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Hossain R, Noonong K, Nuinoon M, Lao-On U, Norris CM, Sompol P, Rahman MA, Majima HJ, Tangpong J. Alzheimer's diseases in America, Europe, and Asian regions: a global genetic variation. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17339. [PMID: 38756443 PMCID: PMC11097964 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the multifaceted neurodegenerative diseases influenced by many genetic and epigenetic factors. Genetic factors are merely not responsible for developing AD in the whole population. The studies of genetic variants can provide significant insights into the molecular basis of Alzheimer's disease. Our research aimed to show how genetic variants interact with environmental influences in different parts of the world. Methodology We searched PubMed and Google Scholar for articles exploring the relationship between genetic variations and global regions such as America, Europe, and Asia. We aimed to identify common genetic variations susceptible to AD and have no significant heterogeneity. To achieve this, we analyzed 35 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 17 genes (ABCA7, APOE, BIN1, CD2AP, CD33, CLU, CR1, EPHA1, TOMM40, MS4A6A, ARID5B, SORL1, APOC1, MTHFD1L, BDNF, TFAM, and PICALM) from different regions based on previous genomic studies of AD. It has been reported that rs3865444, CD33, is the most common polymorphism in the American and European populations. From TOMM40 and APOE rs2075650, rs429358, and rs6656401, CR1 is the common investigational polymorphism in the Asian population. Conclusion The results of all the research conducted on AD have consistently shown a correlation between genetic variations and the incidence of AD in the populations of each region. This review is expected to be of immense value in future genetic research and precision medicine on AD, as it provides a comprehensive understanding of the genetic factors contributing to the development of this debilitating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahni Hossain
- School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Kunwadee Noonong
- School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Product (RECIHP), School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Manit Nuinoon
- School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Udom Lao-On
- School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Product (RECIHP), School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Christopher M. Norris
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Pradoldej Sompol
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Md. Atiar Rahman
- School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Hideyuki J. Majima
- School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Product (RECIHP), School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Jitbanjong Tangpong
- School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Product (RECIHP), School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
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Nicolas G. Lessons from genetic studies in Alzheimer disease. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2024; 180:368-377. [PMID: 38429159 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Research on Alzheimer disease (AD) genetics has provided critical advances to the knowledge of AD pathophysiological mechanisms. The etiology of AD can be divided into monogenic (autosomal dominant inheritance) and complex (multifactorial determinism). In monogenic AD, recent advances mainly concern mutation-associated mechanisms, presymptomatic clinical studies, and the search for modifiers of ages of onset that are still ongoing. In complex AD, genetic factors can be further categorized into three classes: (i) the APOE-ɛ4 and ɛ2 common alleles that represent a category by themselves as they are both common and with a strong impact on AD risk; (ii) common variants with a modest effect, identified in genome-wide association studies (GWAS); and (iii) rare variants with a moderate-to-strong effect, identified in case-control sequencing studies. Regarding APOE, odds ratios, available in multiple ethnicities, can now be converted into penetrance curves, although such curves remain to be performed in diverse ethnicities. In addition, advances in the understanding of mechanisms have been recently reported and rare APOE variants add to the complexity. In the GWAS category, novel loci have been discovered thanks to larger studies, doubling the number of hits as compared to the previous reference meta-analysis. However, such modest risk factors cannot be used in the clinic, neither individually, nor in genetic risk scores. In the category of rare variants, two novel genes, ABCA1 and ATP8B4 now add to the three main ones, TREM2, SORL1, and ABCA7. The study of such rare variants suggests oligogenic inheritance in some families, as also suggested by digenic penetrance curves for SORL1 loss-of-function variants with APOE-ɛ4. Cumulate frequencies of definite (so-called) rare risk factors are 2.3% to 3.6% (depending on thresholds on odds ratios) in control databases and many more remain to be classified and identified, showing how important these risk factors may be as part of the complex determinism of AD. A better understanding of these rare risk factors and their combined effects on each other, with common variants, and with environmental factors, should allow for a prediction of AD risk and, eventually, preventive medicine. Taken together, most genetic determinants of AD, in monogenic and in complex forms, point toward the aggregation of Aβ as a pivotal triggering factor, such that targeting it may be efficient as prevention in at-risk individuals. The role of neuroinflammation, microglia, and Tau pathology modulation are important sources of research for disease modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nicolas
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Normandie Univ, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNRMAJ, 76000 Rouen, France.
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3
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Nicolas G, Zaréa A, Lacour M, Quenez O, Rousseau S, Richard AC, Bonnevalle A, Schramm C, Olaso R, Sandron F, Boland A, Deleuze JF, Andriuta D, Anthony P, Auriacombe S, Balageas AC, Ballan G, Barbay M, Béjot Y, Belliard S, Benaiteau M, Bennys K, Bombois S, Boutoleau-Bretonnière C, Branger P, Carlier J, Cartz-Piver L, Cassagnaud P, Ceccaldi MP, Chauviré V, Chen Y, Cogez J, Cognat E, Contegal-Callier F, Corneille L, Couratier P, Cretin B, Crinquette C, Dauriat B, Dautricourt S, de la Sayette V, de Liège A, Deffond D, Demurger F, Deramecourt V, Derollez C, Dionet E, Doco Fenzy M, Dumurgier J, Dutray A, Etcharry-Bouyx F, Formaglio M, Gabelle A, Gainche-Salmon A, Godefroy O, Graber M, Gregoire C, Grimaldi S, Gueniat J, Gueriot C, Guillet-Pichon V, Haffen S, Hanta CR, Hardy C, Hautecloque G, Heitz C, Hourregue C, Jonveaux T, Jurici S, Koric L, Krolak-Salmon P, Lagarde J, Lanoiselée HM, Laurens B, Le Ber I, Le Guyader G, Leblanc A, Lebouvier T, Levy R, Lippi A, Mackowiak MA, Magnin E, Marelli C, Martinaud O, Maureille A, Migliaccio R, Milongo-Rigal E, Mohr S, Mollion H, Morin A, Nivelle J, Noiray C, Olivieri P, Paquet C, Pariente J, Pasquier F, Perron A, Philippi N, Planche V, Pouclet-Courtemanche H, Rafiq M, Rollin-Sillaire A, Roué-Jagot C, Saracino D, Sarazin M, Sauvée M, Sellal F, Teichmann M, Thauvin C, Thomas Q, Tisserand C, Turpinat C, Van Damme L, Vercruysse O, Villain N, Wagemann N, Charbonnier C, Wallon D. Assessment of Mendelian and risk-factor genes in Alzheimer disease: A prospective nationwide clinical utility study and recommendations for genetic screening. Genet Med 2024; 26:101082. [PMID: 38281098 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2024.101082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the likely pathogenic/pathogenic (LP/P) variants rates in Mendelian dementia genes and the moderate-to-strong risk factors rates in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). METHODS We included 700 patients in a prospective study and performed exome sequencing. A panel of 28 Mendelian and 6 risk-factor genes was interpreted and returned to patients. We built a framework for risk variant interpretation and risk gradation and assessed the detection rates among early-onset AD (EOAD, age of onset (AOO) ≤65 years, n = 608) depending on AOO and pedigree structure and late-onset AD (66 < AOO < 75, n = 92). RESULTS Twenty-one patients carried a LP/P variant in a Mendelian gene (all with EOAD, 3.4%), 20 of 21 affected APP, PSEN1, or PSEN2. LP/P variant detection rates in EOAD ranged from 1.7% to 11.6% based on AOO and pedigree structure. Risk factors were found in 69.5% of the remaining 679 patients, including 83 (12.2%) being heterozygotes for rare risk variants, in decreasing order of frequency, in TREM2, ABCA7, ATP8B4, SORL1, and ABCA1, including 5 heterozygotes for multiple rare risk variants, suggesting non-monogenic inheritance, even in some autosomal-dominant-like pedigrees. CONCLUSION We suggest that genetic screening should be proposed to all EOAD patients and should no longer be prioritized based on pedigree structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Nicolas
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Normandie Univ, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNRMAJ, F-76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Aline Zaréa
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Normandie Univ, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Neurology and CNRMAJ, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Morgane Lacour
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Normandie Univ, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Neurology and CNRMAJ, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Olivier Quenez
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Normandie Univ, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNRMAJ, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Stéphane Rousseau
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Normandie Univ, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNRMAJ, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Anne-Claire Richard
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Normandie Univ, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNRMAJ, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Antoine Bonnevalle
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Normandie Univ, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNRMAJ, F-76000 Rouen, France; Univ Rouen Normandie, Normandie Univ, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Neurology and CNRMAJ, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Catherine Schramm
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Normandie Univ, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNRMAJ, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Robert Olaso
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), Evry, France
| | - Florian Sandron
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), Evry, France
| | - Anne Boland
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), Evry, France
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), Evry, France
| | - Daniela Andriuta
- Service de Neurologie CHU Amiens et Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Pierre Anthony
- Department of Neurology, Hôpitaux Civils de Colmar, F-68000 Colmar, France
| | - Sophie Auriacombe
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | - Mélanie Barbay
- Service de Neurologie CHU Amiens et Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Yannick Béjot
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Dijon, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - Serge Belliard
- Unité de recherche 1077 INSERM-EPHE-UNICAEN Neuropsychologie & Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine (NIMH), Caen, France; Centre Mémoire Ressources et Recherche Haute Bretagne, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Marie Benaiteau
- Neurology Department, Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Karim Bennys
- Memory Ressources Research Center, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphanie Bombois
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1127, CNRS 7235, Institut du Cerveau - ICM, Paris, France; AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Neurology, Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease, Paris, France
| | | | - Pierre Branger
- Department of Neurology, Caen University Hospital, Caen, France
| | - Jasmine Carlier
- Neurology Department, Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Leslie Cartz-Piver
- Memory Ressources Research Center, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Limoges, France Inserm U1094, IRD U270, EPIMACT, Université of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | | | - Mathieu-Pierre Ceccaldi
- Institute of Neurophysiopathology UMR 7051 Aix Marseille Université & Assistance Publique de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Valérie Chauviré
- CMRR, CRMR Neurogénétique, Service de Neurologie, CHU d'ANGERS, Angers, France
| | - Yaohua Chen
- Univ Lille, CHU Lille, Inserm 1172, Memory center, CNRMAJ, LiCEND, Labex DistAlz 59000 Lille, France
| | - Julien Cogez
- Department of Neurology, Caen University Hospital, Caen, France
| | - Emmanuel Cognat
- Cognitive Neurology Center, AP-HP.Nord, Site Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, UMR-S 1144, INSERM, Paris, France
| | | | - Léa Corneille
- Institute of Neurophysiopathology UMR 7051 Aix Marseille Université & Assistance Publique de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | | | - Benjamin Cretin
- CMRR d'Alsace, Service de Neurologie, CHU Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Benjamin Dauriat
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hopital Mère-Enfant, CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Sophie Dautricourt
- CMRR Lyon, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Vincent de la Sayette
- Department of Neurology, Caen University Hospital, Caen, France; Normandie UNIV, UNICAEN, PSL Research University, EPHE, INSERM, CHU de Caen, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, Caen, France
| | - Astrid de Liège
- Service de Neurologie, APHP, Hôpital Avicenne, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny, France
| | - Didier Deffond
- CMRR Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Neurologie, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Vincent Deramecourt
- Univ Lille, CHU Lille, Inserm 1172, Memory center, CNRMAJ, LiCEND, Labex DistAlz 59000 Lille, France
| | | | - Elsa Dionet
- CMRR Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Neurologie, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Martine Doco Fenzy
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France; CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique, Nantes, France; CHU Reims, Service de Génétique, Reims, France
| | - Julien Dumurgier
- Cognitive Neurology Center, AP-HP.Nord, Site Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, UMR-S 1144, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Anaïs Dutray
- Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Perpignan, Perpignan, France
| | | | - Maïté Formaglio
- CMRR Lyon, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Audrey Gabelle
- Memory Ressources Research Center, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Gainche-Salmon
- Centre Mémoire Ressources et Recherche Haute Bretagne, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Godefroy
- Service de Neurologie CHU Amiens et Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Mathilde Graber
- Centre mémoire ressources et recherche, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Chloé Gregoire
- CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stephan Grimaldi
- Institute of Neurophysiopathology UMR 7051 Aix Marseille Université & Assistance Publique de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Julien Gueniat
- Centre mémoire ressources et recherche, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Claude Gueriot
- Institute of Neurophysiopathology UMR 7051 Aix Marseille Université & Assistance Publique de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | | | - Sophie Haffen
- Centre mémoire Recherche Ressources, Service de Neurologie, CHU Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Cezara-Roxana Hanta
- Centre Mémoire Ressources et Recherche Haute Bretagne, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Clémence Hardy
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Normandie Univ, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Neurology and CNRMAJ, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | | | - Camille Heitz
- Institut du cerveau Trocadero, Paris, France; Neurology Department, Hôpital Universitaire de Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Claire Hourregue
- Cognitive Neurology Center, AP-HP.Nord, Site Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, Paris, France
| | - Thérèse Jonveaux
- Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche de Lorraine Service de Neurologie CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France; Laboratoire 2LPN EA 7489 Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Snejana Jurici
- Consultation Mémoire, Service de Gériatrie, Centre Hospitalier Perpignan, Perpignan, France
| | - Lejla Koric
- Institute of Neurophysiopathology UMR 7051 Aix Marseille Université & Assistance Publique de Marseille, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Univ, UMR 7249, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Krolak-Salmon
- CMRR Lyon, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Julien Lagarde
- Department of Neurology of Memory and Language, GHU Paris Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, F-75014, Paris, France; Université Paris-Cité, F-75006 Paris, France; Université Paris-Saclay, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot CEA, CNRS, Inserm, F-91401, Orsay, France
| | | | - Brice Laurens
- CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Bordeaux, France
| | - Isabelle Le Ber
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1127, CNRS 7235, Institut du Cerveau - ICM, Paris, France; AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Neurology, Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease, Paris, France
| | | | - Amélie Leblanc
- Consultations neurologiques, HIA Clermont-Tonnerre, Brest, France; Service de neurologie, CHU Cavale-Blanche, Brest, France
| | - Thibaud Lebouvier
- Univ Lille, CHU Lille, Inserm 1172, Memory center, CNRMAJ, LiCEND, Labex DistAlz 59000 Lille, France
| | - Richard Levy
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1127, CNRS 7235, Institut du Cerveau - ICM, Paris, France; AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Neurology, Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease, Paris, France
| | - Anaïs Lippi
- Service de Neurologie, Hopital Gui de Chauliac, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Eloi Magnin
- Laboratoire de neuroscience, Université de Franche-Comté UFC et Service de Neurologie, CMRR, CHU Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Cecilia Marelli
- Service de Neurologie, Hopital Gui de Chauliac, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Martinaud
- Department of Neurology, Caen University Hospital, Caen, France; Normandie UNIV, UNICAEN, PSL Research University, EPHE, INSERM, CHU de Caen, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, Caen, France
| | | | - Raffaella Migliaccio
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1127, CNRS 7235, Institut du Cerveau - ICM, Paris, France; AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Neurology, Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease, Paris, France
| | - Emilie Milongo-Rigal
- Neurology Department, Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Mohr
- Centre mémoire ressources et recherche, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Hélène Mollion
- CMRR Lyon, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Alexandre Morin
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Normandie Univ, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Neurology and CNRMAJ, F-76000 Rouen, France; Département de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier du Rouvray, Université de Rouen, 76000, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, France
| | | | - Camille Noiray
- Department of Neurology of Memory and Language, GHU Paris Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, F-75014, Paris, France; Université Paris-Cité, F-75006 Paris, France; Université Paris-Saclay, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot CEA, CNRS, Inserm, F-91401, Orsay, France
| | - Pauline Olivieri
- Department of Neurology of Memory and Language, GHU Paris Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, F-75014, Paris, France; Université Paris-Cité, F-75006 Paris, France; Université Paris-Saclay, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot CEA, CNRS, Inserm, F-91401, Orsay, France
| | - Claire Paquet
- Cognitive Neurology Center, AP-HP.Nord, Site Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, UMR-S 1144, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Jérémie Pariente
- Neurology Department, Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM-University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Florence Pasquier
- Univ Lille, CHU Lille, Inserm 1172, Memory center, CNRMAJ, LiCEND, Labex DistAlz 59000 Lille, France
| | - Alexandre Perron
- Department of Neurology, Hôpitaux Civils de Colmar, F-68000 Colmar, France
| | - Nathalie Philippi
- CMRR d'Alsace, Service de Neurologie, CHU Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Vincent Planche
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France; CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Marie Rafiq
- Neurology Department, Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM-University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Carole Roué-Jagot
- Department of Neurology of Memory and Language, GHU Paris Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, F-75014, Paris, France; Université Paris-Cité, F-75006 Paris, France; Université Paris-Saclay, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot CEA, CNRS, Inserm, F-91401, Orsay, France
| | - Dario Saracino
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1127, CNRS 7235, Institut du Cerveau - ICM, Paris, France; AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Neurology, Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease, Paris, France
| | - Marie Sarazin
- Department of Neurology of Memory and Language, GHU Paris Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, F-75014, Paris, France; Université Paris-Cité, F-75006 Paris, France; Université Paris-Saclay, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot CEA, CNRS, Inserm, F-91401, Orsay, France
| | - Mathilde Sauvée
- Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Pôle PReNeLe, CHU Grenoble Alpes CS 10226, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France; Unité de recherche mixte Université Grenoble Alpes/Université Savoie Montblanc, CNRS UMR 5115, Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition (LPNC), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - François Sellal
- Department of Neurology, Hôpitaux Civils de Colmar, F-68000 Colmar, France; University of Strasbourg, Medicine Faculty, INSERM, U-1118, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marc Teichmann
- AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Neurology, Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease, Paris, France
| | - Christel Thauvin
- Genetics Center, University Hospital of Dijon, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - Quentin Thomas
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Dijon, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France; Genetics Center, University Hospital of Dijon, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - Camille Tisserand
- Neurology Department, Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Cédric Turpinat
- Service de Neurologie, Hopital Gui de Chauliac, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurène Van Damme
- Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Perpignan, Perpignan, France
| | | | - Nicolas Villain
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1127, CNRS 7235, Institut du Cerveau - ICM, Paris, France; AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Neurology, Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease, Paris, France
| | | | - Camille Charbonnier
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Biostatistics and CNRMAJ, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - David Wallon
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Normandie Univ, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Neurology and CNRMAJ, F-76000 Rouen, France
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4
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Cooper JM, Lathuiliere A, Su EJ, Song Y, Torrente D, Jo Y, Weinrich N, Sales JD, Migliorini M, Sisson TH, Lawrence DA, Hyman BT, Strickland DK. SORL1 is a receptor for tau that promotes tau seeding. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107313. [PMID: 38657864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Sortilin-related receptor 1 (SORL1) is an intracellular sorting receptor genetically implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) that impacts amyloid precursor protein trafficking. The objective of these studies was to test the hypothesis that SORL1 binds tau, modulates its cellular trafficking and impacts the aggregation of cytoplasmic tau induced by pathological forms of tau. Using surface plasmon resonance measurements, we observed high-affinity binding of tau to SORL1 and the vacuolar protein sorting 10 domain of SORL1. Interestingly, unlike LDL receptor-related protein 1, SORL1 binds tau at both pH 7.4 and pH 5.5, revealing its ability to bind tau at endosomal pH. Immunofluorescence studies confirmed that exogenously added tau colocalized with SORL1 in H4 neuroglioma cells, while overexpression of SORL1 in LDL receptor-related protein 1-deficient Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells resulted in a marked increase in the internalization of tau, indicating that SORL1 can bind and mediate the internalization of monomeric forms of tau. We further demonstrated that SORL1 mediates tau seeding when tau RD P301S FRET biosensor cells expressing SORL1 were incubated with high molecular weight forms of tau isolated from the brains of patients with AD. Seeding in H4 neuroglioma cells is significantly reduced when SORL1 is knocked down with siRNA. Finally, we demonstrate that the N1358S mutant of SORL1 significantly increases tau seeding when compared to WT SORL1, identifying for the first time a potential mechanism that connects this specific SORL1 mutation to Alzheimer's disease. Together, these studies identify SORL1 as a receptor that contributes to trafficking and seeding of pathogenic tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Cooper
- The Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aurelien Lathuiliere
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, Memory Center, Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Enming J Su
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yuyu Song
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel Torrente
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Youhwa Jo
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicholas Weinrich
- The Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer Diaz Sales
- The Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mary Migliorini
- The Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas H Sisson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Daniel A Lawrence
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Dudley K Strickland
- The Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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5
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Neven J, Issayama LK, Dewachter I, Wilson DM. Genomic stress and impaired DNA repair in Alzheimer disease. DNA Repair (Amst) 2024; 139:103678. [PMID: 38669748 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2024.103678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most prominent form of dementia and has received considerable attention due to its growing burden on economic, healthcare and basic societal infrastructures. The two major neuropathological hallmarks of AD, i.e., extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide plaques and intracellular hyperphosphorylated Tau neurofibrillary tangles, have been the focus of much research, with an eye on understanding underlying disease mechanisms and identifying novel therapeutic avenues. One often overlooked aspect of AD is how Aβ and Tau may, through indirect and direct mechanisms, affect genome integrity. Herein, we review evidence that Aβ and Tau abnormalities induce excessive genomic stress and impair genome maintenance mechanisms, events that can promote DNA damage-induced neuronal cell loss and associated brain atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolien Neven
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute, BIOMED, Hasselt 3500, Belgium
| | - Luidy Kazuo Issayama
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute, BIOMED, Hasselt 3500, Belgium
| | - Ilse Dewachter
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute, BIOMED, Hasselt 3500, Belgium
| | - David M Wilson
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute, BIOMED, Hasselt 3500, Belgium.
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6
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Mishra S, Jayadev S, Young JE. Differential effects of SORL1 deficiency on the endo-lysosomal network in human neurons and microglia. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220389. [PMID: 38368935 PMCID: PMC10874699 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The endosomal gene SORL1 is a strong Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk gene that harbours loss-of-function variants causative for developing AD. The SORL1 protein SORL1/SORLA is an endosomal receptor that interacts with the multi-protein sorting complex retromer to traffic various cargo through the endo-lysosomal network (ELN). Impairments in endo-lysosomal trafficking are an early cellular symptom in AD and a novel therapeutic target. However, the cell types of the central nervous system are diverse and use the ELN differently. If this pathway is to be effectively therapeutically targeted, understanding how key molecules in the ELN function in various cell types and how manipulating them affects cell-type specific responses relative to AD is essential. Here, we discuss an example where deficiency of SORL1 expression in a human model leads to stress on early endosomes and recycling endosomes in neurons, but preferentially leads to stress on lysosomes in microglia. The differences observed in these organelles could relate to the unique roles of these cells in the brain as neurons are professional secretory cells and microglia are professional phagocytic cells. Experiments to untangle these differences are fundamental to advancing the understanding of cell biology in AD and elucidating important pathways for therapeutic development. Human-induced pluripotent stem cell models are a valuable platform for such experiments. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Understanding the endo-lysosomal network in neurodegeneration'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Mishra
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Suman Jayadev
- Deparment of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jessica E. Young
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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7
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Qiu Y, Cheng F. Artificial intelligence for drug discovery and development in Alzheimer's disease. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2024; 85:102776. [PMID: 38335558 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2024.102776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The complex molecular mechanism and pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) limits the development of effective therapeutics or prevention strategies. Artificial Intelligence (AI)-guided drug discovery combined with genetics/multi-omics (genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) analysis contributes to the understanding of the pathophysiology and precision medicine of the disease, including AD and AD-related dementia. In this review, we summarize the AI-driven methodologies for AD-agnostic drug discovery and development, including de novo drug design, virtual screening, and prediction of drug-target interactions, all of which have shown potentials. In particular, AI-based drug repurposing emerges as a compelling strategy to identify new indications for existing drugs for AD. We provide several emerging AD targets from human genetics and multi-omics findings and highlight recent AI-based technologies and their applications in drug discovery using AD as a prototypical example. In closing, we discuss future challenges and directions in AI-based drug discovery for AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunguang Qiu
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. https://twitter.com/YunguangQiu
| | - Feixiong Cheng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Cleveland Clinic Genome Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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8
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Nicolas G. Recent advances in Alzheimer disease genetics. Curr Opin Neurol 2024; 37:154-165. [PMID: 38235704 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000001242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Genetics studies provide important insights into Alzheimer disease (AD) etiology and mechanisms. Critical advances have been made recently, mainly thanks to the access to novel techniques and larger studies. RECENT FINDINGS In monogenic AD, progress has been made with a better understanding of the mechanisms associated with pathogenic variants and the input of clinical studies in presymptomatic individuals. In complex AD, increasing sample sizes in both DNA chip-based (genome-wide association studies, GWAS) and exome/genome sequencing case-control studies unveiled novel common and rare risk factors, while the understanding of their combined effect starts to suggest the existence of rare families with oligogenic inheritance of early-onset, nonmonogenic, AD. SUMMARY Most genetic risk factors with a known consequence designate the aggregation of the Aβ peptide as a core etiological factor in complex AD thus confirming that the research based on monogenic AD - where the amyloid cascade seems more straightforward - is relevant to complex AD as well. Novel mechanistic insights and risk factor studies unveiling novel factors and attempting to combine the effect of common and rare variants will offer promising perspectives for future AD prevention, at least regarding early-onset AD, and probably in case of later onset as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Nicolas
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Normandie Univ, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNRMAJ, F-76000 Rouen, France
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9
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Fazeli E, Child DD, Bucks SA, Stovarsky M, Edwards G, Rose SE, Yu CE, Latimer C, Kitago Y, Bird T, Jayadev S, Andersen OM, Young JE. A familial missense variant in the Alzheimer's disease gene SORL1 impairs its maturation and endosomal sorting. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:20. [PMID: 38244079 PMCID: PMC10799806 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02670-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
The SORL1 gene has recently emerged as a strong Alzheimer's Disease (AD) risk gene. Over 500 different variants have been identified in the gene and the contribution of individual variants to AD development and progression is still largely unknown. Here, we describe a family consisting of 2 parents and 5 offspring. Both parents were affected with dementia and one had confirmed AD pathology with an age of onset > 75 years. All offspring were affected with AD with ages at onset ranging from 53 years to 74 years. DNA was available from the parent with confirmed AD and 5 offspring. We identified a coding variant, p.(Arg953Cys), in SORL1 in 5 of 6 individuals affected by AD. Notably, variant carriers had severe AD pathology, and the SORL1 variant segregated with TDP-43 pathology (LATE-NC). We further characterized this variant and show that this Arginine substitution occurs at a critical position in the YWTD-domain of the SORL1 translation product, SORL1. Functional studies further show that the p.R953C variant leads to retention of the SORL1 protein in the endoplasmic reticulum which leads to decreased maturation and shedding of the receptor and prevents its normal endosomal trafficking. Together, our analysis suggests that p.R953C is a pathogenic variant of SORL1 and sheds light on mechanisms of how missense SORL1 variants may lead to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Fazeli
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Daniel D Child
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Stephanie A Bucks
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Miki Stovarsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Gabrielle Edwards
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Shannon E Rose
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Chang-En Yu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Administration Health Care System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
| | - Caitlin Latimer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Yu Kitago
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Thomas Bird
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Administration Health Care System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
| | - Suman Jayadev
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Olav M Andersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Jessica E Young
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
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10
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Mishra S, Knupp A, Kinoshita C, Williams CA, Rose SE, Martinez R, Theofilas P, Young JE. Pharmacologic enhancement of retromer rescues endosomal pathology induced by defects in the Alzheimer's gene SORL1. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:2434-2450. [PMID: 37949073 PMCID: PMC10724056 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The SORL1 gene (SORLA) is strongly associated with risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). SORLA is a regulator of endosomal trafficking in neurons and interacts with retromer, a complex that is a "master conductor" of endosomal trafficking. Small molecules can increase retromer expression in vitro, enhancing its function. We treated hiPSC-derived cortical neurons that are either fully deficient, haploinsufficient, or that harbor one copy of SORL1 variants linked to AD with TPT-260, a retromer-enhancing molecule. We show significant increases in retromer subunit VPS26B expression. We tested whether endosomal, amyloid, and TAU pathologies were corrected. We observed that the degree of rescue by TPT-260 treatment depended on the number of copies of functional SORL1 and which SORL1 variant was expressed. Using a disease-relevant preclinical model, our work illuminates how the SORL1-retromer pathway can be therapeutically harnessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Mishra
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Allison Knupp
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Chizuru Kinoshita
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - C Andrew Williams
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Shannon E Rose
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Refugio Martinez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Panos Theofilas
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jessica E Young
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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11
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Bauer C, Duplan E, Saint-George-Hyslop P, Checler F. Potentially Pathogenic SORL1 Mutations Observed in Autosomal-Dominant Cases of Alzheimer's Disease Do Not Modulate APP Physiopathological Processing. Cells 2023; 12:2802. [PMID: 38132122 PMCID: PMC10742224 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The SORL1 gene encodes LR11/SorLA, a protein that binds β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) and drives its intracellular trafficking. SORL1 mutations, occurring frequently in a subset of familial cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD), have been documented, but their pathogenic potential is not yet clear and questions remain concerning their putative influence on the physiopathological processing of APP. We have assessed the influence of two SORL1 mutations that were described as likely disease-causing and that were associated with either benign (SorLA924) or severe (SorLA511) AD phenotypes. We examined the influence of wild-type and mutants SorLA in transiently transfected HEK293 cells expressing either wild-type or Swedish mutated APP on APP expression, secreted Aβ and sAPPα levels, intracellular Aβ 40 and Aβ42 peptides, APP-CTFs (C99 and C83) expressions, α-, β- and γ-secretases expressions and activities as well as Aβ and CTFs-degrading enzymes. These paradigms were studied in control conditions or after pharmacological proteasomal modulation. We also established stably transfected CHO cells expressing wild-type SorLA and established the colocalization of APP and either wild-type or mutant SorLA. SorLA mutations partially disrupt co-localization of wild-type sorLA with APP. Overall, although we mostly confirmed previous data concerning the influence of wild-type SorLA on APP processing, we were unable to evidence significant alterations triggered by our set of SorLA mutants, whatever the cells or pharmacological conditions examined. Our study , however, does not rule out the possibility that other AD-linked SORL1 mutations could indeed affect APP processing, and that pathogenic mutations examined in the present study could interfere with other cellular pathways/triggers in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Bauer
- INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, Team Labeled “Laboratory of Excellence (LABEX) Distalz”, Université Côte d’Azur, 660 Route des Lucioles, Sophia-Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France; (C.B.); (E.D.)
| | - Eric Duplan
- INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, Team Labeled “Laboratory of Excellence (LABEX) Distalz”, Université Côte d’Azur, 660 Route des Lucioles, Sophia-Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France; (C.B.); (E.D.)
| | - Peter Saint-George-Hyslop
- Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada;
| | - Frédéric Checler
- INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, Team Labeled “Laboratory of Excellence (LABEX) Distalz”, Université Côte d’Azur, 660 Route des Lucioles, Sophia-Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France; (C.B.); (E.D.)
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12
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Cacace R, Zhou L, Hendrickx Van de Craen E, Buist A, Hoogmartens J, Sieben A, Cras P, Vandenberghe R, De Deyn PP, Oehlrich D, De Bondt A, Engelborghs S, Moechars D, Van Broeckhoven C. Mutated Toll-like receptor 9 increases Alzheimer's disease risk by compromising innate immunity protection. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:5380-5389. [PMID: 37433968 PMCID: PMC11041692 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02166-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves central and peripheral immune deregulation. Gene identification and studies of AD genetic variants of peripheral immune components may aid understanding of peripheral-central immune crosstalk and facilitate new opportunities for therapeutic intervention. In this study, we have identified in a Flanders-Belgian family a novel variant p.E317D in the Toll-like receptor 9 gene (TLR9), co-segregating with EOAD in an autosomal dominant manner. In human, TLR9 is an essential innate and adaptive immune component predominantly expressed in peripheral immune cells. The p.E317D variant caused 50% reduction in TLR9 activation in the NF-κB luciferase assay suggesting that p.E317D is a loss-of-function mutation. Cytokine profiling of human PBMCs upon TLR9 activation revealed a predominantly anti-inflammatory response in contrast to the inflammatory responses from TLR7/8 activation. The cytokines released upon TLR9 activation suppressed inflammation and promoted phagocytosis of Aβ42 oligomers in human iPSC-derived microglia. Transcriptome analysis identified upregulation of AXL, RUBICON and associated signaling pathways, which may underline the effects of TLR9 signaling-induced cytokines in regulating the inflammatory status and phagocytic property of microglia. Our data suggest a protective role of TLR9 signaling in AD pathogenesis, and we propose that TLR9 loss-of-function may disrupt a peripheral-central immune crosstalk that promotes dampening of inflammation and clearance of toxic protein species, leading to the build-up of neuroinflammation and pathogenic protein aggregates in AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Cacace
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lujia Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Hendrickx Van de Craen
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Arjan Buist
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Julie Hoogmartens
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anne Sieben
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Patrick Cras
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
- Institute Born-Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, and Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter P De Deyn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Institute Born-Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Daniel Oehlrich
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - An De Bondt
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, and Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Diederik Moechars
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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13
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Fazeli E, Child DD, Bucks SA, Stovarsky M, Edwards G, Rose SE, Yu CE, Latimer C, Kitago Y, Bird T, Jayadev S, Andersen OM, Young JE. A familial missense variant in the Alzheimer's Disease gene SORL1 impairs its maturation and endosomal sorting. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.01.547348. [PMID: 37461597 PMCID: PMC10349966 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.01.547348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
The SORL1 gene has recently emerged as a strong Alzheimer's Disease (AD) risk gene. Over 500 different variants have been identified in the gene and the contribution of individual variants to AD development and progression is still largely unknown. Here, we describe a family consisting of 2 parents and 5 offspring. Both parents were affected with dementia and one had confirmed AD pathology with an age of onset >75 years. All offspring were affected with AD with ages at onset ranging from 53yrs-74yrs. DNA was available from the parent with confirmed AD and 5 offspring. We identified a coding variant, p.(Arg953Cys), in SORL1 in 5 of 6 individuals affected by AD. Notably, variant carriers had severe AD pathology, and the SORL1 variant segregated with TDP-43 pathology (LATE-NC). We further characterized this variant and show that this Arginine substitution occurs at a critical position in the YWTD-domain of the SORL1 translation product, SORL1. Functional studies further show that the p.R953C variant leads to retention of the SORL1 protein in the endoplasmic reticulum which leads to decreased maturation and shedding of the receptor and prevents its normal endosomal trafficking. Together, our analysis suggests that p.R953C is a pathogenic variant of SORL1 and sheds light on mechanisms of how missense SORL1 variants may lead to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Fazeli
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, DK8000 AarhusC, Denmark
| | - Daniel D. Child
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Stephanie A. Bucks
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Miki Stovarsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Gabrielle Edwards
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Shannon E. Rose
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Chang-En Yu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Administration Health Care System
| | - Caitlin Latimer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Yu Kitago
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Thomas Bird
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Administration Health Care System
| | - Suman Jayadev
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Olav M. Andersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, DK8000 AarhusC, Denmark
| | - Jessica E. Young
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA
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14
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Mantyh WG, Cochran JN, Taylor JW, Broce IJ, Geier EG, Bonham LW, Anderson AG, Sirkis DW, Joie RL, Iaccarino L, Chaudhary K, Edwards L, Strom A, Grant H, Allen IE, Miller ZA, Gorno‐Tempini ML, Kramer JH, Miller BL, Desikan RS, Rabinovici GD, Yokoyama JS. Early-onset Alzheimer's disease explained by polygenic risk of late-onset disease? ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 15:e12482. [PMID: 37780862 PMCID: PMC10535074 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Early-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) is highly heritable, yet only 10% of cases are associated with known pathogenic mutations. For early-onset AD patients without an identified autosomal dominant cause, we hypothesized that their early-onset disease reflects further enrichment of the common risk-conferring single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with late-onset AD. We applied a previously validated polygenic hazard score for late-onset AD to 193 consecutive patients diagnosed at our tertiary dementia referral center with symptomatic early-onset AD. For comparison, we included 179 participants with late-onset AD and 70 healthy controls. Polygenic hazard scores were similar in early- versus late-onset AD. The polygenic hazard score was not associated with age-of-onset or disease biomarkers within early-onset AD. Early-onset AD does not represent an extreme enrichment of the common single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with late-onset AD. Further exploration of novel genetic risk factors of this highly heritable disease is warranted.Highlights: There is a unique genetic architecture of early- versus late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD).Late-onset AD polygenic risk is not an explanation for early-onset AD.Polygenic risk of late-onset AD does not predict early-onset AD biology.Unique genetic architecture of early- versus late-onset AD parallels AD heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G. Mantyh
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | | | | | - Iris J. Broce
- Memory and Aging CenterDepartment of NeurologyUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ethan G. Geier
- Memory and Aging CenterDepartment of NeurologyUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Luke W. Bonham
- Memory and Aging CenterDepartment of NeurologyUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical ImagingUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Daniel W. Sirkis
- Memory and Aging CenterDepartment of NeurologyUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Renaud La Joie
- Memory and Aging CenterDepartment of NeurologyUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Leonardo Iaccarino
- Memory and Aging CenterDepartment of NeurologyUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Kiran Chaudhary
- Memory and Aging CenterDepartment of NeurologyUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Lauren Edwards
- Memory and Aging CenterDepartment of NeurologyUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Amelia Strom
- Memory and Aging CenterDepartment of NeurologyUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Harli Grant
- Memory and Aging CenterDepartment of NeurologyUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Isabel E. Allen
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Zachary A. Miller
- Memory and Aging CenterDepartment of NeurologyUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Marilu L. Gorno‐Tempini
- Memory and Aging CenterDepartment of NeurologyUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Joel H. Kramer
- Memory and Aging CenterDepartment of NeurologyUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Bruce L. Miller
- Memory and Aging CenterDepartment of NeurologyUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Rahul S. Desikan
- Memory and Aging CenterDepartment of NeurologyUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Gil D. Rabinovici
- Memory and Aging CenterDepartment of NeurologyUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical ImagingUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Life Sciences DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jennifer S. Yokoyama
- Memory and Aging CenterDepartment of NeurologyUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
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15
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Preman P, Arranz AM. A neuron-specific interaction between Alzheimer's disease risk factors SORL1, APOE, and CLU. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113129. [PMID: 37708025 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Lee et al.1 report that loss of the Alzheimer's disease risk factor SORL1 results in neuron-specific reduction in APOE and CLU, altered lipid homeostasis, and increased Aβ levels and phosphorylated Tau, both rescued by stabilizing retromer or enhancing autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Preman
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Amaia M Arranz
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain; Ikerbasque Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
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16
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Lee H, Aylward AJ, Pearse RV, Lish AM, Hsieh YC, Augur ZM, Benoit CR, Chou V, Knupp A, Pan C, Goberdhan S, Duong DM, Seyfried NT, Bennett DA, Taga MF, Huynh K, Arnold M, Meikle PJ, De Jager PL, Menon V, Young JE, Young-Pearse TL. Cell-type-specific regulation of APOE and CLU levels in human neurons by the Alzheimer's disease risk gene SORL1. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112994. [PMID: 37611586 PMCID: PMC10568487 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
SORL1 is implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) through genetic studies. To interrogate the roles of SORL1 in human brain cells, SORL1-null induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were differentiated to neuron, astrocyte, microglial, and endothelial cell fates. Loss of SORL1 leads to alterations in both overlapping and distinct pathways across cell types, with the greatest effects in neurons and astrocytes. SORL1 loss induces a neuron-specific reduction in apolipoprotein E (APOE) and clusterin (CLU) and altered lipid profiles. Analyses of iPSCs derived from a large cohort reveal a neuron-specific association between SORL1, APOE, and CLU levels, a finding validated in postmortem brain. Enhancement of retromer-mediated trafficking rescues tau phenotypes observed in SORL1-null neurons but does not rescue APOE levels. Pathway analyses implicate transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)/SMAD signaling in SORL1 function, and modulating SMAD signaling in neurons alters APOE RNA levels in a SORL1-dependent manner. Taken together, these data provide a mechanistic link between strong genetic risk factors for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Lee
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aimee J Aylward
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard V Pearse
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra M Lish
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yi-Chen Hsieh
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zachary M Augur
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Courtney R Benoit
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vicky Chou
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Allison Knupp
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cheryl Pan
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Srilakshmi Goberdhan
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Duc M Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mariko F Taga
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology and the Taub Institute for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kevin Huynh
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research, Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthias Arnold
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Peter J Meikle
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research, Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Philip L De Jager
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology and the Taub Institute for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vilas Menon
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology and the Taub Institute for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jessica E Young
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tracy L Young-Pearse
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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17
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Quan M, Cao S, Wang Q, Wang S, Jia J. Genetic Phenotypes of Alzheimer's Disease: Mechanisms and Potential Therapy. PHENOMICS (CHAM, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 3:333-349. [PMID: 37589021 PMCID: PMC10425323 DOI: 10.1007/s43657-023-00098-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Years of intensive research has brought us extensive knowledge on the genetic and molecular factors involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition to the mutations in the three main causative genes of familial AD (FAD) including presenilins and amyloid precursor protein genes, studies have identified several genes as the most plausible genes for the onset and progression of FAD, such as triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2, sortilin-related receptor 1, and adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter subfamily A member 7. The apolipoprotein E ε4 allele is reported to be the strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic AD (SAD), and it also plays an important role in FAD. Here, we reviewed recent developments in genetic and molecular studies that contributed to the understanding of the genetic phenotypes of FAD and compared them with SAD. We further reviewed the advancements in AD gene therapy and discussed the future perspectives based on the genetic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meina Quan
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053 China
- National Medical Center for Neurological Disorders and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, 100053 China
| | - Shuman Cao
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053 China
| | - Qi Wang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053 China
- National Medical Center for Neurological Disorders and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, 100053 China
| | - Shiyuan Wang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053 China
| | - Jianping Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053 China
- National Medical Center for Neurological Disorders and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, 100053 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, 100053 China
- Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053 China
- Center of Alzheimer’s Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053 China
- Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100053 China
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18
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Chen XQ, Sawa M, Becker A, Karachentsev D, Zuo X, Rynearson KD, Tanzi RE, Mobley WC. Retromer Proteins Reduced in Down Syndrome and the Dp16 Model: Impact of APP Dose and Preclinical Studies of a γ-Secretase Modulator. Ann Neurol 2023; 94:245-258. [PMID: 37042072 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The retromer complex plays an essential role in intracellular endosomal sorting. Deficits in the retromer complex are linked to enhanced Aβ production. The levels of the components of the retromer complex are reported to be downregulated in Alzheimer disease (AD). Down syndrome (DS) shares neuropathological features with AD. Recent evidence points to dysregulation of the retromer complex in DS. The mechanisms underlying retromer deficits in DS and AD are poorly understood. METHODS We measured the levels of retromer components in the frontal cortex of cases of DS-AD (AD in DS) as well as DS; the frontal cortex of a person partially trisomic (PT-DS) for human chromosome 21 (HSA21), whose genome had only the normal 2 copies of the APP gene, was also examined. We also analyzed these proteins in the Dp16 mouse model of DS. To further explore the molecular mechanism for changes in the retromer complex, we treated Dp16 mice with a γ-secretase modulator (GSM; 776890), a treatment that reduces the levels of Aβ42 and Aβ40. RESULTS We found VPS26A, VPS26B, and VPS29, but not VPS35, were significantly reduced in both DS and DS-AD, but not in PT-DS. Downregulation of VPS26A, VPS26B, and VPS29 was recapitulated in the brains of old Dp16 mice (at 16 months of age) and required increased App gene dose. Significantly, GSM treatment completely prevented reductions of the retromer complex. INTERPRETATION Our studies point to increased APP gene dose as a compromising retromer function in DS and suggest a causal role for Aβ42 and Aβ40. ANN NEUROL 2023;94:245-258.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Qiao Chen
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mariko Sawa
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ann Becker
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dmitry Karachentsev
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xinxin Zuo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kevin D Rynearson
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William C Mobley
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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19
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Imran Sajid M, Sultan Sheikh F, Anis F, Nasim N, Sumbria RK, Nauli SM, Kumar Tiwari R. siRNA drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier in Alzheimer's disease. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 199:114968. [PMID: 37353152 PMCID: PMC10528676 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with a few FDA-approved drugs that provide modest symptomatic benefits and only two FDA-approved disease-modifying treatments for AD. The advancements in understanding the causative genes and non-coding sequences at the molecular level of the pathophysiology of AD have resulted in several exciting research papers that employed small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based therapy. Although siRNA is being sought by academia and biopharma industries, several challenges still need to be addressed. We comprehensively report the latest advances in AD pathophysiology, druggable targets, ongoing clinical trials, and the siRNA-based approaches across the blood-brain barrier for addressing AD. This review describes the latest delivery systems employed to address this barrier. Critical insights and future perspectives on siRNA therapy for AD are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran Sajid
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Fahad Sultan Sheikh
- Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Faiza Anis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nourina Nasim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Syed Baber Ali School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, 54792 Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rachita K Sumbria
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92868, USA
| | - Surya M Nauli
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
| | - Rakesh Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA.
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20
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Lambert JC, Ramirez A, Grenier-Boley B, Bellenguez C. Step by step: towards a better understanding of the genetic architecture of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:2716-2727. [PMID: 37131074 PMCID: PMC10615767 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02076-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is considered to have a large genetic component. Our knowledge of this component has progressed over the last 10 years, thanks notably to the advent of genome-wide association studies and the establishment of large consortia that make it possible to analyze hundreds of thousands of cases and controls. The characterization of dozens of chromosomal regions associated with the risk of developing AD and (in some loci) the causal genes responsible for the observed disease signal has confirmed the involvement of major pathophysiological pathways (such as amyloid precursor protein metabolism) and opened up new perspectives (such as the central role of microglia and inflammation). Furthermore, large-scale sequencing projects are starting to reveal the major impact of rare variants - even in genes like APOE - on the AD risk. This increasingly comprehensive knowledge is now being disseminated through translational research; in particular, the development of genetic risk/polygenic risk scores is helping to identify the subpopulations more at risk or less at risk of developing AD. Although it is difficult to assess the efforts still needed to comprehensively characterize the genetic component of AD, several lines of research can be improved or initiated. Ultimately, genetics (in combination with other biomarkers) might help to redefine the boundaries and relationships between various neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Charles Lambert
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167-RID-AGE Facteurs de risque et déterminants moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement, Lille, France.
| | - Alfredo Ramirez
- Division of Neurogenetics and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry & Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Antonio, TX, USA
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Benjamin Grenier-Boley
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167-RID-AGE Facteurs de risque et déterminants moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement, Lille, France
| | - Céline Bellenguez
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167-RID-AGE Facteurs de risque et déterminants moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement, Lille, France
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21
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Young-Pearse TL, Lee H, Hsieh YC, Chou V, Selkoe DJ. Moving beyond amyloid and tau to capture the biological heterogeneity of Alzheimer’s disease. Trends Neurosci 2023; 46:426-444. [PMID: 37019812 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) manifests along a spectrum of cognitive deficits and levels of neuropathology. Genetic studies support a heterogeneous disease mechanism, with around 70 associated loci to date, implicating several biological processes that mediate risk for AD. Despite this heterogeneity, most experimental systems for testing new therapeutics are not designed to capture the genetically complex drivers of AD risk. In this review, we first provide an overview of those aspects of AD that are largely stereotyped and those that are heterogeneous, and we review the evidence supporting the concept that different subtypes of AD are important to consider in the design of agents for the prevention and treatment of the disease. We then dive into the multifaceted biological domains implicated to date in AD risk, highlighting studies of the diverse genetic drivers of disease. Finally, we explore recent efforts to identify biological subtypes of AD, with an emphasis on the experimental systems and data sets available to support progress in this area.
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22
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Lee H, Aylward AJ, Pearse RV, Hsieh YC, Augur ZM, Benoit CR, Chou V, Knupp A, Pan C, Goberdhan S, Duong DM, Seyfried NT, Bennett DA, Klein HU, De Jager PL, Menon V, Young JE, Young-Pearse TL. Cell-type-specific regulation of APOE levels in human neurons by the Alzheimer's disease risk gene SORL1. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.25.530017. [PMID: 36865313 PMCID: PMC9980168 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.25.530017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
SORL1 is strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) through human genetic studies that point to an association of reduced SORL1 levels with higher risk for AD. To interrogate the role(s) of SORL1 in human brain cells, SORL1 null iPSCs were generated, followed by differentiation to neuron, astrocyte, microglia, and endothelial cell fates. Loss of SORL1 led to alterations in both overlapping and distinct pathways across cell types, with the greatest effects in neurons and astrocytes. Intriguingly, SORL1 loss led to a dramatic neuron-specific reduction in APOE levels. Further, analyses of iPSCs derived from a human aging cohort revealed a neuron-specific linear correlation between SORL1 and APOE RNA and protein levels, a finding validated in human post-mortem brain. Pathway analysis implicated intracellular transport pathways and TGF- β/SMAD signaling in the function of SORL1 in neurons. In accord, enhancement of retromer-mediated trafficking and autophagy rescued elevated phospho-tau observed in SORL1 null neurons but did not rescue APOE levels, suggesting that these phenotypes are separable. Stimulation and inhibition of SMAD signaling modulated APOE RNA levels in a SORL1-dependent manner. These studies provide a mechanistic link between two of the strongest genetic risk factors for AD.
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23
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Course MM, Gudsnuk K, Keene CD, Bird TD, Jayadev S, Valdmanis PN. Aberrant splicing of PSEN2, but not PSEN1, in individuals with sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2023; 146:507-518. [PMID: 35949106 PMCID: PMC10169283 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common neurodegenerative disease, characterized by dementia and premature death. Early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease is caused in part by pathogenic variants in presenilin 1 (PSEN1) and presenilin 2 (PSEN2), and alternative splicing of these two genes has been implicated in both familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Here, we leveraged targeted isoform-sequencing to characterize thousands of complete PSEN1 and PSEN2 transcripts in the prefrontal cortex of individuals with sporadic Alzheimer's disease, familial Alzheimer's disease (carrying PSEN1 and PSEN2 variants), and controls. Our results reveal alternative splicing patterns of PSEN2 specific to sporadic Alzheimer's disease, including a human-specific cryptic exon present in intron 9 of PSEN2 as well as a 77 bp intron retention product before exon 6 that are both significantly elevated in sporadic Alzheimer's disease samples, alongside a significantly lower percentage of canonical full-length PSEN2 transcripts versus familial Alzheimer's disease samples and controls. Both alternatively spliced products are predicted to generate a prematurely truncated PSEN2 protein and were corroborated in an independent cerebellum RNA-sequencing dataset. In addition, our data in PSEN variant carriers is consistent with the hypothesis that PSEN1 and PSEN2 variants need to produce full-length but variant proteins to contribute to the onset of Alzheimer's disease, although intriguingly there were far fewer full-length transcripts carrying pathogenic alleles versus wild-type alleles in PSEN2 variant carriers. Finally, we identify frequent RNA editing at Alu elements present in an extended 3' untranslated region in PSEN2. Overall, this work expands the understanding of PSEN1 and PSEN2 variants in Alzheimer's disease, shows that transcript differences in PSEN2 may play a role in sporadic Alzheimer's disease, and suggests novel mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith M Course
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO 80903, USA
| | - Kathryn Gudsnuk
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Thomas D Bird
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Centers, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Puget Sound VA Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Suman Jayadev
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Paul N Valdmanis
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Lardelli M. An Alternative View of Familial Alzheimer's Disease Genetics. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 96:13-39. [PMID: 37718800 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Probabilistic and parsimony-based arguments regarding available genetics data are used to propose that Hardy and Higgin's amyloid cascade hypothesis is valid but is commonly interpreted too narrowly to support, incorrectly, the primacy of the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) in driving Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Instead, increased activity of the βCTF (C99) fragment of AβPP is the critical pathogenic determinant altered by mutations in the APP gene. This model is consistent with the regulation of APP mRNA translation via its 5' iron responsive element. Similar arguments support that the pathological effects of familial Alzheimer's disease mutations in the genes PSEN1 and PSEN2 are not exerted directly via changes in AβPP cleavage to produce different ratios of Aβ length. Rather, these mutations likely act through effects on presenilin holoprotein conformation and function, and possibly the formation and stability of multimers of presenilin holoprotein and/or of the γ-secretase complex. All fAD mutations in APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 likely find unity of pathological mechanism in their actions on endolysosomal acidification and mitochondrial function, with detrimental effects on iron homeostasis and promotion of "pseudo-hypoxia" being of central importance. Aβ production is enhanced and distorted by oxidative stress and accumulates due to decreased lysosomal function. It may act as a disease-associated molecular pattern enhancing oxidative stress-driven neuroinflammation during the cognitive phase of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lardelli
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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25
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Miguel L, Gervais J, Nicolas G, Lecourtois M. SorLA Protective Function Is Restored by Improving SorLA Protein Maturation in a Subset of Alzheimer's Disease-Associated SORL1 Missense Variants. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:1343-1349. [PMID: 37424467 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
SORL1 loss of function is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk through increased Aβ peptide secretion. We expressed 10 maturation-defective rare missense SORL1 variants in HEK cells and showed that decreasing growing temperature led to a significant increase in the maturation of the encoded protein SorLA for 6/10. In edited hiPSC carrying two of these variants, maturation of the protein was restored partially by decreasing the culture temperature and was associated with concomitant decrease in Aβ secretion. Correcting SorLA maturation in the context of maturation-defective missense variants could thus be a relevant strategy to improve SorLA protective function against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Miguel
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Juliette Gervais
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Gaël Nicolas
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Magalie Lecourtois
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F-76000 Rouen, France
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26
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Wallon D, Nicolas G. Genetica della malattia di Alzheimer. Neurologia 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1634-7072(22)47093-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
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27
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Mol MO, van der Lee SJ, Hulsman M, Pijnenburg YAL, Scheltens P, Seelaar H, van Swieten JC, Kaat LD, Holstege H, van Rooij JGJ. Mapping the genetic landscape of early-onset Alzheimer’s disease in a cohort of 36 families. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022; 14:77. [PMID: 35650585 PMCID: PMC9158156 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-022-01018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Many families with clinical early-onset Alzheimer’s disease (EOAD) remain genetically unexplained. A combination of genetic factors is not standardly investigated. In addition to monogenic causes, we evaluated the possible polygenic architecture in a large series of families, to assess if genetic testing of familial EOAD could be expanded.
Methods
Thirty-six pedigrees (77 patients) were ascertained from a larger cohort of patients, with relationships determined by genetic data (exome sequencing data and/or SNP arrays). All families included at least one AD patient with symptom onset <70 years. We evaluated segregating rare variants in known dementia-related genes, and other genes or variants if shared by multiple families. APOE was genotyped and duplications in APP were assessed by targeted test or using SNP array data. We computed polygenic risk scores (PRS) compared with a reference population-based dataset, by imputing SNP arrays or exome sequencing data.
Results
In eight families, we identified a pathogenic variant, including the genes APP, PSEN1, SORL1, and an unexpected GRN frameshift variant. APOE-ε4 homozygosity was present in eighteen families, showing full segregation with disease in seven families. Eight families harbored a variant of uncertain significance (VUS), of which six included APOE-ε4 homozygous carriers. PRS was not higher in the families combined compared with the population mean (beta 0.05, P = 0.21), with a maximum increase of 0.61 (OR = 1.84) in the GRN family. Subgroup analyses indicated lower PRS in six APP/PSEN1 families compared with the rest (beta −0.22 vs. 0.10; P = 0.009) and lower APOE burden in all eight families with monogenic cause (beta 0.29 vs. 1.15, P = 0.010). Nine families remained without a genetic cause or risk factor identified.
Conclusion
Besides monogenic causes, we suspect a polygenic disease architecture in multiple families based on APOE and rare VUS. The risk conveyed by PRS is modest across the studied families. Families without any identified risk factor render suitable candidates for further in-depth genetic evaluation.
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Salasova A, Monti G, Andersen OM, Nykjaer A. Finding memo: versatile interactions of the VPS10p-Domain receptors in Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:74. [PMID: 36397124 PMCID: PMC9673319 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The family of VPS10p-Domain (D) receptors comprises five members named SorLA, Sortilin, SorCS1, SorCS2 and SorCS3. While their physiological roles remain incompletely resolved, they have been recognized for their signaling engagements and trafficking abilities, navigating a number of molecules between endosome, Golgi compartments, and the cell surface. Strikingly, recent studies connected all the VPS10p-D receptors to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) development. In addition, they have been also associated with diseases comorbid with AD such as diabetes mellitus and major depressive disorder. This systematic review elaborates on genetic, functional, and mechanistic insights into how dysfunction in VPS10p-D receptors may contribute to AD etiology, AD onset diversity, and AD comorbidities. Starting with their functions in controlling cellular trafficking of amyloid precursor protein and the metabolism of the amyloid beta peptide, we present and exemplify how these receptors, despite being structurally similar, regulate various and distinct cellular events involved in AD. This includes a plethora of signaling crosstalks that impact on neuronal survival, neuronal wiring, neuronal polarity, and synaptic plasticity. Signaling activities of the VPS10p-D receptors are especially linked, but not limited to, the regulation of neuronal fitness and apoptosis via their physical interaction with pro- and mature neurotrophins and their receptors. By compiling the functional versatility of VPS10p-D receptors and their interactions with AD-related pathways, we aim to further propel the AD research towards VPS10p-D receptor family, knowledge that may lead to new diagnostic markers and therapeutic strategies for AD patients.
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Limone A, Veneruso I, D'Argenio V, Sarnataro D. Endosomal trafficking and related genetic underpinnings as a hub in Alzheimer's disease. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:3803-3815. [PMID: 35994714 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetic studies support the amyloid cascade as the leading hypothesis for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although significant efforts have been made in untangling the amyloid and other pathological events in AD, ongoing interventions for AD have not been revealed efficacious for slowing down disease progression. Recent advances in the field of genetics have shed light on the etiology of AD, identifying numerous risk genes associated with late-onset AD, including genes related to intracellular endosomal trafficking. Some of the bases for the development of AD may be explained by the recently emerging AD genetic "hubs," which include the processing pathway of amyloid precursor protein and the endocytic pathway. The endosomal genetic hub may represent a common pathway through which many pathological effects can be mediated and novel, alternative biological targets could be identified for therapeutic interventions. The aim of this review is to focus on the genetic and biological aspects of the endosomal compartments related to AD progression. We report recent studies which describe how changes in endosomal genetics impact on functional events, such as the amyloidogenic and non-amyloidogenic processing, degradative pathways, and the importance of receptors related to endocytic trafficking, including the 37/67 kDa laminin-1 receptor ribosomal protein SA, and their implications for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Limone
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University, Napoli, Italy
| | - Iolanda Veneruso
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University, Napoli, Italy.,CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Napoli, Italy
| | - Valeria D'Argenio
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Napoli, Italy.,Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Open University, Roma, Italy
| | - Daniela Sarnataro
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University, Napoli, Italy
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SORLA mediates endocytic uptake of proIAPP and protects against islet amyloid deposition. Mol Metab 2022; 65:101585. [PMID: 36055578 PMCID: PMC9474563 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Sorting-related receptor with type A repeats (SORLA) is a neuronal sorting receptor that prevents accumulation of amyloid-beta peptides, the main constituent of senile plaques in Alzheimer disease. Recent transcriptomic studies show that SORLA transcripts are also found in beta cells of pancreatic islets, yet the role of SORLA in islets is unknown. Based on its protective role in reducing the amyloid burden in the brain, we hypothesized that SORLA has a similar function in the pancreas via regulation of amyloid formation from islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP). Methods We generated human IAPP transgenic mice lacking SORLA (hIAPP:SORLA KO) to assess the consequences of receptor deficiency for islet histopathology and function in vivo. Using both primary islet cells and cell lines, we further investigated the molecular mechanisms whereby SORLA controls the cellular metabolism and accumulation of IAPP. Results Loss of SORLA activity in hIAPP:SORLA KO resulted in a significant increase in islet amyloid deposits and associated islet cell death compared to hIAPP:SORLA WT animals. Aggravated islet amyloid deposition was observed in mice fed a normal chow diet, not requiring high-fat diet feeding typically needed to induce islet amyloidosis in mouse models. In vitro studies showed that SORLA binds to and mediates the endocytic uptake of proIAPP, but not mature IAPP, delivering the propeptide to an endolysosomal fate. Conclusions SORLA functions as a proIAPP-specific clearance receptor, protecting against islet amyloid deposition and associated cell death caused by IAPP. SORLA is an endocytic receptor for amyloidogenic peptides expressed in islet beta cells. SORLA mediates cellular clearance of proIAPP. Loss of SORLA activity in mouse models causes spontaneous islet amyloid deposition.
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31
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Shared Risk Factors between Dementia and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179777. [PMID: 36077172 PMCID: PMC9456552 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia, and the prodromal phases of Alzheimer’s disease can last for decades. Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia and is distinguished from Alzheimer’s disease by evidence of previous stroke or hemorrhage and current cerebrovascular disease. A compiled group of vascular-related dementias (vascular dementia and unspecified dementia) is often referred to as non-Alzheimer dementia. Recent evidence indicates that preventing dementia by lifestyle interventions early in life with a focus on reducing cardiovascular risk factors is a promising strategy for reducing future risk. Approximately 40% of dementia cases is estimated to be preventable by targeting modifiable, primarily cardiovascular risk factors. The aim of this review is to describe the association between risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease and non-Alzheimer dementia by providing an overview of the current evidence and to shed light on possible shared pathogenic pathways between dementia and cardiovascular disease. The included risk factors are body mass index (BMI); plasma triglyceride-, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol-, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol-, and total cholesterol concentrations; hypertension; diabetes; non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); physical inactivity; smoking; diet; the gut microbiome; and genetics. Furthermore, we aim to disentangle the difference between associations of risk factors in midlife as compared with in late life.
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32
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Tejada Moreno JA, Villegas Lanau A, Madrigal Zapata L, Baena Pineda AY, Velez Hernandez J, Campo Nieto O, Soto Ospina A, Araque Marín P, Rishishwar L, Norris ET, Chande AT, Jordan IK, Bedoya Berrio G. Mutations in SORL1 and MTHFDL1 possibly contribute to the development of Alzheimer's disease in a multigenerational Colombian Family. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269955. [PMID: 35905044 PMCID: PMC9337667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, affecting over 50 million people worldwide in 2020 and this number will triple to 152 million by 2050. Much of the increase will be in developing countries like Colombia. In familial forms, highly penetrant mutations have been identified in three genes, APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, supporting a role for amyloid-β peptide. In sporadic forms, more than 30 risk genes involved in the lipid metabolism, the immune system, and synaptic functioning mechanisms. We used whole-exome sequencing (WES) to evaluate a family of 97 members, spanning three generations, with a familiar AD, and without mutations in APP, PSEN1, or PSEN2. We sequenced two affected and one unaffected member with the aim of identifying genetic variants that could explain the presence of the disease in the family and the candidate variants were validated in eleven members. We also built a structural model to try to determine the effect on protein function. WES analysis identified two rare variants in SORL1 and MTHFD1L genes segregating in the family with other potential risk variants in APOE, ABCA7, and CHAT, suggesting an oligogenic inheritance. Additionally, the structural 3D models of SORL1 and MTHFD1L variants shows that these variants produce polarity changes that favor hydrophobic interactions, resulting in local structural changes that could affect the protein function and may contribute to the development of the disease in this family.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Omer Campo Nieto
- Molecular Genetics Research Group, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | | | - Pedronel Araque Marín
- Research and Innovation Group in Chemical Formulations, EIA University, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Lavanya Rishishwar
- IHRC-Georgia Tech Applied Bioinformatics Laboratory, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- PanAmerican Bioinformatics Institute, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
| | - Emily T. Norris
- IHRC-Georgia Tech Applied Bioinformatics Laboratory, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- PanAmerican Bioinformatics Institute, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Aroon T. Chande
- IHRC-Georgia Tech Applied Bioinformatics Laboratory, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- PanAmerican Bioinformatics Institute, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - I. King Jordan
- IHRC-Georgia Tech Applied Bioinformatics Laboratory, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- PanAmerican Bioinformatics Institute, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Schramm C, Charbonnier C, Zaréa A, Lacour M, Wallon D, Boland A, Deleuze JF, Olaso R, Alarcon F, Campion D, Nuel G, Nicolas G. Penetrance estimation of Alzheimer disease in SORL1 loss-of-function variant carriers using a family-based strategy and stratification by APOE genotypes. Genome Med 2022; 14:69. [PMID: 35761418 PMCID: PMC9238165 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-022-01070-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer disease (AD) is a common complex disorder with a high genetic component. Loss-of-function (LoF) SORL1 variants are one of the strongest AD genetic risk factors. Estimating their age-related penetrance is essential before putative use for genetic counseling or preventive trials. However, relative rarity and co-occurrence with the main AD risk factor, APOE-ε4, make such estimations difficult. METHODS We proposed to estimate the age-related penetrance of SORL1-LoF variants through a survival framework by estimating the conditional instantaneous risk combining (i) a baseline for non-carriers of SORL1-LoF variants, stratified by APOE-ε4, derived from the Rotterdam study (N = 12,255), and (ii) an age-dependent proportional hazard effect for SORL1-LoF variants estimated from 27 extended pedigrees (including 307 relatives ≥ 40 years old, 45 of them having genotyping information) recruited from the French reference center for young Alzheimer patients. We embedded this model into an expectation-maximization algorithm to accommodate for missing genotypes. To correct for ascertainment bias, proband phenotypes were omitted. Then, we assessed if our penetrance curves were concordant with age distributions of APOE-ε4-stratified SORL1-LoF variant carriers detected among sequencing data of 13,007 cases and 10,182 controls from European and American case-control study consortia. RESULTS SORL1-LoF variants penetrance curves reached 100% (95% confidence interval [99-100%]) by age 70 among APOE-ε4ε4 carriers only, compared with 56% [40-72%] and 37% [26-51%] in ε4 heterozygous carriers and ε4 non-carriers, respectively. These estimates were fully consistent with observed age distributions of SORL1-LoF variant carriers in case-control study data. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that SORL1-LoF variants should be interpreted in light of APOE genotypes for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Schramm
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNRMAJ, FHU-G4 Génomique, 22 boulevard Gambetta - CS 76183, Rouen, F-76000, France
| | - Camille Charbonnier
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNRMAJ, FHU-G4 Génomique, 22 boulevard Gambetta - CS 76183, Rouen, F-76000, France
| | - Aline Zaréa
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Neurology and CNRMAJ, FHU-G4 Génomique, Rouen, F-76000, France
| | - Morgane Lacour
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Neurology and CNRMAJ, FHU-G4 Génomique, Rouen, F-76000, France
| | - David Wallon
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Neurology and CNRMAJ, FHU-G4 Génomique, Rouen, F-76000, France
| | | | - Anne Boland
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, 91057, Evry, France
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, 91057, Evry, France
| | - Robert Olaso
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, 91057, Evry, France
| | | | - Flora Alarcon
- MAP5, UMR-CNRS 8145, Paris University, 75270, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Campion
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNRMAJ, FHU-G4 Génomique, 22 boulevard Gambetta - CS 76183, Rouen, F-76000, France.,Department of Research, Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, 76681, Sotteville-Lès-Rouen, France
| | - Grégory Nuel
- LPSM, CNRS 8001, Sorbonne University, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Gaël Nicolas
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNRMAJ, FHU-G4 Génomique, 22 boulevard Gambetta - CS 76183, Rouen, F-76000, France.
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Sirkis DW, Bonham LW, Johnson TP, La Joie R, Yokoyama JS. Dissecting the clinical heterogeneity of early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:2674-2688. [PMID: 35393555 PMCID: PMC9156414 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01531-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) is a rare but particularly devastating form of AD. Though notable for its high degree of clinical heterogeneity, EOAD is defined by the same neuropathological hallmarks underlying the more common, late-onset form of AD. In this review, we describe the various clinical syndromes associated with EOAD, including the typical amnestic phenotype as well as atypical variants affecting visuospatial, language, executive, behavioral, and motor functions. We go on to highlight advances in fluid biomarker research and describe how molecular, structural, and functional neuroimaging can be used not only to improve EOAD diagnostic acumen but also enhance our understanding of fundamental pathobiological changes occurring years (and even decades) before the onset of symptoms. In addition, we discuss genetic variation underlying EOAD, including pathogenic variants responsible for the well-known mendelian forms of EOAD as well as variants that may increase risk for the much more common forms of EOAD that are either considered to be sporadic or lack a clear autosomal-dominant inheritance pattern. Intriguingly, specific pathogenic variants in PRNP and MAPT-genes which are more commonly associated with other neurodegenerative diseases-may provide unexpectedly important insights into the formation of AD tau pathology. Genetic analysis of the atypical clinical syndromes associated with EOAD will continue to be challenging given their rarity, but integration of fluid biomarker data, multimodal imaging, and various 'omics techniques and their application to the study of large, multicenter cohorts will enable future discoveries of fundamental mechanisms underlying the development of EOAD and its varied clinical presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Sirkis
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Luke W Bonham
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Taylor P Johnson
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Renaud La Joie
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Jennifer S Yokoyama
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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35
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article discusses the spectrum of genetic risk in familial and sporadic forms of early- and late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD). Recent work illuminating the complex genetic architecture of AD is discussed in the context of high and low risk and what is known in different populations. RECENT FINDINGS A small proportion of AD is autosomal dominant familial AD caused by variants in PSEN1, PSEN2, or APP, although more recently described rare genetic changes can also increase risk substantially over the general population, with odds ratios estimated at 2 to 4. APOE remains the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset AD, and understanding the biology of APOE has yielded mechanistic insights and leads for therapeutic interventions. Genome-wide studies enabled by rapidly developing technologic advances in sequencing have identified numerous risk factors that have a low impact on risk but are widely shared throughout the population and involve a repertoire of cell pathways, again shining light on potential paths to intervention. Population studies aimed at defining and stratifying genetic AD risk have been informative, although they are not yet widely applicable clinically because the studies were not performed in people with diverse ancestry and ethnicity and thus population-wide data are lacking. SUMMARY The value of genetic information to practitioners in the clinic is distinct from information sought by researchers looking to identify novel therapeutic targets. It is possible to envision a future in which genetic stratification joins other biomarkers to facilitate therapeutic choices and inform prognosis. Genetics already has transformed our understanding of AD pathogenesis and will, no doubt, continue to reveal the complexity of brain biology in health and disease.
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Yoshida S, Hasegawa T. Beware of Misdelivery: Multifaceted Role of Retromer Transport in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:897688. [PMID: 35601613 PMCID: PMC9120357 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.897688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retromer is a highly integrated multimeric protein complex that mediates retrograde cargo sorting from endosomal compartments. In concert with its accessory proteins, the retromer drives packaged cargoes to tubular and vesicular structures, thereby transferring them to the trans-Golgi network or to the plasma membrane. In addition to the endosomal trafficking, the retromer machinery participates in mitochondrial dynamics and autophagic processes and thus contributes to cellular homeostasis. The retromer components and their associated molecules are expressed in different types of cells including neurons and glial cells, and accumulating evidence from genetic and biochemical studies suggests that retromer dysfunction is profoundly involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s disease. Moreover, targeting retromer components could alleviate the neurodegenerative process, suggesting that the retromer complex may serve as a promising therapeutic target. In this review, we will provide the latest insight into the regulatory mechanisms of retromer and discuss how its dysfunction influences the pathological process leading to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Yoshida
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Yonezawa Hospital, Yonezawa, Japan
| | - Takafumi Hasegawa
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- *Correspondence: Takafumi Hasegawa,
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What contribution can genetics make to predict the risk of Alzheimer's disease? Rev Neurol (Paris) 2022; 178:414-421. [PMID: 35491248 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder. Although its etiology remains incompletely understood, genetic variants are important contributors. The prediction of AD risk through individual genetic variants is an important topic of research that may have individual and societal consequences when preventive treatments will become available. However, the genetic substratum of AD is heterogeneous. In addition to the extremely rare and fully penetrant pathogenic variants of the PSEN1, PSEN2 or APP genes causing autosomal dominant AD, a large spectrum of risk factors have been identified in complex forms, including the common risk factor APOEɛ4, which is associated with a moderate-to-high risk, common polymorphisms associated with a modest individual risk, and a plethora of rare variants in genes like SORL1, TREM2 or ABCA7 with moderate to high-magnitude effect. Understanding how these genetic factors contribute to AD risk in a given individual, in additional to non-genetic factors, remains a challenge. Over the last 10 years, age-related penetrance curves have progressively incorporated advances in the knowledge of AD genetics, from APOE to common polygenic components and, currently, SORL1 rare variants, which represents an important step towards precision medicine in AD. In this review, we present the complex genetic architecture of AD and we expose the prediction of AD risk according to its underlying genetic component.
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Sirin S, Nigdelioglu Dolanbay S, Aslim B. The relationship of early- and late-onset Alzheimer’s disease genes with COVID-19. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:847-859. [PMID: 35429259 PMCID: PMC9012910 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-02499-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases have been exposed to excess risk by the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19’s main manifestations include high body temperature, dry cough, and exhaustion. Nevertheless, some affected individuals may have an atypical presentation at diagnosis but suffer neurological signs and symptoms as the first disease manifestation. These findings collectively show the neurotropic nature of SARS-CoV-2 virus and its ability to involve the central nervous system. In addition, Alzheimer’s disease and COVID-19 has a number of common risk factors and comorbid conditions including age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, and the expression of APOE ε4. Until now, a plethora of studies have examined the COVID-19 disease but only a few studies has yet examined the relationship of COVID-19 and Alzheimer’s disease as risk factors of each other. This review emphasizes the recently published evidence on the role of the genes of early- or late-onset Alzheimer’s disease in the susceptibility of individuals currently suffering or recovered from COVID-19 to Alzheimer’s disease or in the susceptibility of individuals at risk of or with Alzheimer’s disease to COVID-19 or increased COVID-19 severity and mortality. Furthermore, the present review also draws attention to other uninvestigated early- and late-onset Alzheimer’s disease genes to elucidate the relationship between this multifactorial disease and COVID-19.
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Bai X, Mai M, Yao K, Zhang M, Huang Y, Zhang W, Guo X, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Qurban A, Duan L, Bu J, Zhang J, Wu J, Zhao Y, Yuan X, Zu H. The role of DHCR24 in the pathogenesis of AD: re-cognition of the relationship between cholesterol and AD pathogenesis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:35. [PMID: 35296367 PMCID: PMC8925223 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01338-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies show that 3β-hydroxysterol-Δ24 reductase (DHCR24) has a remarked decline in the brain of AD patients. In brain cholesterol synthetic metabolism, DHCR24 is known as the heavily key synthetase in cholesterol synthesis. Moreover, mutations of DHCR24 gene result in inhibition of the enzymatic activity of DHCR24, causing brain cholesterol deficiency and desmosterol accumulation. Furthermore, in vitro studies also demonstrated that DHCR24 knockdown lead to the inhibition of cholesterol synthesis, and the decrease of plasma membrane cholesterol and intracellular cholesterol level. Obviously, DHCR24 could play a crucial role in maintaining cholesterol homeostasis via the control of cholesterol synthesis. Over the past two decades, accumulating data suggests that DHCR24 activity is downregulated by major risk factors for AD, suggesting a potential link between DHCR24 downregulation and AD pathogenesis. Thus, the brain cholesterol loss seems to be induced by the major risk factors for AD, suggesting a possible causative link between brain cholesterol loss and AD. According to previous data and our study, we further found that the reduced cholesterol level in plasma membrane and intracellular compartments by the deficiency of DHCR24 activity obviously was involved in β-amyloid generation, tau hyperphosphorylation, apoptosis. Importantly, increasing evidences reveal that the brain cholesterol loss and lipid raft disorganization are obviously linked to neuropathological impairments which are associated with AD pathogenesis. Therefore, based on previous data and research on DHCR24, we suppose that the brain cholesterol deficiency/loss might be involved in the pathogenesis of AD.
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40
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Khani M, Gibbons E, Bras J, Guerreiro R. Challenge accepted: uncovering the role of rare genetic variants in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:3. [PMID: 35000612 PMCID: PMC8744312 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00505-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for rare variants in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is usually deemed a high-risk - high-reward situation. The challenges associated with this endeavor are real. Still, the application of genome-wide technologies to large numbers of cases and controls or to small, well-characterized families has started to be fruitful.Rare variants associated with AD have been shown to increase risk or cause disease, but also to protect against the development of AD. All of these can potentially be targeted for the development of new drugs.Multiple independent studies have now shown associations of rare variants in NOTCH3, TREM2, SORL1, ABCA7, BIN1, CLU, NCK2, AKAP9, UNC5C, PLCG2, and ABI3 with AD and suggested that they may influence disease via multiple mechanisms. These genes have reported functions in the immune system, lipid metabolism, synaptic plasticity, and apoptosis. However, the main pathway emerging from the collective of genes harboring rare variants associated with AD is the Aβ pathway. Associations of rare variants in dozens of other genes have also been proposed, but have not yet been replicated in independent studies. Replication of this type of findings is one of the challenges associated with studying rare variants in complex diseases, such as AD. In this review, we discuss some of these primary challenges as well as possible solutions.Integrative approaches, the availability of large datasets and databases, and the development of new analytical methodologies will continue to produce new genes harboring rare variability impacting AD. In the future, more extensive and more diverse genetic studies, as well as studies of deeply characterized families, will enhance our understanding of disease pathogenesis and put us on the correct path for the development of successful drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Khani
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elizabeth Gibbons
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave. N.E., Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503-2518 USA
| | - Jose Bras
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave. N.E., Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503-2518 USA
- Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI USA
| | - Rita Guerreiro
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave. N.E., Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503-2518 USA
- Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI USA
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex and multifactorial neurodegenerative disease. Due to its long clinical course and lack of an effective treatment, AD has become a major public health problem in the USA and worldwide. Due to variation in age-at-onset, AD is classified into early-onset (< 60 years) and late-onset (≥ 60 years) forms with early-onset accounting for only 5-10% of all cases. With the exception of a small number of early-onset cases that are afflicted because of high penetrant single gene mutations in APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 genes, AD is genetically heterogeneous, especially the late-onset form having a polygenic or oligogenic risk inheritance. Since the identification of APOE as the most significant risk factor for late-onset AD in 1993, the path to the discovery of additional AD risk genes had been arduous until 2009 when the use of large genome-wide association studies opened up the discovery gateways that led the identification of ~ 95 additional risk loci from 2009 to early 2022. This article reviews the history of AD genetics followed by the potential molecular pathways and recent application of functional genomics methods to identify the causal AD gene(s) among the many genes that reside within a single locus. The ultimate goal of integrating genomics and functional genomics is to discover novel pathways underlying the AD pathobiology in order to identify drug targets for the therapeutic treatment of this heterogeneous disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ilyas Kamboh
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Neuroimmune contributions to Alzheimer's disease: a focus on human data. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:3164-3181. [PMID: 35668160 PMCID: PMC9168642 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01637-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has seen the convergence of a series of new insights that arose from genetic and systems analyses of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with a wealth of epidemiological data from a variety of fields; this resulted in renewed interest in immune responses as important, potentially causal components of AD. Here, we focus primarily on a review of human data which has recently yielded a set of robust, reproducible results that exist in a much larger universe of conflicting reports stemming from small studies with important limitations in their study design. Thus, we are at an important crossroads in efforts to first understand at which step of the long, multiphasic course of AD a given immune response may play a causal role and then modulate this response to slow or block the pathophysiology of AD. We have a wealth of new experimental tools, analysis methods, and capacity to sample human participants at large scale longitudinally; these resources, when coupled to a foundation of reproducible results and novel study designs, will enable us to monitor human immune function in the CNS at the level of complexity that is required while simultaneously capturing the state of the peripheral immune system. This integration of peripheral and central perturbations in immune responses results in pathologic responses in the central nervous system parenchyma where specialized cellular microenvironments composed of multiple cell subtypes respond to these immune perturbations as well as to environmental exposures, comorbidities and the impact of the advancing life course. Here, we offer an overview that seeks to illustrate the large number of interconnecting factors that ultimately yield the neuroimmune component of AD.
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Investigating the Endo-Lysosomal System in Major Neurocognitive Disorders Due to Alzheimer's Disease, Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration and Lewy Body Disease: Evidence for SORL1 as a Cross-Disease Gene. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413633. [PMID: 34948429 PMCID: PMC8704369 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctions in the endo-lysosomal system have been hypothesized to underlie neurodegeneration in major neurocognitive disorders due to Alzheimer's disease (AD), Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD), and Lewy body disease (DLB). The aim of this study is to investigate whether these diseases share genetic variability in the endo-lysosomal pathway. In AD, DLB, and FTLD patients and in controls (948 subjects), we performed a targeted sequencing of the top 50 genes belonging to the endo-lysosomal pathway. Genetic analyses revealed (i) four previously reported disease-associated variants in the SORL1 (p.N1246K, p.N371T, p.D2065V) and DNAJC6 genes (p.M133L) in AD, FTLD, and DLB, extending the previous knowledge attesting SORL1 and DNAJC6 as AD- and PD-related genes, respectively; (ii) three predicted null variants in AD patients in the SORL1 (p.R985X in early onset familial AD, p.R1207X) and PPT1 (p.R48X in early onset familial AD) genes, where loss of function is a known disease mechanism. A single variant and gene burden analysis revealed some nominally significant results of potential interest for SORL1 and DNAJC6 genes. Our data highlight that genes controlling key endo-lysosomal processes (i.e., protein sorting/transport, clathrin-coated vesicle uncoating, lysosomal enzymatic activity regulation) might be involved in AD, FTLD and DLB pathogenesis, thus suggesting an etiological link behind these diseases.
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Rovelet-Lecrux A, Feuillette S, Miguel L, Schramm C, Pernet S, Quenez O, Ségalas-Milazzo I, Guilhaudis L, Rousseau S, Riou G, Frébourg T, Campion D, Nicolas G, Lecourtois M. Impaired SorLA maturation and trafficking as a new mechanism for SORL1 missense variants in Alzheimer disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:196. [PMID: 34922638 PMCID: PMC8684260 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01294-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The SorLA protein, encoded by the SORL1 gene, is a major player in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathophysiology. Functional and genetic studies demonstrated that SorLA deficiency results in increased production of Aβ peptides, and thus a higher risk of AD. A large number of SORL1 missense variants have been identified in AD patients, but their functional consequences remain largely undefined. Here, we identified a new pathophysiological mechanism, by which rare SORL1 missense variants identified in AD patients result in altered maturation and trafficking of the SorLA protein. An initial screening, based on the overexpression of 70 SorLA variants in HEK293 cells, revealed that 15 of them (S114R, R332W, G543E, S564G, S577P, R654W, R729W, D806N, Y934C, D1535N, D1545E, P1654L, Y1816C, W1862C, P1914S) induced a maturation and trafficking-deficient phenotype. Three of these variants (R332W, S577P, and R654W) and two maturation-competent variants (S124R and N371T) were further studied in details in CRISPR/Cas9-modified hiPSCs. When expressed at endogenous levels, the R332W, S577P, and R654W SorLA variants also showed a maturation defective profile. We further demonstrated that these variants were largely retained in the endoplasmic reticulum, resulting in a reduction in the delivery of SorLA mature protein to the plasma membrane and to the endosomal system. Importantly, expression of the R332W and R654W variants in hiPSCs was associated with a clear increase of Aβ secretion, demonstrating a loss-of-function effect of these SorLA variants regarding this ultimate readout, and a direct link with AD pathophysiology. Furthermore, structural analysis of the impact of missense variants on SorLA protein suggested that impaired cellular trafficking of SorLA protein could be due to subtle variations of the protein 3D structure resulting from changes in the interatomic interactions.
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Dominko K, Rastija A, Sobocanec S, Vidatic L, Meglaj S, Lovincic Babic A, Hutter-Paier B, Colombo AV, Lichtenthaler SF, Tahirovic S, Hecimovic S. Impaired Retromer Function in Niemann-Pick Type C Disease Is Dependent on Intracellular Cholesterol Accumulation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13256. [PMID: 34948052 PMCID: PMC8705785 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPC) is a rare inherited neurodegenerative disorder characterized by an accumulation of intracellular cholesterol within late endosomes and lysosomes due to NPC1 or NPC2 dysfunction. In this work, we tested the hypothesis that retromer impairment may be involved in the pathogenesis of NPC and may contribute to increased amyloidogenic processing of APP and enhanced BACE1-mediated proteolysis observed in NPC disease. Using NPC1-null cells, primary mouse NPC1-deficient neurons and NPC1-deficient mice (BALB/cNctr-Npc1m1N), we show that retromer function is impaired in NPC. This is manifested by altered transport of the retromer core components Vps26, Vps35 and/or retromer receptor sorLA and by retromer accumulation in neuronal processes, such as within axonal swellings. Changes in retromer distribution in NPC1 mouse brains were observed already at the presymptomatic stage (at 4-weeks of age), indicating that the retromer defect occurs early in the course of NPC disease and may contribute to downstream pathological processes. Furthermore, we show that cholesterol depletion in NPC1-null cells and in NPC1 mouse brains reverts retromer dysfunction, suggesting that retromer impairment in NPC is mechanistically dependent on cholesterol accumulation. Thus, we characterized retromer dysfunction in NPC and propose that the rescue of retromer impairment may represent a novel therapeutic approach against NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Dominko
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.D.); (A.R.); (L.V.)
| | - Ana Rastija
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.D.); (A.R.); (L.V.)
| | - Sandra Sobocanec
- Laboratory for Mitochondrial Bioenergetics and Diabetes, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Lea Vidatic
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.D.); (A.R.); (L.V.)
| | - Sarah Meglaj
- Division of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (S.M.); (A.L.B.)
| | - Andrea Lovincic Babic
- Division of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (S.M.); (A.L.B.)
| | | | - Alessio-Vittorio Colombo
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany; (A.-V.C.); (S.F.L.); (S.T.)
| | - Stefan F. Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany; (A.-V.C.); (S.F.L.); (S.T.)
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Sabina Tahirovic
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany; (A.-V.C.); (S.F.L.); (S.T.)
| | - Silva Hecimovic
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.D.); (A.R.); (L.V.)
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Szabo MP, Mishra S, Knupp A, Young JE. The role of Alzheimer's disease risk genes in endolysosomal pathways. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 162:105576. [PMID: 34871734 PMCID: PMC9071255 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is ample pathological and biological evidence for endo-lysosomal dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and emerging genetic studies repeatedly implicate endo-lysosomal genes as associated with increased AD risk. The endo-lysosomal network (ELN) is essential for all cell types of the central nervous system (CNS), yet each unique cell type utilizes cellular trafficking differently (see Fig. 1). Challenges ahead involve defining the role of AD associated genes in the functionality of the endo-lysosomal network (ELN) and understanding how this impacts the cellular dysfunction that occurs in AD. This is critical to the development of new therapeutics that will impact, and potentially reverse, early disease phenotypes. Here we review some early evidence of ELN dysfunction in AD pathogenesis and discuss the role of selected AD-associated risk genes in this pathway. In particular, we review genes that have been replicated in multiple genome-wide association studies(Andrews et al., 2020; Jansen et al., 2019; Kunkle et al., 2019; Lambert et al., 2013; Marioni et al., 2018) and reviewed in(Andrews et al., 2020) that have defined roles in the endo-lysosomal network. These genes include SORL1, an AD risk gene harboring both rare and common variants associated with AD risk and a role in trafficking cargo, including APP, through the ELN; BIN1, a regulator of clathrin-mediated endocytosis whose expression correlates with Tau pathology; CD2AP, an AD risk gene with roles in endosome morphology and recycling; PICALM, a clathrin-binding protein that mediates trafficking between the trans-Golgi network and endosomes; and Ephrin Receptors, a family of receptor tyrosine kinases with AD associations and interactions with other AD risk genes. Finally, we will discuss how human cellular models can elucidate cell-type specific differences in ELN dysfunction in AD and aid in therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcell P Szabo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America
| | - Swati Mishra
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America
| | - Allison Knupp
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America
| | - Jessica E Young
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America.
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Barthelson K, Newman M, Lardelli M. Brain transcriptomes of zebrafish and mouse Alzheimer's disease knock-in models imply early disrupted energy metabolism. Dis Model Mech 2021; 15:273566. [PMID: 34842276 PMCID: PMC8807579 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy production is the most fundamentally important cellular activity supporting all other functions, particularly in highly active organs, such as brains. Here, we summarise transcriptome analyses of young adult (pre-disease) brains from a collection of 11 early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (EOFAD)-like and non-EOFAD-like mutations in three zebrafish genes. The one cellular activity consistently predicted as affected by only the EOFAD-like mutations is oxidative phosphorylation, which produces most of the energy of the brain. All the mutations were predicted to affect protein synthesis. We extended our analysis to knock-in mouse models of APOE alleles and found the same effect for the late onset Alzheimer's disease risk allele ε4. Our results support a common molecular basis for the initiation of the pathological processes leading to both early and late onset forms of Alzheimer's disease, and illustrate the utility of zebrafish and knock-in single EOFAD mutation models for understanding the causes of this disease. Summary: Young adult zebrafish mutants and a mouse model of a genetic variant promoting early- and late-onset Alzheimer's disease, respectively, share changes in brain gene expression, indicating disturbance of oxidative phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karissa Barthelson
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Morgan Newman
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Michael Lardelli
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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Barthelson K, Pederson SM, Newman M, Lardelli M. Brain Transcriptome Analysis of a Protein-Truncating Mutation in Sortilin-Related Receptor 1 Associated With Early-Onset Familial Alzheimer's Disease Indicates Early Effects on Mitochondrial and Ribosome Function. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 79:1105-1119. [PMID: 33386808 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The early cellular stresses leading to Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain poorly understood because we cannot access living, asymptomatic human AD brains for detailed molecular analyses. Sortilin-related receptor 1 (SORL1) encodes a multi-domain receptor protein genetically associated with both rare, early-onset familial AD (EOfAD) and common, sporadic, late-onset AD (LOAD). SORL1 protein has been shown to act in the trafficking of the amyloid β A4 precursor protein (AβPP) that is proteolysed to form one of the pathological hallmarks of AD, amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide. However, other functions of SORL1 in AD are less well understood. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of heterozygosity for an EOfAD-like mutation in SORL1 on the brain transcriptome of young-adult mutation carriers using zebrafish as a model organism. METHODS We performed targeted mutagenesis to generate an EOfAD-like mutation in the zebrafish orthologue of SORL1 and performed RNA-sequencing on mRNA isolated from the young adult brains of siblings in a family of fish either wild type (non-mutant) or heterozygous for the EOfAD-like mutation. RESULTS We identified subtle differences in gene expression indicating changes in mitochondrial and ribosomal function in the mutant fish. These changes appear to be independent of changes in mitochondrial content or the expression of AβPP-related proteins in zebrafish. CONCLUSION These findings provided evidence supporting that EOfAD mutations in SORL1 affect mitochondrial and ribosomal function and provide the basis for future investigation elucidating the nature of these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karissa Barthelson
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stephen Martin Pederson
- Bioinformatics Hub, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Morgan Newman
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Michael Lardelli
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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The potential roles of genetic factors in predicting ageing-related cognitive change and Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 70:101402. [PMID: 34242808 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurological disorder of uncertain aetiology, although substantial research has been conducted to explore important factors related to risk of onset and progression. Both lifestyle (e.g., complex mental stimulation, vascular health) and genetic factors (e.g., APOE, BDNF, PICALM, CLU, APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, and other genes) have been associated with AD risk. Despite more than thirty years of genetic research, much of the heritability of AD is not explained by measured loci. This suggests that the missing heritability of AD might be potentially related to rare variants, gene-environment and gene-gene interactions, and potentially epigenetic modulators. Moreover, while ageing is the most substantial factor risk for AD, there are limited longitudinal studies examining the association of genetic factors with decline in cognitive function due to ageing and the preclinical stages of this condition. This review summarises findings from currently available research on the genetic factors of ageing-related cognitive change and AD and suggests some future research directions.
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Balabanski L, Serbezov D, Atanasoska M, Karachanak-Yankova S, Hadjidekova S, Nikolova D, Boyanova O, Staneva R, Vazharova R, Mihailova M, Damyanova V, Nesheva D, Belejanska D, Mehrabian S, Traykov L, Toncheva D. Rare genetic variants prioritize molecular pathways for semaphorin interactions in Alzheimer’s disease patients. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2021.1964382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lubomir Balabanski
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Genetic Laboratory, Gynecology and Assisted Reproduction Hospital “Malinov MD”, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Dimitar Serbezov
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Maya Atanasoska
- Genetic Laboratory, Gynecology and Assisted Reproduction Hospital “Malinov MD”, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University St Kliment Ohridski, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Sena Karachanak-Yankova
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University St Kliment Ohridski, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Savina Hadjidekova
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Dragomira Nikolova
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Olga Boyanova
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Rada Staneva
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Radoslava Vazharova
- Department of Biology, Medical Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Marta Mihailova
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Vera Damyanova
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Desislava Nesheva
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Diana Belejanska
- Depatment of Neurology, University Hospital “Alexandrovska”, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Shima Mehrabian
- Depatment of Neurology, University Hospital “Alexandrovska”, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lachezar Traykov
- Depatment of Neurology, University Hospital “Alexandrovska”, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Draga Toncheva
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
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