Inflammation meets cancer, with NF-κB as the matchmaker

The Importance of Cancer Stem Cells and Their Pathways in Endometrial Cancer: A Narrative Review

Endometrial cancer is one of the most common malignancies seen in women in developed countries. While patients in the early stages of this cancer show better responses to surgery, adjuvant hormonal therapy, and chemotherapy, patients with recurrence show treatment resistance. Researchers have recently focused on cancer stem cells (CSCs) in the treatment of gynecologic cancer in general but also specifically in endometrial cancer. CSCs have been investigated because of their resistance to conventional therapies, such as chemo- and radiotherapy, and their ability to induce the progression and recurrence of malignancy. The activation of alternative pathways, such as WNT, PI3K, NF-kB, or NOTCH, could be the basis of the acquisition of these abilities of CSCs. Their specific markers and signaling pathways could be treatment targets for CSCs. In this article, we discuss the importance of obtaining a better understanding of the molecular basis and pathways of CSCs in endometrial cancer and the role of CSCs, aiming to discover more specific therapeutic approaches.

Sorafenib resistance and therapeutic strategies in hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains one of the most prevalent and lethal cancers globally. While surgical resection and liver transplantation offer potential cures for early-stage HCC, the majority of patients are diagnosed at advanced stages where such interventions are not viable. Sorafenib, a multi-target kinase inhibitor, has been a cornerstone in the treatment of advanced HCC since its approval in 2007. Despite its significant clinical impact, less than half of the treated patients derive long-term benefits due to the emergence of resistance and associated side effects. This review focuses on the role of sorafenib, an FDA-approved multi-target kinase inhibitor, in treating advanced HCC, discusses the mechanisms underlying its therapeutic effects and associated resistance, and explores additional therapeutic strategies being investigated to improve patient outcomes.

Unraveling the relationship between inflammation and cluster headache

Cluster headache (CH) is often referred to as the 'suicide headache.' Existing research suggests that the activation of the trigeminal-vascular system, increased sensitivity of nerve fibers, and the release and interaction of various neuropeptides and inflammatory mediators may contribute to neurogenic inflammation, which serves as a crucial pathophysiological basis for the development of CH. Additionally, some neuropeptides can modulate neuronal activity related to pain transmission and may increase pain perception by sensitizing central nerves. This review discusses the neuropeptides and inflammatory mediators associated with CH neuroinflammation, focusing on calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), inflammatory cytokines and related signaling pathways, nitric oxide (NO), pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide 38 (PACAP-38), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), incorporating both preclinical and clinical evidence to provide new insights into potential therapeutic targets for CH.

miR-32-5p suppresses the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating the GSK3β/NF-κB signaling

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly fatal form of malignancy that seriously threatens patient survival. The global 5-year survival rate for HCC patients ranges from 15% to 19%, and nearly 80% of patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage. Therefore, exploring the mechanism of HCC development and identifying biomarkers and therapeutic targets for HCC are vital. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of noncoding single-stranded RNAs, are 20-24 nucleotides (nt) long. They play pivotal roles in modulating the progression of diverse diseases. The specific role of miR-32-5p in the development of HCC remains unclear. In this study, qRT-PCR is utilized to precisely determine the downregulated expression levels of miR-32-5p in HCC. Subsequently, functional analysis reveals the suppressive role of miR-32-5p in modulating the proliferative and migratory capabilities of HCC cells. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) has emerged as a potential target of miR-32-5p, which is confirmed through a dual-luciferase reporter assay. Notably, the expression of GSK3β in HCC tissue specimens is negatively correlated with the abundance of miR-32-5p, and patients with high GSK3β expression have shorter survival time. Furthermore, the targeted downregulation of GSK3β remarkably impedes the proliferation and migration of tumor cells. This study suggests that miR-32-5p inhibits the proliferation and migration of HCC through regulating the GSK3β/NF-κB signaling pathway. Therefore, this study reveals that miR-32-5p exerts its suppressive effect on HCC progression, suggesting that it is a promising target for both diagnostic and targeted therapeutic interventions against HCC.

Peroxiredoxin 1 Promotes Proinflammatory Cytokine Secretion in Human Dysplastic Oral Keratinocytes and Mouse Tongue Precancerous Tissues

Oxidative stress, a widespread phenomenon involved in many pathological conditions, may be closely related with the progression of oral leukoplakia (OLK). Under chronic inflammation, oxidative stress could stimulate the local formation of a tumor-specific microenvironment in some types of cancer, though not well defined in oral cancer even in OLK. Peroxiredoxin 1 (Prx1), a widely expressed sulfhydryl antioxidant protein, is overexpressed in various tumors and affects tumorigenesis, cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and metastasis. Prx1 also acts as a potent proinflammatory factor. Nuclear factor (NF)-κB is a member of the core dimeric transcription factor family that coordinates the inflammatory response. To investigate the role of Prx1 in oxidative stress-related inflammation in OLK, a coculture model of human dysplastic oral keratinocyte (DOK) and human epidermal fibroblast (HFF) was established and stimulated with H2O2. Cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Prx1 levels in DOK were determined via flow cytometry and western blotting, respectively. Additionally, the levels of the inflammatory factors, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, and interferon (IFN)-γ, in the conditioned medium were determined via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). DOK nuclear expression of NF-κB was detected via immunofluorescence assay and western blotting. Moreover, the expression levels of inflammatory factors and the nuclear expression of NF-κB were examined in 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO)-induced tongue precancerous tissues of mice. H2O2 increased Prx1 levels and nuclear expression levels of NF-κB in DOKs and mouse tongue precancerous tissues and elevated the levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IFN-γ secreted in the culture supernatants and mouse tongue tissues. However, Prx1 knockdown in DOK and mouse tongue tissues attenuated the upregulation of inflammatory factor and nuclear NF-κB expression levels. Overall, our results suggest that oxidative stress increases Prx1 expression, which promotes inflammatory factor expression by activating NF-κB in human DOK and mouse tongue precancerous tissues.

The role of intestinal macrophage polarization in colitis-associated colon cancer

Chronic inflammation of the intestine is a significant risk factor in the development of colorectal cancer. The emergence of colitis and colorectal cancer is a complex, multifactorial process involving chronic inflammation, immune regulation, and tumor microenvironment remodeling. Macrophages represent one of the most prevalent cells in the colorectal cancer microenvironment and play a pivotal role in maintaining intestinal health and the development of colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC). Macrophages are activated mainly in two ways and resulted in three phenotypes: classically activated macrophages (M1), alternatively activated macrophages (M2). The most characteristic of these cells are the pro-inflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 types, which play different roles at different stages of the disease. During chronic inflammation progresses to cancer, the proportion of M2 macrophages gradually increases. The M2 macrophages secrete cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β, which promote angiogenesis and matrix remodeling, and create the favorable conditions for cancer cell proliferation, infiltration, and migration. Therefore, macrophage polarization has a dual effect on the progression of colitis to CAC. The combination of immunotherapy with reprogrammed macrophages and anti-tumor drugs may provide an effective means for enhancing the therapeutic effect. It may represent a promising avenue for developing novel treatments for CAC. In this review, we focus on the process of intestinal macrophage polarization in CAC and the role of intestinal macrophage polarization in the progression of colitis to colon cancer, and review the immunotherapy targets and relevant drugs targeting macrophages in CAC.

Computer-Aided Design of Self-Assembled Nanoparticles to Enhance Cancer Chemoimmunotherapy via Dual-Modulation Strategy

The rational design of self-assembled compounds is crucial for the highly efficient development of carrier-free nanomedicines. Herein, based on computer-aided strategies, important physicochemical properties are identified to guide the rational design of self-assembled compounds. Then, the pharmacophore hybridization strategy is used to design self-assemble nanoparticles by preparing new chemical structures by combining pharmacophore groups of different bioactive compounds. Hydroxychloroquine is grafted with the lipophilic vitamin E succinate and then co-assembled with bortezomib to fabricate the nanoparticle. The nanoparticle can reduce M2-type tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) through lysosomal alkalization and induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) inhibition in tumor cells. In mouse models, the nanoparticles induce decreased levels of M2-type TAMs, regulatory T cells, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and increase the proportion of cytotoxicity T lymphocytes. Additionally, the nanoparticles reduce the secretion of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) by inhibiting NF-κB and enhance the programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) checkpoint blockade therapy. The pharmacophore hybridization-derived nanoparticle provides a dual-modulation strategy to reprogram the tumor microenvironment, which will efficiently enhance the chemoimmunotherapy against triple-negative breast cancer.

Targeting KEAP1-mediated IKKβ degradation strategy for colitis-associated colorectal carcinogenesis: The potential of xanthohumol

In colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC), the NF-κB pathway, especially IKKβ, drives inflammation and cancer progression. However, no IKKβ inhibitors have been approved due to compensatory mechanisms. The challenge is to develop an anti-tumor agent that effectively targets IKKβ while overcoming these compensatory pathways. We conducted in vitro and in vivo experiments to evaluate the anti-cancer effects of synthesized xanthohumol (XN) targeting IKKβ. CAC was induced in mice, followed by XN treatment. Histological and molecular analyses, including cell viability assays, immunoblotting, and qRT-PCR, were performed. Human colon cancer cell lines were also used to investigate IKKβ's role. RNA sequencing revealed elevated IKKβ expression in colorectal cancer human tissues, correlating with poor prognosis. XN significantly reduced adenocarcinoma formation and inflammation in vivo while decreasing IKKβ and NF-κB signaling in both models. XN binds to the C179 residue of IKKβ, inhibiting its activity. Additionally, our findings highlight KEAP1's role as an upstream regulator of IKKβ degradation. XN specifically interacts with the C288 residue of KEAP1, showing triple-binding affinity with IKKβ and KEAP1. These results indicate that XN promotes conditions where KEAP1 facilitates IKKβ degradation.

Molecular Abnormalities and Carcinogenesis in Barrett's Esophagus: Implications for Cancer Treatment and Prevention

BACKGROUND

Barrett's esophagus (BE) is described by the transformation of the normal squamous epithelium into metaplastic columnar epithelium, driven by chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). BE is a recognized premalignant condition and the main precursor to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying BE carcinogenesis is crucial for improving prevention, surveillance, and treatment strategies.

METHODS

This narrative review examines the molecular abnormalities associated with the progression of BE to EAC.

RESULTS

This study highlights inflammatory, genetic, epigenetic, and chromosomal alterations, emphasizing key pathways and biomarkers. BE progression follows a multistep process involving dysplasia and genetic alterations such as TP53 and CDKN2A (p16) mutations, chromosomal instability, and dysregulation of pathways like PI3K/AKT/mTOR. Epigenetic alterations, including aberrant microRNA expression or DNA methylation, further contribute to this progression. These molecular changes are stage-specific, with some alterations occurring early in BE during the transition to high-grade dysplasia or EAC. Innovations in chemoprevention, such as combining proton pump inhibitors and aspirin, and the potential of antireflux surgery to halt disease progression are promising. Incorporating molecular biomarkers into surveillance strategies and advancing precision medicine may enable earlier detection and personalized treatments.

CONCLUSIONS

BE is the primary preneoplastic condition for EAC. A deeper understanding of its molecular transformation can enhance surveillance protocols, optimize the management of gastroesophageal reflux inflammation, and refine prevention and therapeutic strategies, ultimately contributing to a reduction in the global burden of EAC.

Correlation Between Periodontal Disease and Oral, Oropharyngeal, and Parapharyngeal Cancers

Background

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease, and contributes to several inflammatory conditions, such as cancer. The relationship between periodontal disorders and different human malignancies is not well understood. The purpose of this study is to assess the association of periodontitis severity with cancers in the oral cavity, oropharyngeal and parapharyngeal regions.

Methods

The sample comprised 300 participants divided into four case groups: 75 oral, oropharyngeal, or parapharyngeal cancer patients with periodontitis (CA-with-P); 75 oral, oropharyngeal, or parapharyngeal cancer patients without periodontitis (CA-without-P); 75 periodontitis (P) patients without cancers; and a control (C) group of 75 healthy individuals. All participants were subjected to a periodontal examination that considered parameters such as bleeding on probing (BOP), plaque index (PI), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment loss (CAL). The type of tumours was identified via a histological analysis of a biopsy sample. Saliva samples were also collected, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit was used to determine interleukin 8 (IL-8) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) levels.

Results

The research findings indicated a significant increase in the number of sites with clinical observations of BOP (85.11,73.84), PI (87.23.88.14), PPD (8.03,6.82), and CAL (8.67,7.34) in groups CA-with-P and P. The CA-with-P, CA-without-P, and P groups had higher levels of salivary IL-8 (192.03, 121.89,89.22) and NF-κB (10.242, 8.172, 6.324) than the C group. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between the severity of periodontitis and the malignancies in the oral, oropharynx, and parapharyngeal regions.

Conclusion

This study assessed the mechanisms underlying the correlation between these two disorders, as elucidated by higher levels of salivary IL-8, NF-κB and an increase in clinical periodontal parameters. Periodontal bacteria, which contributes to the development of periodontal disorders, could have a major impact on the onset of oral cancers.

Inflammation, microbiota, and pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a malignancy of gastrointestinal tract threatening the life of people around the world. In spite of the advances in the treatment of PC, the overall survival of this disease in advanced stage is less than 12%. Moreover, PC cells have aggressive behaviour in proliferation and metastasis as well as capable of developing therapy resistance. Therefore, highlighting the underlying molecular mechanisms in PC pathogenesis can provide new insights for its treatment. In the present review, inflammation and related pathways as well as role of gut microbiome in the regulation of PC pathogenesis are highlighted. The various kinds of interleukins and chemokines are able to regulate angiogenesis, metastasis, proliferation, inflammation and therapy resistance in PC cells. Furthermore, a number of molecular pathways including NF-κB, TLRs and TGF-β demonstrate dysregulation in PC aggravating inflammation and tumorigenesis. Therapeutic regulation of these pathways can reverse inflammation and progression of PC. Both chronic and acute pancreatitis have been shown to be risk factors in the development of PC, further highlighting the role of inflammation. Finally, the composition of gut microbiota can be a risk factor for PC development through affecting pathways such as NF-κB to mediate inflammation.

The Role of Pomegranate (Punica granatum) in Cancer Prevention and Treatment: Modulating Signaling Pathways From Inflammation to Metastasis

Punica granatum, commonly known as pomegranate, is a traditional medicinal agent owing to its antiquity. The scientific literature has shown that pomegranate extracts exhibit favorable modulation of diverse signaling pathways. These pathways encompass those implicated in inflammation, angiogenesis, hyperproliferation, cellular transformation, tumorigenesis initiation, and ultimately, a reduction in advanced metastasis and tumorigenesis. Pomegranate extracts in this context can be attributed to their high polyphenol content, which has been observed to possess inhibitory properties toward specific signaling pathways associated with cancer. As a formidable pathology, cancer is the most significant cause of death worldwide after cardiovascular disease. The annual incidence of cancer-related mortality has increased progressively. Modifying one's dietary patterns, engaging in regular physical exercise, and maintaining an optimal body mass index are three straightforward measures that an individual may undertake to mitigate their susceptibility to cancer. Incorporating diverse vegetables and fruits into one's dietary regimen exhibits promising potential for preventing a minimum of 20% cancer incidence and approximately 200,000 cancer-related mortalities annually. Vegetables and fruits contain high levels of minerals and phytochemicals, which help alleviate and prevent the harmful effects of cancer. These substances are safe and exhibit minimal toxicity in biological systems. Furthermore, they exhibit antioxidant properties and have garnered extensive approval for their use as nutritional supplements. Pomegranates are used in ancient cultures to prevent and treat various diseases. Extensive research on pomegranate extract, fruit, oil, and juice has revealed promising findings regarding their potential anti-proliferative, anti-tumorigenic, and anti-inflammatory properties through the modification of various signaling pathways related to cancer, thus demonstrating their potential as drugs to prevent and treat cancer. Emerging research indicates that pomegranate can potentially prevent and treat different cancers, including prostate, bladder, breast, skin, lung, and colon cancer.

Fish Oil's Preventive Effect on Two-Stage Skin Carcinogenesis in Swiss Albino Mice: Involvement of NF-ҝB Pathways and Oxidative Stress in a Dose- and Route Dependent Manner

This study investigated the chemopreventive mechanisms of fish oil (FO) at different doses and administration routes in skin carcinogenesis induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and croton oil (CO) in Swiss albino mice. Seventy mice were divided into 10 groups, including controls and those receiving FO either orally or topically, with or without the carcinogenesis protocol. Warts were morphologically analyzed. Anatomopathological analysis, qRT-PCR of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-қB) subunits' gene expression, and evaluation of oxidative parameters were conducted. Anatomopathological analysis revealed a presence of invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in DMBA group. Both oral (500 mg/kg/day) and topical FO treatment showed no signs of cancer, while oral administration at 50 mg/kg/day had no therapeutic effect, and 250 mg/kg/day resulted in low-grade malignancy. Both oral (250 and 500 mg/kg/day) and topical FO significantly reduced NF-кB1 gene expression, alleviated oxidative stress markers, and restored antioxidant enzyme activities compared to the DMBA group. FO shows dose-dependent chemopreventive effects, with oral administration potentially as effective as topical application when using an appropriate dosage. The development of SCC is linked to the stress status and the upregulation of the canonical NF-κB pathway, while FO's chemoprotective effects likely result from its downregulation.

Redox-Regulated Cell Response Mechanisms to Nitrosyl Iron Complex with N-Ethylthiourea in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells In Vitro

We studied the processes of cell death and intracellular accumulation of free radicals, as well as activity of redox-sensitive transcription factors Nrf2 and NF-κB under the action of nitrosyl iron complex with N-ethylthiourea (ETU) on a model of human mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. ETU complex exhibits a pronounced prooxidant and cytotoxic effects accompanied by enhanced intracellular accumulation of nitrogen monoxide, induction of apoptotic cell death, activation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathways, and suppression of proinflammatory NF-κB-mediated reactions. A significant role of redox-dependent cellular processes in the mechanisms of the cytotoxic effect of nitrosyl iron complexes is shown.

The Mechanism of Acupuncture Therapy for Migraine: A Systematic Review of Animal Studies on Rats

Background

Acupuncture has long been used for migraine treatment as it is convenient for use and has remarkable efficacy. The acupuncture-based comprehensive treatment plan has been widely recognized for migraine prevention and treatment. However, the mechanism underlying acupuncture efficacy in migraine treatment is not yet completely understood. Our goal is to systematically analyze and evaluate this efficacy mechanism in migraine treatment-related basic research.

Methods

To retrieve animal experiments investigating the action mechanism of acupuncture in migraine treatment, We conducted a literature search in major databases, the search period was the inception of each database to April 1, 2024. Literature was screened and data were extracted independently based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The animal models, acupuncture points, and acupuncture methods specified in the included studies were statistically analyzed and summarized. Furthermore, the potential action mechanisms of acupuncture were discussed.

Results

In total, 20 animal experimental studies were included in the present analysis, and all of these studies used rats. In the order of frequency of use, the migraine animal models employed in the searched studies were the dural stimulation model, the nitroglycerin model, and the cortical spreading depression model. The primary acupuncture points selected were Fengchi (GB20) and Yanglingquan (GB34), and electroacupuncture was the most frequently used acupuncture method. The action mechanism of acupuncture underlying migraine treatment primarily involves regulating the descending pain modulatory system and inhibiting neurotransmitters such as CGRP, SP, and 5-HT, as well as microglial cell activation. It also reduces the levels of inflammatory cytokines, thereby mitigating neurogenic inflammation and improving central sensitization.

Conclusion

Acupuncture exerts its therapeutic effect on migraine by regulating neurotransmitter release, inhibiting inflammatory responses, modulating central analgesic mechanisms, and suppressing glial cell activation. However, further in-depth exploration is needed in the study of the mechanisms underlying acupuncture treatment for migraine.

iNOS-Produced Nitric Oxide from Cancer Cells as an Intermediate of Stemness Regulation by PARP-1 in Colorectal Cancer

PARP-1 has been linked to the progression of several types of cancer. We have recently reported that PARP-1 influences tumor progression in CRC through the regulation of CSCs in a p53-dependent manner. In this study, we propose that nitric oxide (NO) produced by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) could act as a mediator. We evaluated the expression of iNOS in a cohort of patients previously used to analyze the effects of PARP-1 on CRC in relation to p53 status. We also developed an in vitro model in which PARP-1 was stably overexpressed. In CRC patients, iNOS expression correlated with the differentiation grade, and with a high expression of CSC markers, although only in wild-type p53 tumors, as previously found for PARP-1. In vitro, overexpression of PARP-1 induced increased growth and stemness in wild-type p53 cells, while exerting the opposite effect on mutated ones, as expected. Treatment with 1400 W, a selective inhibitor of iNOS, or gene silencing of the gene counteracted the effects of PARP-1 in both p53 wild-type and p53 mutated cells. Given that the development of resistance has been demonstrated after treatment with PARP-1 inhibitors, iNOS could be considered a new therapeutic target in CRC, although only in patients with wild-type p53 tumors.

APOBEC3C-mediated NF-κB activation enhances clear cell renal cell carcinoma progression

Renowned as the predominant form of kidney cancer, clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) exhibits susceptibility to immunotherapies due to its specific expression profile as well as notable immune cell infiltration. Despite this, effectively treating metastatic ccRCC remains a significant challenge, necessitating a more profound comprehension of the underlying molecular mechanisms governing its progression. Here, we unveil that the enhanced expression of the RNA-binding protein DNA dC → dU-editing enzyme APOBEC-3C (APOBEC3C; also known as A3C) in ccRCC tissue and ccRCC-derived cell lines serves as a catalyst for tumor growth by amplifying nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activity. By employing RNA-sequencing and cell-based assays in ccRCC-derived cell lines, we determined that A3C is a stress-responsive factor and crucial for cell survival. Furthermore, we identified that A3C binds and potentially stabilizes messenger RNAs (mRNAs) encoding positive regulators of the NF-κB pathway. Upon A3C depletion, essential subunits of the NF-κB family are abnormally restrained in the cytoplasm, leading to deregulation of NF-κB target genes. Our study illuminates the pivotal role of A3C in promoting ccRCC tumor development, positioning it as a prospective target for future therapeutic strategies.

Ferroptosis-targeting drugs in breast cancer

In 2020, breast cancer surpassed lung cancer as the most common cancer in the world for the first time. Due to the resistance of some breast cancer cell lines to apoptosis, the therapeutic effect of anti-breast cancer drugs is limited. According to recent report, the susceptibility of breast cancer cells to ferroptosis affects the progress, prognosis and drug resistance of breast cancer. For instance, roblitinib induces ferroptosis of trastuzumab-resistant human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer cells by diminishing fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) expression, thereby augmenting the susceptibility of these cells to HER2-targeted therapies. In tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells, Fascin exacerbates their resistance by repressing solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) expression, which in turn heightens their responsiveness to tamoxifen. In recent years, Chinese herbs extracts and therapeutic drugs have been demonstrated to elicit ferroptosis in breast cancer cells by modulating a spectrum of regulatory factors pertinent to ferroptosis, including SLC7A11, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 4 (ACSL4), and haem oxygenase 1 (HO-1). Here, we review the roles and mechanisms of Chinese herbal extracts and therapeutic drugs in regulating ferroptosis in breast cancer, providing potential therapeutic options for anti-breast cancer.

Mutant p53-Mediated Tumor Secretome: Bridging Tumor Cells and Stromal Cells

The tumor secretome comprises the totality of protein factors secreted by various cell components within the tumor microenvironment, serving as the primary medium for signal transduction between tumor cells and between tumor cells and stromal cells. The deletion or mutation of the p53 gene leads to alterations in cellular secretion characteristics, contributing to the construction of the tumor microenvironment in a cell non-autonomous manner. This review discusses the critical roles of mutant p53 in regulating the tumor secretome to remodel the tumor microenvironment, drive tumor progression, and influence the plasticity of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) as well as the dynamics of tumor immunity by focusing on both secreted protein expression and secretion pathways. The aim is to provide new insights for targeted cancer therapies.

Bufalin alleviates inflammatory response and oxidative stress in experimental severe acute pancreatitis through activating Keap1-Nrf2/HO-1 and inhibiting NF-κB pathways

Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is a prevalent acute inflammatory disease that is clinically manifested by systemic inflammation dysregulation, resulting in a significantly elevated mortality rate. Bufalin has been verified to have potent pharmacological properties, including analgesic, anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory effects. However, it remains unclear whether bufalin inhibits SAP. Thus, we aim to explore the impact of bufalin in SAP rats and to evaluate the potential mechanisms of action. In addition to analyzing serum biochemistry and pancreatic tissue pathology, we elucidated its mechanisms of action through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunohistochemical analysis, Western blot, and quantitative real-time PCR. The results demonstrated that bufalin dose-dependently reversed the elevation of serum Amylase (Amy) and Lipase (LPS) levels in SAP rats, alleviating pancreatic tissue pathological damage. Bufalin exhibited potent antioxidant effects by reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, decreasing Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione(GSH) consumption, inhibiting the interaction of Keap1-Nrf2, and increasing HO-1 expression. Furthermore, bufalin inhibited TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, p-NF-κB-p65, p-IκBα, and NF-κB-p65 expression, while enhancing IκBα expression, ultimately confirming its anti-inflammatory effects on SAP. In summary, our findings suggest that bufalin exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions in NaT-SAP rats by inhibiting NF-κB and activating the Keap1-Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. This study represents the inaugural application of bufalin in NaT-induced SAP rats, indicating its potential as an effective therapeutic agent for SAP patients.

Preferential activation of type I interferon-mediated antitumor inflammatory signaling by CuS/MnO2/diAMP nanoparticles enhances anti-PD-1 therapy for sporadic colorectal cancer

Converting the "cold" tumor microenvironment (TME) to a "hot" milieu has become the prevailing approach for enhancing the response of immune-excluded/immunosuppressed colorectal cancer (CRC) patients to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. During this process, inflammation accompanied by different kinds of chemokines/cytokines inevitably occurs. However, some activated inflammatory signals exhibit protumor potency. Therefore, strategies that preferentially activate antitumor inflammatory signaling rather than tumor-promoting signaling need to be developed. Herein, we constructed a STING agonist-loaded CuS/MnO2 bimetallic nanosystem, termed diAMP-BCM. BCM with an optimized Cu/Mn ratio efficiently promoted the activation of proinflammatory signaling, and in combination with the STING agonist diAMP, diAMP-BCM controllably activated tumoricidal inflammatory signaling in APCs. DiAMP-BCM can efficiently generate ROS and promote the activation of STING, which induces the apoptosis of cancer cells and promotes the recruitment of monocytes while facilitating the polarization of macrophages and maturation of DCs. MC38 and CT26 CRC models were established to evaluate the in vivo antitumor effects of diAMP-BCM. Combined with ICB therapy, diAMP-BCM enables the rebuilding of tumor milieus with efficient tumor growth inhibition and alleviation of T-cell exhaustion, particularly in distal tumors, in sporadic colorectal cancer therapy. This study established a nanoplatform to promote the preferential activation of antitumor inflammatory signaling, rebuild the T-cell repertoire and alleviate T-cell exhaustion to enhance cancer ICB immunotherapy.

Involvement of autophagy and gut dysbiosis in ambient particulate matter-induced colonic inflammation

Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5), a vital environmental toxicant, not only adversely affects the cardiovascular and respiratory systems but also potentially exhibits an association with intestinal inflammation and colorectal cancer (CRC). The underlying molecular mechanisms of PM2.5 impacts on CRC are still unclear. In this study, we utilized collected ambient PM2.5 and standard reference material SRM2786 to investigate the toxic effects on the colon through in vivo chronic exposure mouse and in vitro cell culture models. We employed a chronic mouse exposure model to clarify the colonic injury and gut microbiome biomarkers. Prolonged exposure to PM2.5 via oropharyngeal aspiration led to a significant rise in colonic epithelial proliferation and reduced colon length in mice. It triggered characteristics indicative of gut microbiota dysbiosis linked to inflammatory bowel disease. The gut microbiome alternations may serve as a biomarker indicating the colonic health impacts of PM2.5 exposure. PM2.5 and SRM2786-induced cytotoxicity manifested as autophagy dysregulation-mediated abnormal proliferation, IL-8 production, p62/SQSTM1 accumulation, and lysosomal membrane damage in human colon cells WiDr and Caco-2. Both PM2.5 and SRM2786 exposures led to the accumulation of p62/SQSTM1 and compromised lysosomal membrane integrity, showing impaired autophagic flux in WiDr and Caco-2 cells. Finally, we examined the correlations between atmospheric PM2.5 data and biomarkers of colonic inflammation in human population. The serum level of IL-8 was significantly correlated with regional anthropogenic pollutants. In conclusion, our findings elucidate that ambient PM2.5 exhibits adverse effects on colon health manifested as inflammation, aberrant proliferation, and gut dysbiosis, potentially mediated through autophagy dysregulation, thereby highlighting the importance of further research on the impact of environmental pollutants on gastrointestinal health.

Biophysical characterization of RelA-p52 NF-κB dimer-A link between the canonical and the non-canonical NF-κB pathway

The NF-κB family consists of the key transcription factors of the NF-κB signaling pathway, well known for its role in innate immune response, organogenesis, and a variety of cellular processes. The five NF-κB subunits-RelA, RelB, c-Rel, p50, and p52-are functional dimers, each of which share a conserved DNA binding domain which contains the dimerization domain (DD) as well. The NF-κB subunits can form 15 potential dimers among themselves of which, RelA-p50 is extensively studied and has largely become synonymous with NF-κB for transcription activation. While various reports have highlighted the importance of NF-κB subunit specificity in the transcription regulation of certain target genes, the dynamic nature of the NF-κB dimer composition is not well understood. In this study, we biophysically characterized six combinatorial dimers from three NF-κB subunits: RelA, p50, and p52, using NMR spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. We show that the dimer composition is dynamic and can readily undergo exchange although at varied rates. Among the six dimers formed, RelA-p52 is found to be the most stable dimer with RelA-RelA being the least. Our results provide a plausible explanation as to why the RelA-p52 heterodimer is active during the later stages of the NF-κB activation and serve as a link between the canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathway.

Polycythemia vera: past, present and future

There has been remarkable progress in the development of novel therapeutic approaches for patients with polycythemia vera (PV). Historically, therapy goals in PV were to mitigate thrombotic risks and control blood counts and symptoms. There is now increased focus on disease modification through progressive attrition of JAK2-mutant stem/progenitor cells. The approval of ropeginterferon, a novel monoPEGylated interferon, coupled with findings from LOW-PV and longer-term data from CONTINUATION-PV that strongly support a disease-modifying effect for interferon therapy, have transformed the treatment paradigm for this disorder. Results from MAJIC-PV demonstrate that disease modification can also be induced with JAK inhibitors, suggesting an urgent need to incorporate prospective molecular monitoring into PV trials. Novel agents, such as hepcidin mimetics, aim to help patients with PV restore normal hematocrit levels and become phlebotomy-free. In this review, we will summarize past, current and future approaches to PV management and highlight findings from key clinical studies.

Phytochemical Compounds as Promising Therapeutics for Intestinal Fibrosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Critical Review

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE

Intestinal fibrosis, a prominent consequence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), presents considerable difficulty owing to the absence of licensed antifibrotic therapies. This review assesses the therapeutic potential of phytochemicals as alternate methods for controlling intestinal fibrosis. Phytochemicals, bioactive molecules originating from plants, exhibit potential antifibrotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities, targeting pathways associated with inflammation and fibrosis. Compounds such as Asperuloside, Berberine, and olive phenols have demonstrated potential in preclinical models by regulating critical signaling pathways, including TGF-β/Smad and NFκB, which are integral to advancing fibrosis.

RESULTS

The main findings suggest that these phytochemicals significantly reduce fibrotic markers, collagen deposition, and inflammation in various experimental models of IBD. These phytochemicals may function as supplementary medicines to standard treatments, perhaps enhancing patient outcomes while mitigating the adverse effects of prolonged immunosuppressive usage. Nonetheless, additional clinical trials are necessary to validate their safety, effectiveness, and bioavailability in human subjects.

CONCLUSIONS

Therefore, investigating phytochemicals may lead to crucial advances in the formulation of innovative treatment approaches for fibrosis associated with IBD, offering a promising avenue for future therapeutic development.

How lactate affects immune strategies in lymphoma

Tumor cells undergo metabolic reprogramming through shared pathways, resulting in a hypoxic, acidic, and highly permeable internal tumor microenvironment (TME). Lactate, once only regarded as a waste product of glycolysis, has an inseparable dual role with tumor immunity. It can not only provide a carbon source for immune cells to enhance immunity but also help the immune escape through a variety of ways. Lymphoma also depends on the proliferation signal of TME. This review focuses on the dynamic process of lactate metabolism and immune function changes in lymphoma and aims to comprehensively summarize and explore which genes, transcription factors, and pathways affect the biological changes and functions of immune cells. To deeply understand the complex and multifaceted role of lactate metabolism and immunity in lymphoma, the combination of lactate targeted therapy and classical immunotherapy will be a promising development direction in the future.

Stability of Fly Maggot Peptides and Its Alleviating Effect on Lipopolysaccharide Combined with Hemocoagulase Oxidative Stress in Arbor Acres Chicks

Recently, there has been fast-growing interest among researchers in discovering bioactive peptides from insects and evaluating their potential applications in livestock production. The present study aimed to assess the antioxidant properties and stability of fly maggot peptide (FMP) and its effects on Arbor Acres (AA) broilers' oxidative stress induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and hemocoagulase (HC). A total of 108 one-day-old AA broilers were randomly divided into six groups: CG (normal saline, basal diet), DG (LPS + HC, basal diet), VG (DG + vitamin C 50 ug/kg), LPG (DG + FMP 5 mg/kg), MPG (DG + FMP 15 mg/kg), and HPG (DG + FMP 25 mg/kg). The results showed that the addition of FMP to the diet promoted LPS+ HC-induced increases in average daily gain (ADG), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC). Meanwhile, FMP regulated the intestinal morphology. Additionally, FMP decreased the increase in the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), the relative weight of immune organs, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). In conclusion, this research suggested that the addition of FMP can relieve the LPS+ HC-induced oxidative stress of AA broilers and the recommended dose of FMP is 25 mg/kg. This study presents a theoretical foundation for the addition of an FMP supplement for the purpose of protecting broilers' growth.

Gadd45A-mediated autophagy regulation and its impact on Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis: Deciphering the molecular Nexus

BACKGROUND

The growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 45 (Gadd45) gene has been implicated in various central nervous system (CNS) functions, both normal and pathological, including aging, memory, and neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we examined whether Gadd45A deletion triggers pathways associated with neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD).

METHODS

Utilizing transcriptome data from AD-associated hippocampus samples, we identified Gadd45A as a pivotal regulator of autophagy. Comprehensive analyses, including Gene Ontology enrichment and protein-protein interaction network assessments, highlighted Cdkn1A as a significant downstream target of Gadd45A. Experimental validation confirmed Gadd45A's role in modulating Cdkn1A expression and autophagy levels in hippocampal cells. We also examined the effects of autophagy on hippocampal functions and proinflammatory cytokine secretion. Additionally, a murine model was employed to validate the importance of Gadd45A in neuroinflammation and AD pathology.

RESULTS

Our study identified 20 autophagy regulatory factors associated with AD, with Gadd45A emerging as a critical regulator. Experimental findings demonstrated that Gadd45A influences hippocampal cell fate by reducing Cdkn1A expression and suppressing autophagic activity. Comparisons between wild-type (WT) and Gadd45A knockout (Gadd45A-/-) mice revealed that Gadd45A-/- mice exhibited significant cognitive impairments, including deficits in working and spatial memory, increased Tau hyperphosphorylation, and elevated levels of kinases involved in Tau phosphorylation in the hippocampus. Additionally, Gadd45A-/- mice showed significant increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines and decreases autophagy markers in the brain. Neurotrophin levels and dendritic spine length were also reduced in Gadd45A-/- mice, likely contributing to the observed cognitive deficits.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings support the direct involvement of the Gadd45A gene in AD pathogenesis, and enhancing the expression of Gadd45A may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of AD.

Inhibition of the NF-κB/HIF-1α signaling pathway in colorectal cancer by tyrosol: a gut microbiota-derived metabolite

BACKGROUND

The development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) are influenced by the gut environment, much of which is modulated by microbial-derived metabolites. Although some research has been conducted on the gut microbiota, there have been limited empirical investigations on the role of the microbial-derived metabolites in CRC.

METHODS

In this study, we used LC-MS and 16S rRNA sequencing to identify gut microbiome-associated fecal metabolites in patients with CRC and healthy controls. Moreover, we examined the effects of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and tyrosol on CRC by establishing orthotopic and subcutaneous tumor mouse models. Additionally, we conducted in vitro experiments to investigate the mechanism through which tyrosol inhibits tumor cell growth.

RESULTS

Our study revealed changes in the gut microbiome and metabolome that are linked to CRC. We observed that Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, a bacterium known for its multiple anti-CRC properties, is significantly more abundant in the intestines of healthy individuals than in those of individuals with CRC. In mouse tumor models, our study illustrated that Faecalibacterium prausnitzii has the ability to inhibit tumor growth by reducing inflammatory responses and enhancing tumor immunity. Additionally, research investigating the relationship between CRC-associated features and microbe-metabolite interactions revealed a correlation between Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and tyrosol, both of which are less abundant in the intestines of tumor patients. Tyrosol demonstrated antitumor activity in vivo and specifically targeted CRC cells without affecting intestinal epithelial cells in cell experiments. Moreover, tyrosol treatment effectively reduced the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory cytokines in MC38 cells. Western blot analysis further revealed that tyrosol inhibited the activation of the NF-κB and HIF-1 signaling pathways.

CONCLUSIONS

This study investigated the relationship between CRC development and changes in the gut microbiota and microbial-derived metabolites. Specifically, the intestinal metabolite tyrosol exhibits antitumor effects by inhibiting HIF-1α/NF-κB signaling pathway activation, leading to a reduction in the levels of ROS and inflammatory factors. These findings indicate that manipulating the gut microbiota and its metabolites could be a promising approach for preventing and treating CRC and could provide insights for the development of anticancer drugs.

Proinflammatory Microenvironment in Adenocarcinoma Tissue of Colorectal Carcinoma

Cancer-promoting proinflammatory microenvironment influences colorectal cancer (CRC) development. We examined the biomarkers of inflammation, intestinal differentiation, and DNA activity correlated with the clinical parameters to observe progression and prognosis in the adenocarcinoma subtype of CRC. Their immunohistology, immunoblotting, and RT-PCR analyses were performed in the adenocarcinoma and neighboring healthy tissues of 64 patients with CRC after routine colorectal surgery. Proinflammatory nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) signaling as well as interleukin 6 (IL-6) and S100 protein levels were upregulated in adenocarcinoma compared with nearby healthy colon tissue. In contrast to nitrotyrosine expression, the oxidative stress marker 8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) was increased in adenocarcinoma tissue. Biomarkers of intestinal differentiation β-catenin and mucin 2 (MUC2) were inversely regulated, with the former upregulated in adenocarcinoma tissue and positively correlated with tumor marker CA19-9. Downregulation of MUC2 expression correlated with the increased 2-year survival rate of patients with CRC. Proliferation-related mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling was activated, and Ki67 frequency was three-fold augmented in positive correlation with metastasis and cancer stage, respectively. Conclusion: We demonstrated a parallel induction of oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers in adenocarcinoma tissue that was not reflected in the neighboring healthy colon tissue of CRC. The expansiveness of colorectal adenocarcinoma was confirmed by irregular intestinal differentiation and elevated proliferation biomarkers, predominantly Ki67. The origin of the linked inflammatory factors was in adenocarcinoma tissue, with an accompanying systemic immune response.

NF-κB Transcription Factors: Their Distribution, Family Expansion, Structural Conservation, and Evolution in Animals

The Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) transcription factor family consists of five members: RelA (p65), RelB, c-Rel, p50 (p105/NF-κB1), and p52 (p100/NF-κB2). This family is considered a master regulator of classical biochemical pathways such as inflammation, immunity, cell proliferation, and cell death. The proteins in this family have a conserved Rel homology domain (RHD) with the following subdomains: DNA binding domain (RHD-DBD) and dimerization domain (RHD-DD). Despite the importance of the NF-κB family in biology, there is a lack of information with respect to their distribution patterns, evolution, and structural conservation concerning domains and subdomains in animals. This study aims to address this critical gap regarding NF-κB proteins. A comprehensive analysis of NF-κB family proteins revealed their distinct distribution in animals, with differences in protein sizes, conserved domains, and subdomains (RHD-DBD and RHD-DD). For the first time, NF-κB proteins with multiple RHD-DBDs and RHD-DDs have been identified, and in some cases, this is due to subdomain duplication. The presence of RelA/p65 exclusively in vertebrates shows that innate immunity originated in fishes, followed by amphibians, reptiles, aves, and mammals. Phylogenetic analysis showed that NF-κB family proteins grouped according to animal groups, signifying structural conservation after speciation. The evolutionary analysis of RHDs suggests that NF-κB family members p50/p105 and c-Rel may have been the first to emerge in arthropod ancestors, followed by RelB, RelA, and p52/p100.

Metformin and its potential influence on cell fate decision between apoptosis and senescence in cancer, with a special emphasis on glioblastoma

Despite reaching enormous achievements in therapeutic approaches worldwide, GBM still remains the most incurable malignancy among various cancers. It emphasizes the necessity of adjuvant therapies from the perspectives of both patients and healthcare providers. Therefore, most emerging studies have focused on various complementary and adjuvant therapies. Among them, metabolic therapy has received special attention, and metformin has been considered as a treatment in various types of cancer, including GBM. It is clearly evident that reaching efficient approaches without a comprehensive evaluation of the key mechanisms is not possible. Among the studied mechanisms, one of the more challenging ones is the effect of metformin on apoptosis and senescence. Moreover, metformin is well known as an insulin sensitizer. However, if insulin signaling is facilitated in the tumor microenvironment, it may result in tumor growth. Therefore, to partially resolve some paradoxical issues, we conducted a narrative review of related studies to address the following questions as comprehensively as possible: 1) Does the improvement of cellular insulin function resulting from metformin have detrimental or beneficial effects on GBM cells? 2) If these effects are detrimental to GBM cells, which is more important: apoptosis or senescence? 3) What determines the cellular decision between apoptosis and senescence?

Matrix stiffness-dependent regulation of immunomodulatory genes in human MSCs is associated with the lncRNA CYTOR

Cell-matrix interactions in 3D environments significantly differ from those in 2D cultures. As such, mechanisms of mechanotransduction in 2D cultures are not necessarily applicable to cell-encapsulating hydrogels that resemble features of tissue architecture. Accordingly, the characterization of molecular pathways in 3D matrices is expected to uncover insights into how cells respond to their mechanical environment in physiological contexts, and potentially also inform hydrogel-based strategies in cell therapies. In this study, a bone marrow-mimetic hydrogel was employed to systematically investigate the stiffness-responsive transcriptome of mesenchymal stromal cells. High matrix rigidity impeded integrin-collagen adhesion, resulting in changes in cell morphology characterized by a contractile network of actin proximal to the cell membrane. This resulted in a suppression of extracellular matrix-regulatory genes involved in the remodeling of collagen fibrils, as well as the upregulation of secreted immunomodulatory factors. Moreover, an investigation of long noncoding RNAs revealed that the cytoskeleton regulator RNA (CYTOR) contributes to these 3D stiffness-driven changes in gene expression. Knockdown of CYTOR using antisense oligonucleotides enhanced the expression of numerous mechanoresponsive cytokines and chemokines to levels exceeding those achievable by modulating matrix stiffness alone. Taken together, our findings further our understanding of mechanisms of mechanotransduction that are distinct from canonical mechanotransductive pathways observed in 2D cultures.

The molecular crosstalk between innate immunity and DNA damage repair/response: Interactions and effects in cancers

DNA damage can lead to erroneous alterations and mutations which in turn can result into wide range of disease condition including aging, severe inflammation, and, most importantly, cancer. Due to the constant exposure to high-risk factors such as exogenous and endogenous DNA-damaging agents, cells may experience DNA damage impairing stability and integrity of the genome. These perturbations in DNA structure can arise from several mutations in the genome. Therefore, DNA Damage Repair/Response (DDR) detects and then corrects these potentially tumorigenic problems by inducing processes such as DNA repair, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, etc. Additionally, DDR can activate signaling pathways related to immune system as a protective mechanism against genome damage. These protective machineries are ignited and spread through a network of molecules including DNA damage sensors, transducers, kinases and downstream effectors. In this review, we are going to discuss the molecular crosstalk between innate immune system and DDR, as well as their potential effects on cancer pathophysiology.

Natural products with anti-tumorigenesis potential targeting macrophage

BACKGROUND

Inflammation is a risk factor for tumorigenesis. Macrophage, a subset of immune cells with high plasticity, plays a multifaceted role in this process. Natural products, which are bioactive compounds derived from traditional herbs or foods, have exhibited diverse effects on macrophages and tumorigenesis making them a valuable resource of drug discovery or optimization in tumor prevention.

PURPOSE

Provide a comprehensive overview of the various roles of macrophages in tumorigenesis, as well as the effects of natural products on tumorigenesis by modulating macrophage function.

METHODS

A thorough literature search spanning the past two decades was carried out using PubMed, Web of Science, Elsevier, and CNKI following the PRISMA guidelines. The search terms employed included "macrophage and tumorigenesis", "natural products, macrophages and tumorigenesis", "traditional Chinese medicine and tumorigenesis", "natural products and macrophage polarization", "macrophage and tumor related microenvironment", "macrophage and tumor signal pathway", "toxicity of natural products" and combinations thereof. Furthermore, certain articles are identified through the tracking of citations from other publications or by accessing the websites of relevant journals. Studies that meet the following criteria are excluded: (1) Articles not written in English or Chinese; (2) Full texts were not available; (3) Duplicate articles and irrelevant studies. The data collected was organized and summarized based on molecular mechanisms or compound structure.

RESULTS

This review elucidates the multifaceted effect of macrophages on tumorigenesis, encompassing process such as inflammation, angiogenesis, and tumor cell invasion by regulating metabolism, non-coding RNA, signal transduction and intercellular crosstalk. Natural products, including vitexin, ovatodiolide, ligustilide, and emodin, as well as herbal remedies, have demonstrated efficacy in modulating macrophage function, thereby attenuating tumorigenesis. These interventions mainly focus on mitigating the initial inflammatory response or modifying the inflammatory environment within the precancerous niche.

CONCLUSIONS

These mechanistic insights of macrophages in tumorigenesis offer valuable ideas for researchers. The identified natural products facilitate the selection of promising candidates for future cancer drug development.

Versatile function of NF-ĸB in inflammation and cancer

Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-ĸB) plays a crucial role in both innate and adaptive immune systems, significantly influencing various physiological processes such as cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, survival, and stemness. The function of NF-ĸB in cancer progression and response to chemotherapy has gained increasing attention. This review highlights the role of NF-ĸB in inflammation control, biological mechanisms, and therapeutic implications in cancer treatment. NF-ĸB is instrumental in altering the release of inflammatory factors such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, which are key in the regulation of carcinogenesis. Specifically, in conditions including colitis, NF-ĸB upregulation can intensify inflammation, potentially leading to the development of colorectal cancer. Its pivotal role extends to regulating the tumor microenvironment, impacting components such as macrophages, fibroblasts, T cells, and natural killer cells. This regulation influences tumorigenesis and can dampen anti-tumor immune responses. Additionally, NF-ĸB modulates cell death mechanisms, notably by inhibiting apoptosis and ferroptosis. It also has a dual role in stimulating or suppressing autophagy in various cancers. Beyond these functions, NF-ĸB plays a role in controlling cancer stem cells, fostering angiogenesis, increasing metastatic potential through EMT induction, and reducing tumor cell sensitivity to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Given its oncogenic capabilities, research has focused on natural products and small molecule compounds that can suppress NF-ĸB, offering promising avenues for cancer therapy.

Anti-Inflammatory and Cancer-Preventive Potential of Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.): A Comprehensive In Silico and In Vitro Study

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Chamomile tea, renowned for its exquisite taste, has been appreciated for centuries not only for its flavor but also for its myriad health benefits. In this study, we investigated the preventive potential of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) towards cancer by focusing on its anti-inflammatory activity.

METHODS AND RESULTS

A virtual drug screening of 212 phytochemicals from chamomile revealed β-amyrin, β-eudesmol, β-sitosterol, apigenin, daucosterol, and myricetin as potent NF-κB inhibitors. The in silico results were verified through microscale thermophoresis, reporter cell line experiments, and flow cytometric determination of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial membrane potential. An oncobiogram generated through comparison of 91 anticancer agents with known modes of action using the NCI tumor cell line panel revealed significant relationships of cytotoxic chamomile compounds, lupeol, and quercetin to microtubule inhibitors. This hypothesis was verified by confocal microscopy using α-tubulin-GFP-transfected U2OS cells and molecular docking of lupeol and quercetin to tubulins. Both compounds induced G2/M cell cycle arrest and necrosis rather than apoptosis. Interestingly, lupeol and quercetin were not involved in major mechanisms of resistance to established anticancer drugs (ABC transporters, TP53, or EGFR). Performing hierarchical cluster analyses of proteomic expression data of the NCI cell line panel identified two sets of 40 proteins determining sensitivity and resistance to lupeol and quercetin, further pointing to the multi-specific nature of chamomile compounds. Furthermore, lupeol, quercetin, and β-amyrin inhibited the mRNA expression of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL6 in NF-κB reporter cells (HEK-Blue Null1). Moreover, Kaplan-Meier-based survival analyses with NF-κB as the target protein of these compounds were performed by mining the TCGA-based KM-Plotter repository with 7489 cancer patients. Renal clear cell carcinomas (grade 3, low mutational rate, low neoantigen load) were significantly associated with shorter survival of patients, indicating that these subgroups of tumors might benefit from NF-κB inhibition by chamomile compounds.

CONCLUSION

This study revealed the potential of chamomile, positioning it as a promising preventive agent against inflammation and cancer. Further research and clinical studies are recommended.

Role of Ciminalum-4-thiazolidinone Hybrids in Molecular NF-κB Dependent Pathways

A range of hybrid molecules incorporating the ciminalum moiety in the thiazolidinone ring demonstrate significant anticancer and antimicrobial properties. Therefore, the aim of our study was to evaluate the properties and mechanism of action of two 4-thiazolidinone-based derivatives, i.e., 3-{5-[(Z,2Z)-2-chloro-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-propenylidene]-4-oxo-2-thioxothiazolidin-3-yl}propanoic acid (Les-45) and 5-[2-chloro-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-propenylidene]-2-(3-hydroxyphenylamino)thiazol-4(5H)-one (Les-247). In our study, we analyzed the impact of Les-45 and Les-247 on metabolic activity, caspase-3 activity, and the expression of genes and proteins related to inflammatory and antioxidant defenses and cytoskeleton rearrangement in healthy human fibroblasts (BJ) and a human lung carcinoma cell line (A549). The cells were exposed to increasing concentrations (1 nM to 100 μM) of the studied compounds for 24 h and 48 h. A decrease in the metabolic activity in the BJ and A549 cell lines was induced by both compounds at a concentration range from 10 to 100 µM. Both compounds decreased the mRNA expression of NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) and β-actin in the BJ cells. Interestingly, a significant decrease in the level of NF-κB gene and protein expression was detected in the BJ cell line, suggesting a direct impact of the studied compounds on the inhibition of inflammation. However, more studies are needed due to the ability of Les-45 and Les-247 to interfere with the tubulin/actin cytoskeleton, i.e., a critical system existing in eukaryotic cells.

Multiple aspects of matrix stiffness in cancer progression

The biophysical and biomechanical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) are crucial in the processes of cell differentiation and proliferation. However, it is unclear to what extent tumor cells are influenced by biomechanical and biophysical changes of the surrounding microenvironment and how this response varies between different tumor forms, and over the course of tumor progression. The entire ensemble of genes encoding the ECM associated proteins is called matrisome. In cancer, the ECM evolves to become highly dysregulated, rigid, and fibrotic, serving both pro-tumorigenic and anti-tumorigenic roles. Tumor desmoplasia is characterized by a dramatic increase of α-smooth muscle actin expressing fibroblast and the deposition of hard ECM containing collagen, fibronectin, proteoglycans, and hyaluronic acid and is common in many solid tumors. In this review, we described the role of inflammation and inflammatory cytokines, in desmoplastic matrix remodeling, tumor state transition driven by microenvironment forces and the signaling pathways in mechanotransduction as potential targeted therapies, focusing on the impact of qualitative and quantitative variations of the ECM on the regulation of tumor development, hypothesizing the presence of matrisome drivers, acting alongside the cell-intrinsic oncogenic drivers, in some stages of neoplastic progression and in some tumor contexts, such as pancreatic carcinoma, breast cancer, lung cancer and mesothelioma.

Glycoprotein from Sargassum fusiforme exhibiting anti-inflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo via modulation of TLR4/MyD88 and NF-κB signaling

This study focuses on the identification and characterization of a glycoprotein from Sargassum fusiforme (Harvey) Setchell (SFGP), as well as investigating its potential anti-inflammatory properties both in vitro and in vivo, along with the underlying mechanism. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed a prominent band with a molecular weight of <10 kDa, consisting of 58.39 % protein and 41.61 % carbohydrates, which was confirmed through glycoprotein staining and Coomassie blue staining. Various analytical techniques, including high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), FTIR, amino acid analysis, and UV-visible spectrometry, provided evidence for the presence of monosaccharides (such as d-glucose and mannose) and 17 amino acids linked by an O-glycopeptide bond. In vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to assess the anti-inflammatory activities of SFGP. The results demonstrated that SFGP effectively attenuated nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expressions in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, SFGP administration significantly and dose-dependently suppressed TLR4/MyD88 signaling as well as the phosphorylation of MAPKs, IκB, and NF-κB, leading to a reduction in the production of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory efficacy of SFGP was validated in a carrageenan-induced inflammatory mouse model. These findings indicate that SFGP exhibits anti-inflammatory characteristics and has the potential to be utilized as a novel anti-inflammatory agent.

E3 ligase SOCS3 regulates NOD2 expression by ubiquitin proteasome system in lung cancer progression

PURPOSE

Despite lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths, it remains hard to discover effective diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Moreover, the five-year survival rate is relatively lower than other tumors. So urgent needs for finding a new theranostic target to treat lung cancer effectively. This study aims to present SOCS3 and NOD2 proteins as novel targets for diagnosis and therapy.

METHODS

We first confirmed SOCS3 expression level in patients' tissues. Then, we applied knockdown and overexpression of SOCS3 on lung cancer cell lines and performed proliferation, migration, and invasion assay. After that, we found NOD2 is a target of SOCS3 and introduced overexpression of NOD2 to A549 for verifying reduced tumorigenicity of lung cancer cells.

RESULTS

We identified protein expression level of SOCS3 was frequently higher in tumor tissues than adjacent normal tissues. Truly, overexpression of SOCS3 promoted proliferation, migration, and invasion capacity of lung cancer cells. We found that SOCS3 interacts with NOD2 and SOCS3 ubiquitinates NOD2 directly. Furthermore, lung cancer tissues with higher SOCS3 expression showed lower NOD2 expression. We confirmed overexpression of NOD2 leads to suppressed tumorigenicity of lung cancer cells, and these effects occurred through MAPK pathway.

CONCLUSION

Collectively, our work reveals novel roles of SOCS3 in lung tumorigenesis and proposes SOCS3 as a promising biomarker candidate for therapeutic and diagnostic target for lung cancer.

Tumour microenvironment programming by an RNA-RNA-binding protein complex creates a druggable vulnerability in IDH-wild-type glioblastoma

Patients with IDH-wild-type glioblastomas have a poor five-year survival rate along with limited treatment efficacy due to immune cell (glioma-associated microglia and macrophages) infiltration promoting tumour growth and resistance. To enhance therapeutic options, our study investigated the unique RNA-RNA-binding protein complex LOC-DHX15. This complex plays a crucial role in driving immune cell infiltration and tumour growth by establishing a feedback loop between cancer and immune cells, intensifying cancer aggressiveness. Targeting this complex with blood-brain barrier-permeable small molecules improved treatment efficacy, disrupting cell communication and impeding cancer cell survival and stem-like properties. Focusing on RNA-RNA-binding protein interactions emerges as a promising approach not only for glioblastomas without the IDH mutation but also for potential applications beyond cancer, offering new avenues for developing therapies that address intricate cellular relationships in the body.

Immunological landscape of solid cancer: Interplay between tumor and autoimmunity

The immune system, a central player in maintaining homeostasis, emerges as a pivotal factor in the pathogenesis and progression of two seemingly disparate yet interconnected categories of diseases: autoimmunity and cancer. This chapter delves into the intricate and multifaceted role of the immune system, particularly T cells, in orchestrating responses that govern the delicate balance between immune surveillance and self-tolerance. T cells, pivotal immune system components, play a central role in both diseases. In autoimmunity, aberrant T cell activation drives damaging immune responses against normal tissues, while in cancer, T cells exhibit suppressed responses, allowing the growth of malignant tumors. Immune checkpoint receptors, example, initially explored in autoimmunity, now revolutionize cancer treatment via immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Though effective in various tumors, ICB poses risks of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) akin to autoimmunity. This chapter underscores the importance of understanding tumor-associated antigens and their role in autoimmunity, immune checkpoint regulation, and their implications for both diseases. It also explores autoimmunity resulting from cancer immunotherapy and shared molecular pathways in solid tumors and autoimmune diseases, highlighting their interconnectedness at the molecular level. Additionally, it sheds light on common pathways and epigenetic features shared by autoimmunity and cancer, and the potential of repurposing drugs for therapeutic interventions. Delving deeper into these insights could unlock therapeutic strategies for both autoimmunity and cancer.

Xianglian Pill combined with 5-fluorouracil enhances antitumor activity and reduces gastrointestinal toxicity in gastric cancer by regulating the p38 MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Perioperative or postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy based on 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is a common first-line adjuvant therapy for gastric cancer (GC). However, drug resistance and the side effects of 5-FU have reduced its efficacy. Among these side effects, gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity is one of the most common. Xianglian Pill (XLP) is a Chinese patent medicine that is commonly used for the treatment of diarrhoea. It can reduce inflammation and has a protective effect on the intestinal mucosa. Recent studies have shown that many components of XLP can inhibite tumor cell growth. However, the therapeutic effect of XLP in combination with 5-FU on GC is unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To investigate whether the combination of XLP and 5-FU can enhance anti-GC activity while reducing GI toxicity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

XLP was administered orally during intraperitoneal injection of 5-FU in GC mice model. Mice were continuously monitored for diarrhea and xenograft tumor growth. After 2 weeks, the mice were sacrificed and serum was collected to determine interleukin-6 levels. Pathological changes, the expression of pro-inflammatory factors and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in GI tissue were determined by Western blot analysis. Pathological changes, apoptosis levels and p38 MAPK expression levels in xenograft tissues were also determined.

RESULTS

The results showed that XLP could alleviate GI mucosal injury caused by 5-FU, alleviated diarrhea, and inhibited the expression of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and myeloid differentiation primary response-88. Besides, XLP could promote the 5-FU-induced apoptosis of GC cells and enhance the inhibitory effect of 5-FU on tumor xenografts. Further study showed that XLP administration could regulate the expression of p38 MAPK.

CONCLUSIONS

XLP in combination with 5-FU could alleviate its GI side effects and enhance its inhibitory effect on xenograft tumor. Moreover, these effects were found to be related to the regulation of the p38 MAPK/NF-κB pathway.

Tumor biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and targeted therapy

Tumor biomarkers, the substances which are produced by tumors or the body's responses to tumors during tumorigenesis and progression, have been demonstrated to possess critical and encouraging value in screening and early diagnosis, prognosis prediction, recurrence detection, and therapeutic efficacy monitoring of cancers. Over the past decades, continuous progress has been made in exploring and discovering novel, sensitive, specific, and accurate tumor biomarkers, which has significantly promoted personalized medicine and improved the outcomes of cancer patients, especially advances in molecular biology technologies developed for the detection of tumor biomarkers. Herein, we summarize the discovery and development of tumor biomarkers, including the history of tumor biomarkers, the conventional and innovative technologies used for biomarker discovery and detection, the classification of tumor biomarkers based on tissue origins, and the application of tumor biomarkers in clinical cancer management. In particular, we highlight the recent advancements in biomarker-based anticancer-targeted therapies which are emerging as breakthroughs and promising cancer therapeutic strategies. We also discuss limitations and challenges that need to be addressed and provide insights and perspectives to turn challenges into opportunities in this field. Collectively, the discovery and application of multiple tumor biomarkers emphasized in this review may provide guidance on improved precision medicine, broaden horizons in future research directions, and expedite the clinical classification of cancer patients according to their molecular biomarkers rather than organs of origin.

Inflammation-based lung adenocarcinoma molecular subtype identification and construction of an inflammation-related signature with bulk and single-cell RNA-seq data

The role of inflammation is increasingly understood to have a central influence on therapeutic outcomes and prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). However, the detailed molecular divisions involved in inflammatory responses are yet to be fully elucidated. Our study identified two main inflammation-oriented LUAD grades: the inflammation-low (INF-low) and the inflammation-high (INF-high) subtypes. Both presented with unique clinicopathological features, implications for prognosis, and distinctive tumor microenvironment profiles. Broadly, the INF-low grade, marked by its dominant immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, was accompanied by less favorable prognostic outcomes and a heightened prevalence of oncogenic mutations. In contrast, the INF-high grade exhibited more optimistic clinical trajectories, underscored by its immune-active environment. In addition, our efforts led to the conceptualization and empirical validation of an inflammation-centric predictive model with considerable predictive potency. Our study paves the way for a refined inflammation-centric LUAD classification and fosters a deeper understanding of tumor microenvironment intricacies.

Inflammation and cancer: friend or foe?

Chronic inflammation plays a crucial role in the onset and progression of pathologies like neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer, since tumor development and chronic inflammation are linked, sharing common signaling pathways. At least 20% of breast and colorectal cancers are associated with chronic inflammation triggered by infections, irritants, or autoimmune diseases. Obesity, chronic inflammation, and cancer interconnection underscore the importance of population-based interventions in maintaining healthy body weight, to disrupt this axis. Given that the dietary inflammatory index is correlated with an increased risk of cancer, adopting an anti-inflammatory diet supplemented with nutraceuticals may be useful for cancer prevention. Natural products and their derivatives offer promising antitumor activity with favorable adverse effect profiles; however, the development of natural bioactive drugs is challenging due to their variability and complexity, requiring rigorous research processes. It has been shown that combining anti-inflammatory products, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, and statins, with plant-derived products demonstrate clinical utility as accessible adjuvants to traditional therapeutic approaches, with known safety profiles. Pharmacological approaches targeting multiple proteins involved in inflammation and cancer pathogenesis emerge as a particularly promising option. Given the systemic and multifactorial nature of inflammation, comprehensive strategies are essential for long term success in cancer therapy. To gain insights into carcinogenic phenomena and discover diagnostic or clinically relevant biomarkers, is pivotal to understand genetic variability, environmental exposure, dietary habits, and TME composition, to establish therapeutic approaches based on molecular and genetic analysis. Furthermore, the use of endocannabinoid, cannabinoid, and prostamide-type compounds as potential therapeutic targets or biomarkers requires further investigation. This review aims to elucidate the role of specific etiological agents and mediators contributing to persistent inflammatory reactions in tumor development. It explores potential therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment, emphasizing the urgent need for cost-effective approaches to address cancer-associated inflammation.

Chaga mushroom extract suppresses oral cancer cell growth via inhibition of energy metabolism

Oral cancer stands as a prevalent maligancy worldwide; however, its therapeutic potential is limited by undesired effects and complications. As a medicinal edible fungus, Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) exhibits anticancer effects across diverse cancers. Yet, the precise mechanisms underlying its efficacy remain unclear. We explored the detailed mechanisms underlying the anticancer action of Chaga mushroom extract in oral cancer cells (HSC-4). Following treatment with Chaga mushroom extracts, we analyzed cell viability, proliferation capacity, glycolysis, mitochondrial respiration, and apoptosis. Our findings revealed that the extract reduced cell viability and proliferation of HSC-4 cells while arresting their cell cycle via suppression of STAT3 activity. Regarding energy metabolism, Chaga mushroom extract inhibited glycolysis and mitochondrial membrane potential in HSC-4 cells, thereby triggering autophagy-mediated apoptotic cell death through activation of the p38 MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Our results indicate that Chaga mushroom extract impedes oral cancer cell progression, by inhibiting cell cycle and proliferation, suppressing cancer cell energy metabolism, and promoting autophagy-mediated apoptotic cell death. These findings suggest that this extract is a promising supplementary medicine for the treatment of patients with oral cancer.

NAMPT/NAD+/PARP1 Pathway Regulates CFA-Induced Inflammatory Pain via NF-κB Signaling in Rodents

Emerging evidence has implicated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) metabolism in various inflammatory diseases. In the study, the role of NAD+ metabolism in Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)-evoked inflammatory pain and the underlying mechanisms are investigated. The study demonstrated that CFA induced upregulation of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) without significant changes in the spinal cord. Inhibition of NAMPT expression by intrathecal injection of NAMPT siRNA alleviated CFA-induced pain-like behavior, decreased NAD+ contents in DRG, and lowered poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) activity levels. These effects are all reversed by the supplement of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN). Inhibition of PARP1 expression by intrathecal injection of PARP1 siRNA alleviated CFA-induced pain-like behavior, while elevated NAD+ levels of DRG. The analgesic effect of inhibiting NAMPT/NAD+/PARP1 axis can be attributed to the downregulation of the NF-κB/IL-1β inflammatory pathway. Double immunofluorescence staining showed that the expression of NAMPT/NAD+/PARP1 axis is restricted to DRG neurons. In conclusion, PARP1 activation in response to CFA stimulation, fueled by NAMPT-derived NAD+, mediates CFA-induced inflammatory pain through NF-κB/IL-1β inflammatory pathway.

Characterization of a Clinically and Biologically Defined Subgroup of Patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Identification of a Tailored Combination Treatment

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) with a high unmet medical need. The diagnosis of ASD is currently based on behavior criteria, which overlooks the diversity of genetic, neurophysiological, and clinical manifestations. Failure to acknowledge such heterogeneity has hindered the development of efficient drug treatments for ASD and other NDDs. DEPI® (Databased Endophenotyping Patient Identification) is a systems biology, multi-omics, and machine learning-driven platform enabling the identification of subgroups of patients with NDDs and the development of patient-tailored treatments. In this study, we provide evidence for the validation of a first clinically and biologically defined subgroup of patients with ASD identified by DEPI, ASD Phenotype 1 (ASD-Phen1). Among 313 screened patients with idiopathic ASD, the prevalence of ASD-Phen1 was observed to be ~24% in 84 patients who qualified to be enrolled in the study. Metabolic and transcriptomic alterations differentiating patients with ASD-Phen1 were consistent with an over-activation of NF-κB and NRF2 transcription factors, as predicted by DEPI. Finally, the suitability of STP1 combination treatment to revert such observed molecular alterations in patients with ASD-Phen1 was determined. Overall, our results support the development of precision medicine-based treatments for patients diagnosed with ASD.