correlated positively with LDL alpha-tocopherol and inversely with both total PUFA concentrations and density; the rate of oxidation and LDL density correlated positively with total PUFA and total fatty acid concentrations, respectively. Ratios of autoantibody titers against oxidized to native LDL did not differ between the two groups. While plasma alpha- and gamma-tocopherol concentrations and tocopherol to cholesterol ratios were significantly higher, vitamin C concentrations were very low in the CAPD patients. MDA concentrations were 1.7 times higher than in healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS (1) Ex vivo LDL oxidizability is normal in CAPD patients as a result of efficient protection by LDL-associated lipophilic antioxidants, although the LDL composition is altered toward high oxidizability; and (2) the plasma antioxidant screen is insufficient due to impaired vitamin C status.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Roob
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Hemodialysis, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, Karl-Franzens University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Himmelfarb J, McMonagle E, McMenamin E. Plasma protein thiol oxidation and carbonyl formation in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 2000; 58:2571-8. [PMID: 11115093 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00443.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myeloperoxidase-catalyzed oxidative pathways have recently been identified as an important cause of oxidant stress in uremia and hemodialysis (HD), and can lead to plasma protein oxidation. We have examined patterns of plasma protein oxidation in vitro in response to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl). We measured thiol oxidation, amine oxidation, and carbonyl concentrations in patients on chronic maintenance HD compared with patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) and normal volunteers. We have also examined the effect of the dialysis procedure on plasma protein oxidation using biocompatible and bioincompatible membranes. METHODS Plasma proteins were assayed for the level of free thiol groups using spectrophotometry, protein-associated carbonyl groups by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and oxidation of free amine groups using a fluorescent spectrophotometer. RESULTS In vitro experiments demonstrate HOCl oxidation of thiol groups and increased carbonyl formation. In vivo, there are significant differences in plasma-free thiol groups between normal volunteers (279 +/- 12 micromol/L), CRF patients (202 +/- 20 micromol/L, P = 0.005) and HD patients (178 +/- 18 micromol/L, P = 0.0001). There are also significant differences in plasma protein carbonyl groups between normal volunteers (0.76 +/- 0.51 micromol/L), CRF patients (13.73 +/- 4.45 micromol/L, P = 0.015), and HD patients (16.95 +/- 2.62 micromol/L, P = 0.0001). There are no significant differences in amine group oxidation. HD with both biocompatible and bioincompatible membranes restored plasma protein thiol groups to normal levels, while minimally affecting plasma protein carbonyl expression. CONCLUSIONS First, both CRF and HD patients have increased plasma protein oxidation manifested by oxidation of thiol groups and formation of carbonyl groups. Second, HD with biocompatible and bioincompatible membranes restored plasma protein thiol groups to normal levels. Third, these experiments suggest that there is a dialyzable low molecular weight toxin found in uremia that is responsible for plasma protein oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Himmelfarb
- Maine Medical Center, Portland, and Maine Medical Center Research Institute, South Portland, Maine 04102, USA.
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Ramírez-Boscá A, Soler A, Carrión MA, Díaz-Alperi J, Bernd A, Quintanilla C, Quintanilla Almagro E, Miquel J. An hydroalcoholic extract of curcuma longa lowers the apo B/apo A ratio. Implications for atherogenesis prevention. Mech Ageing Dev 2000; 119:41-7. [PMID: 11040400 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(00)00169-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that free-radical induced blood lipid peroxidation and especially peroxidized LDL play a central role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular disease. Moreover, recent research highlights the key contribution of apolipoprotein B (apo B) to atherogenesis as the main inductor of one of its earlier steps, i.e. macrophage proliferation. This has led us to investigate the apo B response to a very effective phenolic lipid-antioxidant, namely an hydroalcoholic extract of Curcuma longa, which according to our previous work does not show any toxic effects and decreases the levels of blood lipid peroxides, oxidized lipoproteins and fibrinogen. The present study shows that a daily oral administration of the extract decreases significantly the LDL and apo B and increases the HDL and apo A of healthy subjects. This and recent data on the increased anti-atherogenic action of the physiological antioxidant tocopherol in the presence of phenolic co-antioxidants (which eliminate the tocopheroxyl radical), justifies planned clinical research to test the usefulness of the curcuma extract as a co-antioxidant complement to standard treatments to prevent or retard atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ramírez-Boscá
- A.S.A.C. Pharmaceutical International A.I.E., C/ Sagitario 14, 03006, Alicante, Spain
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Islam KN, O'Byrne D, Devaraj S, Palmer B, Grundy SM, Jialal I. Alpha-tocopherol supplementation decreases the oxidative susceptibility of LDL in renal failure patients on dialysis therapy. Atherosclerosis 2000; 150:217-24. [PMID: 10781654 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(99)00410-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) who have undergone dialysis treatment. The oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) appears to be a crucial step in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The increased oxidative stress and attendant increased oxidizability of lipoproteins, such as LDL could contribute to the accelerated atherosclerosis in dialysis patients. Since alpha-tocopherol (AT) is the major antioxidant in LDL, the aim of the present study was to test the effectiveness of RRR-AT supplementation (800 I.U. per day) for 12 weeks on the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation. The study subjects comprised patients with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis (HD), peritoneal dialysis (PD), and age and sex matched controls (C). Plasma fatty acids, lipoproteins and AT levels were measured in these subjects before and after supplementation. Also, LDL AT and oxidizability was studied. LDL was isolated by ultracentrifugation at baseline and after 12 weeks of supplementation, and subjected to a 5-h time course of copper catalyzed oxidation. Oxidation was measured by the formation of conjugated dienes (CD) and lipid peroxides (LP). Supplementation with AT did not alter the plasma lipid or lipoprotein profile of these subjects. Plasma lipid-standardized AT and LDL AT concentrations were not different among the groups at baseline. AT supplementation significantly increased plasma lipid-standardized AT (C=150%, HD=149%, PD=217%, P<0.001) and LDL AT concentrations (C=94%, HD=94%, PD=135%, P<0.003). AT enrichment of LDL resulted in a significant prolongation in conjugated diene lag phase in all groups (C=34%, HD=21%, PD=54%, P<0.02). Lipid peroxide lag phase was also increased significantly in C (27%,) and PD (40%) groups after AT supplementation (P<0.01). There was a significant positive correlation between plasma lipid standardized AT and lag phase (r=0. 54, P=0.0003). Overall, AT decreased the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation in patients with chronic renal failure but the benefit appears to be greater in patients on PD. Therefore, AT supplementation may also provide a measure of protection against CAD in patients with chronic renal failure on dialysis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Islam
- Center for Human Nutrition, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75235-9072, USA
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Mondorf UF, Schmidt R, Siegers J, Gross W, Geiger H, Scheuermann EH. Lipid hydroperoxides: Elevated levels in patients on haemodialysis and patients with chronic renal failure. Nephrology (Carlton) 2000. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1797.2000.00514.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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50
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Morena M, Cristol JP, Dantoine T, Carbonneau MA, Descomps B, Canaud B. Protective effects of high-density lipoprotein against oxidative stress are impaired in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000; 15:389-95. [PMID: 10692526 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/15.3.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular diseases represent the major cause of mortality in haemodialysis (HD) patients. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) is a major cardiovascular risk factor, implicated in atherosclerotic plaque formation. It has been suggested that high-density lipoprotein (HD) has the capacity to reduce the oxidative modifications of LDL. The aim of this study is to analyse the protective effects of HDL in HD patients. METHODS In vitro copper-induced LDL oxidation was evaluated in 12 patients with chronic renal failure (mean age 61.0+/-12.8 years) and compared to 25 healthy subjects (mean age 57.3+/-19.2 years). LDL were incubated in oxygen-saturated PBS, LDL oxidation was initiated by Cu (II) in the presence and absence of HDL and assessed by measuring the absorbance (abs) increase at 234 nm due to conjugated diene formation. Duration of lag time, maximum velocity (V(max.)) of lipid peroxidation, oxidation slope and half-time of maximum diene formation (T (1/2)) were obtained by kinetic modelling analysis. RESULTS HDL (1.06+/-0.31 vs 1.23+/-0.39 mmol/l) and Apo AI (1. 17+/-0.39 vs 1.49+/-0.20 g/l) levels were decreased in HD patients. In the absence of HDL, LDL obtained from HD patients showed an enhanced susceptibility to oxidation in vitro as demonstrated by the significant decrease in lag time (54.5+/-22.2 vs 79.4+/-37.8 min) and a significant increase in V(max.) (0.026+/-0.006 vs 0.017+/-0. 005 abs/min). In all cases, HDL (from 0.1 to 2 microM) prevented LDL oxidation in vitro; however, this effect was significantly reduced in HD patients: increase in lag time 54.2% vs 150.4% in HD vs controls; increase in T (1/2) 52.2% vs 124.6% in HD vs controls; decrease in V(max). 13.5% vs 38.5% in HD vs controls. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that qualitative abnormalities such as an impairment of HDL-associated enzymes are associated with a decrease of HDL levels during HD. Hence, in addition to the known impairment of reverse cholesterol transport, the reduction of HDL protective capacity against oxidative stress could be involved in the development of HD-induced atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Morena
- Department of Biochemistry, Lapeyronie Hospital, University of Montpellier, France
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