1
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Hyrien O, Yanev NM. A branching stochastic evolutionary model of the B-cell repertoire. J Math Biol 2024; 89:10. [PMID: 38847854 PMCID: PMC11161549 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-024-02102-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
We propose a stochastic framework to describe the evolution of the B-cell repertoire during germinal center (GC) reactions. Our model is formulated as a multitype age-dependent branching process with time-varying immigration. The immigration process captures the mechanism by which founder B cells initiate clones by gradually seeding GC over time, while the branching process describes the temporal evolution of the composition of these clones. The model assigns a type to each cell to represent attributes of interest. Examples of attributes include the binding affinity class of the B cells, their clonal family, or the nucleotide sequence of the heavy and light chains of their receptors. The process is generally non-Markovian. We present its properties, including as t → ∞ when the process is supercritical, the most relevant case to study expansion of GC B cells. We introduce temporal alpha and beta diversity indices for multitype branching processes. We focus on the dynamics of clonal dominance, highlighting its non-stationarity, and the accumulation of somatic hypermutations in the context of sequential immunization. We evaluate the impact of the ongoing seeding of GC by founder B cells on the dynamics of the B-cell repertoire, and quantify the effect of precursor frequency and antigen availability on the timing of GC entry. An application of the model illustrates how it may help with interpretation of BCR sequencing data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ollivier Hyrien
- Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, Epidemiology Program, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Nikolay M Yanev
- Department of Operations Research, Probability and Statistics, Institute of Mathematics and Informatics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
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2
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van den Broek T, Oleinika K, Rahmayanti S, Castrillon C, van der Poel CE, Carroll MC. Invasion of spontaneous germinal centers by naive B cells is rapid and persistent. Sci Immunol 2024; 9:eadi8150. [PMID: 38517953 PMCID: PMC11152582 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adi8150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
In autoreactive germinal centers (GC) initiated by a single rogue B cell clone, wild-type B cells expand and give rise to clones that target other autoantigens, known as epitope spreading. The chronic, progressive nature of epitope spreading calls for early interventions to limit autoimmune pathologies, but the kinetics and molecular requirements for wild-type B cell invasion and participation in GC remain largely unknown. With parabiosis and adoptive transfer approaches in a murine model of systemic lupus erythematosus, we demonstrate that wild-type B cells join existing GCs rapidly, clonally expand, persist, and contribute to autoantibody production and diversification. The invasion of autoreactive GCs by wild-type B cells required TLR7, B cell receptor specificity, antigen presentation, and type I interferon signaling. The adoptive transfer model provides a tool for identifying early events in the breaking of B cell tolerance in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo van den Broek
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kristine Oleinika
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Siti Rahmayanti
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Carlos Castrillon
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Cees E van der Poel
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael C Carroll
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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3
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Bunimovich L, Ram A, Skums P. Antigenic cooperation in viral populations: Transformation of functions of intra-host viral variants. J Theor Biol 2024; 580:111719. [PMID: 38158118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2023.111719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we study intra-host viral adaptation by antigenic cooperation - a mechanism of immune escape that serves as an alternative to the standard mechanism of escape by continuous genomic diversification and allows to explain a number of experimental observations associated with the establishment of chronic infections by highly mutable viruses. Within this mechanism, the topology of a cross-immunoreactivity network forces intra-host viral variants to specialize for complementary roles and adapt to the host's immune response as a quasi-social ecosystem. Here we study dynamical changes in immune adaptation caused by evolutionary and epidemiological events. First, we show that the emergence of a viral variant with altered antigenic features may result in a rapid re-arrangement of the viral ecosystem and a change in the roles played by existing viral variants. In particular, it may push the population under immune escape by genomic diversification towards the stable state of adaptation by antigenic cooperation. Next, we study the effect of a viral transmission between two chronically infected hosts, which results in the merging of two intra-host viral populations in the state of stable immune-adapted equilibrium. In this case, we also describe how the newly formed viral population adapts to the host's environment by changing the functions of its members. The results are obtained analytically for minimal cross-immunoreactivity networks and numerically for larger populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Bunimovich
- School of Mathematics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30332, GA, USA.
| | - Athulya Ram
- School of Mathematics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30332, GA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Quantitative Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30332, GA, USA.
| | - Pavel Skums
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, 06269, CT, USA.
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4
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Mu DP, Scharer CD, Kaminski NE, Zhang Q. A Multiscale Spatial Modeling Framework for the Germinal Center Response. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.26.577491. [PMID: 38501122 PMCID: PMC10945589 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.26.577491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The germinal center response or reaction (GCR) is a hallmark event of adaptive humoral immunity. Unfolding in the B cell follicles of the secondary lymph organs, a GC culminates in the production of high-affinity antibody-secreting plasma cells along with memory B cells. By interacting with follicular dendritic cells (FDC) and T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, GC B cells exhibit complex spatiotemporal dynamics. Driving the B cell dynamics are the intracellular signal transduction and gene regulatory network that responds to cell surface signaling molecules, cytokines, and chemokines. As our knowledge of the GC continues to expand in depth and in scope, mathematical modeling has become an important tool to help disentangle the intricacy of the GCR and inform novel mechanistic and clinical insights. While the GC has been modeled at different granularities, a multiscale spatial simulation framework - integrating molecular, cellular, and tissue-level responses - is still rare. Here, we report our recent progress toward this end with a hybrid stochastic GC framework developed on the Cellular Potts Model-based CompuCell3D platform. Tellurium is used to simulate the B cell intracellular molecular network comprising NF-κB, FOXO1, MYC, AP4, CXCR4, and BLIMP1 that responds to B cell receptor (BCR) and CD40-mediated signaling. The molecular outputs of the network drive the spatiotemporal behaviors of B cells, including cyclic migration between the dark zone (DZ) and light zone (LZ) via chemotaxis; clonal proliferative bursts, somatic hypermutation, and DNA damage-induced apoptosis in the DZ; and positive selection, apoptosis via a death timer, and emergence of plasma cells in the LZ. Our simulations are able to recapitulate key molecular, cellular, and morphological GC events including B cell population growth, affinity maturation, and clonal dominance. This novel modeling framework provides an open-source, customizable, and multiscale virtual GC simulation platform that enables qualitative and quantitative in silico investigations of a range of mechanic and applied research questions in future.
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5
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Uderhardt S, Neag G, Germain RN. Dynamic Multiplex Tissue Imaging in Inflammation Research. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 19:43-67. [PMID: 37722698 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-070323-124158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a highly dynamic process with immune cells that continuously interact with each other and parenchymal components as they migrate through tissue. The dynamic cellular responses and interaction patterns are a function of the complex tissue environment that cannot be fully reconstructed ex vivo, making it necessary to assess cell dynamics and changing spatial patterning in vivo. These dynamics often play out deep within tissues, requiring the optical focus to be placed far below the surface of an opaque organ. With the emergence of commercially available two-photon excitation lasers that can be combined with existing imaging systems, new avenues for imaging deep tissues over long periods of time have become available. We discuss a selected subset of studies illustrating how two-photon microscopy (2PM) has helped to relate the dynamics of immune cells to their in situ function and to understand the molecular patterns that govern their behavior in vivo. We also review some key practical aspects of 2PM methods and point out issues that can confound the results, so that readers can better evaluate the reliability of conclusions drawn using this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Uderhardt
- Department of Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Exploratory Research Unit, Optical Imaging Competence Centre, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georgiana Neag
- Department of Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Exploratory Research Unit, Optical Imaging Competence Centre, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ronald N Germain
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Center for Advanced Tissue Imaging (CAT-I), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA;
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6
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ElTanbouly MA, Ramos V, MacLean AJ, Chen ST, Loewe M, Steinbach S, Ben Tanfous T, Johnson B, Cipolla M, Gazumyan A, Oliveira TY, Nussenzweig MC. Role of affinity in plasma cell development in the germinal center light zone. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20231838. [PMID: 37938344 PMCID: PMC10631489 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20231838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Protective immune responses to many pathogens depend on the development of high-affinity antibody-producing plasma cells (PC) in germinal centers (GCs). Transgenic models suggest that there is a stringent affinity-based barrier to PC development. Whether a similar high-affinity barrier regulates PC development under physiologic circumstances and the nature of the PC fate decision has not been defined precisely. Here, we use a fate-mapping approach to examine the relationship between GC B cells selected to undergo additional rounds of affinity maturation, GC pre-PC, and PC. The data show that initial PC selection overlaps with GC B cell selection, but that the PC compartment accumulates a less diverse and higher affinity collection of antibodies over time. Thus, whereas the GC continues to diversify over time, affinity-based pre-PC selection sieves the GC to enable the accumulation of a more restricted group of high-affinity antibody-secreting PC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor Ramos
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew J. MacLean
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Spencer T. Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maximilian Loewe
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sandra Steinbach
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tarek Ben Tanfous
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brianna Johnson
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melissa Cipolla
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anna Gazumyan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thiago Y. Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michel C. Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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7
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Sidiropoulos DN, Ho WJ, Jaffee EM, Kagohara LT, Fertig EJ. Systems immunology spanning tumors, lymph nodes, and periphery. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100670. [PMID: 38086385 PMCID: PMC10753389 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The immune system defines a complex network of tissues and cell types that orchestrate responses across the body in a dynamic manner. The local and systemic interactions between immune and cancer cells contribute to disease progression. Lymphocytes are activated in lymph nodes, traffic through the periphery, and impact cancer progression through their interactions with tumor cells. As a result, therapeutic response and resistance are mediated across tissues, and a comprehensive understanding of lymphocyte dynamics requires a systems-level approach. In this review, we highlight experimental and computational methods that can leverage the study of leukocyte trafficking through an immunomics lens and reveal how adaptive immunity shapes cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios N Sidiropoulos
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Johns Hopkins Convergence Institute, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Kimmel Institute for Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Won Jin Ho
- Johns Hopkins Convergence Institute, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Kimmel Institute for Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Jaffee
- Johns Hopkins Convergence Institute, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Kimmel Institute for Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Luciane T Kagohara
- Johns Hopkins Convergence Institute, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Kimmel Institute for Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Elana J Fertig
- Johns Hopkins Convergence Institute, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Kimmel Institute for Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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8
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Hu T, Allam M, Cai S, Henderson W, Yueh B, Garipcan A, Ievlev AV, Afkarian M, Beyaz S, Coskun AF. Single-cell spatial metabolomics with cell-type specific protein profiling for tissue systems biology. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8260. [PMID: 38086839 PMCID: PMC10716522 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43917-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming in cancer and immune cells occurs to support their increasing energy needs in biological tissues. Here we propose Single Cell Spatially resolved Metabolic (scSpaMet) framework for joint protein-metabolite profiling of single immune and cancer cells in male human tissues by incorporating untargeted spatial metabolomics and targeted multiplexed protein imaging in a single pipeline. We utilized the scSpaMet to profile cell types and spatial metabolomic maps of 19507, 31156, and 8215 single cells in human lung cancer, tonsil, and endometrium tissues, respectively. The scSpaMet analysis revealed cell type-dependent metabolite profiles and local metabolite competition of neighboring single cells in human tissues. Deep learning-based joint embedding revealed unique metabolite states within cell types. Trajectory inference showed metabolic patterns along cell differentiation paths. Here we show scSpaMet's ability to quantify and visualize the cell-type specific and spatially resolved metabolic-protein mapping as an emerging tool for systems-level understanding of tissue biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hu
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mayar Allam
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shuangyi Cai
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Walter Henderson
- Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brian Yueh
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | | | - Anton V Ievlev
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Maryam Afkarian
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Semir Beyaz
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Ahmet F Coskun
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Bioengineering Graduate Program, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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9
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Delrue C, Speeckaert R, Oyaert M, Kerre T, Rottey S, Coopman R, Huvenne W, De Bruyne S, Speeckaert MM. Infrared Spectroscopy: A New Frontier in Hematological Disease Diagnosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17007. [PMID: 38069330 PMCID: PMC10707114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematological diseases, due to their complex nature and diverse manifestations, pose significant diagnostic challenges in healthcare. The pressing need for early and accurate diagnosis has driven the exploration of novel diagnostic techniques. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy, renowned for its noninvasive, rapid, and cost-effective characteristics, has emerged as a promising adjunct in hematological diagnostics. This review delves into the transformative role of IR spectroscopy and highlights its applications in detecting and diagnosing various blood-related ailments. We discuss groundbreaking research findings and real-world applications while providing a balanced view of the potential and limitations of the technique. By integrating advanced technology with clinical needs, we offer insights into how IR spectroscopy may herald a new era of hematological disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Delrue
- Department of Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | | | - Matthijs Oyaert
- Department of Clinical Biology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.O.); (S.D.B.)
| | - Tessa Kerre
- Department of Hematology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Sylvie Rottey
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Renaat Coopman
- Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Wouter Huvenne
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Sander De Bruyne
- Department of Clinical Biology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.O.); (S.D.B.)
| | - Marijn M. Speeckaert
- Department of Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO), 1000 Brussels, Belgium
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10
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Park CI, Choe S, Lee W, Choi W, Kim M, Seung HM, Kim YY. Ultrasonic barrier-through imaging by Fabry-Perot resonance-tailoring panel. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7818. [PMID: 38016968 PMCID: PMC10684589 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43675-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Imaging technologies that provide detailed information on intricate shapes and states of an object play critical roles in nanoscale dynamics, bio-organ and cell studies, medical diagnostics, and underwater detection. However, ultrasonic imaging of an object hidden by a nearly impenetrable metal barrier remains intractable. Here, we present the experimental results of ultrasonic imaging of an object in water behind a metal barrier of a high impedance mismatch. In comparison to direct ultrasonic images, our method yields sufficient object information on the shapes and locations with minimal errors. While our imaging principle is based on the Fabry-Perot (FP) resonance, our strategy for reducing attenuation in our experiments focuses on customising the resonance at any desired frequency. To tailor the resonance frequency, we placed an elaborately engineered panel of a specific material and thickness, called the FP resonance-tailoring panel (RTP), and installed the panel in front of a barrier at a controlled distance. Since our RTP-based imaging technique is readily compatible with conventional ultrasound devices, it can realise underwater barrier-through imaging and communication and enhance skull-through ultrasonic brain imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Il Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Advanced Machines and Design, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungah Choe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Advanced Machines and Design, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Woorim Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Advanced Machines and Design, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjae Choi
- Intelligent Wave Engineering Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
- Department of Precision Measurement, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Miso Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Institute of Energy Science and Technology (SIEST), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Min Seung
- Intelligent Wave Engineering Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Precision Measurement, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yoon Young Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Advanced Machines and Design, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Pelissier A, Stratigopoulou M, Donner N, Dimitriadis E, Bende RJ, Guikema JE, Rodriguez Martinez M, van Noesel CJ. Convergent evolution and B-cell recirculation in germinal centers in a human lymph node. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202301959. [PMID: 37640448 PMCID: PMC10462906 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202301959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) play a central role in generating an effective immune response against infectious pathogens, and failures in their regulating mechanisms can lead to the development of autoimmune diseases and cancer. Although previous works study experimental systems of the immune response with mouse models that are immunized with specific antigens, our study focused on a real-life situation, with an ongoing GC response in a human lymph node (LN) involving multiple asynchronized GCs reacting simultaneously to unknown antigens. We combined laser capture microdissection of individual GCs from human LN with next-generation repertoire sequencing to characterize individual GCs as distinct evolutionary spaces. In line with well-characterized GC responses in mice, elicited by immunization with model antigens, we observe a heterogeneous clonal diversity across individual GCs from the same human LN. Still, we identify shared clones in several individual GCs, and phylogenetic tree analysis combined with paratope modeling suggest the re-engagement and rediversification of B-cell clones across GCs and expanded clones exhibiting shared antigen responses across distinct GCs, indicating convergent evolution of the GCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelien Pelissier
- https://ror.org/02js37d36 IBM Research Europe, Rüschlikon, Switzerland
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria Stratigopoulou
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Naomi Donner
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Richard J Bende
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen E Guikema
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Carel Jm van Noesel
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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12
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Fahlquist-Hagert C, Wittenborn TR, Terczyńska-Dyla E, Kastberg KS, Yang E, Rallistan AN, Markett QR, Winther G, Fonager S, Voss LF, Pedersen MK, van Campen N, Ferapontov A, Jensen L, Huang J, Nieland JD, van der Poel CE, Palmfeldt J, Carroll MC, Utz PJ, Luo Y, Lin L, Degn SE. Antigen presentation by B cells enables epitope spreading across an MHC barrier. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6941. [PMID: 37907556 PMCID: PMC10618542 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42541-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Circumstantial evidence suggests that B cells may instruct T cells to break tolerance. Here, to test this hypothesis, we used a murine model in which a single B cell clone precipitates an autoreactive response resembling systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The initiating clone did not need to enter germinal centers to precipitate epitope spreading. Rather, it localized to extrafollicular splenic bridging channels early in the response. Autoantibody produced by the initiating clone was not sufficient to drive the autoreactive response. Subsequent epitope spreading depended on antigen presentation and was compartmentalized by major histocompatibility complex (MHC). B cells carrying two MHC haplotypes could bridge the MHC barrier between B cells that did not share MHC. Thus, B cells directly relay autoreactivity between two separate compartments of MHC-restricted T cells, leading to inclusion of distinct B cell populations in germinal centers. Our findings demonstrate that B cells initiate and propagate the autoimmune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Fahlquist-Hagert
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Biology, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Thomas R Wittenborn
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Biology, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ewa Terczyńska-Dyla
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Biology, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Emily Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alysa Nicole Rallistan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Quinton Raymond Markett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gudrun Winther
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Biology, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Sofie Fonager
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Biology, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lasse F Voss
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Biology, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mathias K Pedersen
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Biology, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Nina van Campen
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Biology, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexey Ferapontov
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Biology, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- CellPAT Center for Cellular Signal Patterns, iNANO, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Jensen
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Biology, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jinrong Huang
- DREAM Laboratory for Applied Genome Technologies, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - John D Nieland
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Gistrup, Denmark
| | - Cees E van der Poel
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Dragonfly Therapeutics, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Johan Palmfeldt
- Research Unit for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Michael C Carroll
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul J Utz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yonglun Luo
- DREAM Laboratory for Applied Genome Technologies, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Lin Lin
- DREAM Laboratory for Applied Genome Technologies, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Søren E Degn
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Biology, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
- CellPAT Center for Cellular Signal Patterns, iNANO, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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13
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Koehrer S, Burger JA. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Disease Biology. Acta Haematol 2023; 147:8-21. [PMID: 37717577 DOI: 10.1159/000533610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling is crucial for normal B-cell development and adaptive immunity. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the malignant B cells display many features of normal mature B lymphocytes, including the expression of functional B-cell receptors (BCRs). Cross talk between CLL cells and the microenvironment in secondary lymphatic organs results in BCR signaling and BCR-driven proliferation of the CLL cells. This critical pathomechanism can be targeted by blocking BCR-related kinases (BTK, PI3K, spleen tyrosine kinase) using small-molecule inhibitors. Among these targets, Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors have the highest therapeutic efficacy; they effectively block leukemia cell proliferation and generally induce durable remissions in CLL patients, even in patients with high-risk disease. By disrupting tissue homing receptor (i.e., chemokine receptor and adhesion molecule) signaling, these kinase inhibitors also mobilize CLL cells from the lymphatic tissues into the peripheral blood (PB), causing a transient redistribution lymphocytosis, thereby depriving CLL cells from nurturing factors within the tissue niches. SUMMARY The clinical success of the BTK inhibitors in CLL underscores the central importance of the BCR in CLL pathogenesis. Here, we review CLL pathogenesis with a focus on the role of the BCR and other microenvironment cues. KEY MESSAGES (i) CLL cells rely on signals from their microenvironment for proliferation and survival. (ii) These signals are mediated by the BCR as well as chemokine and integrin receptors and their respective ligands. (iii) Targeting the CLL/microenvironment interaction with small-molecule inhibitors provides a highly effective treatment strategy, even in high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Koehrer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Klinik Donaustadt, Vienna, Austria
- Labdia Labordiagnostik, Clinical Genetics, Vienna, Austria
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan A Burger
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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14
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Sircy LM, Ramstead AG, Joshi H, Baessler A, Mena I, García-Sastre A, Williams MA, Scott Hale J. Generation of antigen-specific memory CD4 T cells by heterologous immunization enhances the magnitude of the germinal center response upon influenza infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.29.555253. [PMID: 37693425 PMCID: PMC10491174 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.29.555253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Current influenza vaccine strategies have yet to overcome significant obstacles, including rapid antigenic drift of seasonal influenza viruses, in generating efficacious long-term humoral immunity. Due to the necessity of germinal center formation in generating long-lived high affinity antibodies, the germinal center has increasingly become a target for the development of novel or improvement of less-efficacious vaccines. However, there remains a major gap in current influenza research to effectively target T follicular helper cells during vaccination to alter the germinal center reaction. In this study, we used a heterologous infection or immunization priming strategy to seed an antigen-specific memory CD4+ T cell pool prior to influenza infection in mice to evaluate the effect of recalled memory T follicular helper cells in increased help to influenza-specific primary B cells and enhanced generation of neutralizing antibodies. We found that heterologous priming with intranasal infection with acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) or intramuscular immunization with adjuvanted recombinant LCMV glycoprotein induced increased antigen-specific effector CD4+ T and B cellular responses following infection with a recombinant influenza strain that expresses LCMV glycoprotein. Heterologously primed mice had increased expansion of secondary Th1 and Tfh cell subsets, including increased CD4+ TRM cells in the lung. However, the early enhancement of the germinal center cellular response following influenza infection did not impact influenza-specific antibody generation or B cell repertoires compared to primary influenza infection. Overall, our study suggests that while heterologous infection/immunization priming of CD4+ T cells is able to enhance the early germinal center reaction, further studies to understand how to target the germinal center and CD4+ T cells specifically to increase long-lived antiviral humoral immunity are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M. Sircy
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Andrew G. Ramstead
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Hemant Joshi
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Andrew Baessler
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Ignacio Mena
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Matthew A. Williams
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - J. Scott Hale
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
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15
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Matz HC, McIntire KM, Ellebedy AH. 'Persistent germinal center responses: slow-growing trees bear the best fruits'. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 83:102332. [PMID: 37150126 PMCID: PMC10829534 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are key microanatomical sites in lymphoid organs where responding B cells mature and undergo affinity-based selection. The duration of the GC reaction has long been assumed to be relatively brief, but recent studies in humans, nonhuman primates, and mice indicate that GCs can last for weeks to months after initial antigen exposure. This review examines recent studies investigating the factors that influence GC duration, including antigen persistence, T-follicular helper cells, and mode of immunization. Potential mechanisms for how persistent GCs influence the B-cell repertoire are considered. Overall, these studies provide a blueprint for how to design better vaccines that elicit persistent GC responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanover C Matz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Katherine M McIntire
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA; Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, USA.
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16
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Carrasco YR. Building the synapse engine to drive B lymphocyte function. Immunol Lett 2023; 260:S0165-2478(23)00112-8. [PMID: 37369313 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2023.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
B cell receptor (BCR)-mediated antigen-specific recognition activates B lymphocytes and drives the humoral immune response. This enables the generation of antibody-producing plasma cells, the effector arm of the B cell immune response, and of memory B cells, which confer protection against additional encounters with antigen. B cells search for cognate antigen in the complex cellular microarchitecture of secondary lymphoid organs, where antigens are captured and exposed on the surface of different immune cells. While scanning the cell network, the BCR can be stimulated by a specific antigen and elicit the establishment of the immune synapse with the antigen-presenting cell. At the immune synapse, an integrin-enriched supramolecular domain is assembled at the periphery of the B cell contact with the antigen-presenting cell, ensuring a stable and long-lasting interaction. The coordinated action of the actomyosin cytoskeleton and the microtubule network in the inner B cell space provides a structural framework that integrates signaling events and antigen uptake through the generation of traction forces and organelle polarization. Accordingly, the B cell immune synapse can be envisioned as a temporal engine that drives the molecular mechanisms needed for successful B cell activation. Here, I review different aspects of the B cell synapse engine and provide insights into other aspects poorly known or virtually unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda R Carrasco
- B Lymphocyte Dynamics Group, Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)-CSIC, Madrid, 28049, Spain.
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17
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Pasqualucci L. The germinal center in the pathogenesis of B cell lymphomas. Hematol Oncol 2023; 41 Suppl 1:62-69. [PMID: 37294970 DOI: 10.1002/hon.3141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The adaptive immune system has evolved to allow effective responses against a virtually unlimited number of invading pathogens. This process requires the transient formation of germinal centers (GC), a dynamic environment that ensures the generation and selection of B cells capable to produce antibodies with high antigen affinity, or to maintain the memory of that antigen for life. However, this comes at a cost, as the unique events accompanying the GC reaction pose a significant risk to the genome of B cells, which must endure elevated levels of replication stress, while proliferating at high rates and undergoing DNA breaks introduced by somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination. Indeed, the genetic/epigenetic disruption of programs implicated in normal GC biology has emerged as a hallmark of most B cell lymphomas. This improved understanding provides a conceptual framework for the identification of cellular pathways that could be exploited for precision medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pasqualucci
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, and the Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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18
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van den Broek T, Oleinika K, Rahmayanti S, Castrillon C, van der Poel C, Carroll M. Invasion of spontaneous germinal centers by naive B cells is rapid and persistent. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.30.542805. [PMID: 37398148 PMCID: PMC10312503 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.30.542805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
In autoreactive germinal centers (GC) initiated by a single rogue B cell clone, wild-type B cells expand and give rise to clones that target other autoantigens, known as epitope spreading. The chronic, progressive nature of epitope spreading calls for early interventions, but the kinetics and molecular requirements for wild-type B cell invasion and participation in GC remain largely unknown. With parabiosis and adoptive transfer approaches in a murine model of systemic lupus erythematosus, we demonstrate that wild-type B cells join existing GCs rapidly, clonally expand, persist, and contribute to autoantibody production and diversification. The invasion of autoreactive GCs required TLR7, B cell receptor specificity, antigen presentation, and type I interferon signaling. The adoptive transfer model provides a novel tool for identifying early events in the breaking of B cell tolerance in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. van den Broek
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; MA 02115, USA
| | - K. Oleinika
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; MA 02115, USA
| | - S. Rahmayanti
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; MA 02115, USA
| | - C. Castrillon
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; MA 02115, USA
| | - C.E. van der Poel
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; MA 02115, USA
| | - M.C. Carroll
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; MA 02115, USA
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19
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Ozulumba T, Montalbine AN, Ortiz-Cárdenas JE, Pompano RR. New tools for immunologists: models of lymph node function from cells to tissues. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1183286. [PMID: 37234163 PMCID: PMC10206051 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1183286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymph node is a highly structured organ that mediates the body's adaptive immune response to antigens and other foreign particles. Central to its function is the distinct spatial assortment of lymphocytes and stromal cells, as well as chemokines that drive the signaling cascades which underpin immune responses. Investigations of lymph node biology were historically explored in vivo in animal models, using technologies that were breakthroughs in their time such as immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies, genetic reporters, in vivo two-photon imaging, and, more recently spatial biology techniques. However, new approaches are needed to enable tests of cell behavior and spatiotemporal dynamics under well controlled experimental perturbation, particularly for human immunity. This review presents a suite of technologies, comprising in vitro, ex vivo and in silico models, developed to study the lymph node or its components. We discuss the use of these tools to model cell behaviors in increasing order of complexity, from cell motility, to cell-cell interactions, to organ-level functions such as vaccination. Next, we identify current challenges regarding cell sourcing and culture, real time measurements of lymph node behavior in vivo and tool development for analysis and control of engineered cultures. Finally, we propose new research directions and offer our perspective on the future of this rapidly growing field. We anticipate that this review will be especially beneficial to immunologists looking to expand their toolkit for probing lymph node structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tochukwu Ozulumba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Alyssa N. Montalbine
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jennifer E. Ortiz-Cárdenas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Rebecca R. Pompano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Carter Immunology Center and University of Virginia (UVA) Cancer Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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20
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Yang L, Van Beek M, Wang Z, Muecksch F, Canis M, Hatziioannou T, Bieniasz PD, Nussenzweig MC, Chakraborty AK. Antigen presentation dynamics shape the antibody response to variants like SARS-CoV-2 Omicron after multiple vaccinations with the original strain. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112256. [PMID: 36952347 PMCID: PMC9986127 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 is not effectively neutralized by most antibodies elicited by two doses of mRNA vaccines, but a third dose increases anti-Omicron neutralizing antibodies. We reveal mechanisms underlying this observation by combining computational modeling with data from vaccinated humans. After the first dose, limited antigen availability in germinal centers (GCs) results in a response dominated by B cells that target immunodominant epitopes that are mutated in an Omicron-like variant. After the second dose, these memory cells expand and differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies that are thus ineffective for such variants. However, these pre-existing antigen-specific antibodies transport antigen efficiently to secondary GCs. They also partially mask immunodominant epitopes. Enhanced antigen availability and epitope masking in secondary GCs together result in generation of memory B cells that target subdominant epitopes that are less mutated in Omicron. The third dose expands these cells and boosts anti-variant neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leerang Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Matthew Van Beek
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Zijun Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Frauke Muecksch
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Marie Canis
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Paul D Bieniasz
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Arup K Chakraborty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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21
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Gurwicz N, Stoler-Barak L, Schwan N, Bandyopadhyay A, Meyer-Hermann M, Shulman Z. Tingible body macrophages arise from lymph node-resident precursors and uptake B cells by dendrites. J Exp Med 2023; 220:213834. [PMID: 36705667 PMCID: PMC9900388 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20222173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody affinity maturation depends on the formation of germinal centers (GCs) in lymph nodes. This process generates a massive number of apoptotic B cells, which are removed by a specialized subset of phagocytes, known as tingible body macrophages (TBMs). Although defects in these cells are associated with pathological conditions, the identity of their precursors and the dynamics of dying GC B cell disposal remained unknown. Here, we demonstrate that TBMs originate from pre-existing lymph node-resident precursors that enter the lymph node follicles in a GC-dependent manner. Intravital imaging shows that TBMs are stationary cells that selectively phagocytose GC B cells via highly dynamic protrusions and accommodate the final stages of B cell apoptosis. Cell-specific depletion and chimeric mouse models revealed that GC B cells drive TBM formation from bone marrow-derived precursors stationed within lymphoid organs prior to the immune challenge. Understanding TBM dynamics and function may explain the emergence of various antibody-mediated autoimmune conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neta Gurwicz
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot, Israel
| | - Liat Stoler-Barak
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot, Israel
| | - Niklas Schwan
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Arnab Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig , Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ziv Shulman
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot, Israel
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22
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Bunimovich L, Ram A. Local Immunodeficiency: Combining Cross-Immunoreactivity Networks. J Comput Biol 2023; 30:492-501. [PMID: 36625905 PMCID: PMC10125403 DOI: 10.1089/cmb.2022.0390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This article continues the analysis of the recently observed phenomenon of local immunodeficiency (LI), which arises as a result of antigenic cooperation among intrahost viruses organized into a network of cross-immunoreactivity (CR). We study here what happens as the result of combining (connecting) the simplest CR networks, which have a stable state of LI. It turned out that many possibilities occur, particularly resulting in a change of roles of some viruses in the CR network. Our results also give some indications about a boundary of the set of CR networks with stable state of LI in the entire collection of all possible CR networks. Such borderline CR networks are characterized by only a marginally stable (neutral rather than stable) state of the LI, or by the existence of such subnetworks in a CR network that evolve independently of each other (although being connected).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Bunimovich
- School of Mathematics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Athulya Ram
- School of Mathematics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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23
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Grootveld AK, Kyaw W, Panova V, Lau AWY, Ashwin E, Seuzaret G, Dhenni R, Bhattacharyya ND, Khoo WH, Biro M, Mitra T, Meyer-Hermann M, Bertolino P, Tanaka M, Hume DA, Croucher PI, Brink R, Nguyen A, Bannard O, Phan TG. Apoptotic cell fragments locally activate tingible body macrophages in the germinal center. Cell 2023; 186:1144-1161.e18. [PMID: 36868219 PMCID: PMC7614509 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) that form within lymphoid follicles during antibody responses are sites of massive cell death. Tingible body macrophages (TBMs) are tasked with apoptotic cell clearance to prevent secondary necrosis and autoimmune activation by intracellular self antigens. We show by multiple redundant and complementary methods that TBMs derive from a lymph node-resident, CD169-lineage, CSF1R-blockade-resistant precursor that is prepositioned in the follicle. Non-migratory TBMs use cytoplasmic processes to chase and capture migrating dead cell fragments using a "lazy" search strategy. Follicular macrophages activated by the presence of nearby apoptotic cells can mature into TBMs in the absence of GCs. Single-cell transcriptomics identified a TBM cell cluster in immunized lymph nodes which upregulated genes involved in apoptotic cell clearance. Thus, apoptotic B cells in early GCs trigger activation and maturation of follicular macrophages into classical TBMs to clear apoptotic debris and prevent antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail K Grootveld
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Wunna Kyaw
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Veera Panova
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Angelica W Y Lau
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Emily Ashwin
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Guillaume Seuzaret
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Département de Biologie, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Rama Dhenni
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Weng Hua Khoo
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maté Biro
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science Node, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tanmay Mitra
- Department of Systems Biology and Braunschweig Integrated Center for Systems Biology (BRICS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Rebenring 56, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Biology and Braunschweig Integrated Center for Systems Biology (BRICS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Rebenring 56, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Patrick Bertolino
- Centenary Institute and University of Sydney, AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Masato Tanaka
- Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - David A Hume
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter I Croucher
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert Brink
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Akira Nguyen
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Oliver Bannard
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Tri Giang Phan
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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24
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Stoler-Barak L, Harris E, Peres A, Hezroni H, Kuka M, Di Lucia P, Grenov A, Gurwicz N, Kupervaser M, Yip BH, Iannacone M, Yaari G, Crispino JD, Shulman Z. B cell class switch recombination is regulated by DYRK1A through MSH6 phosphorylation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1462. [PMID: 36927854 PMCID: PMC10020581 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37205-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Protection from viral infections depends on immunoglobulin isotype switching, which endows antibodies with effector functions. Here, we find that the protein kinase DYRK1A is essential for B cell-mediated protection from viral infection and effective vaccination through regulation of class switch recombination (CSR). Dyrk1a-deficient B cells are impaired in CSR activity in vivo and in vitro. Phosphoproteomic screens and kinase-activity assays identify MSH6, a DNA mismatch repair protein, as a direct substrate for DYRK1A, and deletion of a single phosphorylation site impaired CSR. After CSR and germinal center (GC) seeding, DYRK1A is required for attenuation of B cell proliferation. These findings demonstrate DYRK1A-mediated biological mechanisms of B cell immune responses that may be used for therapeutic manipulation in antibody-mediated autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liat Stoler-Barak
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Ethan Harris
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Ayelet Peres
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Hadas Hezroni
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Mirela Kuka
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Di Lucia
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Amalie Grenov
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Neta Gurwicz
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Meital Kupervaser
- De Botton Institute for Proteomics, Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Bon Ham Yip
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Gur Yaari
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - John D Crispino
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Ziv Shulman
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
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25
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Chen ST, Oliveira TY, Gazumyan A, Cipolla M, Nussenzweig MC. B cell receptor signaling in germinal centers prolongs survival and primes B cells for selection. Immunity 2023; 56:547-561.e7. [PMID: 36882061 PMCID: PMC10424567 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are sites of B cell clonal expansion, diversification, and antibody affinity selection. This process is limited and directed by T follicular helper cells that provide helper signals to B cells that endocytose, process, and present cognate antigens in proportion to their B cell receptor (BCR) affinity. Under this model, the BCR functions as an endocytic receptor for antigen capture. How signaling through the BCR contributes to selection is not well understood. To investigate the role of BCR signaling in GC selection, we developed a tracker for antigen binding and presentation and a Bruton's tyrosine kinase drug-resistant-mutant mouse model. We showed that BCR signaling per se is necessary for the survival and priming of light zone B cells to receive T cell help. Our findings provide insight into how high-affinity antibodies are selected within GCs and are fundamental to our understanding of adaptive immunity and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer T Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Thiago Y Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Anna Gazumyan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Melissa Cipolla
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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26
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Brewer RC, Lanz TV, Hale CR, Sepich-Poore GD, Martino C, Swafford AD, Carroll TS, Kongpachith S, Blum LK, Elliott SE, Blachere NE, Parveen S, Fak J, Yao V, Troyanskaya O, Frank MO, Bloom MS, Jahanbani S, Gomez AM, Iyer R, Ramadoss NS, Sharpe O, Chandrasekaran S, Kelmenson LB, Wang Q, Wong H, Torres HL, Wiesen M, Graves DT, Deane KD, Holers VM, Knight R, Darnell RB, Robinson WH, Orange DE. Oral mucosal breaks trigger anti-citrullinated bacterial and human protein antibody responses in rheumatoid arthritis. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eabq8476. [PMID: 36812347 PMCID: PMC10496947 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abq8476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal disease is more common in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who have detectable anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs), implicating oral mucosal inflammation in RA pathogenesis. Here, we performed paired analysis of human and bacterial transcriptomics in longitudinal blood samples from RA patients. We found that patients with RA and periodontal disease experienced repeated oral bacteremias associated with transcriptional signatures of ISG15+HLADRhi and CD48highS100A2pos monocytes, recently identified in inflamed RA synovia and blood of those with RA flares. The oral bacteria observed transiently in blood were broadly citrullinated in the mouth, and their in situ citrullinated epitopes were targeted by extensively somatically hypermutated ACPAs encoded by RA blood plasmablasts. Together, these results suggest that (i) periodontal disease results in repeated breaches of the oral mucosa that release citrullinated oral bacteria into circulation, which (ii) activate inflammatory monocyte subsets that are observed in inflamed RA synovia and blood of RA patients with flares and (iii) activate ACPA B cells, thereby promoting affinity maturation and epitope spreading to citrullinated human antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Camille Brewer
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Tobias V. Lanz
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, 68167, Germany
| | - Caryn R. Hale
- Rockefeller University, New York City, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Cameron Martino
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Austin D. Swafford
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Thomas S. Carroll
- Bioinformatics Resource Center, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sarah Kongpachith
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Lisa K. Blum
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Serra E. Elliott
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Nathalie E. Blachere
- Rockefeller University, New York City, NY 10065, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | | | - John Fak
- Rockefeller University, New York City, NY 10065, USA
| | - Vicky Yao
- Department of Computer Science, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Olga Troyanskaya
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
- Lewis-Sigler Institute of Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
- Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Mayu O. Frank
- Rockefeller University, New York City, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michelle S. Bloom
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Shaghayegh Jahanbani
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Alejandro M. Gomez
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Radhika Iyer
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Nitya S. Ramadoss
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Orr Sharpe
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | | | - Lindsay B. Kelmenson
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado - Denver, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Heidi Wong
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | | | - Mark Wiesen
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Dana T. Graves
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kevin D. Deane
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado - Denver, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - V. Michael Holers
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado - Denver, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Robert B. Darnell
- Rockefeller University, New York City, NY 10065, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - William H. Robinson
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Dana E. Orange
- Rockefeller University, New York City, NY 10065, USA
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, NY 10075, USA
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27
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de Carvalho RVH, Ersching J, Barbulescu A, Hobbs A, Castro TBR, Mesin L, Jacobsen JT, Phillips BK, Hoffmann HH, Parsa R, Canesso MCC, Nowosad CR, Feng A, Leist SR, Baric RS, Yang E, Utz PJ, Victora GD. Clonal replacement sustains long-lived germinal centers primed by respiratory viruses. Cell 2023; 186:131-146.e13. [PMID: 36565697 PMCID: PMC9870066 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) form in secondary lymphoid organs in response to infection and immunization and are the source of affinity-matured B cells. The duration of GC reactions spans a wide range, and long-lasting GCs (LLGCs) are potentially a source of highly mutated B cells. We show that rather than consisting of continuously evolving B cell clones, LLGCs elicited by influenza virus or SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice are sustained by progressive replacement of founder clones by naive-derived invader B cells that do not detectably bind viral antigens. Rare founder clones that resist replacement for long periods are enriched in clones with heavily mutated immunoglobulins, including some with very high affinity for antigen, that can be recalled by boosting. Our findings reveal underappreciated aspects of the biology of LLGCs generated by respiratory virus infection and identify clonal replacement as a potential constraint on the development of highly mutated antibodies within these structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonatan Ersching
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexandru Barbulescu
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alvaro Hobbs
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tiago B R Castro
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luka Mesin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Johanne T Jacobsen
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brooke K Phillips
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Princeton University MD/PhD Program, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Hans-Heinrich Hoffmann
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roham Parsa
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria Cecilia C Canesso
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carla R Nowosad
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Allan Feng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sarah R Leist
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Emily Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - P J Utz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gabriel D Victora
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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28
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Invasion of the germinal centers. Cell 2023; 186:12-14. [PMID: 36608649 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
After vaccination or infection, long-lived germinal centers can produce antibodies with high affinity and specificity against pathogens. In this issue of Cell, de Carvalho et al. and Hägglöf et al. show that naive B cells can invade germinal centers, replacing B cells that entered early and changing features of antibody production. These findings have implications for vaccine design.
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29
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Hägglöf T, Cipolla M, Loewe M, Chen ST, Mesin L, Hartweger H, ElTanbouly MA, Cho A, Gazumyan A, Ramos V, Stamatatos L, Oliveira TY, Nussenzweig MC, Viant C. Continuous germinal center invasion contributes to the diversity of the immune response. Cell 2023; 186:147-161.e15. [PMID: 36565698 PMCID: PMC9825658 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Antibody responses are characterized by increasing affinity and diversity over time. Affinity maturation occurs in germinal centers by a mechanism that involves repeated cycles of somatic mutation and selection. How antibody responses diversify while also undergoing affinity maturation is not as well understood. Here, we examined germinal center (GC) dynamics by tracking B cell entry, division, somatic mutation, and specificity. Our experiments show that naive B cells continuously enter GCs where they compete for T cell help and undergo clonal expansion. Consistent with late entry, invaders carry fewer mutations but can contribute up to 30% or more of the cells in late-stage germinal centers. Notably, cells entering the germinal center at later stages of the reaction diversify the immune response by expressing receptors that show low affinity to the immunogen. Paradoxically, the affinity threshold for late GC entry is lowered in the presence of high-affinity antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hägglöf
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Melissa Cipolla
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Maximilian Loewe
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Spencer T Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Luka Mesin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Harald Hartweger
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mohamed A ElTanbouly
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alice Cho
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Anna Gazumyan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Victor Ramos
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Leonidas Stamatatos
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thiago Y Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Charlotte Viant
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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30
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Robinson AM, Higgins BW, Shuparski AG, Miller KB, McHeyzer-Williams LJ, McHeyzer-Williams MG. Evolution of antigen-specific follicular helper T cell transcription from effector function to memory. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabm2084. [PMID: 36206356 PMCID: PMC9881730 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abm2084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how follicular helper T cells (TFH) regulate the specialization, maturation, and differentiation of adaptive B cell immunity is crucial for developing durable high-affinity immune protection. Using indexed single-cell molecular strategies, we reveal a skewed intraclonal assortment of higher-affinity T cell receptors and the distinct molecular programming of the localized TFH compartment compared with emigrant conventional effector TH cells. We find a temporal shift in B cell receptor class switch, which permits identification of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory modules of transcriptional programming that subspecialize TFH function before and during the germinal center (GC) reaction. Late collapse of this local primary GC reaction reveals a persistent post-GC TFH population that discloses a putative memory TFH program. These studies define subspecialized antigen-specific TFH transcriptional programs that progressively change with antibody class-specific evolution of high-affinity B cell immunity and a memory TFH transcriptional program that emerges upon local GC resolution.
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31
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Yang L, Van Beek M, Wang Z, Muecksch F, Canis M, Hatziioannou T, Bieniasz PD, Nussenzweig MC, Chakraborty AK. Antigen presentation dynamics shape the response to emergent variants like SARS-CoV-2 Omicron strain after multiple vaccinations with wild type strain. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.08.24.505127. [PMID: 36052368 PMCID: PMC9435403 DOI: 10.1101/2022.08.24.505127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 evades neutralization by most serum antibodies elicited by two doses of mRNA vaccines, but a third dose of the same vaccine increases anti-Omicron neutralizing antibodies. By combining computational modeling with data from vaccinated humans we reveal mechanisms underlying this observation. After the first dose, limited antigen availability in germinal centers results in a response dominated by B cells with high germline affinities for immunodominant epitopes that are significantly mutated in an Omicron-like variant. After the second dose, expansion of these memory cells and differentiation into plasma cells shape antibody responses that are thus ineffective for such variants. However, in secondary germinal centers, pre-existing higher affinity antibodies mediate enhanced antigen presentation and they can also partially mask dominant epitopes. These effects generate memory B cells that target subdominant epitopes that are less mutated in Omicron. The third dose expands these cells and boosts anti-variant neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leerang Yang
- Departments of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Matthew Van Beek
- Departments of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Zijun Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Frauke Muecksch
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Marie Canis
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Paul D Bieniasz
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Arup K Chakraborty
- Departments of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139
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32
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Yan Z, Qi H, Lan Y. The role of geometric features in a germinal center. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2022; 19:8304-8333. [PMID: 35801467 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2022387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The germinal center (GC) is a self-organizing structure produced in the lymphoid follicle during the T-dependent immune response and is an important component of the humoral immune system. However, the impact of the special structure of GC on antibody production is not clear. According to the latest biological experiments, we establish a spatiotemporal stochastic model to simulate the whole self-organization process of the GC including the appearance of two specific zones: the dark zone (DZ) and the light zone (LZ), the development of which serves to maintain an effective competition among different cells and promote affinity maturation. A phase transition is discovered in this process, which determines the critical GC volume for a successful growth in both the stochastic and the deterministic model. Further increase of the volume does not make much improvement on the performance. It is found that the critical volume is determined by the distance between the activated B cell receptor (BCR) and the target epitope of the antigen in the shape space. The observation is confirmed in both 2D and 3D simulations and explains partly the variability of the observed GC size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zishuo Yan
- School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Hai Qi
- Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yueheng Lan
- School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
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33
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Jing Z, McCarron MJ, Dustin ML, Fooksman DR. Germinal center expansion but not plasmablast differentiation is proportional to peptide-MHCII density via CD40-CD40L signaling strength. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110763. [PMID: 35508132 PMCID: PMC9178878 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (TFH) cells promote expansion of germinal center (GC) B cells and plasma cell differentiation. Whether cognate peptide-MHCII (pMHCII) density instructs selection and cell fate decisions in a quantitative manner remains unclear. Using αDEC205-OVA to differentially deliver OVA peptides to GC B cells on the basis of DEC205 allelic copy number, we find DEC205+/+ B cells take up 2-fold more antigen than DEC205+/- cells, leading to proportional TFH cell help and B cell expansion. To validate these results, we establish a caged OVA peptide, which is readily detected by OVA-specific TFH cells after photo-uncaging. In situ uncaging of peptides leads to multiple serial B-T contacts and cell activation. Differential CD40 signaling, is both necessary and sufficient to mediate 2-fold differences in B cell expansion. While plasmablast numbers are increased, pMHCII density does not directly control the output or quality of plasma cells. Thus, we distinguish the roles TFH cells play in expansion versus differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Jing
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Mark J McCarron
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3-7FY, UK
| | - David R Fooksman
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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34
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MacLean AJ, Richmond N, Koneva L, Attar M, Medina CAP, Thornton EE, Gomes AC, El-Turabi A, Bachmann MF, Rijal P, Tan TK, Townsend A, Sansom SN, Bannard O, Arnon TI. Secondary influenza challenge triggers resident memory B cell migration and rapid relocation to boost antibody secretion at infected sites. Immunity 2022; 55:718-733.e8. [PMID: 35349789 PMCID: PMC9044924 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Resident memory B (BRM) cells develop and persist in the lungs of influenza-infected mice and humans; however, their contribution to recall responses has not been defined. Here, we used two-photon microscopy to visualize BRM cells within the lungs of influenza -virus immune and reinfected mice. Prior to re-exposure, BRM cells were sparsely scattered throughout the tissue, displaying limited motility. Within 24 h of rechallenge, these cells increased their migratory capacity, localized to infected sites, and subsequently differentiated into plasma cells. Alveolar macrophages mediated this process, in part by inducing expression of chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10 from infiltrating inflammatory cells. This led to the recruitment of chemokine receptor CXCR3-expressing BRM cells to infected regions and increased local antibody concentrations. Our study uncovers spatiotemporal mechanisms that regulate lung BRM cell reactivation and demonstrates their capacity to rapidly deliver antibodies in a highly localized manner to sites of viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J MacLean
- University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, UK
| | - Niamh Richmond
- University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, UK
| | - Lada Koneva
- University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, UK
| | - Moustafa Attar
- University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, UK
| | - Cesar A P Medina
- University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, UK
| | - Emily E Thornton
- University of Oxford, MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, UK
| | - Ariane Cruz Gomes
- University of Oxford, The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford, UK
| | - Aadil El-Turabi
- University of Oxford, The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford, UK
| | - Martin F Bachmann
- University of Oxford, The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford, UK; University of Bern, Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, Department of BioMedical Research, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pramila Rijal
- University of Oxford, MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, UK
| | - Tiong Kit Tan
- University of Oxford, MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, UK
| | - Alain Townsend
- University of Oxford, MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen N Sansom
- University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, UK
| | - Oliver Bannard
- University of Oxford, MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, UK.
| | - Tal I Arnon
- University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, UK.
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35
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Xu Q, Milanez-Almeida P, Martins AJ, Radtke AJ, Hoehn KB, Chen J, Liu C, Tang J, Grubbs G, Stein S, Ramelli S, Kabat J, Behzadpour H, Karkanitsa M, Spathies J, Kalish H, Kardava L, Kirby M, Cheung F, Preite S, Duncker PC, Romero N, Preciado D, Gitman L, Koroleva G, Smith G, Shaffer A, McBain IT, Pittaluga S, Germain RN, Apps R, Sadtler K, Moir S, Chertow DS, Kleinstein SH, Khurana S, Tsang JS, Mudd P, Schwartzberg PL, Manthiram K. Robust, persistent adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in the oropharyngeal lymphoid tissue of children. RESEARCH SQUARE 2022:rs.3.rs-1276578. [PMID: 35350206 PMCID: PMC8963700 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1276578/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers adaptive immune responses from both T and B cells. However, most studies focus on peripheral blood, which may not fully reflect immune responses in lymphoid tissues at the site of infection. To evaluate both local and systemic adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2, we collected peripheral blood, tonsils, and adenoids from 110 children undergoing tonsillectomy/adenoidectomy during the COVID-19 pandemic and found 24 with evidence of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, including detectable neutralizing antibodies against multiple viral variants. We identified SARS-CoV-2-specific germinal center (GC) and memory B cells; single cell BCR sequencing showed that these virus-specific B cells were class-switched and somatically hypermutated, with overlapping clones in the adenoids and tonsils. Oropharyngeal tissues from COVID-19-convalescent children showed persistent expansion of GC and anti-viral lymphocyte populations associated with an IFN-γ-type response, with particularly prominent changes in the adenoids, as well as evidence of persistent viral RNA in both tonsil and adenoid tissues of many participants. Our results show robust, tissue-specific adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in the upper respiratory tract of children weeks to months after acute infection, providing evidence of persistent localized immunity to this respiratory virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xu
- Cell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology (LISB), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | - Andrea J. Radtke
- Center for Advanced Tissue Imaging, LISB, NIAID, NIH Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Jinguo Chen
- Center for Human Immunology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Can Liu
- Multiscale Systems Biology Section, LISB, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Juanjie Tang
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD
| | - Gabrielle Grubbs
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD
| | - Sydney Stein
- Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center (CC), NIH, Bethesda, MD
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sabrina Ramelli
- Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center (CC), NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Juraj Kabat
- Center for Advanced Tissue Imaging, LISB, NIAID, NIH Bethesda, MD
| | - Hengameh Behzadpour
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC
| | - Maria Karkanitsa
- Laboratory of Immuno-Engineering, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jacquelyn Spathies
- Trans-NIH Shared Resource on Biomedical Engineering and Physical Science, NIBIB, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Heather Kalish
- Trans-NIH Shared Resource on Biomedical Engineering and Physical Science, NIBIB, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Lela Kardava
- B-cell Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Martha Kirby
- National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Foo Cheung
- Center for Human Immunology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Silvia Preite
- Cell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology (LISB), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Nahir Romero
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Diego Preciado
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Lyuba Gitman
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | | | - Grace Smith
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Arthur Shaffer
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ian T. McBain
- Cell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology (LISB), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Stefania Pittaluga
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ronald N. Germain
- Center for Advanced Tissue Imaging, LISB, NIAID, NIH Bethesda, MD
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, LISB, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Richard Apps
- Center for Human Immunology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kaitlyn Sadtler
- Laboratory of Immuno-Engineering, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Susan Moir
- B-cell Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Daniel S. Chertow
- Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center (CC), NIH, Bethesda, MD
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Steven H. Kleinstein
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Surender Khurana
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD
| | - John S. Tsang
- Center for Human Immunology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD
- Multiscale Systems Biology Section, LISB, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Pamela Mudd
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Pamela L. Schwartzberg
- Cell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology (LISB), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
- National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kalpana Manthiram
- Cell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology (LISB), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
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36
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Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are microanatomical sites of B cell clonal expansion and antibody affinity maturation. Therein, B cells undergo the Darwinian process of somatic diversification and affinity-driven selection of immunoglobulins that produces the high-affinity antibodies essential for effective humoral immunity. Here, we review recent developments in the field of GC biology, primarily as it pertains to GCs induced by infection or immunization. First, we summarize the phenotype and function of the different cell types that compose the GC, focusing on GC B cells. Then, we review the cellular and molecular bases of affinity-dependent selection within the GC and the export of memory and plasma cells. Finally, we present an overview of the emerging field of GC clonal dynamics, focusing on how GC and post-GC selection shapes the diversity of antibodies secreted into serum. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 40 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel D Victora
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA;
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA;
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37
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Corinaldesi C, Holmes AB, Shen Q, Grunstein E, Pasqualucci L, Dalla-Favera R, Basso K. Tracking Immunoglobulin Repertoire and Transcriptomic Changes in Germinal Center B Cells by Single-Cell Analysis. Front Immunol 2022; 12:818758. [PMID: 35095922 PMCID: PMC8789751 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.818758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to T-cell-dependent antigens, mature B cells in the secondary lymphoid organs are stimulated to form germinal centers (GCs), which are histological structures deputed to antibody affinity maturation, a process associated with immunoglobulin gene editing by somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR). GC B cells are heterogeneous and transition across multiple stages before being eliminated by apoptosis or committing to post-GC differentiation as memory B cells or plasma cells. In order to explore the dynamics of SHM and CSR during the GC reaction, we identified GC subpopulations by single-cell (sc) transcriptomics and analyzed the load of immunoglobulin variable (V) region mutations as well as the isotype class distribution in each subpopulation. The results showed that the large majority of GC B cells display a quantitatively similar mutational load in the V regions and analogous IGH isotype class distribution, except for the precursors of memory B cells (PreM) and plasma cells (PBL). PreM showed a bimodal pattern with about half of the cells displaying high V region germline identity and enrichment for unswitched IGH, while the rest of the cells carried a mutational load similar to the bulk of GC B cells and showed a switched isotype. PBL displayed a bias toward expression of IGHG and higher V region germline identity compared to the bulk of GC B cells. Genes implicated in SHM and CSR were significantly induced in specific GC subpopulations, consistent with the occurrence of SHM in dark zone cells and suggesting that CSR can occur within the GC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antony B. Holmes
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Qiong Shen
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Eli Grunstein
- Department of Otolaringology Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Laura Pasqualucci
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- The Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Riccardo Dalla-Favera
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- The Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Katia Basso
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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38
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Pae J, Jacobsen JT, Victora GD. Imaging the different timescales of germinal center selection. Immunol Rev 2021; 306:234-243. [PMID: 34825386 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are the site of antibody affinity maturation, a fundamental immunological process that increases the potency of antibodies and thereby their ability to protect against infection. GC biology is highly dynamic in both time and space, making it ideally suited for intravital imaging. Using multiphoton laser scanning microscopy (MPLSM), the field has gained insight into the molecular, cellular, and structural changes and movements that coordinate affinity maturation in real time in their native environment. On the other hand, several limitations of MPLSM have had to be overcome to allow full appreciation of GC events taking place across different timescales. Here, we review the technical advances afforded by intravital imaging and their contributions to our understanding of GC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhee Pae
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Johanne T Jacobsen
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gabriel D Victora
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
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39
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Cook SL, Sievert EP, Sciammas R. B Cell Intrinsic IRF4 Haploinsufficiency Impairs Affinity Maturation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:2992-3003. [PMID: 34759017 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The germinal center (GC) reaction is a coordinated and dynamic ensemble of cells and processes that mediate the maturation and selection of high-affinity GC B cells (GCBs) from lower-affinity precursors and ultimately results in plasma cell and memory cell fates that exit the GC. It is of great interest to identify intrinsic and extrinsic factors that control the selection process. The transcription factor IRF4, induced upon BCR and CD40 signaling, is essential for the acquisition of plasma cell and GCB cell fates. We hypothesized that beyond this early requirement, IRF4 continuously operates at later phases of the B cell response. We show that IRF4 is expressed in GCBs at levels greater than seen in resting cells and plays a role in efficient selection of high-affinity GCBs. Halving Irf4 gene copy number in an Ag-specific murine B cell model, we found that Ag presentation, isotype switching, GC formation and zonation, somatic hypermutation rates, and proliferation were comparable with cells with a full Irf4 allelic complement. In contrast, Irf4 haploinsufficient GCBs exhibited impaired generation of high-affinity cells. Mechanistically, we demonstrate suboptimal Blimp-1 regulation among high-affinity Irf4 haploinsufficient GCBs. Furthermore, in cotransfer settings, we observed a marked disadvantage of Irf4 haploinsufficient cells for GC entry, evidential of ineffective recruitment of T cell help. We propose that, analogous to its role in early GC entry, IRF4 continues to function in the late phase of the Ab response to promote productive T follicular helper cell interactions and to activate optimal Blimp-1 expression during GC selection and affinity maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Cook
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Evelyn P Sievert
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Roger Sciammas
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
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40
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Willenbacher E, Brunner A, Zelger B, Unterberger SH, Stalder R, Huck CW, Willenbacher W, Pallua JD. Application of mid-infrared microscopic imaging for the diagnosis and classification of human lymphomas. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2021; 14:e202100079. [PMID: 34159739 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202100079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mid-infrared (MIR) microscopic imaging of indolent and aggressive lymphomas was performed including formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded samples of six follicular lymphomas and 12 diffuse large B-cell-lymphomas as well as reactive lymph nodes to investigate benefits and challenges for lymphoma diagnosis. MIR images were compared to defined pathological characteristics such as indolent versus aggressive versus reactive, germinal centre versus activated cell-of-origin (COO) subtypes, or a low versus a high proliferative index and level of PD-L1 expression. We demonstrated that MIR microscopic imaging can differentiate between reactive lymph nodes, indolent and aggressive lymphoma samples. Also, it has potential to be used in the subtyping of lymphomas, as shown with the differentiation between COO subtypes, the level of proliferation and PD-L1 expression. MIR microscopic imaging is a promising tool for diagnosis and subtyping of lymphoma and further evaluation is needed to fully explore the advantages and disadvantages of this method for pathological diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Willenbacher
- Internal Medicine V: Hematology & Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Brunner
- Institute of Pathology, Neuropathology and Molecular Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bettina Zelger
- Institute of Pathology, Neuropathology and Molecular Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Roland Stalder
- Institute of Mineralogy and Petrography, Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian W Huck
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Willenbacher
- Internal Medicine V: Hematology & Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Oncotyrol, Center for personalized Cancer Medicine, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes D Pallua
- Institute of Pathology, Neuropathology and Molecular Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- University Hospital for Orthopedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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41
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Meyer-Hermann M. A molecular theory of germinal center B cell selection and division. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109552. [PMID: 34433043 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The selection of B cells (BCs) in germinal centers (GCs) is pivotal to the generation of high-affinity antibodies and memory BCs, but it lacks global understanding. Based on the idea of a single Tfh-cell signal that controls BC selection and division, experiments appear contradictory. Here, we use the current knowledge on the molecular pathways of GC BCs to develop a theory of GC BC selection and division based on the dynamics of molecular factors. This theory explains the seemingly contradictory experiments by the separation of signals for BC fate decision from signals controlling the number of BC divisions. Three model variants are proposed and experiments are predicted that allow one to distinguish those. Understanding information processing in molecular BC states is critical for targeted immune interventions, and the proposed theory implies that selection and division can be controlled independently in GC reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Rebenring 56, Braunschweig 38106, Germany; Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CIIM), Hannover, Germany; Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover 30625, Germany.
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42
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The unique biology of germinal center B cells. Immunity 2021; 54:1652-1664. [PMID: 34380063 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Germinal center (GC) B cells are the source of the high-affinity, class-switched antibodies required for protective immunity. The unique biology of GC B cells involves iterative rounds of antibody gene somatic hypermutation coupled to multiple selection and differentiation pathways. Recent advances in areas such as single cell and gene editing technologies have shed new light upon these complex and dynamic processes. We review these findings here and integrate them into the current understanding of GC B cell replication and death, the retention of high-affinity and class-switched B cells in the GC, and differentiation into plasma and memory cell effectors. We also discuss how the biology of GC responses relates to vaccine effectiveness and outline current and future challenges in the field.
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43
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Bemark M, Angeletti D. Know your enemy or find your friend?-Induction of IgA at mucosal surfaces. Immunol Rev 2021; 303:83-102. [PMID: 34331314 PMCID: PMC7612940 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Most antibodies produced in the body are of the IgA class. The dominant cell population producing them are plasma cells within the lamina propria of the gastrointestinal tract, but many IgA-producing cells are also found in the airways, within mammary tissues, the urogenital tract and inside the bone marrow. Most IgA antibodies are transported into the lumen by epithelial cells as part of the mucosal secretions, but they are also present in serum and other body fluids. A large part of the commensal microbiota in the gut is covered with IgA antibodies, and it has been demonstrated that this plays a role in maintaining a healthy balance between the host and the bacteria. However, IgA antibodies also play important roles in neutralizing pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract and the upper airways. The distinction between the two roles of IgA - protective and balance-maintaining - not only has implications on function but also on how the production is regulated. Here, we discuss these issues with a special focus on gut and airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Bemark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Davide Angeletti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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44
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Meyer SJ, Steffensen M, Acs A, Weisenburger T, Wadewitz C, Winkler TH, Nitschke L. CD22 Controls Germinal Center B Cell Receptor Signaling, Which Influences Plasma Cell and Memory B Cell Output. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1018-1032. [PMID: 34330755 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Germinal center reactions are established during a thymus-dependent immune response. Germinal center (GC) B cells are rapidly proliferating and undergo somatic hypermutation in Ab genes. This results in the production of high-affinity Abs and establishment of long-lived memory cells. GC B cells show lower BCR-induced signaling when compared with naive B cells, but the functional relevance is not clear. CD22 is a member of the Siglec family and functions as an inhibitory coreceptor on B cells. Interestingly, GC B cells downregulate sialic acid forms that serve as high-affinity ligands for CD22, indicating a role for CD22 ligand binding during GC responses. We studied the role of CD22 in the GC with mixed bone marrow chimeric mice and found a disadvantage of CD22-/- GC B cells during the GC reaction. Mechanistic investigations ruled out defects in dark zone/light zone distribution and affinity maturation. Rather, an increased rate of apoptosis in CD22-/- GC B cells was responsible for the disadvantage, also leading to a lower GC output in plasma cells and memory B cells. CD22-/- GC B cells showed a clearly increased calcium response upon BCR stimulation, which was almost absent in wild-type GC B cells. We conclude that the differential expression of the low-affinity cis CD22 ligands in the GC normally results in a strong attenuation of BCR signaling in GC B cells, probably due to higher CD22-BCR interactions. Therefore, attenuation of BCR signaling by CD22 is involved in GC output and B cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Meyer
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marie Steffensen
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Acs
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Weisenburger
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Charlotte Wadewitz
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas H Winkler
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lars Nitschke
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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45
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Attaf N, Baaklini S, Binet L, Milpied P. Heterogeneity of germinal center B cells: New insights from single-cell studies. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:2555-2567. [PMID: 34324199 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Upon antigen exposure, activated B cells in antigen-draining lymphoid organs form microanatomical structures, called germinal centers (GCs), where affinity maturation occurs. Within the GC microenvironment, GC B cells undergo proliferation and B cell receptor (BCR) genes somatic hypermutation in the dark zone (DZ), and affinity-based selection in the light zone (LZ). In the current paradigm of GC dynamics, high-affinity LZ B cells may be selected by cognate T- follicular helper cells to either differentiate into plasma cells or memory B cells, or re-enter the DZ and initiate a new round of proliferation and BCR diversification, before migrating back to the LZ. Given the diversity of cell states and potential cell fates that GC B cells may adopt, the two-state DZ-LZ paradigm has been challenged by studies that explored GC B-cell heterogeneity with a variety of single-cell technologies. Here, we review studies and single-cell technologies which have allowed to refine the working model of GC B-cell cellular and molecular heterogeneity during affinity maturation. This review also covers the use of single-cell quantitative data for mathematical modeling of GC reactions, and the application of single-cell genomics to the study of GC-derived malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noudjoud Attaf
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Marseille, France
| | - Sabrina Baaklini
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Marseille, France
| | - Laurine Binet
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Milpied
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Marseille, France.,French Germinal Center Club, French Society for Immunology (SFI), Paris, France
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46
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Wishnie AJ, Chwat-Edelstein T, Attaway M, Vuong BQ. BCR Affinity Influences T-B Interactions and B Cell Development in Secondary Lymphoid Organs. Front Immunol 2021; 12:703918. [PMID: 34381455 PMCID: PMC8350505 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.703918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells produce high-affinity immunoglobulins (Igs), or antibodies, to eliminate foreign pathogens. Mature, naïve B cells expressing an antigen-specific cell surface Ig, or B cell receptor (BCR), are directed toward either an extrafollicular (EF) or germinal center (GC) response upon antigen binding. B cell interactions with CD4+ pre-T follicular helper (pre-Tfh) cells at the T-B border and effector Tfh cells in the B cell follicle and GC control B cell development in response to antigen. Here, we review recent studies demonstrating the role of B cell receptor (BCR) affinity in modulating T-B interactions and the subsequent differentiation of B cells in the EF and GC response. Overall, these studies demonstrate that B cells expressing high affinity BCRs preferentially differentiate into antibody secreting cells (ASCs) while those expressing low affinity BCRs undergo further affinity maturation or differentiate into memory B cells (MBCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec J Wishnie
- Biology PhD Program, Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Biology, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Tzippora Chwat-Edelstein
- Department of Biology, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States.,Macaulay Honors College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mary Attaway
- Department of Biology, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Bao Q Vuong
- Biology PhD Program, Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Biology, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States
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47
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Sheng J, Wang S. Coevolutionary transitions emerging from flexible molecular recognition and eco-evolutionary feedback. iScience 2021; 24:102861. [PMID: 34401660 PMCID: PMC8353512 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly mutable viruses evolve to evade host immunity that exerts selective pressure and adapts to viral dynamics. Here, we provide a framework for identifying key determinants of the mode and fate of viral-immune coevolution by linking molecular recognition and eco-evolutionary dynamics. We find that conservation level and initial diversity of antigen jointly determine the timing and efficacy of narrow and broad antibody responses, which in turn control the transition between viral persistence, clearance, and rebound. In particular, clearance of structurally complex antigens relies on antibody evolution in a larger antigenic space than where selection directly acts; viral rebound manifests binding-mediated feedback between ecology and rapid evolution. Finally, immune compartmentalization can slow viral escape but also delay clearance. This work suggests that flexible molecular binding allows a plastic phenotype that exploits potentiating neutral variations outside direct contact, opening new and shorter paths toward highly adaptable states. A scale-crossing framework identifies key determinants of viral-immune coevolution Fast specific response influences slow broad response by shaping antigen dynamics Antibody footprint shift enables breadth acquisition and viral clearance Model explains divergent kinetics and outcomes of HCV infection in humans
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiming Sheng
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shenshen Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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48
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Arulraj T, Binder SC, Meyer-Hermann M. In Silico Analysis of the Longevity and Timeline of Individual Germinal Center Reactions in a Primary Immune Response. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071736. [PMID: 34359906 PMCID: PMC8306527 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are transient structures in the secondary lymphoid organs, where B cells undergo affinity maturation to produce high affinity memory and plasma cells. The lifetime of GC responses is a critical factor limiting the extent of affinity maturation and efficiency of antibody responses. While the average lifetime of overall GC reactions in a lymphoid organ is determined experimentally, the lifetime of individual GCs has not been monitored due to technical difficulties in longitudinal analysis. In silico analysis of the contraction phase of GC responses towards primary immunization with sheep red blood cells suggested that if individual GCs had similar lifetimes, the data would be consistent only when new GCs were formed until a very late phase after immunization. Alternatively, there could be a large variation in the lifetime of individual GCs suggesting that both long and short-lived GCs might exist in the same lymphoid organ. Simulations predicted that such differences in the lifetime of GCs could arise due to variations in antigen availability and founder cell composition. These findings identify the potential factors limiting GC lifetime and contribute to an understanding of overall GC responses from the perspective of individual GCs in a primary immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theinmozhi Arulraj
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (T.A.); (S.C.B.)
| | - Sebastian C. Binder
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (T.A.); (S.C.B.)
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (T.A.); (S.C.B.)
- Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Correspondence:
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49
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Arulraj T, Binder SC, Robert PA, Meyer-Hermann M. Germinal Centre Shutdown. Front Immunol 2021; 12:705240. [PMID: 34305944 PMCID: PMC8293096 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.705240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal Centres (GCs) are transient structures in secondary lymphoid organs, where affinity maturation of B cells takes place following an infection. While GCs are responsible for protective antibody responses, dysregulated GC reactions are associated with autoimmune disease and B cell lymphoma. Typically, ‘normal’ GCs persist for a limited period of time and eventually undergo shutdown. In this review, we focus on an important but unanswered question – what causes the natural termination of the GC reaction? In murine experiments, lack of antigen, absence or constitutive T cell help leads to premature termination of the GC reaction. Consequently, our present understanding is limited to the idea that GCs are terminated due to a decrease in antigen access or changes in the nature of T cell help. However, there is no direct evidence on which biological signals are primarily responsible for natural termination of GCs and a mechanistic understanding is clearly lacking. We discuss the present understanding of the GC shutdown, from factors impacting GC dynamics to changes in cellular interactions/dynamics during the GC lifetime. We also address potential missing links and remaining questions in GC biology, to facilitate further studies to promote a better understanding of GC shutdown in infection and immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theinmozhi Arulraj
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sebastian C Binder
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Philippe A Robert
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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50
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Zografou C, Vakrakou AG, Stathopoulos P. Short- and Long-Lived Autoantibody-Secreting Cells in Autoimmune Neurological Disorders. Front Immunol 2021; 12:686466. [PMID: 34220839 PMCID: PMC8248361 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.686466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As B cells differentiate into antibody-secreting cells (ASCs), short-lived plasmablasts (SLPBs) are produced by a primary extrafollicular response, followed by the generation of memory B cells and long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) in germinal centers (GCs). Generation of IgG4 antibodies is T helper type 2 (Th2) and IL-4, -13, and -10-driven and can occur parallel to IgE, in response to chronic stimulation by allergens and helminths. Although IgG4 antibodies are non-crosslinking and have limited ability to mobilize complement and cellular cytotoxicity, when self-tolerance is lost, they can disrupt ligand-receptor binding and cause a wide range of autoimmune disorders including neurological autoimmunity. In myasthenia gravis with predominantly IgG4 autoantibodies against muscle-specific kinase (MuSK), it has been observed that one-time CD20+ B cell depletion with rituximab commonly leads to long-term remission and a marked reduction in autoantibody titer, pointing to a short-lived nature of autoantibody-secreting cells. This is also observed in other predominantly IgG4 autoantibody-mediated neurological disorders, such as chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy and autoimmune encephalitis with autoantibodies against the Ranvier paranode and juxtaparanode, respectively, and extends beyond neurological autoimmunity as well. Although IgG1 autoantibody-mediated neurological disorders can also respond well to rituximab induction therapy in combination with an autoantibody titer drop, remission tends to be less long-lasting and cases where titers are refractory tend to occur more often than in IgG4 autoimmunity. Moreover, presence of GC-like structures in the thymus of myasthenic patients with predominantly IgG1 autoantibodies against the acetylcholine receptor and in ovarian teratomas of autoimmune encephalitis patients with predominantly IgG1 autoantibodies against the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) confers increased the ability to generate LLPCs. Here, we review available information on the short-and long-lived nature of ASCs in IgG1 and IgG4 autoantibody-mediated neurological disorders and highlight common mechanisms as well as differences, all of which can inform therapeutic strategies and personalized medical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zografou
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A G Vakrakou
- First Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - P Stathopoulos
- First Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
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