1
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Yu Y, Fan MY, Zhou HX, Song YQ. The global pattern of epiphytic liverwort disparity: insights from Frullania. BMC Ecol Evol 2024; 24:63. [PMID: 38741051 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-024-02254-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The geographical and ecological patterns of morphological disparity are crucial to understand how species are assembled within communities in the context of the evolutionary history, morphological evolution and ecological interactions. However, with limited exceptions, rather few studies have been conducted on the global pattern of disparity, particularly in early land plants. Here we explored the spatial accumulation of disparity in a morphologically variable and species rich liverwort genus Frullania in order to test the hypothesis of latitude disparity gradient. We compiled a morphological data set consisting of eight continuous traits for 244 currently accepted species, and scored the species distribution into 19 floristic regions worldwide. By reconstructing the morphospace of all defined regions and comparisons, we identified a general Gondwana-Laurasia pattern of disparity in Frullania. This likely results from an increase of ecological opportunities and / or relaxed constraints towards low latitudes. The lowest disparity occurred in arid tropical regions, largely due to a high extinction rate as a consequence of paleoaridification. There was weak correlation between species diversity and disparity at different spatial scales. Furthermore, long-distance dispersal may have partially shaped the present-day distribution of Frullania disparity, given its frequency and the great contribution of widely distributed species to local morphospace. This study not only highlighted the crucial roles of paleoenvironmental changes, ecological opportunities, and efficient dispersal on the global pattern of plant disparity, but also implied its dependence on the ecological and physiological function of traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Huangshan University, Huangshan, 245041, China.
| | - Mei-Ying Fan
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Huangshan University, Huangshan, 245041, China
| | - Hong-Xia Zhou
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Huangshan University, Huangshan, 245041, China
| | - Yue-Qin Song
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Huangshan University, Huangshan, 245041, China
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2
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Bas TG, Sáez ML, Sáez N. Sustainable Development versus Extractivist Deforestation in Tropical, Subtropical, and Boreal Forest Ecosystems: Repercussions and Controversies about the Mother Tree and the Mycorrhizal Network Hypothesis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1231. [PMID: 38732447 PMCID: PMC11085170 DOI: 10.3390/plants13091231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
This research reviews the phenomenon of extractive deforestation as a possible trigger for cascade reactions that could affect part of the forest ecosystem and its biodiversity (surface, aerial, and underground) in tropical, subtropical, and boreal forests. The controversy and disparities in criteria generated in the international scientific community around the hypothesis of a possible link between "mother trees" and mycorrhizal networks in coopetition for nutrients, nitrogen, and carbon are analyzed. The objective is to promote awareness to generate more scientific knowledge about the eventual impacts of forest extraction. Public policies are emphasized as crucial mediators for balanced sustainable development. Currently, the effects of extractive deforestation on forest ecosystems are poorly understood, which requires caution and forest protection. Continued research to increase our knowledge in molecular biology is advocated to understand the adaptation of biological organisms to the new conditions of the ecosystem both in the face of extractive deforestation and reforestation. The environmental impacts of extractive deforestation, such as the loss of biodiversity, soil degradation, altered water cycles, and the contribution of climate change, remain largely unknown. Long-term and high-quality research is essential to ensure forest sustainability and the preservation of biodiversity for future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Gabriel Bas
- Escuela de Ciencias Empresariales, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile;
| | - Mario Luis Sáez
- Facultad de Humanidades, La Serena University, Coquimbo 1700000, Chile;
| | - Nicolas Sáez
- Escuela de Ciencias Empresariales, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile;
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3
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Bonfim M, López DP, Repetto MF, Freestone AL. Speed and degree of functional and compositional recovery varies with latitude and community age. Ecology 2024; 105:e4259. [PMID: 38404022 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Rates at which a community recovers after disturbance, or its resilience, can be accelerated by increased net primary productivity and recolonization dynamics such as recruitment. These mechanisms can vary across biogeographic gradients, such as latitude, suggesting that biogeography is likely important to predicting resilience. To test whether community resilience, informed by functional and compositional recovery, hinges on geographic location, we employed a standardized replicated experiment on marine invertebrate communities across four regions from the tropics to the subarctic zone. Communities assembled naturally on standardized substrate while experiencing distinct levels of biomass removal (no removal, low disturbance, and high disturbance), which opened space for new colonizers, thereby providing a pulse of limited resource to these communities. We then quantified functional (space occupancy and biomass) and compositional recovery from these repeated pulse disturbances across two community assembly timescales (early and late at 3 and 12 months, respectively). We documented latitudinal variation in resilience across 47° latitude, where speed of functional recovery was higher toward lower latitudes yet incomplete at late assembly in the tropics and subtropics. The degree of functional recovery did not coincide with compositional recovery, and regional differences in recruitment and growth likely contributed to functional recovery in these communities. While biogeographic variation in community resilience has been predicted, our results are among the first to examine functional and compositional recovery from disturbance in a single large-scale standardized experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Bonfim
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Diana P López
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancon, Panama
| | - Michele F Repetto
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, USA
| | - Amy L Freestone
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancon, Panama
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, USA
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4
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Fung T, Pande J, Shnerb NM, O'Dwyer JP, Chisholm RA. Processes governing species richness in communities exposed to temporal environmental stochasticity: A review and synthesis of modelling approaches. Math Biosci 2024; 369:109131. [PMID: 38113973 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2023.109131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Research into the processes governing species richness has often assumed that the environment is fixed, whereas realistic environments are often characterised by random fluctuations over time. This temporal environmental stochasticity (TES) changes the demographic rates of species populations, with cascading effects on community dynamics and species richness. Theoretical and applied studies have used process-based mathematical models to determine how TES affects species richness, but under a variety of frameworks. Here, we critically review such studies to synthesise their findings and draw general conclusions. We first provide a broad mathematical framework encompassing the different ways in which TES has been modelled. We then review studies that have analysed models with TES under the assumption of negligible interspecific interactions, such that a community is conceptualised as the sum of independent species populations. These analyses have highlighted how TES can reduce species richness by increasing the frequency at which a species becomes rare and therefore prone to extinction. Next, we review studies that have relaxed the assumption of negligible interspecific interactions. To simplify the corresponding models and make them analytically tractable, such studies have used mean-field theory to derive fixed parameters representing the typical strength of interspecific interactions under TES. The resulting analyses have highlighted community-level effects that determine how TES affects species richness, for species that compete for a common limiting resource. With short temporal correlations of environmental conditions, a non-linear averaging effect of interspecific competition strength over time gives an increase in species richness. In contrast, with long temporal correlations of environmental conditions, strong selection favouring the fittest species between changes in environmental conditions results in a decrease in species richness. We compare such results with those from invasion analysis, which examines invasion growth rates (IGRs) instead of species richness directly. Qualitative differences sometimes arise because the IGR is the expected growth rate of a species when it is rare, which does not capture the variation around this mean or the probability of the species becoming rare. Our review elucidates key processes that have been found to mediate the negative and positive effects of TES on species richness, and by doing so highlights key areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tak Fung
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Singapore.
| | - Jayant Pande
- Department of Physical and Natural Sciences, FLAME University, Pune, Maharashtra 412115, India
| | - Nadav M Shnerb
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - James P O'Dwyer
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, 505, South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Ryan A Chisholm
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Singapore
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5
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Levine JI, Pacala SW, Levine JM. Competition for time: Evidence for an overlooked, diversity-maintaining competitive mechanism. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14422. [PMID: 38549235 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Understanding how diversity is maintained in plant communities requires that we first understand the mechanisms of competition for limiting resources. In ecology, there is an underappreciated but fundamental distinction between systems in which the depletion of limiting resources reduces the growth rates of competitors and systems in which resource depletion reduces the time available for competitors to grow, a mechanism we call 'competition for time'. Importantly, modern community ecology and our framing of the coexistence problem are built on the implicit assumption that competition reduces the growth rate. However, recent theoretical work suggests competition for time may be the predominant competitive mechanism in a broad array of natural communities, a significant advance given that when species compete for time, diversity-maintaining trade-offs emerge organically. In this study, we first introduce competition for time conceptually using a simple model of interacting species. Then, we perform an experiment in a Mediterranean annual grassland to determine whether competition for time is an important competitive mechanism in a field system. Indeed, we find that species respond to increased competition through reductions in their lifespan rather than their rate of growth. In total, our study suggests competition for time may be overlooked as a mechanism of biodiversity maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob I Levine
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Stephen W Pacala
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jonathan M Levine
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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6
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Gómez-Llano M, Boys WA, Ping T, Tye SP, Siepielski AM. Interactions between fitness components across the life cycle constrain competitor coexistence. J Anim Ecol 2023; 92:2297-2308. [PMID: 37087690 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Numerous mechanisms can promote competitor coexistence. Yet, these mechanisms are often considered in isolation from one another. Consequently, whether multiple mechanisms shaping coexistence combine to promote or constrain species coexistence remains an open question. Here, we aim to understand how multiple mechanisms interact within and between life stages to determine frequency-dependent population growth, which has a key role stabilizing local competitor coexistence. We conducted field experiments in three lakes manipulating relative frequencies of two Enallagma damselfly species to evaluate demographic contributions of three mechanisms affecting different fitness components across the life cycle: the effect of resource competition on individual growth rate, predation shaping mortality rates, and mating harassment determining fecundity. We then used a demographic model that incorporates carry-over effects between life stages to decompose the relative effect of each fitness component generating frequency-dependent population growth. This decomposition showed that fitness components combined to increase population growth rates for one species when rare, but they combined to decrease population growth rates for the other species when rare, leading to predicted exclusion in most lakes. Because interactions between fitness components within and between life stages vary among populations, these results show that local coexistence is population specific. Moreover, we show that multiple mechanisms do not necessarily increase competitor coexistence, as they can also combine to yield exclusion. Identifying coexistence mechanisms in other systems will require greater focus on determining contributions of different fitness components across the life cycle shaping competitor coexistence in a way that captures the potential for population-level variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Gómez-Llano
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, 65188, Sweden
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72701, USA
| | - Wade A Boys
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72701, USA
| | - Taylor Ping
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72701, USA
| | - Simon P Tye
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72701, USA
| | - Adam M Siepielski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72701, USA
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7
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Garwood NC, Metz MR, Queenborough SA, Persson V, Wright SJ, Burslem DFRP, Zambrano M, Valencia R. Seasonality of reproduction in an ever-wet lowland tropical forest in Amazonian Ecuador. Ecology 2023; 104:e4133. [PMID: 37376710 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Flowering and fruiting phenology have been infrequently studied in the ever-wet hyperdiverse lowland forests of northwestern equatorial Amazonía. These Neotropical forests are typically called aseasonal with reference to climate because they are ever-wet, and it is often assumed they are also aseasonal with respect to phenology. The physiological limits to plant reproduction imposed by water and light availability are difficult to disentangle in seasonal forests because these variables are often temporally correlated, and both are rarely studied together, challenging our understanding of their relative importance as drivers of reproduction. Here we report on the first long-term study (18 years) of flowering and fruiting phenology in a diverse equatorial forest, Yasuní in eastern Ecuador, and the first to include a full suite of on-site monthly climate data. Using twice monthly censuses of 200 traps and >1000 species, we determined whether reproduction at Yasuní is seasonal at the community and species levels and analyzed the relationships between environmental variables and phenology. We also tested the hypothesis that seasonality in phenology, if present, is driven primarily by irradiance. Both the community- and species-level measures demonstrated strong reproductive seasonality at Yasuní. Flowering peaked in September-November and fruiting peaked in March-April, with a strong annual signal for both phenophases. Irradiance and rainfall were also highly seasonal, even though no month on average experienced drought (a month with <100 mm rainfall). Flowering was positively correlated with current or near-current irradiance, supporting our hypothesis that the extra energy available during the period of peak irradiance drives the seasonality of flowering at Yasuní. As Yasuní is representative of lowland ever-wet equatorial forests of northwestern Amazonía, we expect that reproductive phenology will be strongly seasonal throughout this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy C Garwood
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Science II, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Margaret R Metz
- Department of Biology, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Simon A Queenborough
- Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Plantas, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Viveca Persson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- Department of Botany, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - S Joseph Wright
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | | | - Milton Zambrano
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Plantas, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Renato Valencia
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Plantas, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
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8
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Yamamichi M, Letten AD, Schreiber SJ. Eco-evolutionary maintenance of diversity in fluctuating environments. Ecol Lett 2023; 26 Suppl 1:S152-S167. [PMID: 37840028 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that temporally fluctuating environments are important in maintaining variation both within and between species. To date, however, studies of genetic variation within a population have been largely conducted by evolutionary biologists (particularly population geneticists), while population and community ecologists have concentrated more on diversity at the species level. Despite considerable conceptual overlap, the commonalities and differences of these two alternative paradigms have yet to come under close scrutiny. Here, we review theoretical and empirical studies in population genetics and community ecology focusing on the 'temporal storage effect' and synthesise theories of diversity maintenance across different levels of biological organisation. Drawing on Chesson's coexistence theory, we explain how temporally fluctuating environments promote the maintenance of genetic variation and species diversity. We propose a further synthesis of the two disciplines by comparing models employing traditional frequency-dependent dynamics and those adopting density-dependent dynamics. We then address how temporal fluctuations promote genetic and species diversity simultaneously via rapid evolution and eco-evolutionary dynamics. Comparing and synthesising ecological and evolutionary approaches will accelerate our understanding of diversity maintenance in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Yamamichi
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of International Health and Medical Anthropology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Andrew D Letten
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sebastian J Schreiber
- Department of Evolution and Ecology and Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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9
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Ramage BS, Johnson DJ, Chan DM. Effects of drought, disturbance, and biotic neighborhood on experimental tree seedling performance. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10413. [PMID: 37593754 PMCID: PMC10427772 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Forest biodiversity is likely maintained by a complex suite of interacting drivers that vary in importance across both space and time. Contributing factors include disturbance, interannual variation in abiotic variables, and biotic neighborhood effects. To probe ongoing uncertainties and potential interactions, we investigated tree seedling performance in a temperate mid-Atlantic forest ecosystem. We planted seedlings of five native tree species in mapped study plots, half of which were subjected to disturbance, and then monitored seedling survival, height growth, and foliar condition. The final year of data collection encompassed a drought, enabling comparison between intervals varying in water availability. Seedling performance was analyzed as a function of canopy cover and biotic neighborhood (conspecific and heterospecific abundance), including interactions, with separate generalized linear mixed models fit for each interval. All species exhibited: (a) pronounced declines in height growth during the drought year, (b) detrimental effects of adult conspecifics, and (c) beneficial effects of canopy openness. However, despite these consistencies, there was considerable variation across species in terms of the relevant predictors for each response variable in each interval. Our results suggest that drought may strengthen or reveal conspecific inhibition in some instances while weakening it or obscuring it in others, and that some forms of conspecific inhibition may manifest only under particular canopy conditions (although given the inconsistency of our findings, we are not convinced that conspecific inhibition is critical for diversity maintenance in our study system). Overall, our work reveals a complex forest ecosystem that appears simultaneously and interactively governed by biotic neighborhood structure (e.g., conspecific and/or heterospecific abundance), local habitat conditions (e.g., canopy cover), and interannual variability (e.g., drought).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel J. Johnson
- School of Forest, Fisheries, & Geomatics sciencesUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - David M. Chan
- Department of Mathematics and Applied MathematicsVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
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10
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Usinowicz J, O'Connor MI. The fitness value of ecological information in a variable world. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:621-639. [PMID: 36849871 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Information processing is increasingly recognized as a fundamental component of life in variable environments, including the evolved use of environmental cues, biomolecular networks, and social learning. Despite this, ecology lacks a quantitative framework for understanding how population, community, and ecosystem dynamics depend on information processing. Here, we review the rationale and evidence for 'fitness value of information' (FVOI), and synthesize theoretical work in ecology, information theory, and probability behind this general mathematical framework. The FVOI quantifies how species' per capita population growth rates can depend on the use of information in their environment. FVOI is a breakthrough approach to linking information processing and ecological and evolutionary outcomes in a changing environment, addressing longstanding questions about how information mediates the effects of environmental change and species interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Usinowicz
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Mary I O'Connor
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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11
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Li X, Ruhsam M, Wang Y, Zhang HY, Fan XY, Zhang L, Wang J, Mao KS. Wind-dispersed seeds blur phylogeographic breaks: The complex evolutionary history of Populus lasiocarpa around the Sichuan Basin. PLANT DIVERSITY 2023; 45:156-168. [PMID: 37069930 PMCID: PMC10105135 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The strength of phylogeographic breaks can vary among species in the same area despite being subject to the same geological and climate history due to differences in biological traits. Several important phylogeographic breaks exist around the Sichuan Basin in Southwest China but few studies have focused on wind-dispersed plants. Here, we investigated the phylogeographic patterns and the evolutionary history of Populus lasiocarpa, a wind-pollinated and wind-dispersed tree species with a circum-Sichuan Basin distribution in southwest China. We sequenced and analyzed three plastid DNA fragments (ptDNA) and eight nuclear microsatellites (nSSRs) of 265 individuals of P. lasiocarpa from 21 populations spanning the entire distribution range. Distribution patterns based on nSSR data revealed that there are three genetic groups in P. lasiocarpa. This is consistent with the three phylogeographic breaks (Sichuan Basin, the Kaiyong Line and the 105°E line), where the Sichuan basin acts as the main barrier to gene flow between western and eastern groups. However, the distribution pattern based on ptDNA haplotypes poorly matched the phylogeographic breaks, and wind-dispersed seeds may be one of the main contributing factors. Species distribution modelling suggested a larger potential distribution in the last glacial maximum with a severe bottleneck during the last interglacial. A DIYABC model also suggested a population contraction and expansion for both western and eastern lineages. These results indicate that biological traits are likely to affect the evolutionary history of plants, and that nuclear molecular markers, which experience higher levels of gene flow, might be better indicators of phylogeographic breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Markus Ruhsam
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Hong-Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yan Fan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Kang-Shan Mao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
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12
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Van Dyke MN, Levine JM, Kraft NJB. Small rainfall changes drive substantial changes in plant coexistence. Nature 2022; 611:507-511. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Steinmetz B, Meyer I, Shnerb NM. Evolution in fluctuating environments: A generic modular approach. Evolution 2022; 76:2739-2757. [PMID: 36097355 PMCID: PMC9828023 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary processes take place in fluctuating environments, where carrying capacities and selective forces vary over time. The fate of a mutant type and the persistence time of polymorphic states were studied in some specific cases of varying environments, but a generic methodology is still lacking. Here, we present such a general analytic framework. We first identify a set of elementary building blocks, a few basic demographic processes like logistic or exponential growth, competition at equilibrium, sudden decline, and so on. For each of these elementary blocks, we evaluate the mean and the variance of the changes in the frequency of the mutant population. Finally, we show how to find the relevant terms of the diffusion equation for each arbitrary combination of these blocks. Armed with this technique one may calculate easily the quantities that govern the evolutionary dynamics, like the chance of ultimate fixation, the time to absorption, and the time to fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bnaya Steinmetz
- Department of PhysicsBar‐Ilan UniversityRamat‐GanIL52900Israel
| | - Immanuel Meyer
- Department of PhysicsBar‐Ilan UniversityRamat‐GanIL52900Israel
| | - Nadav M. Shnerb
- Department of PhysicsBar‐Ilan UniversityRamat‐GanIL52900Israel
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14
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Johnson EC, Hastings A. Methods for calculating coexistence mechanisms: beyond scaling factors. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evan C. Johnson
- Dept of Environmental Science and Policy, Univ. of California Davis Davis CA USA
| | - Alan Hastings
- Dept of Environmental Science and Policy, Univ. of California Davis Davis CA USA
- Santa Fe Institute. Santa Fe Institute Santa Fe New Mexico USA
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15
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Johnson EC, Hastings A. Towards a heuristic understanding of the storage effect. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:2347-2358. [PMID: 36181717 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The storage effect is a general explanation for coexistence in a variable environment. Unfortunately, the storage effect is poorly understood, in part because the generality of the storage effect precludes an interpretation that is simultaneously simple, intuitive and correct. Here, we explicate the storage effect by dividing one of its key conditions-covariance between environment and competition-into two pieces, namely that there must be a strong causal relationship between environment and competition, and that the effects of the environment do not change too quickly. This finer-grained definition can explain a number of previous results, including (1) that the storage effect promotes annual plant coexistence when the germination rate fluctuates, but not when the seed yield fluctuates, (2) that the storage effect is more likely to be induced by resource competition than the apparent competition, and (3) why the storage effect arises readily in models with either stage structure or environmental autocorrelation. Additionally, our expanded definition suggests two novel mechanisms by which the temporal storage effect can arise-transgenerational plasticity and causal chains of environmental variables-thus suggesting that the storage effect is a more common phenomenon than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan C Johnson
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Center for Population Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Alan Hastings
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
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16
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Pande J, Tsubery Y, Shnerb NM. Quantifying invasibility. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:1783-1794. [PMID: 35717561 PMCID: PMC9543749 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Invasibility, the chance of a population to grow from rarity and become established, plays a fundamental role in population genetics, ecology, epidemiology and evolution. For many decades, the mean growth rate of a species when it is rare has been employed as an invasion criterion. Recent studies show that the mean growth rate fails as a quantitative metric for invasibility, with its magnitude sometimes even increasing while the invasibility decreases. Here we provide two novel formulae, based on the diffusion approximation and a large‐deviations (Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin) approach, for the chance of invasion given the mean growth and its variance. The first formula has the virtue of simplicity, while the second one holds over a wider parameter range. The efficacy of the formulae, including their accompanying data analysis technique, is demonstrated using synthetic time series generated from canonical models and parameterised with empirical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayant Pande
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | - Nadav M Shnerb
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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17
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Nishizawa K, Shinohara N, Cadotte MW, Mori AS. The latitudinal gradient in plant community assembly processes: A meta-analysis. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:1711-1724. [PMID: 35616424 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Beta(β)-diversity, or site-to-site variation in species composition, generally decreases with increasing latitude, and the underlying processes driving this pattern have been challenging to elucidate because the signals of community assembly processes are scale-dependent. In this meta-analysis, by synthesising the results of 103 studies that were distributed globally and conducted at various spatial scales, we revealed a latitudinal gradient in the detectable assembly processes of vascular plant communities. Variations in plant community composition at low and high latitudes were mainly explained by geographic variables, suggesting that distance decay and dispersal limitations causing spatial aggregation are influential in these regions. In contrast, variation in species composition correlated most strongly with environmental variables at mid-latitudes (20-30°), reflecting the importance of environmental filtering, although this unimodal pattern was not statistically significant. Importantly, our analysis revealed the effects of different spatial scales, such that the correlation with spatial variables was stronger at smaller sampling extents, and environmental variables were more influential at larger sampling extents. We concluded that plant communities are driven by different community assembly processes in distinct biogeographical regions, suggesting that the latitudinal gradient of biodiversity is created by a combination of multiple processes that vary with environmental and species size differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Nishizawa
- The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Marc W Cadotte
- Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada
| | - Akira S Mori
- The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan
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18
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Meyer I, Steinmetz B, Shnerb NM. How the storage effect and the number of temporal niches affect biodiversity in stochastic and seasonal environments. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1009971. [PMID: 35344537 PMCID: PMC8989364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal environmental variations affect diversity in communities of competing populations. In particular, the covariance between competition and environment is known to facilitate invasions of rare species via the storage effect. Here we present a quantitative study of the effects of temporal variations in two-species and in diverse communities. Four scenarios are compared: environmental variations may be either periodic (seasonal) or stochastic, and the dynamics may support the storage effect (global competition) or not (local competition). In two-species communities, coexistence is quantified via the mean time to absorption, and we show that stochastic variations yield shorter persistence time because they allow for rare sequences of bad years. In diverse communities, where the steady-state reflects a colonization-extinction equilibrium, the actual number of temporal niches is shown to play a crucial role. When this number is large, the same trends hold: storage effect and periodic variations increase both species richness and the evenness of the community. Surprisingly, when the number of temporal niches is small global competition acts to decrease species richness and evenness, as it focuses the competition to specific periods, thus increasing the effective fitness differences. One of the major challenges of community ecology and population genetics is the understanding of the factors that protect biodiversity. Surprisingly, in many generic cases temporal environmental variations (and the abundance fluctuations associated with it) promote the coexistence of competing species and facilitate genetic polymorphism. Here we present a detailed and quantitative comparison between the stabilizing (and the destabilizing) effects of periodic (seasonal) and stochastic temporal variations. When the number of species is small, we show that persistence times under periodic variations are much longer than the persistence times in a stochastic environment. However, environmental variations facilitate coexistence only when the number of temporal niches is larger than the number of species, whereas in the opposite case the same mechanism acts to increase competition and to decrease species richness. Since it is reasonable to expect the number of temporal niches under seasonal variations to be typically smaller than the corresponding number in stochastic environments, stochastic variations provide a more plausible explanation for the apparent stability of high-diversity assemblages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Immanuel Meyer
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Bnaya Steinmetz
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Nadav M. Shnerb
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- * E-mail:
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19
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Jarzyna MA, Norman KEA, LaMontagne JM, Helmus MR, Li D, Parker SM, Perez Rocha M, Record S, Sokol ER, Zarnetske PL, Surasinghe TD. Community stability is related to animal diversity change. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marta A. Jarzyna
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA
- Translational Data Analytics Institute The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA
| | - Kari E. A. Norman
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management University of California Berkeley Berkeley California USA
| | | | - Matthew R. Helmus
- Department of Biology Temple University Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Daijiang Li
- Department of Biological Sciences Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
- Center for Computation and Technology Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | | | | | - Sydne Record
- Department of Biology Bryn Mawr College Bryn Mawr Pennsylvania USA
| | - Eric R. Sokol
- Battelle National Ecological Observatory Network Boulder Colorado USA
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Phoebe L. Zarnetske
- Department of Integrative Biology Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
- Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - Thilina D. Surasinghe
- Department of Biological Sciences Bridgewater State University Bridgewater Massachusetts USA
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20
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Research on the Temporal and Spatial Distributions of Standing Wood Carbon Storage Based on Remote Sensing Images and Local Models. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13020346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: It is important to understand the temporal and spatial distributions of standing wood carbon storage in forests to maintain ecological balance and forest dynamics. Such information can provide technical and data support for promoting ecological construction, formulating different afforestation policies, and implementing forest management strategies. Long-term series of Landsat 5 (Thematic Mapper, TM) and Landsat 8 (Operational Land Imager, OLI) remote sensing images and digital elevation models (DEM), as well as multiphase survey data, provide new opportunities for research on the temporal and spatial distributions of standing wood carbon storage in forests. Methods: The extracted remote sensing factors, terrain factors, and forest stand factors were analyzed with stepwise regression in relation to standing wood carbon storage to identify significant influential factors, build a global ordinary least squares (OLS) model and a linear mixed model (LMM), and construct a local geographically weighted regression (GWR), multiscale geographically weighted regression model (MGWR), temporally weighted regression (TWR), and geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR). Model evaluation indicators were used to calculate residual Moran’s I values, and the optimal model was selected to explore the spatiotemporal dynamics of standing wood carbon storage in the Liangshui Nature Reserve. Results: Remote sensing factors, topographic factors (Slope), and stand factors (Age and DBH) were significantly correlated with standing wood carbon storage, and the constructed global models exhibited fitting effects inferior to those of the established local models. LMM is also used as a global model to add random effects on the basis of OLS, and R2 is increased to 0.52 compared with OLS. The local models based on geographically weighted regression, namely, GWR, MGWR, TWR, and GTWR, all have good performance. Compared with OLS, the R2 is increased to 0.572, 0.589, 0.643, and 0.734, and the fitting effect of GTWR is the best. GTWR can overcome spatial autocorrelation and temporal autocorrelation problems, with a higher R2 (0.734) and a more ideal model residual than other models. This study develops a model for carbon storage (CS) considering various influential factors in the Liangshui area and provides a possible solution for the estimation of long-term carbon storage distribution.
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21
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Pande J, Shnerb NM. How temporal environmental stochasticity affects species richness: destabilization, neutralization and the storage effect. J Theor Biol 2022; 539:111053. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2022.111053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Stump SM, Song C, Saavedra S, Levine JM, Vasseur DA. Synthesizing the effects of individual‐level variation on coexistence. ECOL MONOGR 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Maccracken Stump
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Yale University New Haven Connecticut 06511 USA
| | - Chuliang Song
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA
| | - Serguei Saavedra
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA
| | - Jonathan M. Levine
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Princeton University Princeton New Jersey 08544 USA
| | - David A. Vasseur
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Yale University New Haven Connecticut 06511 USA
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23
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Mancuso CP, Lee H, Abreu CI, Gore J, Khalil AS. Environmental fluctuations reshape an unexpected diversity-disturbance relationship in a microbial community. eLife 2021; 10:e67175. [PMID: 34477107 PMCID: PMC8460265 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental disturbances have long been theorized to play a significant role in shaping the diversity and composition of ecosystems. However, an inability to specify the characteristics of a disturbance experimentally has produced an inconsistent picture of diversity-disturbance relationships (DDRs). Here, using a high-throughput programmable culture system, we subjected a soil-derived bacterial community to dilution disturbance profiles with different intensities (mean dilution rates), applied either constantly or with fluctuations of different frequencies. We observed an unexpected U-shaped relationship between community diversity and disturbance intensity in the absence of fluctuations. Adding fluctuations increased community diversity and erased the U-shape. All our results are well-captured by a Monod consumer resource model, which also explains how U-shaped DDRs emerge via a novel 'niche flip' mechanism. Broadly, our combined experimental and modeling framework demonstrates how distinct features of an environmental disturbance can interact in complex ways to govern ecosystem assembly and offers strategies for reshaping the composition of microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Mancuso
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biological Design Center, Boston UniversityBostonUnited States
| | - Hyunseok Lee
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - Clare I Abreu
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - Jeff Gore
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - Ahmad S Khalil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biological Design Center, Boston UniversityBostonUnited States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard UniversityBostonUnited States
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24
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Wiegand T, Wang X, Anderson-Teixeira KJ, Bourg NA, Cao M, Ci X, Davies SJ, Hao Z, Howe RW, Kress WJ, Lian J, Li J, Lin L, Lin Y, Ma K, McShea W, Mi X, Su SH, Sun IF, Wolf A, Ye W, Huth A. Consequences of spatial patterns for coexistence in species-rich plant communities. Nat Ecol Evol 2021; 5:965-973. [PMID: 33941904 PMCID: PMC8257505 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-021-01440-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Ecology cannot yet fully explain why so many tree species coexist in natural communities such as tropical forests. A major difficulty is linking individual-level processes to community dynamics. We propose a combination of tree spatial data, spatial statistics and dynamical theory to reveal the relationship between spatial patterns and population-level interaction coefficients and their consequences for multispecies dynamics and coexistence. Here we show that the emerging population-level interaction coefficients have, for a broad range of circumstances, a simpler structure than their individual-level counterparts, which allows for an analytical treatment of equilibrium and stability conditions. Mechanisms such as animal seed dispersal, which result in clustering of recruits that is decoupled from parent locations, lead to a rare-species advantage and coexistence of otherwise neutral competitors. Linking spatial statistics with theories of community dynamics offers new avenues for explaining species coexistence and calls for rethinking community ecology through a spatial lens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Wiegand
- Department of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Xugao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, .
| | - Kristina J Anderson-Teixeira
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA
- Forest Global Earth Observatory (ForestGEO), Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Norman A Bourg
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA
| | - Min Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Xiuqin Ci
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Centre for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Stuart J Davies
- Forest Global Earth Observatory (ForestGEO), Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Zhanqing Hao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University
| | - Robert W Howe
- Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, Green Bay, WI, USA
| | - W John Kress
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Juyu Lian
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Jie Li
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Centre for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Luxiang Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Yiching Lin
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University
| | - Keping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - William McShea
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA
| | - Xiangcheng Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | | | - I-Fang Sun
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Ecology and Sustainability, National Dong Hwa University
| | - Amy Wolf
- Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, Green Bay, WI, USA
| | - Wanhui Ye
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Andreas Huth
- Department of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Environmental Systems Research, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
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25
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Gómez-Llano M, Germain RM, Kyogoku D, McPeek MA, Siepielski AM. When Ecology Fails: How Reproductive Interactions Promote Species Coexistence. Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 36:610-622. [PMID: 33785182 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
That species must differ ecologically is often viewed as a fundamental condition for their stable coexistence in biological communities. Yet, recent work has shown that ecologically equivalent species can coexist when reproductive interactions and sexual selection regulate population growth. Here, we review theoretical models and highlight empirical studies supporting a role for reproductive interactions in maintaining species diversity. We place reproductive interactions research within a burgeoning conceptual framework of coexistence theory, identify four key mechanisms in intra- and interspecific interactions within and between sexes, speculate on novel mechanisms, and suggest future research. Given the preponderance of sexual reproduction in nature, our review suggests that this is a neglected path towards explaining species diversity when traditional ecological explanations have failed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Gómez-Llano
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
| | - Rachel M Germain
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Daisuke Kyogoku
- The Museum of Nature and Human Activities, Hyogo 669-1546, Japan
| | - Mark A McPeek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Adam M Siepielski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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26
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Oita S, Ibáñez A, Lutzoni F, Miadlikowska J, Geml J, Lewis LA, Hom EFY, Carbone I, U'Ren JM, Arnold AE. Climate and seasonality drive the richness and composition of tropical fungal endophytes at a landscape scale. Commun Biol 2021; 4:313. [PMID: 33750915 PMCID: PMC7943826 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01826-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how species-rich communities persist is a foundational question in ecology. In tropical forests, tree diversity is structured by edaphic factors, climate, and biotic interactions, with seasonality playing an essential role at landscape scales: wetter and less seasonal forests typically harbor higher tree diversity than more seasonal forests. We posited that the abiotic factors shaping tree diversity extend to hyperdiverse symbionts in leaves-fungal endophytes-that influence plant health, function, and resilience to stress. Through surveys in forests across Panama that considered climate, seasonality, and covarying biotic factors, we demonstrate that endophyte richness varies negatively with temperature seasonality. Endophyte community structure and taxonomic composition reflect both temperature seasonality and climate (mean annual temperature and precipitation). Overall our findings highlight the vital role of climate-related factors in shaping the hyperdiversity of these important and little-known symbionts of the trees that, in turn, form the foundations of tropical forest biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzo Oita
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | | | | | - József Geml
- MTA-EKE Lendület Environmental Microbiome Research Group, Eszterházy Károly University, Eger, Hungary
| | - Louise A Lewis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Erik F Y Hom
- Department of Biology, Center for Biodiversity and Conservation Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Ignazio Carbone
- Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jana M U'Ren
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - A Elizabeth Arnold
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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27
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De Kort H, Prunier JG, Ducatez S, Honnay O, Baguette M, Stevens VM, Blanchet S. Life history, climate and biogeography interactively affect worldwide genetic diversity of plant and animal populations. Nat Commun 2021; 12:516. [PMID: 33483517 PMCID: PMC7822833 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-20958-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how biological and environmental factors interactively shape the global distribution of plant and animal genetic diversity is fundamental to biodiversity conservation. Genetic diversity measured in local populations (GDP) is correspondingly assumed representative for population fitness and eco-evolutionary dynamics. For 8356 populations across the globe, we report that plants systematically display much lower GDP than animals, and that life history traits shape GDP patterns both directly (animal longevity and size), and indirectly by mediating core-periphery patterns (animal fecundity and plant dispersal). Particularly in some plant groups, peripheral populations can sustain similar GDP as core populations, emphasizing their potential conservation value. We further find surprisingly weak support for general latitudinal GDP trends. Finally, contemporary rather than past climate contributes to the spatial distribution of GDP, suggesting that contemporary environmental changes affect global patterns of GDP. Our findings generate new perspectives for the conservation of genetic resources at worldwide and taxonomic-wide scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- H De Kort
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - J G Prunier
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, SETE Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UMR 5321, Moulis, France
| | - S Ducatez
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - O Honnay
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - M Baguette
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, SETE Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UMR 5321, Moulis, France
- Institut Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), UMR 7205 Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - V M Stevens
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, SETE Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UMR 5321, Moulis, France
| | - S Blanchet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, SETE Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UMR 5321, Moulis, France
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28
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LaManna JA, Mangan SA, Myers JA. Conspecific negative density dependence and why its study should not be abandoned. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. LaManna
- Department of Biological Sciences Marquette University Milwaukee Wisconsin53201USA
- Departments of Botany & Zoology Milwaukee Public Museum Milwaukee Wisconsin USA
| | - Scott A. Mangan
- Department of Biological Sciences Arkansas State University Jonesboro Arkansas72467USA
| | - Jonathan A. Myers
- Department of Biology & Tyson Research Center Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis Missouri63110USA
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29
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Differential resource use in filter-feeding marine invertebrates. Oecologia 2020; 194:505-513. [PMID: 33079267 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04791-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Coexistence theory predicts that, in general, increases in the number of limiting resources shared among competitors should facilitate coexistence. Heterotrophic sessile marine invertebrate communities are extremely diverse but traditionally, space was viewed as the sole limiting resource. Recently planktonic food was recognized as an additional limiting resource, but the degree to which planktonic food acts as a single resource or is utilized differentially remains unclear. In other words, whether planktonic food represents a single resource niche or multiple resource niches has not been established. We estimated the rate at which 11 species of marine invertebrates consumed three phytoplankton species, each different in shape and size. Rates of consumption varied by a 240-fold difference among the species considered and, while there was overlap in the consumer diets, we found evidence for differential resource usage (i.e. consumption rates of phytoplankton differed among consumers). No consumer ingested all phytoplankton species at equivalent rates, instead most species tended to consume one of the species much more than others. Our results suggest that utilization of the phytoplankton niche by filter feeders is more subdivided than previously thought, and resource specialization may facilitate coexistence in this system. Our results provide a putative mechanism for why diversity affects community function and invasion in a classic system for studying competition.
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Steinmetz B, Kalyuzhny M, Shnerb NM. Intraspecific variability in fluctuating environments: mechanisms of impact on species diversity. Ecology 2020; 101:e03174. [PMID: 32860217 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have found considerable trait variations within species. The effect of such intraspecific trait variability (ITV) on the stability, coexistence, and diversity of ecological communities received considerable attention and in many models it was shown to impede coexistence and decrease species diversity. Here we present a numerical study of the effect of genetically inherited ITV on species persistence and diversity in a temporally fluctuating environment. Two mechanisms are identified. First, ITV buffers populations against varying environmental conditions (portfolio effect) and reduces variation in abundances. Second, the interplay between ITV and environmental variations tends to increase the mean fitness of diverse populations. The first mechanism promotes persistence and tends to increase species richness, while the second reduces the chance of a rare species population (which is usually homogeneous) to invade, thus decreasing species richness. We show that for large communities the portfolio effect is dominant, leading to ITV promoting species persistence and richness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bnaya Steinmetz
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Michael Kalyuzhny
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Nadav M Shnerb
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 52900, Israel
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31
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Armitage DW, Jones SE. Coexistence barriers confine the poleward range of a globally distributed plant. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:1838-1848. [PMID: 33022085 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the study of factors shaping species' poleward range boundaries, climatic constraints are often assigned greater importance than biotic interactions such as competition. However, theory suggests competition can truncate a species' fundamental niche in harsh environments. We test this by challenging a mechanistic niche model - containing explicit competition terms - to predict the poleward range boundaries of two globally distributed, ecologically similar aquatic plant species. Mechanistic competition models accurately predicted the northern range limits of our study species, outperforming competition-free mechanistic models and matching the predictive ability of statistical niche models fit to occurrence records. Using the framework of modern coexistence theory, we found that relative nonlinearity in competitors' responses to temperature fluctuations maintains their coexistence boundary, highlighting the importance of this fluctuation-dependent mechanism. Our results support a more nuanced, interactive role of climate and competition in determining range boundaries, and illustrate a practical, process-based approach to understanding the determinants of range limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Armitage
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Stuart E Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
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32
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Pande J, Fung T, Chisholm R, Shnerb NM. Invasion growth rate and its relevance to persistence: a response to Technical Comment by Ellner et al. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:1725-1726. [PMID: 32851799 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ellner et al. (2020) state that identifying the mechanisms producing positive invasion growth rates (IGR) is useful in characterising species persistence. We agree about the importance of the sign of IGR as a binary indicator of persistence, but question whether its magnitude provides much information once the sign is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayant Pande
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Tak Fung
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ryan Chisholm
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Nadav M Shnerb
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
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33
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Dean AM, Shnerb NM. Stochasticity‐induced stabilization in ecology and evolution: a new synthesis. Ecology 2020; 101:e03098. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antony M. Dean
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior University of Minnesota St. Paul Minnesota55108USA
- BioTechnology Institute University of Minnesota St. Paul Minnesota55108USA
| | - Nadav M. Shnerb
- Department of Physics Bar‐Ilan University Ramat Gan52900Israel
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34
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Dias GM, Vieira EA, Pestana L, Marques AC, Karythis S, Jenkins SR, Griffith K. Calcareous defence structures of prey mediate the effects of predation and biotic resistance towards the tropics. DIVERS DISTRIB 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo M. Dias
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas Universidade Federal do ABC São Bernardo do Campo Brazil
| | - Edson A. Vieira
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas Universidade Federal do ABC São Bernardo do Campo Brazil
- Departamento de Oceanografia e Limnologia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Natal Brazil
| | - Lueji Pestana
- Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Faculdade de Ciências Universidade Agostinho Neto Luanda Angola
| | - Antonio C. Marques
- Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
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35
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Tyler R, Wanigasooriya K, Taniere P, Almond M, Ford S, Desai A, Beggs A. A review of retroperitoneal liposarcoma genomics. Cancer Treat Rev 2020; 86:102013. [PMID: 32278233 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2020.102013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Retroperitoneal liposarcomas are rare tumours that carry a poorer prognosis than their extremity counterparts. Within their subtypes - well differentiated (WDL), dedifferentiated (DDL), myxoid (MLS) and pleomorphic (PLS) - they exhibit a diverse genomic landscape. With recent advances in next generation sequencing, the number of studies exploring this have greatly increased. The recent literature has deepened our understanding of the hallmark MDM2/CDK4 amplification in WDL/DDL and addressed concerns about toxicity and resistance when targeting this. The FUS-DDIT3 fusion gene remains the primary focus of interest in MLS with additional potential targets described. Whole genome sequencing has driven identification of novel genes and pathways implicated in WDL/DDL outside of the classic 12q13-15 amplicon. Due to their rarity; anatomical location and histologic subtype are infrequently mentioned when reporting the results of these studies. Reports can include non-adipogenic or extremity tumours, making it difficult to draw specific retroperitoneal conclusions. This narrative review aims to provide a summary of retroperitoneal liposarcoma genomics and the implications for therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Tyler
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - Kasun Wanigasooriya
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - Philippe Taniere
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom.
| | - Max Almond
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom.
| | - Samuel Ford
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom.
| | - Anant Desai
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom.
| | - Andrew Beggs
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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36
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Abreu CI, Andersen Woltz VL, Friedman J, Gore J. Microbial communities display alternative stable states in a fluctuating environment. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1007934. [PMID: 32453781 PMCID: PMC7274482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of environmental fluctuations is a major question in ecology. While it is widely accepted that fluctuations and other types of disturbances can increase biodiversity, there are fewer examples of other types of outcomes in a fluctuating environment. Here we explore this question with laboratory microcosms, using cocultures of two bacterial species, P. putida and P. veronii. At low dilution rates we observe competitive exclusion of P. veronii, whereas at high dilution rates we observe competitive exclusion of P. putida. When the dilution rate alternates between high and low, we do not observe coexistence between the species, but rather alternative stable states, in which only one species survives and initial species’ fractions determine the identity of the surviving species. The Lotka-Volterra model with a fluctuating mortality rate predicts that this outcome is independent of the timing of the fluctuations, and that the time-averaged mortality would also lead to alternative stable states, a prediction that we confirm experimentally. Other pairs of species can coexist in a fluctuating environment, and again consistent with the model we observe coexistence in the time-averaged dilution rate. We find a similar time-averaging result holds in a three-species community, highlighting that simple linear models can in some cases provide powerful insight into how communities will respond to environmental fluctuations. The effect of environmental fluctuations on community structure and function is a fundamental question in ecology. A significant body of work suggests that fluctuations increase diversity due to a variety of proposed mechanisms. In this study, we compare the effects of constant and fluctuating dilution regimes on simple microbial communities with two or three species. We find that in all cases, the outcome in a fluctuating environment is the same as that in a constant environment in which the fluctuations are time-averaged. This surprising result highlights that in some communities, ecological stable states may be predicted by averaging environmental parameters, rather than by the variation itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare I. Abreu
- Physics of Living Systems, Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CIA); (JG)
| | - Vilhelm L. Andersen Woltz
- Physics of Living Systems, Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Friedman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jeff Gore
- Physics of Living Systems, Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CIA); (JG)
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37
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Spaak JW, De Laender F. Intuitive and broadly applicable definitions of niche and fitness differences. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:1117-1128. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jurg W. Spaak
- University of Namur Institute of Life‐Earth‐Environment Namur Center for Complex Systems Namur Rue de Bruxelles 61 Belgium
| | - Frederik De Laender
- University of Namur Institute of Life‐Earth‐Environment Namur Center for Complex Systems Namur Rue de Bruxelles 61 Belgium
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38
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39
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Pande J, Fung T, Chisholm R, Shnerb NM. Mean growth rate when rare is not a reliable metric for persistence of species. Ecol Lett 2019; 23:274-282. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jayant Pande
- Department of Physics Bar‐Ilan University Ramat Gan 52900 Israel
| | - Tak Fung
- Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore Singapore 117543 Republic of Singapore
| | - Ryan Chisholm
- Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore Singapore 117543 Republic of Singapore
| | - Nadav M. Shnerb
- Department of Physics Bar‐Ilan University Ramat Gan 52900 Israel
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40
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Fung T, Chisholm RA, Anderson-Teixeira K, Bourg N, Brockelman WY, Bunyavejchewin S, Chang-Yang CH, Chitra-Tarak R, Chuyong G, Condit R, Dattaraja HS, Davies SJ, Ewango CEN, Fewless G, Fletcher C, Gunatilleke CVS, Gunatilleke IAUN, Hao Z, Hogan JA, Howe R, Hsieh CF, Kenfack D, Lin Y, Ma K, Makana JR, McMahon S, McShea WJ, Mi X, Nathalang A, Ong PS, Parker G, Rau EP, Shue J, Su SH, Sukumar R, Sun IF, Suresh HS, Tan S, Thomas D, Thompson J, Valencia R, Vallejo MI, Wang X, Wang Y, Wijekoon P, Wolf A, Yap S, Zimmerman J. Temporal population variability in local forest communities has mixed effects on tree species richness across a latitudinal gradient. Ecol Lett 2019; 23:160-171. [PMID: 31698546 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Among the local processes that determine species diversity in ecological communities, fluctuation-dependent mechanisms that are mediated by temporal variability in the abundances of species populations have received significant attention. Higher temporal variability in the abundances of species populations can increase the strength of temporal niche partitioning but can also increase the risk of species extinctions, such that the net effect on species coexistence is not clear. We quantified this temporal population variability for tree species in 21 large forest plots and found much greater variability for higher latitude plots with fewer tree species. A fitted mechanistic model showed that among the forest plots, the net effect of temporal population variability on tree species coexistence was usually negative, but sometimes positive or negligible. Therefore, our results suggest that temporal variability in the abundances of species populations has no clear negative or positive contribution to the latitudinal gradient in tree species richness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tak Fung
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117558, Singapore
| | - Ryan A Chisholm
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117558, Singapore
| | - Kristina Anderson-Teixeira
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panamá.,Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, Virginia, 22630, USA
| | - Norm Bourg
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, Virginia, 22630, USA
| | - Warren Y Brockelman
- National Biobank of Thailand, BIOTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Science Park, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand.,Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin
- Research Office, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Chia-Hao Chang-Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung
| | - Rutuja Chitra-Tarak
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, P.O. Box 1663, New Mexico, 87545, USA
| | - George Chuyong
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, University of Buea, PO Box 63, Buea, SWP, Cameroon
| | - Richard Condit
- Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S Lake Shore Dr, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
| | | | - Stuart J Davies
- Smithsonian Institution Global Earth Observatory, Center for Tropical Forest Science, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, 20013, USA
| | | | - Gary Fewless
- Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, Lab Sciences 413, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, 2420 Nicolet Drive, Green Bay, Wisconsin, 54311, USA
| | - Christine Fletcher
- Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109, Kepong, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - C V Savitri Gunatilleke
- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - I A U Nimal Gunatilleke
- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Zhanqing Hao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning
| | - J Aaron Hogan
- International Center for Tropical Botany, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 33199, USA
| | - Robert Howe
- Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, Lab Sciences 413, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, 2420 Nicolet Drive, Green Bay, Wisconsin, 54311, USA
| | - Chang-Fu Hsieh
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei
| | - David Kenfack
- Smithsonian Institution Global Earth Observatory, Center for Tropical Forest Science, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, 20013, USA
| | - YiChing Lin
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung
| | - Keping Ma
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing
| | | | - Sean McMahon
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, P.O. Box 28, Edgewater, Maryland, 21037, USA
| | - William J McShea
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, Virginia, 22630, USA
| | - Xiangcheng Mi
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing
| | - Anuttara Nathalang
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Perry S Ong
- Institute of Biology, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Geoffrey Parker
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, P.O. Box 28, Edgewater, Maryland, 21037, USA
| | - E-Ping Rau
- Master 1 Mention Écologie, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Jessica Shue
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, P.O. Box 28, Edgewater, Maryland, 21037, USA
| | - Sheng-Hsin Su
- Forest Management Division, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei
| | - Raman Sukumar
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.,Divecha Centre for Climate Change, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - I-Fang Sun
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien
| | - Hebbalalu S Suresh
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.,Divecha Centre for Climate Change, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Sylvester Tan
- Smithsonian Institution Global Earth Observatory, Center for Tropical Forest Science, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, 20013, USA
| | - Duncan Thomas
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Jill Thompson
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 70377, San Juan, PR, 00936-8377, USA.,Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Renato Valencia
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Apartado 17-01-2184, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Martha I Vallejo
- Calle 37, Instituto Alexander von Humboldt, Number 8-40 Mezzanine, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Xugao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning
| | - Yunquan Wang
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing
| | - Pushpa Wijekoon
- Faculty of Science, Department of Statistics & Computer Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Amy Wolf
- Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, Lab Sciences 413, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, 2420 Nicolet Drive, Green Bay, Wisconsin, 54311, USA
| | - Sandra Yap
- Institute of Arts and Sciences, Far Eastern University Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Jess Zimmerman
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 70377, San Juan, PR, 00936-8377, USA
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41
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Song C, Barabás G, Saavedra S. On the Consequences of the Interdependence of Stabilizing and Equalizing Mechanisms. Am Nat 2019; 194:627-639. [PMID: 31613676 DOI: 10.1086/705347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We present an overlooked but important property of modern coexistence theory (MCT), along with two key new results and their consequences. The overlooked property is that stabilizing mechanisms (increasing species' niche differences) and equalizing mechanisms (reducing species' fitness differences) have two distinct sets of meanings within MCT: one in a two-species context and another in a general multispecies context. We demonstrate that the two-species framework is not a special case of the multispecies one, and therefore these two parallel frameworks must be studied independently. Our first result is that, using the two-species framework and mechanistic consumer-resource models, stabilizing and equalizing mechanisms exhibit complex interdependence, such that changing one will simultaneously change the other. Furthermore, the nature and direction of this simultaneous change sensitively depend on model parameters. The second result states that while MCT is often seen as bridging niche and neutral modes of coexistence by building a niche-neutrality continuum, the interdependence between stabilizing and equalizing mechanisms acts to break this continuum under almost any biologically relevant circumstance. We conclude that the complex entanglement of stabilizing and equalizing terms makes their impact on coexistence difficult to understand, but by seeing them as aggregated effects (rather than underlying causes) of coexistence, we may increase our understanding of ecological dynamics.
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42
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Masaki T, Nakashizuka T, Niiyama K, Tanaka H, Iida S, Bullock JM, Naoe S. Impact of the spatial uncertainty of seed dispersal on tree colonization dynamics in a temperate forest. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Masaki
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Inst., Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba JP‐305‐8687 Ibaraki Japan
| | | | - Kaoru Niiyama
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Inst., Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba JP‐305‐8687 Ibaraki Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tanaka
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Inst., Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba JP‐305‐8687 Ibaraki Japan
| | - Shigeo Iida
- Kyushu Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Inst Kumamoto Japan
| | | | - Shoji Naoe
- Tohoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Inst Iwate Japan
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43
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Asch RG, Stock CA, Sarmiento JL. Climate change impacts on mismatches between phytoplankton blooms and fish spawning phenology. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:2544-2559. [PMID: 31152499 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Substantial interannual variability in marine fish recruitment (i.e., the number of young fish entering a fishery each year) has been hypothesized to be related to whether the timing of fish spawning matches that of seasonal plankton blooms. Environmental processes that control the phenology of blooms, such as stratification, may differ from those that influence fish spawning, such as temperature-linked reproductive maturation. These different controlling mechanisms could cause the timing of these events to diverge under climate change with negative consequences for fisheries. We use an earth system model to examine the impact of a high-emissions, climate-warming scenario (RCP8.5) on the future spawning time of two classes of temperate, epipelagic fishes: "geographic spawners" whose spawning grounds are defined by fixed geographic features (e.g., rivers, estuaries, reefs) and "environmental spawners" whose spawning grounds move responding to variations in environmental properties, such as temperature. By the century's end, our results indicate that projections of increased stratification cause spring and summer phytoplankton blooms to start 16 days earlier on average (±0.05 days SE) at latitudes >40°N. The temperature-linked phenology of geographic spawners changes at a rate twice as fast as phytoplankton, causing these fishes to spawn before the bloom starts across >85% of this region. "Extreme events," defined here as seasonal mismatches >30 days that could lead to fish recruitment failure, increase 10-fold for geographic spawners in many areas under the RCP8.5 scenario. Mismatches between environmental spawners and phytoplankton were smaller and less widespread, although sizable mismatches still emerged in some regions. This indicates that range shifts undertaken by environmental spawners may increase the resiliency of fishes to climate change impacts associated with phenological mismatches, potentially buffering against declines in larval fish survival, recruitment, and fisheries. Our model results are supported by empirical evidence from ecosystems with multidecadal observations of both fish and phytoplankton phenology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca G Asch
- Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Charles A Stock
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Jorge L Sarmiento
- Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
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Chen L, Wang Y, Mi X, Liu X, Ren H, Chen J, Ma K, Kraft NJB. Neighborhood effects explain increasing asynchronous seedling survival in a subtropical forest. Ecology 2019; 100:e02821. [PMID: 31310665 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Biotic interactions play a critical role in mediating community responses to temporal environmental variation, but the importance of these effects relative to the direct effects of environmental change remains poorly understood, particularly in diverse forest communities. Here we combine a neighborhood modeling approach with insights from coexistence theory to assess the effects of temporal variation in species interactions and environmental conditions (e.g., precipitation, temperature, and understory light availability) on seedling survival over nine census years in a subtropical forest. We find significant temporal shifts in the magnitude of neighborhood effects on both community-wide and species-level seedling survival (statistically significant random effects of neighborhood × year and neighborhood × species × year interactions). These results are consistent with the idea that environmental change will play a fundamental role on forest regeneration dynamics by altering biotic interactions at the neighborhood scale. Moreover, differences among species in response to neighbors over time contribute to a pattern of temporal decoupling of seedling survival between species, which can help to promote diversity in certain contexts. In separate analyses of multiple regression on distance matrices (MRM), altered interactions with neighbors are much stronger predictors of asynchronous seedling survival among species than the pure effects of climate and plant functional traits, explaining twice as much variation (43.9% vs. 22.2%). In sum, these results reveal that divergent species responses to interannual environmental variability detected are driven primarily by indirect effects mediated by changing biotic environments. This highlights the importance of including indirect effects from local biotic (neighborhood) interactions in forecasts of forest community responses to global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Yunquan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.,Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xiangcheng Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Haibao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Keping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Nathan J B Kraft
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
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45
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Hallett LM, Shoemaker LG, White CT, Suding KN. Rainfall variability maintains grass-forb species coexistence. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:1658-1667. [PMID: 31298471 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Environmental variability can structure species coexistence by enhancing niche partitioning. Modern coexistence theory highlights two fluctuation-dependent temporal coexistence mechanisms -the storage effect and relative nonlinearity - but empirical tests are rare. Here, we experimentally test if environmental fluctuations enhance coexistence in a California annual grassland. We manipulate rainfall timing and relative densities of the grass Avena barbata and forb Erodium botrys, parameterise a demographic model, and partition coexistence mechanisms. Rainfall variability was integral to grass-forb coexistence. Variability enhanced growth rates of both species, and early-season drought was essential for Erodium persistence. While theoretical developments have focused on the storage effect, it was not critical for coexistence. In comparison, relative nonlinearity strongly stabilised coexistence, where Erodium experienced disproportionately high growth under early-season drought due to competitive release from Avena. Our results underscore the importance of environmental variability and suggest that relative nonlinearity is a critical if underappreciated coexistence mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Hallett
- Environmental Studies Program and Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | | | - Caitlin T White
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Katharine N Suding
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
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46
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Armitage DW, Jones SE. Negative frequency‐dependent growth underlies the stable coexistence of two cosmopolitan aquatic plants. Ecology 2019; 100:e02657. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David W. Armitage
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Notre Dame 100 Galvin Life Science Center Notre Dame Indiana 46556 USA
| | - Stuart E. Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Notre Dame 100 Galvin Life Science Center Notre Dame Indiana 46556 USA
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47
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Mellard JP, Audoye P, Loreau M. Seasonal patterns in species diversity across biomes. Ecology 2019; 100:e02627. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jarad P. Mellard
- Center for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling Moulis 09200 France
| | - Pauline Audoye
- Center for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling Moulis 09200 France
| | - Michel Loreau
- Center for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling Moulis 09200 France
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48
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49
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Uricchio LH, Daws SC, Spear ER, Mordecai EA. Priority Effects and Nonhierarchical Competition Shape Species Composition in a Complex Grassland Community. Am Nat 2019; 193:213-226. [PMID: 30720356 PMCID: PMC8518031 DOI: 10.1086/701434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Niche and fitness differences control the outcome of competition, but determining their relative importance in invaded communities—which may be far from equilibrium—remains a pressing concern. Moreover, it is unclear whether classic approaches for studying competition, which were developed predominantly for pairs of interacting species, will fully capture dynamics in complex species assemblages. We parameterized a population-dynamic model using competition experiments of two native and three exotic species from a grassland community. We found evidence for minimal fitness differences or niche differences between the native species, leading to slow replacement dynamics and priority effects, but large fitness advantages allowed exotics to unconditionally invade natives. Priority effects driven by strong interspecific competition between exotic species drove single-species dominance by one of two exotic species in 80% of model outcomes, while a complex mixture of nonhierarchical competition and coexistence between native and exotic species occurred in the remaining 20%. Fungal infection, a commonly hypothesized coexistence mechanism, had weak fitness effects and is unlikely to substantially affect coexistence. In contrast to previous work on pairwise outcomes in largely native-dominated communities, our work supports a role for nearly neutral dynamics and priority effects as drivers of species composition in invaded communities.
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50
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Pinto-Ledezma JN, Larkin DJ, Cavender-Bares J. Patterns of Beta Diversity of Vascular Plants and Their Correspondence With Biome Boundaries Across North America. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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