1
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Yang SN, Shi Y, Berggren PO. The anterior chamber of the eye technology and its anatomical, optical, and immunological bases. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:881-929. [PMID: 38206586 PMCID: PMC11381035 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00024.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The anterior chamber of the eye (ACE) is distinct in its anatomy, optics, and immunology. This guarantees that the eye perceives visual information in the context of physiology even when encountering adverse incidents like inflammation. In addition, this endows the ACE with the special nursery bed iris enriched in vasculatures and nerves. The ACE constitutes a confined space enclosing an oxygen/nutrient-rich, immune-privileged, and less stressful milieu as well as an optically transparent medium. Therefore, aside from visual perception, the ACE unexpectedly serves as an excellent transplantation site for different body parts and a unique platform for noninvasive, longitudinal, and intravital microimaging of different grafts. On the basis of these merits, the ACE technology has evolved from the prototypical through the conventional to the advanced version. Studies using this technology as a versatile biomedical research platform have led to a diverse range of basic knowledge and in-depth understanding of a variety of cells, tissues, and organs as well as artificial biomaterials, pharmaceuticals, and abiotic substances. Remarkably, the technology turns in vivo dynamic imaging of the morphological characteristics, organotypic features, developmental fates, and specific functions of intracameral grafts into reality under physiological and pathological conditions. Here we review the anatomical, optical, and immunological bases as well as technical details of the ACE technology. Moreover, we discuss major achievements obtained and potential prospective avenues for this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Nian Yang
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yue Shi
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per-Olof Berggren
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Sethia N, Rao JS, Khashim Z, Schornack AMR, Etheridge ML, Peterson QP, Finger EB, Bischof JC, Dutcher CS. On Chip Sorting of Stem Cell-Derived β Cell Clusters Using Traveling Surface Acoustic Waves. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40. [PMID: 38318799 PMCID: PMC10883307 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
There is a critical need for sorting complex materials, such as pancreatic islets of Langerhans, exocrine acinar tissues, and embryoid bodies. These materials are cell clusters, which have highly heterogeneous physical properties (such as size, shape, morphology, and deformability). Selecting such materials on the basis of specific properties can improve clinical outcomes and help advance biomedical research. In this work, we focused on sorting one such complex material, human stem cell-derived β cell clusters (SC-β cell clusters), by size. For this purpose, we developed a microfluidic device in which an image detection system was coupled to an actuation mechanism based on traveling surface acoustic waves (TSAWs). SC-β cell clusters of varying size (∼100-500 μm in diameter) were passed through the sorting device. Inside the device, the size of each cluster was estimated from their bright-field images. After size identification, larger clusters, relative to the cutoff size for separation, were selectively actuated using TSAW pulses. As a result of this selective actuation, smaller and larger clusters exited the device from different outlets. At the current sample dilutions, the experimental sorting efficiency ranged between 78% and 90% for a separation cutoff size of 250 μm, yielding sorting throughputs of up to 0.2 SC-β cell clusters/s using our proof-of-concept design. The biocompatibility of this sorting technique was also established, as no difference in SC-β cell cluster viability due to TSAW pulse usage was found. We conclude the proof-of-concept sorting work by discussing a few ways to optimize sorting of SC-β cell clusters for potentially higher sorting efficiency and throughput. This sorting technique can potentially help in achieving a better distribution of islets for clinical islet transplantation (a potential cure for type 1 diabetes). Additionally, the use of this technique for sorting islets can help in characterizing islet biophysical properties by size and selecting suitable islets for improved islet cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Sethia
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Joseph Sushil Rao
- Division
of Solid Organ Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Schulze
Diabetes Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Zenith Khashim
- Department
of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Anna Marie R. Schornack
- Department
of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Michael L. Etheridge
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Quinn P. Peterson
- Department
of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
- Center for
Regenerative Biotherapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Erik B. Finger
- Division
of Solid Organ Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - John C. Bischof
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Cari S. Dutcher
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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3
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Tixi W, Maldonado M, Chang YT, Chiu A, Yeung W, Parveen N, Nelson MS, Hart R, Wang S, Hsu WJ, Fueger P, Kopp JL, Huising MO, Dhawan S, Shih HP. Coordination between ECM and cell-cell adhesion regulates the development of islet aggregation, architecture, and functional maturation. eLife 2023; 12:e90006. [PMID: 37610090 PMCID: PMC10482429 DOI: 10.7554/elife.90006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic islets are three-dimensional cell aggregates consisting of unique cellular composition, cell-to-cell contacts, and interactions with blood vessels. Cell aggregation is essential for islet endocrine function; however, it remains unclear how developing islets establish aggregation. By combining genetic animal models, imaging tools, and gene expression profiling, we demonstrate that islet aggregation is regulated by extracellular matrix signaling and cell-cell adhesion. Islet endocrine cell-specific inactivation of extracellular matrix receptor integrin β1 disrupted blood vessel interactions but promoted cell-cell adhesion and the formation of larger islets. In contrast, ablation of cell-cell adhesion molecule α-catenin promoted blood vessel interactions yet compromised islet clustering. Simultaneous removal of integrin β1 and α-catenin disrupts islet aggregation and the endocrine cell maturation process, demonstrating that establishment of islet aggregates is essential for functional maturation. Our study provides new insights into understanding the fundamental self-organizing mechanism for islet aggregation, architecture, and functional maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilma Tixi
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
| | - Maricela Maldonado
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, California State University, Long BeachLong BeachUnited States
| | - Ya-Ting Chang
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
| | - Amy Chiu
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
| | - Wilson Yeung
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
| | - Nazia Parveen
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
| | - Michael S Nelson
- Light Microscopy Core, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
| | - Ryan Hart
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Shihao Wang
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Wu Jih Hsu
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Patrick Fueger
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
| | - Janel L Kopp
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Mark O Huising
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, DavisDavisUnited States
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Sangeeta Dhawan
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
| | - Hung Ping Shih
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
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4
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Sizing up beta cells made from stem cells. Nat Biotechnol 2022; 40:1006-1008. [PMID: 35288669 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-022-01271-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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5
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McKimpson WM, Chen Y, Irving JA, Zheng M, Weinberger J, Tan WLW, Tiang Z, Jagger AM, Chua SC, Pessin JE, Foo RSY, Lomas DA, Kitsis RN. Conversion of the death inhibitor ARC to a killer activates pancreatic β cell death in diabetes. Dev Cell 2021; 56:747-760.e6. [PMID: 33667344 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Loss of insulin-secreting pancreatic β cells through apoptosis contributes to the progression of type 2 diabetes, but underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we identify a pathway in which the cell death inhibitor ARC paradoxically becomes a killer during diabetes. While cytoplasmic ARC maintains β cell viability and pancreatic architecture, a pool of ARC relocates to the nucleus to induce β cell apoptosis in humans with diabetes and several pathophysiologically distinct mouse models. β cell death results through the coordinate downregulation of serpins (serine protease inhibitors) not previously known to be synthesized and secreted by β cells. Loss of the serpin α1-antitrypsin from the extracellular space unleashes elastase, triggering the disruption of β cell anchorage and subsequent cell death. Administration of α1-antitrypsin to mice with diabetes prevents β cell death and metabolic abnormalities. These data uncover a pathway for β cell loss in type 2 diabetes and identify an FDA-approved drug that may impede progression of this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy M McKimpson
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - James A Irving
- UCL Respiratory Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6BN, UK; Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology/Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jeremy Weinberger
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Wilson Lek Wen Tan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health Systems, Singapore, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zenia Tiang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health Systems, Singapore, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alistair M Jagger
- UCL Respiratory Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6BN, UK; Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology/Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Streamson C Chua
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Pessin
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Roger S-Y Foo
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health Systems, Singapore, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David A Lomas
- UCL Respiratory Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6BN, UK; Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology/Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Richard N Kitsis
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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6
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Dybala MP, Gebien LR, Reyna ME, Yu Y, Hara M. Implications of Integrated Pancreatic Microcirculation: Crosstalk between Endocrine and Exocrine Compartments. Diabetes 2020; 69:2566-2574. [PMID: 33148810 PMCID: PMC7679783 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The endocrine and exocrine pancreas have been studied separately by endocrinologists and gastroenterologists as two organ systems. The pancreatic islet, consisting of 1-2% mass of the whole pancreas, has long been believed to be regulated independently from the surrounding exocrine tissues. Particularly, islet blood flow has been consistently illustrated as one-way flow from arteriole(s) to venule(s) with no integration of the capillary network between the endocrine and exocrine pancreas. It is likely linked to the long-standing dogma that the rodent islet has a mantle of non-β-cells and that the islet is completely separated from the exocrine compartment. A new model of islet microcirculation is built on the basis of analyses of in vivo blood flow measurements in mice and an in situ three-dimensional structure of the capillary network in mice and humans. The deduced integrated blood flow throughout the entire pancreas suggests direct interactions between islet endocrine cells and surrounding cells as well as the bidirectional blood flow between the endocrine and exocrine pancreas, not necessarily a unidirectional blood flow as in a so-called insuloacinar portal system. In this perspective, we discuss how this conceptual transformation could potentially affect our current understanding of the biology, physiology, and pathogenesis of the islet and pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa R Gebien
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Megan E Reyna
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Yolanda Yu
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Manami Hara
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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7
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Xiong Y, Scerbo MJ, Seelig A, Volta F, O'Brien N, Dicker A, Padula D, Lickert H, Gerdes JM, Berggren PO. Islet vascularization is regulated by primary endothelial cilia via VEGF-A-dependent signaling. eLife 2020; 9:56914. [PMID: 33200981 PMCID: PMC7695455 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Islet vascularization is essential for intact islet function and glucose homeostasis. We have previously shown that primary cilia directly regulate insulin secretion. However, it remains unclear whether they are also implicated in islet vascularization. At eight weeks, murine Bbs4-/-islets show significantly lower intra-islet capillary density with enlarged diameters. Transplanted Bbs4-/- islets exhibit delayed re-vascularization and reduced vascular fenestration after engraftment, partially impairing vascular permeability and glucose delivery to β-cells. We identified primary cilia on endothelial cells as the underlying cause of this regulation, via the vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A)/VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) pathway. In vitro silencing of ciliary genes in endothelial cells disrupts VEGF-A/VEGFR2 internalization and downstream signaling. Consequently, key features of angiogenesis including proliferation and migration are attenuated in human BBS4 silenced endothelial cells. We conclude that endothelial cell primary cilia regulate islet vascularization and vascular barrier function via the VEGF-A/VEGFR2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xiong
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital L1, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Julia Scerbo
- Institute for Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anett Seelig
- Institute for Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Francesco Volta
- Institute for Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nils O'Brien
- Institute for Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Dicker
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital L1, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniela Padula
- Institute for Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute for Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung, DZD, Munich, Germany
| | - Jantje Mareike Gerdes
- Institute for Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung, DZD, Munich, Germany
| | - Per-Olof Berggren
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital L1, Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Piezo1-Mediated Ca2+ Activities Regulate Brain Vascular Pathfinding during Development. Neuron 2020; 108:180-192.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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9
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Brückner S, Schubert R, Kraushaar T, Hartmann R, Hoffmann D, Jelli E, Drescher K, Müller DJ, Oliver Essen L, Mösch HU. Kin discrimination in social yeast is mediated by cell surface receptors of the Flo11 adhesin family. eLife 2020; 9:55587. [PMID: 32286952 PMCID: PMC7156268 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms have evolved specific cell surface molecules that enable discrimination between cells from the same and from a different kind. Here, we investigate the role of Flo11-type cell surface adhesins from social yeasts in kin discrimination. We measure the adhesion forces mediated by Flo11A-type domains using single-cell force spectroscopy, quantify Flo11A-based cell aggregation in populations and determine the Flo11A-dependent segregation of competing yeast strains in biofilms. We find that Flo11A domains from diverse yeast species confer remarkably strong adhesion forces by establishing homotypic interactions between single cells, leading to efficient cell aggregation and biofilm formation in homogenous populations. Heterotypic interactions between Flo11A domains from different yeast species or Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains confer weak adhesive forces and lead to efficient strain segregation in heterogenous populations, indicating that in social yeasts Flo11A-mediated cell adhesion is a major mechanism for kin discrimination at species and sub-species levels. These findings, together with our structure and mutation analysis of selected Flo11A domains, provide a rationale of how cell surface receptors have evolved in microorganisms to mediate kin discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Brückner
- Department of Genetics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Rajib Schubert
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Timo Kraushaar
- Department of Biochemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Raimo Hartmann
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Hoffmann
- Department of Genetics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Eric Jelli
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Knut Drescher
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J Müller
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lars Oliver Essen
- Department of Biochemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Mösch
- Department of Genetics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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10
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Lammert E, Thorn P. The Role of the Islet Niche on Beta Cell Structure and Function. J Mol Biol 2019; 432:1407-1418. [PMID: 31711959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The islets of Langerhans or pancreatic islets are pivotal in the control of blood glucose and are complex microorgans embedded within the larger volume of the exocrine pancreas. Humans can have ~3.2 million islets [1] which, to our current knowledge, function in a similar manner to sense circulating blood glucose levels and respond with the secretion of a mix of different hormones that act to maintain glucose concentrations around a specific set point [2]. At a cellular level, the control of hormone secretion by glucose and other secretagogues is well-understood [3]. The key signal cascades have been identified and many details of the secretory process are known. However, if we shift focus from single cells and consider cells within intact islets, we do not have a comprehensive model as to how the islet environment influences cell function and how the islets work as a whole. This is important because there is overwhelming evidence that the structure and function of the individual endocrine cells are dramatically affected by the islet environment [4,5]. Uncovering the influence of this islet niche might drive future progress in treatments for Type 2 diabetes [6] and cell replacement therapies for Type 1 diabetes [7]. In this review, we focus on the insulin secreting beta cells and their interactions with the immediate environment that surrounds them including endocrine-endocrine interactions and contacts with capillaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eckhard Lammert
- Institute of Metabolic Physiology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute for Vascular and Islet Cell Biology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Peter Thorn
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia.
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11
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Staels W, Heremans Y, Heimberg H, De Leu N. VEGF-A and blood vessels: a beta cell perspective. Diabetologia 2019; 62:1961-1968. [PMID: 31414144 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-4969-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reciprocal signalling between the endothelium and the pancreatic epithelium is crucial for coordinated differentiation of the embryonic endocrine and exocrine pancreas. In the adult pancreas, islets depend on their dense capillary network to adequately respond to changes in plasma glucose levels. Vascular changes contribute to the onset and progression of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Impaired revascularisation of islets transplanted in individuals with type 1 diabetes is linked to islet graft failure and graft loss. This review summarises our understanding of the role of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and endothelial cells in beta cell development, physiology and disease. In addition, the therapeutic potential of modulating VEGF-A levels in beta and beta-like cells for transplantation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem Staels
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
- Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Paris, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Yves Heremans
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Harry Heimberg
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nico De Leu
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
- Department of Endocrinology, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
- Department of Endocrinology, ASZ Aalst, Aalst, Belgium.
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12
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Obata A, Kimura T, Obata Y, Shimoda M, Kinoshita T, Kohara K, Okauchi S, Hirukawa H, Kamei S, Nakanishi S, Mune T, Kaku K, Kaneto H. Vascular endothelial PDPK1 plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of pancreatic beta cell mass and function in adult male mice. Diabetologia 2019; 62:1225-1236. [PMID: 31055616 PMCID: PMC6560212 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-4878-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The aim of this study was to elucidate the impact of 3'-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDPK1) in vascular endothelial cells on the maintenance of pancreatic beta cell mass and function. METHODS Male vascular endothelial cell-specific Pdpk1-knockout mice (Tie2+/-/Pdpk1flox/flox mice) and their wild-type littermates (Tie2-/-/Pdpk1flox/flox mice; control) were used for this study. At 12 weeks of age, an IPGTT and OGTT were conducted. Pancreatic blood flow was measured under anaesthesia. Thereafter, islet blood flow was measured by the microsphere method. Mice were killed for islet isolation and further functional study and mRNA was extracted from islets. Pancreases were sampled for immunohistochemical analyses. RESULTS During the IPGTT, the blood glucose level was comparable between knockout mice and control flox mice, although serum insulin level was significantly lower in knockout mice. During the OGTT, glucose tolerance deteriorated slightly in knockout mice, accompanied by a decreased serum insulin level. During an IPGTT after pre-treatment with exendin-4 (Ex-4), glucose tolerance was significantly impaired in knockout mice. In fact, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion of isolated islets from knockout mice was significantly reduced compared with control flox mice, and addition of Ex-4 revealed impaired sensitivity to incretin hormones in islets of knockout mice. In immunohistochemical analyses, both alpha and beta cell masses were significantly reduced in knockout mice. In addition, the CD31-positive area was significantly decreased in islets of knockout mice. The proportion of pimonidazole-positive islets was significantly increased in knockout mice. mRNA expression levels related to insulin biosynthesis (Ins1, Ins2, Mafa, Pdx1 and Neurod [also known as Neurod1]) and beta cell function (such as Gck and Slc2a2) were significantly decreased in islets of knockout mice. Microsphere experiments revealed remarkably reduced islet blood flow. In addition, mRNA expression levels of Hif1α (also known as Hif1a) and its downstream factors such as Adm, Eno1, Tpi1 (also known as Ets1), Hmox1 and Vegfa, were significantly increased in islets of knockout mice, indicating that islets of knockout mice were in a more hypoxic state than those of control flox mice. As a result, mRNA expression levels related to adaptive unfolded protein response and endoplasmic reticulum stress-related apoptotic genes were significantly elevated in islets of knockout mice. In addition, inflammatory cytokine levels were increased in islets of knockout mice. Electron microscopy revealed reduced endothelial fenestration and thickening of basal membrane of vascular endothelium in islets of knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Vascular endothelial PDPK1 plays an important role in the maintenance of pancreatic beta cell mass and function by maintaining vascularity of pancreas and islets and protecting them from hypoxia, hypoxia-related endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation and distortion of capillary structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Obata
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Tomohiko Kimura
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Obata
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Masashi Shimoda
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Tomoe Kinoshita
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Kenji Kohara
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Seizo Okauchi
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Hidenori Hirukawa
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Shinji Kamei
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Shuhei Nakanishi
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Tomoatsu Mune
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Kohei Kaku
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kaneto
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
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Abstract
Diabetes develops due to deficient functional β cell mass, insulin resistance, or both. Yet, various challenges in understanding the mechanisms underlying diabetes development in vivo remain to be overcome owing to the lack of appropriate intravital imaging technologies. To meet these challenges, we have exploited the anterior chamber of the eye (ACE) as a novel imaging site to understand diabetes basics and clinics in vivo. We have developed a technology platform transplanting pancreatic islets into the ACE where they later on can be imaged non-invasively for long time. It turns out that the ACE serves as an optimal imaging site and provides implanted islets with an oxygen-rich milieu and an immune-privileged niche where they undergo optimal engraftment, rich vascularization and dense innervation, preserve organotypic features and live with satisfactory viability and functionality. The ACE technology has led to a series of significant observations. It enables in vivo microscopy of islet cytoarchitecture, function and viability in the physiological context and intravital imaging of a variety of pathological events such as autoimmune insulitis, defects in β cell function and mass and insulin resistance during diabetes development in a real-time manner. Furthermore, application of the ACE technology in humanized mice and non-human primates verifies translational and clinical values of the technology. In this article, we describe the ACE technology in detail, review accumulated knowledge gained by means of the ACE technology and delineate prospective avenues for the ACE technology.
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14
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Lin DSY, Guo F, Zhang B. Modeling organ-specific vasculature with organ-on-a-chip devices. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:024002. [PMID: 30395536 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aae7de] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip devices, also known as microphysiological systems, have gained significant attention in recent years. Recent advances in tissue engineering and microfabrication have enabled these devices to provide more precise control over cellular microenvironments to mimic the tissue-level or organ-level function of the human body. These more complex tissue models can provide either an improvement in the functional expression and maturation of cells or an avenue to probe biological events and function that would otherwise be difficult to visualize and mechanistically study. This high-value information, when complimented with the existing gold-standards of cell-based assays and animal models, could potentially lead to more informed decision-making in drug development. A prevalent biological component in many organ-on-a-chip devices is an engineered vascular interface that is present in almost all organs of the human body. The vasculature and the vascular interface are particularly susceptible to biomechanical forces, they function as the conduits for inter-cellular and inter-organ interactions, and regulate drug transport. In this review, we examine the various approaches taken to model the human vasculature with an emphasis on the engineering of organ-specific vasculatures, and discuss various challenges and opportunities ahead as the field advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn S Y Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Landsman L. Pancreatic Pericytes in Glucose Homeostasis and Diabetes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1122:27-40. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11093-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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16
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Bannerman AD, Ze Lu RX, Korolj A, Kim LH, Radisic M. The use of microfabrication technology to address the challenges of building physiologically relevant vasculature. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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Gosak M, Markovič R, Dolenšek J, Rupnik MS, Marhl M, Stožer A, Perc M. Loosening the shackles of scientific disciplines with network science. Phys Life Rev 2018; 24:162-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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18
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Exploring biological and social networks to better understand and treat diabetes mellitus. Phys Life Rev 2018; 24:146-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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19
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Rashid CS, Lien YC, Bansal A, Jaeckle-Santos LJ, Li C, Won KJ, Simmons RA. Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Novel Mechanisms Mediating Islet Dysfunction in the Intrauterine Growth-Restricted Rat. Endocrinology 2018; 159:1035-1049. [PMID: 29309562 PMCID: PMC5793792 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) increases the risk of type 2 diabetes developing in adulthood. In previous studies that used bilateral uterine artery ligation in a rat model of IUGR, age-associated decline in glucose homeostasis and islet function was revealed. To elucidate mechanisms contributing to IUGR pathogenesis, the islet transcriptome was sequenced from 2-week-old rats, when in vivo glucose tolerance is mildly impaired, and at 10 weeks of age, when rats are hyperglycemic and have reduced β-cell mass. RNA sequencing and functional annotation with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed temporal changes in IUGR islets. For instance, gene expression involving amino acid metabolism was significantly reduced primarily at 2 weeks of age, but ion channel expression, specifically that involved in cell-volume regulation, was more disrupted in adult IUGR islets. Additionally, we observed alterations in the microenvironment of IUGR islets with extracellular matrix genes being significantly increased at 2 weeks of age and significantly decreased at 10 weeks. Specifically, hyaluronan synthase 2 expression and hyaluronan staining were increased in IUGR islets at 2 weeks of age (P < 0.05). Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived factors that have been shown to preserve islet allograft function, such as Anxa1, Cxcl12, and others, also were increased at 2 weeks and decreased in adult islets. Finally, comparisons of differentially expressed genes with those of type 2 diabetic human islets support a role for these pathways in human patients with diabetes. Together, these data point to new mechanisms in the pathogenesis of IUGR-mediated islet dysfunction in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cetewayo S. Rashid
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women’s Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Yu-Chin Lien
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women’s Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Amita Bansal
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women’s Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Lane J. Jaeckle-Santos
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Changhong Li
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Smilow Center for Translational Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Kyoung-Jae Won
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Smilow Center for Translational Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Department of Genetics, Smilow Center for Translational Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Rebecca A. Simmons
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women’s Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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Staels W, Heremans Y, Leuckx G, Van Gassen N, Salinno C, De Groef S, Cools M, Keshet E, Dor Y, Heimberg H, De Leu N. Conditional islet hypovascularisation does not preclude beta cell expansion during pregnancy in mice. Diabetologia 2017; 60:1051-1056. [PMID: 28299380 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4243-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Endothelial-endocrine cell interactions and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A signalling are deemed essential for maternal islet vascularisation, glucose control and beta cell expansion during mouse pregnancy. The aim of this study was to assess whether pregnancy-associated beta cell expansion was affected under conditions of islet hypovascularisation. METHODS Soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFLT1), a VEGF-A decoy receptor, was conditionally overexpressed in maternal mouse beta cells from 1.5 to 14.5 days post coitum. Islet vascularisation, glycaemic control, beta cell proliferation, individual beta cell size and total beta cell volume were assessed in both pregnant mice and non-pregnant littermates. RESULTS Conditional overexpression of sFLT1 in beta cells resulted in islet hypovascularisation and glucose intolerance in both pregnant and non-pregnant mice. In contrast to non-pregnant littermates, glucose intolerance in pregnant mice was transient. sFLT1 overexpression did not affect pregnancy-associated changes in beta cell proliferation, individual beta cell size or total beta cell volume. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Reduced intra-islet VEGF-A signalling results in maternal islet hypovascularisation and impaired glycaemic control but does not preclude beta cell expansion during mouse pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem Staels
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital and Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yves Heremans
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gunter Leuckx
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Naomi Van Gassen
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ciro Salinno
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sofie De Groef
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martine Cools
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital and Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eli Keshet
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yuval Dor
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Harry Heimberg
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Nico De Leu
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
- Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
- Department of Endocrinology, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis Aalst, Aalst, Belgium.
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