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Pathak RU, Phanindhar K, Mishra RK. Transposable elements as scaffold/matrix attachment regions: shaping organization and functions in genomes. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 10:1326933. [PMID: 38455359 PMCID: PMC10918478 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1326933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The hierarchical structure of eukaryotic genomes has regulatory layers, one of them being epigenetic "indexing" of the genome that leads to cell-type-specific patterns of gene expression. By establishing loops and defining chromatin domains, cells can achieve coordinated control over multi-locus segments of the genome. This is thought to be achieved using scaffold/matrix attachment regions (S/MARs) that establish structural and functional loops and topologically associating domains (TADs) that define a self-interacting region of the genome. Large-scale genome-wide mapping of S/MARs has begun to uncover these aspects of genome organization. A recent genome-wide study showed the association of transposable elements (TEs) with a significant fraction of S/MARs, suggesting that the multitude of TE-derived repeats constitute a class of anchorage sites of chromatin loops to nuclear architecture. In this study, we provide an insight that TE-driven dispersal of S/MARs has the potential to restructure the chromosomes by creating novel loops and domains. The combination of TEs and S/MARs, as elements that can hop through the genome along with regulatory capabilities, may provide an active mechanism of genome evolution leading to the emergence of novel features in biological systems. The significance is that a genome-wide study mapping developmental S/MARs reveals an intriguing link between these elements and TEs. This article highlights the potential of the TE-S/MAR combination to drive evolution by restructuring and shaping the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rakesh K. Mishra
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, Bengaluru, India
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2
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Majumdar S, Desai R, Hans A, Dandekar P, Jain R. From Efficiency to Yield: Exploring Recent Advances in CHO Cell Line Development for Monoclonal Antibodies. Mol Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12033-024-01060-6. [PMID: 38363529 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-024-01060-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The increasing demand for biosimilar monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has prompted the development of stable high-producing cell lines while simultaneously decreasing the time required for screening. Existing platforms have proven inefficient, resulting in inconsistencies in yields, growth characteristics, and quality features in the final mAb products. Selecting a suitable expression host, designing an effective gene expression system, developing a streamlined cell line generation approach, optimizing culture conditions, and defining scaling-up and purification strategies are all critical steps in the production of recombinant proteins, particularly monoclonal antibodies, in mammalian cells. As a result, an active area of study is dedicated to expression and optimizing recombinant protein production. This review explores recent breakthroughs and approaches targeted at accelerating cell line development to attain efficiency and consistency in the synthesis of therapeutic proteins, specifically monoclonal antibodies. The primary goal is to bridge the gap between rising demand and consistent, high-quality mAb production, thereby benefiting the healthcare and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmishta Majumdar
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Ranjeet Desai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Aakarsh Hans
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Prajakta Dandekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India.
| | - Ratnesh Jain
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India.
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3
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Xu L, Zheng S, Witzel K, Van De Slijke E, Baekelandt A, Mylle E, Van Damme D, Cheng J, De Jaeger G, Inzé D, Jiang H. Chromatin attachment to the nuclear matrix represses hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1286. [PMID: 38346986 PMCID: PMC10861482 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45577-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The nuclear matrix is a nuclear compartment that has diverse functions in chromatin regulation and transcription. However, how this structure influences epigenetic modifications and gene expression in plants is largely unknown. In this study, we show that a nuclear matrix binding protein, AHL22, together with the two transcriptional repressors FRS7 and FRS12, regulates hypocotyl elongation by suppressing the expression of a group of genes known as SMALL AUXIN UP RNAs (SAURs) in Arabidopsis thaliana. The transcriptional repression of SAURs depends on their attachment to the nuclear matrix. The AHL22 complex not only brings these SAURs, which contain matrix attachment regions (MARs), to the nuclear matrix, but it also recruits the histone deacetylase HDA15 to the SAUR loci. This leads to the removal of H3 acetylation at the SAUR loci and the suppression of hypocotyl elongation. Taken together, our results indicate that MAR-binding proteins act as a hub for chromatin and epigenetic regulators. Moreover, we present a mechanism by which nuclear matrix attachment to chromatin regulates histone modifications, transcription, and hypocotyl elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhao Xu
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, 06466, Germany
| | - Shiwei Zheng
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, 06466, Germany
| | - Katja Witzel
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Großbeeren, 14979, Germany
| | - Eveline Van De Slijke
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Baekelandt
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Evelien Mylle
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Daniel Van Damme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Jinping Cheng
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, 06466, Germany
| | - Geert De Jaeger
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Hua Jiang
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, 06466, Germany.
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4
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Wang XY, Zhang WL, Zhang X, Fu YS, Wang HM, Sun QL, Li Q, Jia YL, Zhang JH, Wang TY. Combination of MAR and intron increase transgene expression of episomal vectors in CHO cells. Biotechnol J 2023; 18:e2200643. [PMID: 37551822 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202200643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Previous work has shown that the EF-1α promoter of episomal vectors maintains high-level transgene expression in stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. However, the transgene expression levels need to be further increased. Here, we first incorporated matrix attachment regions (MARs), ubiquitous chromatin opening element (UCOE), stabilizing anti repressor elements 40 (STAR 40) elements into episomal vector at different sites and orientations, and systemically assessed their effects on transgene expression in transfected CHO-K1 cells. Results showed that enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) expression levels increased remarkably when MAR X-29 was inserted upstream of the promoter, followed by the insertion of MAR1 downstream of the poly A, and the orientation had no significant effect. Moreover, MAR X-29 combined with human cytomegalovirus intron (hCMVI) yielded the highest transgene expression levels (4.52-fold). Transgene expression levels were not exclusively dependent on transgene copy numbers and were not related to the mRNA expression level. In addition, vector with MAR X-29+hCMVI can induce herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) protein expression, and the HSV-TK protein showed a cell-killing effect and an obvious bystander effect on HCT116 cells. In conclusion, the combination of MAR X-29 and hCMV intron can achieve high efficiency transgene expression mediated by episomal vectors in CHO-K1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yin Wang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wei-Li Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Center for Medical Genetics, Nanyang Second General Hospital, Nanyang, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yu-Shun Fu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Hao-Min Wang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Qiu-Li Sun
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Qin Li
- School of Basic Medical Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yan-Long Jia
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jun-He Zhang
- Institutes of Health Central Plains, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Tian-Yun Wang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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Zhang M, Ehmann ME, Matukumalli S, Boob AG, Gilbert DM, Zhao H. SHIELD: a platform for high-throughput screening of barrier-type DNA elements in human cells. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5616. [PMID: 37699958 PMCID: PMC10497619 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41468-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromatin boundary elements contribute to the partitioning of mammalian genomes into topological domains to regulate gene expression. Certain boundary elements are adopted as DNA insulators for safe and stable transgene expression in mammalian cells. These elements, however, are ill-defined and less characterized in the non-coding genome, partially due to the lack of a platform to readily evaluate boundary-associated activities of putative DNA sequences. Here we report SHIELD (Site-specific Heterochromatin Insertion of Elements at Lamina-associated Domains), a platform tailored for the high-throughput screening of barrier-type DNA elements in human cells. SHIELD takes advantage of the high specificity of serine integrase at heterochromatin, and exploits the natural heterochromatin spreading inside lamina-associated domains (LADs) for the discovery of potent barrier elements. We adopt SHIELD to evaluate the barrier activity of 1000 DNA elements in a high-throughput manner and identify 8 candidates with barrier activities comparable to the core region of cHS4 element in human HCT116 cells. We anticipate SHIELD could facilitate the discovery of novel barrier DNA elements from the non-coding genome in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Mary Elisabeth Ehmann
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Srija Matukumalli
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Aashutosh Girish Boob
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - David M Gilbert
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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6
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Korff C, Atkinson E, Adaway M, Klunk A, Wek RC, Vashishth D, Wallace JM, Anderson-Baucum EK, Evans-Molina C, Robling AG, Bidwell JP. NMP4, an Arbiter of Bone Cell Secretory Capacity and Regulator of Skeletal Response to PTH Therapy. Calcif Tissue Int 2023; 113:110-125. [PMID: 37147466 PMCID: PMC10330242 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-023-01088-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The skeleton is a secretory organ, and the goal of some osteoporosis therapies is to maximize bone matrix output. Nmp4 encodes a novel transcription factor that regulates bone cell secretion as part of its functional repertoire. Loss of Nmp4 enhances bone response to osteoanabolic therapy, in part, by increasing the production and delivery of bone matrix. Nmp4 shares traits with scaling factors, which are transcription factors that influence the expression of hundreds of genes to govern proteome allocation for establishing secretory cell infrastructure and capacity. Nmp4 is expressed in all tissues and while global loss of this gene leads to no overt baseline phenotype, deletion of Nmp4 has broad tissue effects in mice challenged with certain stressors. In addition to an enhanced response to osteoporosis therapies, Nmp4-deficient mice are less sensitive to high fat diet-induced weight gain and insulin resistance, exhibit a reduced disease severity in response to influenza A virus (IAV) infection, and resist the development of some forms of rheumatoid arthritis. In this review, we present the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying Nmp4 regulation of the skeletal response to osteoanabolics, and we discuss how this unique gene contributes to the diverse phenotypes among different tissues and stresses. An emerging theme is that Nmp4 is important for the infrastructure and capacity of secretory cells that are critical for health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Korff
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM), Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Emily Atkinson
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, IUSM, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Michele Adaway
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, IUSM, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Angela Klunk
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, IUSM, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Ronald C Wek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IUSM, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Deepak Vashishth
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Joseph M Wallace
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, IUSM, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Emily K Anderson-Baucum
- Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, IUSM, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Carmella Evans-Molina
- Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, IUSM, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease and the Wells Center for Pediatric Research, IUSM, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Medicine, IUSM, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alexander G Robling
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, IUSM, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, IUSM, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Joseph P Bidwell
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, IUSM, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, IUSM, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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7
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Park S, Chin-Hun Kuo J, Reesink HL, Paszek MJ. Recombinant mucin biotechnology and engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 193:114618. [PMID: 36375719 PMCID: PMC10253230 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Mucins represent a largely untapped class of polymeric building block for biomaterials, therapeutics, and other biotechnology. Because the mucin polymer backbone is genetically encoded, sequence-specific mucins with defined physical and biochemical properties can be fabricated using recombinant technologies. The pendent O-glycans of mucins are increasingly implicated in immunomodulation, suppression of pathogen virulence, and other biochemical activities. Recent advances in engineered cell production systems are enabling the scalable synthesis of recombinant mucins with precisely tuned glycan side chains, offering exciting possibilities to tune the biological functionality of mucin-based products. New metabolic and chemoenzymatic strategies enable further tuning and functionalization of mucin O-glycans, opening new possibilities to expand the chemical diversity and functionality of mucin building blocks. In this review, we discuss these advances, and the opportunities for engineered mucins in biomedical applications ranging from in vitro models to therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoo Park
- Field of Biophysics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Joe Chin-Hun Kuo
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Heidi L Reesink
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Matthew J Paszek
- Field of Biophysics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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8
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Oliviero C, Hinz SC, Grzeschik J, Hock B, Kolmar H, Hagens G. Cell Line Development Using Targeted Gene Integration into MAR-Rich Landing Pads for Stable Expression of Transgenes. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2681:343-359. [PMID: 37405657 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3279-6_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Integration of a gene of interest (GOI) into the genome of mammalian cells is the first step of cell line development campaigns for the production of biotherapeutics. Besides random integration methods, targeted gene integration approaches have emerged as promising tools over the last few years. In addition to reducing heterogeneity within a pool of recombinant transfectants, this process can also facilitate shorter timelines of the current cell line development process. Herein, we describe protocols for generating host cell lines carrying matrix attachment region (MAR)-rich landing pads (LPs), including BxB1 recombination sites. These LP-containing cell lines allow for site-specific and simultaneous integration of multiple GOIs. The resulting transgene-expressing stable recombinant clones can be used for the production of mono- or multispecific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Oliviero
- Institute of Life Technologies, Haute Ecole d'Ingénierie HES-SO Valais Wallis, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Steffen C Hinz
- Institute of Life Technologies, Haute Ecole d'Ingénierie HES-SO Valais Wallis, Sion, Switzerland
| | | | - Björn Hock
- Aerium Therapeutics, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gerrit Hagens
- Institute of Life Technologies, Haute Ecole d'Ingénierie HES-SO Valais Wallis, Sion, Switzerland.
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Fritz AJ, Ghule PN, Toor R, Dillac L, Perelman J, Boyd J, Lian JB, Gordon JA, Frietze S, Van Wijnen A, Stein JL, Stein GS. Spatiotemporal Epigenetic Control of the Histone Gene Chromatin Landscape during the Cell Cycle. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 2023; 33:85-97. [PMID: 37017672 PMCID: PMC10826887 DOI: 10.1615/critreveukaryotgeneexpr.2022046190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Higher-order genomic organization supports the activation of histone genes in response to cell cycle regulatory cues that epigenetically mediates stringent control of transcription at the G1/S-phase transition. Histone locus bodies (HLBs) are dynamic, non-membranous, phase-separated nuclear domains where the regulatory machinery for histone gene expression is organized and assembled to support spatiotemporal epigenetic control of histone genes. HLBs provide molecular hubs that support synthesis and processing of DNA replication-dependent histone mRNAs. These regulatory microenvironments support long-range genomic interactions among non-contiguous histone genes within a single topologically associating domain (TAD). HLBs respond to activation of the cyclin E/CDK2/NPAT/HINFP pathway at the G1/S transition. HINFP and its coactivator NPAT form a complex within HLBs that controls histone mRNA transcription to support histone protein synthesis and packaging of newly replicated DNA. Loss of HINFP compromises H4 gene expression and chromatin formation, which may result in DNA damage and impede cell cycle progression. HLBs provide a paradigm for higher-order genomic organization of a subnuclear domain that executes an obligatory cell cycle-controlled function in response to cyclin E/CDK2 signaling. Understanding the coordinately and spatiotemporally organized regulatory programs in focally defined nuclear domains provides insight into molecular infrastructure for responsiveness to cell signaling pathways that mediate biological control of growth, differentiation phenotype, and are compromised in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Fritz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Prachi N. Ghule
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Rabail Toor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Louis Dillac
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Jonah Perelman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Joseph Boyd
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Jane B. Lian
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Johnathan A.R. Gordon
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Seth Frietze
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont, USA
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Andre Van Wijnen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Janet L. Stein
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Gary S. Stein
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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Cabrera A, Edelstein HI, Glykofrydis F, Love KS, Palacios S, Tycko J, Zhang M, Lensch S, Shields CE, Livingston M, Weiss R, Zhao H, Haynes KA, Morsut L, Chen YY, Khalil AS, Wong WW, Collins JJ, Rosser SJ, Polizzi K, Elowitz MB, Fussenegger M, Hilton IB, Leonard JN, Bintu L, Galloway KE, Deans TL. The sound of silence: Transgene silencing in mammalian cell engineering. Cell Syst 2022; 13:950-973. [PMID: 36549273 PMCID: PMC9880859 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate principles operating in native biological systems and to develop novel biotechnologies, synthetic biology aims to build and integrate synthetic gene circuits within native transcriptional networks. The utility of synthetic gene circuits for cell engineering relies on the ability to control the expression of all constituent transgene components. Transgene silencing, defined as the loss of expression over time, persists as an obstacle for engineering primary cells and stem cells with transgenic cargos. In this review, we highlight the challenge that transgene silencing poses to the robust engineering of mammalian cells, outline potential molecular mechanisms of silencing, and present approaches for preventing transgene silencing. We conclude with a perspective identifying future research directions for improving the performance of synthetic gene circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Cabrera
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hailey I Edelstein
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; The Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Fokion Glykofrydis
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9080, USA
| | - Kasey S Love
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sebastian Palacios
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Josh Tycko
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sarah Lensch
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Cara E Shields
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mark Livingston
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Ron Weiss
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Karmella A Haynes
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Leonardo Morsut
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9080, USA
| | - Yvonne Y Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy Center at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ahmad S Khalil
- Biological Design Center and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wilson W Wong
- Biological Design Center and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - James J Collins
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9080, USA; Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Susan J Rosser
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karen Polizzi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK; Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
| | - Michael B Elowitz
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Martin Fussenegger
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel 4058, Switzerland; Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Isaac B Hilton
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Joshua N Leonard
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; The Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Lacramioara Bintu
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kate E Galloway
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tara L Deans
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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11
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Oliviero C, Hinz SC, Bogen JP, Kornmann H, Hock B, Kolmar H, Hagens G. Generation of a Host Cell line containing a MAR-rich landing pad for site-specific integration and expression of transgenes. Biotechnol Prog 2022; 38:e3254. [PMID: 35396920 PMCID: PMC9539524 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, targeted gene integration (TI) has been introduced as a strategy for the generation of recombinant mammalian cell lines for the production of biotherapeutics. Besides reducing the immense heterogeneity within a pool of recombinant transfectants, TI also aims at shortening the duration of the current cell line development process. Here we describe the generation of a host cell line carrying Matrix‐Attachment Region (MAR)‐rich landing pads (LPs), which allow for the simultaneous and site‐specific integration of multiple genes of interest (GOIs). We show that several copies of each chicken lysozyme 5'MAR‐based LP containing either BxB1 wild type or mutated recombination sites, integrated at one random chromosomal locus of the host cell genome. We further demonstrate that these LP‐containing host cell lines can be used for the site‐specific integration of several GOIs and thus, generation of transgene‐expressing stable recombinant clones. Transgene expression was shown by site‐specific integration of heavy and light chain genes coding for a monospecific antibody (msAb) as well as for a bi‐specific antibody (bsAb). The genetic stability of the herein described LP‐based recombinant clones expressing msAb or bsAb was demonstrated by cultivating the recombinant clones and measuring antibody titers over 85 generations. We conclude that the host cell containing multiple copies of MAR‐rich landing pads can be successfully used for stable expression of one or several GOIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Oliviero
- Institute of Life Technology, Haute Ecole d'Ingénierie HES-SO Valais Wallis, Rue de l'Industrie 19, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Steffen C Hinz
- Institute of Life Technology, Haute Ecole d'Ingénierie HES-SO Valais Wallis, Rue de l'Industrie 19, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Jan P Bogen
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Henri Kornmann
- Ferring Biologics Innovation Center, Route de la Corniche 8, CH-1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Björn Hock
- Ferring Biologics Innovation Center, Route de la Corniche 8, CH-1066, Epalinges, Switzerland.,SwissThera SA, Route de la Corniche 4, CH-1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gerrit Hagens
- Institute of Life Technology, Haute Ecole d'Ingénierie HES-SO Valais Wallis, Rue de l'Industrie 19, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
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12
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Fritz AJ, El Dika M, Toor RH, Rodriguez PD, Foley SJ, Ullah R, Nie D, Banerjee B, Lohese D, Glass KC, Frietze S, Ghule PN, Heath JL, Imbalzano AN, van Wijnen A, Gordon J, Lian JB, Stein JL, Stein GS, Stein GS. Epigenetic-Mediated Regulation of Gene Expression for Biological Control and Cancer: Cell and Tissue Structure, Function, and Phenotype. Results Probl Cell Differ 2022; 70:339-373. [PMID: 36348114 PMCID: PMC9753575 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-06573-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic gene regulatory mechanisms play a central role in the biological control of cell and tissue structure, function, and phenotype. Identification of epigenetic dysregulation in cancer provides mechanistic into tumor initiation and progression and may prove valuable for a variety of clinical applications. We present an overview of epigenetically driven mechanisms that are obligatory for physiological regulation and parameters of epigenetic control that are modified in tumor cells. The interrelationship between nuclear structure and function is not mutually exclusive but synergistic. We explore concepts influencing the maintenance of chromatin structures, including phase separation, recognition signals, factors that mediate enhancer-promoter looping, and insulation and how these are altered during the cell cycle and in cancer. Understanding how these processes are altered in cancer provides a potential for advancing capabilities for the diagnosis and identification of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Fritz
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Mohammed El Dika
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Rabail H. Toor
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405
| | | | - Stephen J. Foley
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Rahim Ullah
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Daijing Nie
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Bodhisattwa Banerjee
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Dorcas Lohese
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Karen C. Glass
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Seth Frietze
- University of Vermont, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Prachi N. Ghule
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Jessica L. Heath
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405,University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Anthony N. Imbalzano
- UMass Chan Medical School, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Andre van Wijnen
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Jonathan Gordon
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Jane B. Lian
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Janet L. Stein
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Gary S. Stein
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405
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13
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Masuda K, Watanabe K, Ueno T, Nakazawa Y, Tanabe Y, Ushiki-Kaku Y, Ogawa-Goto K, Ehara Y, Saeki H, Okumura T, Nonaka K, Kamihira M. Novel cell line development strategy for monoclonal antibody manufacturing using translational enhancing technology. J Biosci Bioeng 2021; 133:273-280. [PMID: 34930670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are widely used for constructing expression systems to produce therapeutic proteins. However, the establishment of high-producer clones remains a laborious and time-consuming process, despite various progresses having been made in cell line development. We previously developed a new strategy for screening high monoclonal antibody (mAb)-producing cells using flow cytometry (FCM). We also reported that p180 and SF3b4 play key roles in active translation on the endoplasmic reticulum, and that the productivity of secreted alkaline phosphatase was enhanced by the overexpression of p180 and SF3b4. Here, we attempted to apply the translational enhancing technology to high mAb-producing cells obtained after high-producer cell sorting. A high mAb-producing CHO clone, L003, which showed an mAb production level of >3 g/L in fed-batch culture, was established from a high mAb-producing cell pool fractionated by FCM. Clones generated by the overexpression of p180 and SF3b4 in L003 cells were evaluated by fed-batch culture. The specific productivity of clones overexpressing these two factors was ∼3.1-fold higher than that of parental L003 cells in the early phase of the culture period. Furthermore, the final mAb concentration was increased to 9.5 g/L during 17 days of fed-batch culture after optimizing the medium and culture process. These results indicate that the overexpression of p180 and SF3b4 would be promising for establishing high-producer cell lines applicable to industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Masuda
- Biologics Division, Biologics Technology Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 2716-1 Kurakake, Akaiwa, Chiyoda-machi, Gunma 370-0503, Japan; Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Watanabe
- Biologics Division, Biologics Technology Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 2716-1 Kurakake, Akaiwa, Chiyoda-machi, Gunma 370-0503, Japan
| | - Tomonori Ueno
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, 520-11, Kuwabara, Toride, Ibaraki 302-0017, Japan
| | - Yuto Nakazawa
- Biologics Division, Biologics Technology Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 2716-1 Kurakake, Akaiwa, Chiyoda-machi, Gunma 370-0503, Japan; Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yumiko Tanabe
- Biologics Division, Biologics Technology Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 2716-1 Kurakake, Akaiwa, Chiyoda-machi, Gunma 370-0503, Japan
| | - Yuko Ushiki-Kaku
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, 520-11, Kuwabara, Toride, Ibaraki 302-0017, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Ogawa-Goto
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, 520-11, Kuwabara, Toride, Ibaraki 302-0017, Japan; Japan Institute of Leather Research, 1-1-1 Senju Midori-cho, Adachi-ku, Tokyo 120-8601, Japan
| | - Yukikazu Ehara
- FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, 3-17-15 Niizo-Minami, Toda, Saitama 335-0026, Japan
| | - Hisashi Saeki
- FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, 3-17-15 Niizo-Minami, Toda, Saitama 335-0026, Japan
| | - Takeshi Okumura
- Biologics Division, Biologics Technology Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 2716-1 Kurakake, Akaiwa, Chiyoda-machi, Gunma 370-0503, Japan
| | - Koichi Nonaka
- Biologics Division, Biologics Technology Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 2716-1 Kurakake, Akaiwa, Chiyoda-machi, Gunma 370-0503, Japan
| | - Masamichi Kamihira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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14
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Roychowdhury T, Chattopadhyay S. Chemical Decorations of "MARs" Residents in Orchestrating Eukaryotic Gene Regulation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:602994. [PMID: 33409278 PMCID: PMC7779526 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.602994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome organization plays a crucial role in gene regulation, orchestrating multiple cellular functions. A meshwork of proteins constituting a three-dimensional (3D) matrix helps in maintaining the genomic architecture. Sequences of DNA that are involved in tethering the chromatin to the matrix are called scaffold/matrix attachment regions (S/MARs), and the proteins that bind to these sequences and mediate tethering are termed S/MAR-binding proteins (S/MARBPs). The regulation of S/MARBPs is important for cellular functions and is altered under different conditions. Limited information is available presently to understand the structure–function relationship conclusively. Although all S/MARBPs bind to DNA, their context- and tissue-specific regulatory roles cannot be justified solely based on the available information on their structures. Conformational changes in a protein lead to changes in protein–protein interactions (PPIs) that essentially would regulate functional outcomes. A well-studied form of protein regulation is post-translational modification (PTM). It involves disulfide bond formation, cleavage of precursor proteins, and addition or removal of low-molecular-weight groups, leading to modifications like phosphorylation, methylation, SUMOylation, acetylation, PARylation, and ubiquitination. These chemical modifications lead to varied functional outcomes by mechanisms like modifying DNA–protein interactions and PPIs, altering protein function, stability, and crosstalk with other PTMs regulating subcellular localizations. S/MARBPs are reported to be regulated by PTMs, thereby contributing to gene regulation. In this review, we discuss the current understanding, scope, disease implications, and future perspectives of the diverse PTMs regulating functions of S/MARBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanaya Roychowdhury
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, India.,Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Samit Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, India.,Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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15
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Guo X, Wang C, Wang TY. Chromatin-modifying elements for recombinant protein production in mammalian cell systems. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:1035-1043. [PMID: 32777953 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1805401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cells are the preferred choice system for the production of complex molecules, such as recombinant therapeutic proteins. Although the technology for increasing the yield of proteins has improved rapidly, the process of selecting, identifying as well as maintaining high-yield cell clones is still troublesome, time-consuming and usually uncertain. Optimization of expression vectors is one of the most effective methods for enhancing protein expression levels. Several commonly used chromatin-modifying elements, including the matrix attachment region, ubiquitous chromatin opening elements, insulators, stabilizing anti-repressor elements can be used to increase the expression level and stability of recombinant proteins. In this review, these chromatin-modifying elements used for the expression vector optimization in mammalian cells are summarized, and future strategies for the utilization of expression cassettes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Perildicals Publishing House, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Chong Wang
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Yun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Perildicals Publishing House, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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16
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Fusion with matrix attachment regions enhances expression of recombinant protein in human HT-1080 cells. J Biosci Bioeng 2020; 130:533-538. [PMID: 32773266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Like endogenous proteins, recombinant foreign proteins produced in human cell lines also need post-translational modifications. However, high and long-term expression of a gene of interest (GOI) presents significant challenges for recombinant protein production in human cells. In this work, the effect of human matrix attachment region elements (MARs), including the β-globin MAR (gMAR), chicken lysozyme MAR (cMAR), and a combination of these two, on the stable expression of GOI was assessed in human HT-1080 cells. After transfection with vectors containing the MAR elements and eGFP, stably HT-1080 cell pools were obtained under selective pressure. eGFP protein expression was analyzed by flow cytometry, while transgene copy number and eGFP mRNA expression levels were determined with qPCR and qRT-PCR technology. We found that MARs could not enhance transfection efficiency, but gMAR could significantly increase eGFP expression in stable HT-1080 cell pools by approximately 2.69-fold. Moreover, gMAR could also increase eGFP expression stability during long-term culture. Lastly, we showed that the effect of the MARs on transgenes was related to the gene copy number. In summary, this study found that MARs could both enhance the transgene expression and stability in HT-1080 cells.
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17
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Schweickert PG, Cheng Z. Application of Genetic Engineering in Biotherapeutics Development. J Pharm Innov 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-019-09411-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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18
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Narwade N, Patel S, Alam A, Chattopadhyay S, Mittal S, Kulkarni A. Mapping of scaffold/matrix attachment regions in human genome: a data mining exercise. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:7247-7261. [PMID: 31265077 PMCID: PMC6698742 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Scaffold/matrix attachment regions (S/MARs) are DNA elements that serve to compartmentalize the chromatin into structural and functional domains. These elements are involved in control of gene expression which governs the phenotype and also plays role in disease biology. Therefore, genome-wide understanding of these elements holds great therapeutic promise. Several attempts have been made toward identification of S/MARs in genomes of various organisms including human. However, a comprehensive genome-wide map of human S/MARs is yet not available. Toward this objective, ChIP-Seq data of 14 S/MAR binding proteins were analyzed and the binding site coordinates of these proteins were used to prepare a non-redundant S/MAR dataset of human genome. Along with co-ordinate (location) details of S/MARs, the dataset also revealed details of S/MAR features, namely, length, inter-SMAR length (the chromatin loop size), nucleotide repeats, motif abundance, chromosomal distribution and genomic context. S/MARs identified in present study and their subsequent analysis also suggests that these elements act as hotspots for integration of retroviruses. Therefore, these data will help toward better understanding of genome functioning and designing effective anti-viral therapeutics. In order to facilitate user friendly browsing and retrieval of the data obtained in present study, a web interface, MARome (http://bioinfo.net.in/MARome), has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Narwade
- Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune - 411 007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sonal Patel
- Chromatin and Disease Biology Lab, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune - 411 007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aftab Alam
- Chromatin and Disease Biology Lab, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune - 411 007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Samit Chattopadhyay
- Chromatin and Disease Biology Lab, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune - 411 007, Maharashtra, India.,Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata - 700 032, West Bengal, India
| | - Smriti Mittal
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune - 411 007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Abhijeet Kulkarni
- Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune - 411 007, Maharashtra, India
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19
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Gupta K, Parasnis M, Jain R, Dandekar P. Vector-related stratagems for enhanced monoclonal antibody production in mammalian cells. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107415. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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20
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Zhang J, Zhang J, Cheng S, Yang W, Li S. Enhanced transgene expression using two β-globin MARs flanking expression cassettes in stably transfected CHO-K1 cells. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:435. [PMID: 31696040 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1971-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we systemically investigated the positions and orientations of matrix attachment regions (MARs) in expression vectors to fully explore the mechanism for improving transgene expression. We constructed 14 vectors that incorporated human β-globin MARs into pIRES-eGFP backbone vectors. The MARs flanked the eGFP expression cassette or promoter in a forward/reverse orientation. After stable transfection into CHO-K1 cells with these vectors, eGFP expression levels were increased significantly relative to that of the control vector (MAR-devoid) when two MARs flanking the expression cassette were incorporated, followed by those at the 5' site (upstream of the promoter). Simultaneously, the percentage of the eGFP-expressing cells was elevated to some extent. The vector with both MARs in forward orientation flanking the expression cassette yielded the highest transgene expression levels (2.5-fold). The orientation (forward or reverse) of the MARs did not present a significant difference when added in the same site. In addition, transgene expression levels were not exclusively dependent on transgene copy numbers. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that some specific transcription factors may contribute to the transcriptional process. In conclusion, two MARs in a forward orientation and flanking the expression cassette comprised the optimal construct for improving the stable transgene expression in the CHO-K1 cells. The effects may be related to specific transcription factors, such as PRDM1 and REL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Zhang
- 1School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, No. 601 Jinsui Road, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang, 453003 China
| | - Junhe Zhang
- 1School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, No. 601 Jinsui Road, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang, 453003 China
| | - Shan Cheng
- 1School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, No. 601 Jinsui Road, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan China
| | - Wenwen Yang
- 1School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, No. 601 Jinsui Road, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang, 453003 China
| | - Shijiang Li
- 3The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, 453100 China
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21
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Wang XY, Zhang X, Wang TY, Jia YL, Xu DH, Yi DD. Shortened nuclear matrix attachment regions are sufficient for replication and maintenance of episomes in mammalian cells. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:2761-2770. [PMID: 31509492 PMCID: PMC6789156 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-02-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix attachment regions (MARs) can mediate the replication of vector episomes in mammalian cells; however, the molecular mode of action remains unclear. Here, we assessed the characteristics of MARs and the mechanism that mediates episomal vector replication in mammalian cells. Five shortened subfragments of β-interferon MAR fragments were cloned and transferred into CHO cells, and transgene expression levels, presence of the gene, and the episomal maintenance mechanism were determined. Three shortened MAR derivatives (position 781–1320, 1201–1740, and 1621–2201) retained full MAR activity and mediated episomal vector replication. Moreover, the three shortened MARs showed higher transgene expression levels, greater efficiency in colony formation, and more persistent transgene expression compared with those of the original pEPI-1 plasmid, and three functional truncated MARs can bind to SAF-A MAR-binding protein. These results suggest that shortened MARs are sufficient for replication and maintenance of episomes in CHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombiant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombiant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
| | - Tian-Yun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombiant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
| | - Yan-Long Jia
- Pharmacy Collage, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
| | - Dan-Hua Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombiant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
| | - Dan-Dan Yi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombiant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
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22
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Jia YL, Guo X, Ni TJ, Lu JT, Wang XY, Wang TY. Novel short synthetic matrix attachment region for enhancing transgenic expression in recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cells. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:18478-18486. [PMID: 31168866 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Matrix attachment regions (MARs) are DNA fragments with specific motifs that enhance transgenic expression; however, the characteristics and functions of these elements remain unclear. In this study, we designed and synthesized three short chimeric MARs, namely, SM4, SM5, and SM6, with different numbers and orders of motifs on the basis of the features and motifs of previously reported MARs, namely, SM1, SM2, and SM3, respectively. Expression vectors with six synthetic MARs flanking the down or upstream of the expression cassette for enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) were constructed and introduced into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Results indicated that the EGFP expression of the CHO cells with transfection bySM4, SM5, or SM6-containing vectors was higher than that of those containing SM1, SM2, or SM3 regardless of the MAR insertion position. The improving effect of SM5 was particularly pronounced. Transgenic expression was further enhanced with the increasing SM5 copy number. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that several arrangements of the DNA-binding motifs for CEBP, FAST, Hox, glutathione, and NMP4 may help increase transgenic expression levels and the average population of highly expressed cells. Our findings on novel synthetic MARs will help establish stable expression systems in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Long Jia
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombiant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Xiao Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombiant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Tian-Jun Ni
- School of Basic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Jiang-Tao Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombiant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Xiao-Yin Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombiant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,School of Basic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Tian-Yun Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombiant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,School of Basic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
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23
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Mohammadian O, Rajabibazl M, Pourmaleki E, Bayat H, Ahani R, Rahimpour A. Development of an improved lentiviral based vector system for the stable expression of monoclonal antibody in CHO cells. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 49:822-829. [PMID: 31156045 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2019.1621893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become the dominant products in biopharmaceutical industry. Mammalian cell expression systems including Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the most commonly used hosts for the production of complex recombinant proteins. However, development of stable, high producing CHO cell lines suffers from the low expression level and instability of the transgene. The increasing efforts in the development of novel therapeutic antibodies and the advent of biosimilars have revealed the necessity for the development of improved platforms for rapid production of products for initial characterization and testing. In line with this premise, vector design and engineering has been applied to improve the expression level and stability of the transgene. This study reports the application of an improved lentiviral vector system containing the human interferon-β scaffold attachment region (IFN-SAR) for the development of antibody producing stable CHO cells. mAb expressing clones producing 1100 µg/L of IgG1 monoclonal antibody were isolated without extensive screening of a large number of clones. Our results here indicate the positive effects of IFN-SAR on stable mAb expression using lentiviral based expression vectors. We also observed that although IFN-SAR can improve light chain (LC) and heavy chain (HC) gene copy numbers in stable cell pools, mAb expression in single cell clones was not affected by the transgene copy number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Mohammadian
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Masoumeh Rajabibazl
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,b Nano-Technology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Es'hagh Pourmaleki
- b Nano-Technology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,c Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Hadi Bayat
- b Nano-Technology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,d Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Roshanak Ahani
- b Nano-Technology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Azam Rahimpour
- b Nano-Technology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,c Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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24
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Gao JH, Wang TY, Zhang MY, Shi F, Gu SZ. Identification of consensus sequence from matrix attachment regions and functional analysis of its activity in stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:13985-13993. [PMID: 30957285 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Matrix attachment regions (MARs) can enhance transgene expression levels and maintain stability. However, the consensus sequence from MARs and its functional analysis remains to be examined. Here, we assessed a possible consensus sequence from MARs and assessed its activity in stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. First, we analyzed the effects of 10 MARs on transfected CHO cells and then analyzed the consensus motifs from these MARs using a bioinformatics method. The consensus sequence was synthesized and cloned upstream or downstream of the eukaryotic vector. The constructs were transfected into CHO cells and the expression levels and stability of enhanced green fluorescent protein were detected by flow cytometry. The results indicated that eight of the ten MARs increased transgene expression in transfected CHO cells. Three consensus motifs were found after bioinformatics analyses. The consensus sequence tandemly enhanced transgene expression when it was inserted into the eukaryotic expression vector; the effect of the addition upstream was stronger than that downstream. Thus, we found a MAR consensus sequence that may regulate the MAR-mediated increase in transgene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hui Gao
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Tian-Yun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Mao-Ying Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Fang Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Shan-Zhi Gu
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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25
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Jia YL, Guo X, Wang XC, Wang TY. Human genome-derived TOP1 matrix attachment region enhances transgene expression in the transfected CHO cells. Biotechnol Lett 2019; 41:701-709. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-019-02673-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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26
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Yang B, Zhou J, Zhao H, Wang A, Lei Y, Xie Q, Xiong S. Study of the mechanism for increased protein expression via transcription potency reduction of the selection marker. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2019; 42:799-806. [PMID: 30730009 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-019-02083-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Stable transfection of mammalian cells using various expression cassettes for exogenous gene expression has been well established. The impact of critical factors in these cassettes, such as promoter and enhancer elements, on recombinant protein production in mammalian cells has been studied extensively to optimize the expression efficiency. However, few studies on the correlation between the strength of selection marker and the expression of gene of interest (GOI) have been reported. Here we investigated the correlation between the strength of a widely used selection marker, glutamine synthetase (GS) gene, and gene of interest in which the expression of GOI is driven by mouse cytomegalovirus (mCMV) major immediate early (MIE) promoter whereas the expression of GS is controlled by SV40E (Simian vacuolating virus 40E) promoter. We used a green fluorescent protein and the adalimumab antibody (heavy and light chain) as two distinct examples for the gene of interest. We then decreased the expression of GS gene by engineering a specific region of its SV40E promoter in these expression cassettes. By comparing the expression of GS and GOI at transcription and translation level before and after the SV40E promoter was weakened, we found that lower GS expression due to weaker SV40E transcription correlated well with the higher expression of recombinant proteins, mainly by increasing the copy number of GS and GOI integration into host cell genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- Department of Cell Biol, Institute of Biomedicine & National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, 730 Building of Biology, 601 W Huangpu Ave, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiatao Zhou
- Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd., Zhen An Road, Dongguan, 523867, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Cell Biol, Institute of Biomedicine & National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, 730 Building of Biology, 601 W Huangpu Ave, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Anling Wang
- Department of Cell Biol, Institute of Biomedicine & National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, 730 Building of Biology, 601 W Huangpu Ave, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanjun Lei
- Department of Cell Biol, Institute of Biomedicine & National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, 730 Building of Biology, 601 W Huangpu Ave, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuling Xie
- Department of Cell Biol, Institute of Biomedicine & National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, 730 Building of Biology, 601 W Huangpu Ave, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Xiong
- Department of Cell Biol, Institute of Biomedicine & National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, 730 Building of Biology, 601 W Huangpu Ave, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Sánchez-Hernández S, Gutierrez-Guerrero A, Martín-Guerra R, Cortijo-Gutierrez M, Tristán-Manzano M, Rodriguez-Perales S, Sanchez L, Garcia-Perez JL, Chato-Astrain J, Fernandez-Valades R, Carrillo-Galvez AB, Anderson P, Montes R, Real PJ, Martin F, Benabdellah K. The IS2 Element Improves Transcription Efficiency of Integration-Deficient Lentiviral Vector Episomes. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 13:16-28. [PMID: 30227274 PMCID: PMC6141704 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Integration-defective lentiviral vectors (IDLVs) have become an important alternative tool for gene therapy applications and basic research. Unfortunately, IDLVs show lower transgene expression as compared to their integrating counterparts. In this study, we aimed to improve the expression levels of IDLVs by inserting the IS2 element, which harbors SARs and HS4 sequences, into their LTRs (SE-IS2-IDLVs). Contrary to our expectations, the presence of the IS2 element did not abrogate epigenetic silencing by histone deacetylases. In addition, the IS2 element reduced episome levels in IDLV-transduced cells. Interestingly, despite these negative effects, SE-IS2-IDLVs outperformed SE-IDLVs in terms of percentage and expression levels of the transgene in several cell lines, including neurons, neuronal progenitor cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. We estimated that the IS2 element enhances the transcriptional activity of IDLV LTR circles 6- to 7-fold. The final effect the IS2 element in IDLVs will greatly depend on the target cell and the balance between the negative versus the positive effects of the IS2 element in each cell type. The better performance of SE-IS2-IDLVs was not due to improved stability or differences in the proportions of 1-LTR versus 2-LTR circles but probably to a re-positioning of IS2-episomes into transcriptionally active regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Sánchez-Hernández
- Genomic Medicine Department, GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandra Gutierrez-Guerrero
- Genomic Medicine Department, GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Rocío Martín-Guerra
- Genomic Medicine Department, GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Marina Cortijo-Gutierrez
- Genomic Medicine Department, GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - María Tristán-Manzano
- Genomic Medicine Department, GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Sandra Rodriguez-Perales
- Molecular Cytogenetics and Genome Editing Unit, Human Cancer Genetics Department, CNIO, Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Sanchez
- Genomic Medicine Department, GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Garcia-Perez
- Genomic Medicine Department, GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Jesus Chato-Astrain
- Department of Histology, Tissue Engineering Group, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ricardo Fernandez-Valades
- Pediatric Surgery Department, University Hospital "Virgen de las Nieves," Avda. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Carrillo-Galvez
- Oncology Department, GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncology, Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Per Anderson
- LentiStem Biotech, GENYO, Avda. de la Ilustración 114, 18016 PTS Granada, Spain; Oncology Department, GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncology, Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Rosa Montes
- Oncology Department, GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncology, Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Pedro J Real
- Oncology Department, GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncology, Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Martin
- Genomic Medicine Department, GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; LentiStem Biotech, GENYO, Avda. de la Ilustración 114, 18016 PTS Granada, Spain.
| | - Karim Benabdellah
- Genomic Medicine Department, GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; LentiStem Biotech, GENYO, Avda. de la Ilustración 114, 18016 PTS Granada, Spain.
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28
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Li Q, Zhao CP, Lin Y, Song C, Wang F, Wang TY. Two human MARs effectively increase transgene expression in transfected CHO cells. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 23:1613-1616. [PMID: 30450759 PMCID: PMC6349195 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix attachment regions (MARs) can enhance the expression level of transgene in Chinese hamster ovaries (CHO) cell expression system. However, improvements in function and analyses of the mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we screened two new and more functional MAR elements from the human genome DNA. The human MAR-3 and MAR-7 element were cloned and inserted downstream of the polyA site in a eukaryotic vector. The constructs were transfected into CHO cells, and screened under G418 to produce the stably transfected cell pools. The expression levels and stability of enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) were detected by flow cytometry. The transgene copy number and transgene expression at mRNA level were detected by quantitative real-time PCR. The results showed that the expression level of eGFP of cells transfected with MAR-containing vectors were all higher than those of the vectors without MARs under transient and stably transfection. The enhancing effect of MAR-7 was higher than that of MAR-3. Additionally, we found that MAR significantly increased eGFP copy numbers and eGFP gene mRNA expression level as compared with the vector without. In conclusion, MAR-3 and MAR-7 gene can promote the expression of transgene in transfected CHO cells, and its effect may be related to the increase of the number of copies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombiant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Chun-Peng Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombiant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombiant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Chao Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombiant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombiant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Tian-Yun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombiant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
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29
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Bale S, Martiné A, Wilson R, Behrens AJ, Le Fourn V, de Val N, Sharma SK, Tran K, Torres JL, Girod PA, Ward AB, Crispin M, Wyatt RT. Cleavage-Independent HIV-1 Trimers From CHO Cell Lines Elicit Robust Autologous Tier 2 Neutralizing Antibodies. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1116. [PMID: 29881382 PMCID: PMC5976746 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Native flexibly linked (NFL) HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimers are cleavage-independent and display a native-like, well-folded conformation that preferentially displays broadly neutralizing determinants. The NFL platform simplifies large-scale production of Env by eliminating the need to co-transfect the precursor-cleaving protease, furin that is required by the cleavage-dependent SOSIP trimers. Here, we report the development of a CHO-M cell line that expressed BG505 NFL trimers at a high level of homogeneity and yields of ~1.8 g/l. BG505 NFL trimers purified by single-step lectin-affinity chromatography displayed a native-like closed structure, efficient recognition by trimer-preferring bNAbs, no recognition by non-neutralizing CD4 binding site-directed and V3-directed antibodies, long-term stability, and proper N-glycan processing. Following negative-selection, formulation in ISCOMATRIX adjuvant and inoculation into rabbits, the trimers rapidly elicited potent autologous tier 2 neutralizing antibodies. These antibodies targeted the N-glycan "hole" naturally present on the BG505 Env proximal to residues at positions 230, 241, and 289. The BG505 NFL trimers that did not expose V3 in vitro, elicited low-to-no tier 1 virus neutralization in vivo, indicating that they remained intact during the immunization process, not exposing V3. In addition, BG505 NFL and BG505 SOSIP trimers expressed from 293F cells, when formulated in Adjuplex adjuvant, elicited equivalent BG505 tier 2 autologous neutralizing titers. These titers were lower in potency when compared to the titers elicited by CHO-M cell derived trimers. In addition, increased neutralization of tier 1 viruses was detected. Taken together, these data indicate that both adjuvant and cell-type expression can affect the elicitation of tier 2 and tier 1 neutralizing responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shridhar Bale
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - Richard Wilson
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Anna-Janina Behrens
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Natalia de Val
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Shailendra K Sharma
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Karen Tran
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jonathan L Torres
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - Andrew B Ward
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Max Crispin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Centre for Biological Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Richard T Wyatt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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30
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Romanova N, Noll T. Engineered and Natural Promoters and Chromatin-Modifying Elements for Recombinant Protein Expression in CHO Cells. Biotechnol J 2017; 13:e1700232. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadiya Romanova
- Cell Culture Technology; Faculty of Technology; Bielefeld University; Germany
| | - Thomas Noll
- Cell Culture Technology; Faculty of Technology; Bielefeld University; Germany
- Bielefeld University; Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec); Germany
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31
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Chen SJ, Wang W, Zhang FY, Jia YL, Wang XY, Guo X, Chen SN, Gao JH, Wang TY. A chimeric HS4 insulator-scaffold attachment region enhances transgene expression in transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:2021-2030. [PMID: 29226088 PMCID: PMC5715248 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are one of the most commonly used expression systems for the production of recombinant proteins but low levels of transgene expression and transgene silencing are frequently encountered. Epigenetic regulatory elements such as the chicken β-globin locus control region hypersensitive site 4 (HS4) and scaffold/matrix attachment regions (S/MARs) have positive effects on transgene expression. In this study, a chimeric HS4-SAR was cloned upstream or downstream of an enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) expression cassette in a eukaryotic vector, and the resulting vectors were transfected into CHO cells. eGFP was detected by flow cytometry. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to determine copy numbers of the stably transfected cells. And fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to detect the status of vector in the host cell chromosome. The results showed that HS4-SAR positioned downstream of the expression cassette could enhance eGFP expression by 4.83-fold compared with the control vector. There may not be a relationship between transgene copy number and gene expression level. HS4-SAR did not appear to alter the integration of the transgene into the host cell chromosome or its position in the chromosome. We found a synthetic chimeric HS4-SAR positively increased transgene expression in CHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Jia Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Xinxiang Medical University Henan China
| | - Wen Wang
- Pharmacy Collage Xinxiang Medical University Henan China.,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine Xinxiang Medical University China
| | - Feng-Yi Zhang
- Grade 2012 The Third Clinical Medical College of Xinxiang Medical University Henan China
| | - Yan-Long Jia
- Pharmacy Collage Xinxiang Medical University Henan China.,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine Xinxiang Medical University China
| | - Xiao-Yin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Xinxiang Medical University Henan China
| | - Xiao Guo
- Pharmacy Collage Xinxiang Medical University Henan China
| | - Shao-Nan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Xinxiang Medical University Henan China
| | - Jian-Hui Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Xinxiang Medical University Henan China
| | - Tian-Yun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Xinxiang Medical University Henan China.,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine Xinxiang Medical University China
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32
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Tian ZW, Xu DH, Wang TY, Wang XY, Xu HY, Zhao CP, Xu GH. Identification of a potent MAR element from the human genome and assessment of its activity in stably transfected CHO cells. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 22:1095-1102. [PMID: 29077269 PMCID: PMC5783848 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-level and unstable transgene expression are common issues using the CHO cell expression system. Matrix attachment regions (MARs) enhance transgene expression levels, but additional research is needed to improve their function and to determine their mechanism of action. MAR-6 from CHO chromosomes actively mediates high and consistent gene expression. In this study, we compared the effects of two new MARs and MAR-6 on transgene expression in recombinant CHO cells and found one potent MAR element that can significantly increase transgene expression. Two MARs, including the human CSP-B MAR element and DHFR intron MAR element from CHO cells, were cloned and inserted downstream of the poly(A) site in a eukaryotic vector. The constructs were transfected into CHO cells, and the expression levels and stability of eGFP were detected by flow cytometry. The three MAR sequences can be ranked in terms of overall eGFP expression, in decreasing order, as follows: human CSP-B, DHFR intron MAR element and MAR-6. Additionally, as expected, the three MAR-containing vectors showed higher transfection efficiencies and transient transgene expression in comparison with those of the non-MAR-containing vector. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that the NFAT and VIBP elements within MAR sequences may contribute to the enhancement of eGFP expression. In conclusion, the human CSP-B MAR element can improve transgene expression and its effects may be related to the NFAT and VIBP elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Wei Tian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Dan-Hua Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Tian-Yun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Xiao-Yin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Hong-Yan Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Chun-Peng Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Guang-Hua Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
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Impact of different promoters, promoter mutation, and an enhancer on recombinant protein expression in CHO cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10416. [PMID: 28874794 PMCID: PMC5585415 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10966-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, six commonly used promoters, including cytomegalovirus major immediate-early (CMV), the CMV enhancer fused to the chicken beta-actin promoter (CAG), human elongation factor-1α (HEF-1α), mouse cytomegalovirus (mouse CMV), Chinese hamster elongation factor-1α (CHEF-1α), and phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), a CMV promoter mutant and a CAG enhancer, were evaluated to determine their effects on transgene expression and stability in transfected CHO cells. The promoters and enhancer were cloned or synthesized, and mutation at C-404 in the CMV promoter was generated; then all elements were transfected into CHO cells. Stably transfected CHO cells were identified via screening under the selection pressure of G418. Flow cytometry, qPCR, and qRT-PCR were used to explore eGFP expression levels, gene copy number, and mRNA expression levels, respectively. Furthermore, the erythropoietin (EPO) gene was used to test the selected strong promoter. Of the six promoters, the CHEF-1α promoter yielded the highest transgene expression levels, whereas the CMV promoter maintained transgene expression more stably during long-term culture of cells. We conclude that CHEF-1α promoter conferred higher level of EPO expression in CHO cells, but the CMV promoter with its high levels of stability performs best in this vector system.
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Li Q, Wang W, Guo X, Jia YL, Wang YF, Wang TY. A short synthetic chimeric sequence harboring matrix attachment region/PSAR2 increases transgene expression in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 81:1755-1761. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1350563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A chimeric DNA fragment containing an interferon-beta matrix attachment region (MAR) and an immunoglobulin MAR (PSAR2) was synthesized. PSAR2 was cloned into the upstream or downstream region of an enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) expression cassette in a eukaryotic vector, which was then transfected into CHO cells. The results showed that PSAR2 did not effectively increase transgene expression when it was cloned into the upstream region of the eGFP expression cassette. However, when inserted downstream of the eGFP expression cassette, PSAR2-enhanced transient transgene expression and significantly increased the numbers of stably transfected cells compared with the control vector. Additionally, PSAR2 significantly increased eGFP copy numbers as compared with the control vector. PSAR2 could significantly enhance transgene expression in CHO cells according to the position in the vector and increased transgene copy numbers. We found a short chimeric sequence harboring two MARs effectively increased transgene expression in CHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Pharmacy College, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiao Guo
- Pharmacy College, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yan-Long Jia
- Pharmacy College, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yan-Fang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Tian-Yun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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Neville JJ, Orlando J, Mann K, McCloskey B, Antoniou MN. Ubiquitous Chromatin-opening Elements (UCOEs): Applications in biomanufacturing and gene therapy. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:557-564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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36
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Lalonde ME, Durocher Y. Therapeutic glycoprotein production in mammalian cells. J Biotechnol 2017; 251:128-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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37
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Zhao CP, Guo X, Chen SJ, Li CZ, Yang Y, Zhang JH, Chen SN, Jia YL, Wang TY. Matrix attachment region combinations increase transgene expression in transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42805. [PMID: 28216629 PMCID: PMC5316954 DOI: 10.1038/srep42805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix attachment regions (MARs) are cis-acting DNA elements that can increase transgene expression levels in a CHO cell expression system. To investigate the effects of MAR combinations on transgene expression and the underlying regulatory mechanisms, we generated constructs in which the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) gene flanked by different combinations of human β-interferon and β-globin MAR (iMAR and gMAR, respectively), which was driven by the cytomegalovirus (CMV) or simian virus (SV) 40 promoter. These were transfected into CHO-K1 cells, which were screened with geneticin; eGFP expression was detected by flow cytometry. The presence of MAR elements increased transfection efficiency and transient and stably expression of eGFP expression under both promoters; the level was higher when the two MARs differed (i.e., iMAR and gMAR) under the CMV but not the SV40 promoter. For the latter, two gMARs showed the highest activity. We also found that MARs increased the ratio of stably transfected positive colonies. These results indicate that combining the CMV promoter with two different MAR elements or the SV40 promoter with two gMARs is effective for inducing high expression level and stability of transgenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Peng Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China
| | - Xiao Guo
- Pharmacy College, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
| | - Si-Jia Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China
| | - Chang-Zheng Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China
| | - Yun Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China
| | - Jun-He Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China
| | - Shao-Nan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China
| | - Yan-Long Jia
- Pharmacy College, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
| | - Tian-Yun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China
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Kostyrko K, Neuenschwander S, Junier T, Regamey A, Iseli C, Schmid-Siegert E, Bosshard S, Majocchi S, Le Fourn V, Girod PA, Xenarios I, Mermod N. MAR-Mediated transgene integration into permissive chromatin and increased expression by recombination pathway engineering. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 114:384-396. [PMID: 27575535 PMCID: PMC5215416 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Untargeted plasmid integration into mammalian cell genomes remains a poorly understood and inefficient process. The formation of plasmid concatemers and their genomic integration has been ascribed either to non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair pathways. However, a direct involvement of these pathways has remained unclear. Here, we show that the silencing of many HR factors enhanced plasmid concatemer formation and stable expression of the gene of interest in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, while the inhibition of NHEJ had no effect. However, genomic integration was decreased by the silencing of specific HR components, such as Rad51, and DNA synthesis-dependent microhomology-mediated end-joining (SD-MMEJ) activities. Genome-wide analysis of the integration loci and junction sequences validated the prevalent use of the SD-MMEJ pathway for transgene integration close to cellular genes, an effect shared with matrix attachment region (MAR) DNA elements that stimulate plasmid integration and expression. Overall, we conclude that SD-MMEJ is the main mechanism driving the illegitimate genomic integration of foreign DNA in CHO cells, and we provide a recombination engineering approach that increases transgene integration and recombinant protein expression in these cells. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 384-396. © 2016 The Authors. Biotechnology and Bioengineering published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Kostyrko
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Lausanne, and Center for Biotechnology UNIL-EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas Junier
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Sandra Bosshard
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Lausanne, and Center for Biotechnology UNIL-EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Majocchi
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Lausanne, and Center for Biotechnology UNIL-EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Nicolas Mermod
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Lausanne, and Center for Biotechnology UNIL-EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
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39
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Kang SY, Kim YG, Kang S, Lee HW, Lee EG. A novel regulatory element (E77) isolated from CHO-K1 genomic DNA enhances stable gene expression in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol J 2016; 11:633-41. [PMID: 26762773 PMCID: PMC5067685 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Vectors flanked by regulatory DNA elements have been used to generate stable cell lines with high productivity and transgene stability; however, regulatory elements in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, which are the most widely used mammalian cells in biopharmaceutical production, are still poorly understood. We isolated a novel gene regulatory element from CHO‐K1 cells, designated E77, which was found to enhance the stable expression of a transgene. A genomic library was constructed by combining CHO‐K1 genomic DNA fragments with a CMV promoter‐driven GFP expression vector, and the E77 element was isolated by screening. The incorporation of the E77 regulatory element resulted in the generation of an increased number of clones with high expression, thereby enhancing the expression level of the transgene in the stable transfectant cell pool. Interestingly, the E77 element was found to consist of two distinct fragments derived from different locations in the CHO genome shotgun sequence. High and stable transgene expression was obtained in transfected CHO cells by combining these fragments. Additionally, the function of E77 was found to be dependent on its site of insertion and specific orientation in the vector construct. Our findings demonstrate that stable gene expression mediated by the CMV promoter in CHO cells may be improved by the isolated novel gene regulatory element E77 identified in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Young Kang
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Gu Kim
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Biotechnology Process Engineering Center, KRIBB, Ochang, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghee Kang
- Biotechnology Process Engineering Center, KRIBB, Ochang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Weon Lee
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Biotechnology Process Engineering Center, KRIBB, Ochang, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Gyo Lee
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea. .,Biotechnology Process Engineering Center, KRIBB, Ochang, Republic of Korea.
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40
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Sun QL, Zhao CP, Chen SN, Wang L, Wang TY. Molecular characterization of a human matrix attachment region that improves transgene expression in CHO cells. Gene 2016; 582:168-72. [PMID: 26869318 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells offer many advantages for recombinant gene expression, including proper folding and post-translational modification of the recombinant protein. However, due to positional effects resulting from the neighboring chromatin, transgenes are often expressed at low levels in these cells. While previous studies demonstrated that matrix attachment regions (MARs) can be utilized to increase transgene expression by buffering transgene silencing, the mechanism by which this occurs is poorly understood. We therefore performed a deletion analysis of the human β-globin MAR sequence to characterize the regions that are necessary to enhance transgene expression in CHO cells. Our results indicate that of the six β-globin MAR fragments tested (MAR-1-6; nucleotides 1-540, 420-1020, 900-1500, 1380-1980, 1860-2460, and 2340-2999, respectively), MAR-2, followed by MAR-3, was the most effective region for promoting stable and elevated transgene expression. Meanwhile, bioinformatic analyses demonstrated that these fragments encode a MAR-like motif and several transcription factor binding sites, including special AT-rich binding protein 1 (SATB1), CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBP), CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), and Glutathione (GSH) binding motifs, indicating that these elements may contribute to the MAR-mediated enhancement of transgene expression. In addition, we found that truncated MAR derivatives yield more stable transgene expression levels than transgenes lacking the MAR. We concluded that the MAR-mediated transcriptional activation of transgenes requires a specific AT-rich sequence, as well as specific transcription factor-binding motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Li Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China
| | - Chun-Peng Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China
| | - Shao-Nan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China
| | - Tian-Yun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China;; Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.
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41
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Terekhov S, Smirnov I, Bobik T, Shamborant O, Zenkova M, Chernolovskaya E, Gladkikh D, Murashev A, Dyachenko I, Palikov V, Palikova Y, Knorre V, Belogurov A, Ponomarenko N, Blackburn GM, Masson P, Gabibov A. A novel expression cassette delivers efficient production of exclusively tetrameric human butyrylcholinesterase with improved pharmacokinetics for protection against organophosphate poisoning. Biochimie 2015; 118:51-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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42
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Harraghy N, Calabrese D, Fisch I, Girod PA, LeFourn V, Regamey A, Mermod N. Epigenetic regulatory elements: Recent advances in understanding their mode of action and use for recombinant protein production in mammalian cells. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:967-78. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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43
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Mariati, Koh EYC, Yeo JHM, Ho SCL, Yang Y. Toward stable gene expression in CHO cells. Bioengineered 2015; 5:340-5. [PMID: 25482237 DOI: 10.4161/bioe.32111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining high gene expression level during long-term culture is critical when producing therapeutic recombinant proteins using mammalian cells. Transcriptional silencing of promoters, most likely due to epigenetic events such as DNA methylation and histone modifications, is one of the major mechanisms causing production instability. Previous studies demonstrated that the core CpG island element (IE) from the hamster adenine phosphoribosyltransferase gene is effective to prevent DNA methylation. We generated one set of modified human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) promoters by insertion of one or two copies of IE in either forward or reverse orientations into different locations of the hCMV promoter. The modified hCMV with one copy of IE inserted between the hCMV enhancer and core promoter in reverse orientation (MR1) was most effective at enhancing expression stability in CHO cells without comprising expression level when compared with the wild type hCMV. We also found that insertion of IE into a chimeric murine CMV (mCMV) enhancer and human elongation factor-1α core (hEF) promoter in reverse orientation did not enhance expression stability, indicating that the effect of IE on expression stability is possibly promoter specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariati
- a Bioprocessing Technology Institute; Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR); Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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44
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Zboray K, Sommeregger W, Bogner E, Gili A, Sterovsky T, Fauland K, Grabner B, Stiedl P, Moll HP, Bauer A, Kunert R, Casanova E. Heterologous protein production using euchromatin-containing expression vectors in mammalian cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:e102. [PMID: 25977298 PMCID: PMC4652741 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon stable cell line generation, chromosomal integration site of the vector DNA has a major impact on transgene expression. Here we apply an active gene environment, rather than specified genetic elements, in expression vectors used for random integration. We generated a set of Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) vectors with different open chromatin regions, promoters and gene regulatory elements and tested their impact on recombinant protein expression in CHO cells. We identified the Rosa26 BAC as the most efficient vector backbone showing a nine-fold increase in both polyclonal and clonal production of the human IgG-Fc. Clonal protein production was directly proportional to integrated vector copy numbers and remained stable during 10 weeks without selection pressure. Finally, we demonstrated the advantages of BAC-based vectors by producing two additional proteins, HIV-1 glycoprotein CN54gp140 and HIV-1 neutralizing PG9 antibody, in bioreactors and shake flasks reaching a production yield of 1 g/l.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Zboray
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research (LBI-CR), Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sommeregger
- Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1190, Austria Polymun Scientific GmbH, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria
| | - Edith Bogner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research (LBI-CR), Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Andreas Gili
- Polymun Scientific GmbH, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria
| | | | | | - Beatrice Grabner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research (LBI-CR), Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Patricia Stiedl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research (LBI-CR), Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Herwig P Moll
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | | | - Renate Kunert
- Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Emilio Casanova
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research (LBI-CR), Vienna, 1090, Austria Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
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Chromatin function modifying elements in an industrial antibody production platform--comparison of UCOE, MAR, STAR and cHS4 elements. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120096. [PMID: 25849659 PMCID: PMC4388700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The isolation of stably transfected cell lines suitable for the manufacture of biotherapeutic protein products can be an arduous process relying on the identification of a high expressing clone; this frequently involves transgene amplification and maintenance of the clones' expression over at least 60 generations. Maintenance of expression, or cell line stability, is highly dependent upon the nature of the genomic environment at the site of transgene integration, where epigenetic mechanisms lead to variable expression and silencing in the vast majority of cases. We have assessed four chromatin function modifying elements (A2UCOE, MAR X_S29, STAR40 and cHS4) for their ability to negate chromatin insertion site position effects and their ability to express and maintain monoclonal antibody expression. Each element was analysed by insertion into different positions within a vector, either flanking or between heavy chain (HC) and light chain (LC) antibody expression cassettes. Our results clearly show that the A2UCOE is the most beneficial element in this system, with stable cell pools and clones increasing antibody yields 6.5-fold and 6.75-fold respectively. Stability analysis demonstrated that the reduction in antibody expression, seen with cells transfected with the control vector over 120 generations, was mitigated in the clones containing A2UCOE-augmented transgenes. Analysis also showed that the A2UCOE reduced the amount of transgene promoter DNA methylation, which contributed to the maintenance of starting levels of expression.
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Okumura T, Masuda K, Watanabe K, Miyadai K, Nonaka K, Yabuta M, Omasa T. Efficient enrichment of high-producing recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cells for monoclonal antibody by flow cytometry. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 120:340-6. [PMID: 25683450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
To screen a high-producing recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell from transfected cells is generally laborious and time-consuming. We developed an efficient enrichment strategy for high-producing cell screening using flow cytometry (FCM). A stable pool that had possibly shown a huge variety of monoclonal antibody (mAb) expression levels was prepared by transfection of an expression vector for mAb production to a CHO cell. To enrich high-producing cells derived from a stable pool stained with a fluorescent-labeled antibody that binds to mAb presented on the cell surface, we set the cell size and intracellular density gates based on forward scatter (FSC) and side scatter (SSC), and collected the brightest 5% of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-positive cells from each group by FCM. The final product concentration in a fed-batch culture of cells sorted without FSC and SSC gates was 1.2-1.3-times higher than that of unsorted cells, whereas that of cells gated by FSC and SSC was 3.4-4.7-fold higher than unsorted cells. Surprisingly, the fraction with the highest final product concentration indicated the smallest value of FSC and SSC, and the middle value of fluorescence intensity among all fractionated cells. Our results showed that our new screening strategy by FCM based on FSC and SSC gates could achieve an efficient enrichment of high-producing cells with the smallest value of FSC and SSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Okumura
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Gunma 370-0503, Japan; Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan.
| | - Kenji Masuda
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Gunma 370-0503, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Miyadai
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Gunma 370-0503, Japan
| | - Koichi Nonaka
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Gunma 370-0503, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yabuta
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Gunma 370-0503, Japan
| | - Takeshi Omasa
- Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
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47
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Wong SP, Argyros O, Harbottle RP. Sustained expression from DNA vectors. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2014; 89:113-152. [PMID: 25620010 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
DNA vectors have the potential to become powerful medical tools for treatment of human disease. The human body has, however, developed a range of defensive strategies to detect and silence foreign or misplaced DNA, which is more typically encountered during infection or chromosomal damage. A clinically relevant human gene therapy vector must overcome or avoid these protections whilst delivering sustained levels of therapeutic gene product without compromising the vitality of the recipient host. Many non-viral DNA vectors trigger these defense mechanisms and are subsequently destroyed or rendered silent. Thus, without modification or considered design, the clinical utility of a typical DNA vector is fundamentally limited due to the transient nature of its transgene expression. The development of safe and persistently expressing DNA vectors is a crucial prerequisite for its successful clinical application and subsequently remains, therefore, one of the main strategic tasks of non-viral gene therapy research. In this chapter we will describe our current understanding of the mechanisms that can destroy or silence DNA vectors and discuss strategies, which have been utilized to improve their sustenance and the level and duration of their transgene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suet Ping Wong
- Leukocyte Biology Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Orestis Argyros
- Division of Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Richard P Harbottle
- DNA Vector Research, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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48
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Impact of Using Different Promoters and Matrix Attachment Regions on Recombinant Protein Expression Level and Stability in Stably Transfected CHO Cells. Mol Biotechnol 2014; 57:138-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-014-9809-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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49
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Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of myocardial dysfunction in the setting of congestive heart failure have created a new opportunity in developing nonpharmacological approaches to treatment. Gene therapy has emerged as a powerful tool in targeting the molecular mechanisms of disease by preventing the ventricular remodeling and improving bioenergetics in heart failure. Refinements in vector technology, including the creation of recombinant adeno-associated viruses, have allowed for safe and efficient gene transfer. These advancements have been coupled with evolving delivery methods that include vascular, pericardial, and direct myocardial approaches. One of the most promising targets, SERCA2a, is currently being used in clinical trials. The recent success of the Calcium Upregulation by Percutaneous Administration of Gene Therapy in Cardiac Disease phase 2 trials using adeno-associated virus 1-SERCA2a in improving outcomes highlights the importance of gene therapy as a future tool in treating congestive heart failure.
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50
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A PiggyBac-mediated approach for muscle gene transfer or cell therapy. Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:390-403. [PMID: 25310255 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An emerging therapeutic approach for Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the transplantation of autologous myogenic progenitor cells genetically modified to express dystrophin. The use of this approach is challenged by the difficulty in maintaining these cells ex vivo while keeping their myogenic potential, and ensuring sufficient transgene expression following their transplantation and myogenic differentiation in vivo. We investigated the use of the piggyBac transposon system to achieve stable gene expression when transferred to cultured mesoangioblasts and into murine muscles. Without selection, up to 8% of the mesoangioblasts expressed the transgene from 1 to 2 genomic copies of the piggyBac vector. Integration occurred mostly in intergenic genomic DNA and transgene expression was stable in vitro. Intramuscular transplantation of mouse Tibialis anterior muscles with mesoangioblasts containing the transposon led to sustained myofiber GFP expression in vivo. In contrast, the direct electroporation of the transposon-donor plasmids in the mouse Tibialis muscles in vivo did not lead to sustained transgene expression despite molecular evidence of piggyBac transposition in vivo. Together these findings provide a proof-of-principle that piggyBac transposon may be considered for mesoangioblast cell-based therapies of muscular dystrophies.
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