1
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Barai A, Piplani N, Saha SK, Dutta S, Gomathi V, Ghogale MM, Kumar S, Kulkarni M, Sen S. Bulky glycocalyx drives cancer invasiveness by modulating substrate-specific adhesion. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae335. [PMID: 39211517 PMCID: PMC11358709 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The majority of the eukaryotic cell surface is decorated with a layer of membrane-attached polysaccharides and glycoproteins collectively referred to as the glycocalyx. While the formation of a bulky glycocalyx has been associated with the cancer progression, the mechanisms by which the glycocalyx regulates cancer invasiveness are incompletely understood. We address this question by first documenting subtype-specific expression of the major glycocalyx glycoprotein Mucin-1 (MUC1) in breast cancer patient samples and breast cancer cell lines. Strikingly, glycocalyx disruption led to inhibition of 2D motility, loss of 3D invasion, and reduction of clonal scattering in breast cancer cells at the population level. Tracking of 2D cell motility and 3D invasiveness of MUC1-based sorted subpopulations revealed the fastest motility and invasiveness in intermediate MUC1-expressing cells, with glycocalyx disruption abolishing these effects. While differential sensitivity in 2D motility is attributed to a nonmonotonic dependence of focal adhesion size on MUC1 levels, higher MUC1 levels enhance 3D invasiveness via increased traction generation. In contrast to inducing cell rounding on collagen-coated substrates, high MUC1 level promotes cell adhesion and confers resistance to shear flow on substrates coated with the endothelial surface protein E-selectin. Collectively, our findings illustrate how MUC1 drives cancer invasiveness by differentially regulating cell-substrate adhesion in a substrate-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amlan Barai
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Niyati Piplani
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sumon Kumar Saha
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sarbajeet Dutta
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - V Gomathi
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, IISER Pune and PCCM Pune, Pune 411008, India
| | - Mayank M Ghogale
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Madhura Kulkarni
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, IISER Pune and PCCM Pune, Pune 411008, India
| | - Shamik Sen
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
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2
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Liang L, Song X, Zhao H, Lim CT. Insights into the mechanobiology of cancer metastasis via microfluidic technologies. APL Bioeng 2024; 8:021506. [PMID: 38841688 PMCID: PMC11151435 DOI: 10.1063/5.0195389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
During cancer metastasis, cancer cells will encounter various microenvironments with diverse physical characteristics. Changes in these physical characteristics such as tension, stiffness, viscosity, compression, and fluid shear can generate biomechanical cues that affect cancer cells, dynamically influencing numerous pathophysiological mechanisms. For example, a dense extracellular matrix drives cancer cells to reorganize their cytoskeleton structures, facilitating confined migration, while this dense and restricted space also acts as a physical barrier that potentially results in nuclear rupture. Identifying these pathophysiological processes and understanding their underlying mechanobiological mechanisms can aid in the development of more effective therapeutics targeted to cancer metastasis. In this review, we outline the advances of engineering microfluidic devices in vitro and their role in replicating tumor microenvironment to mimic in vivo settings. We highlight the potential cellular mechanisms that mediate their ability to adapt to different microenvironments. Meanwhile, we also discuss some important mechanical cues that still remain challenging to replicate in current microfluidic devices in future direction. While much remains to be explored about cancer mechanobiology, we believe the developments of microfluidic devices will reveal how these physical cues impact the behaviors of cancer cells. It will be crucial in the understanding of cancer metastasis, and potentially contributing to better drug development and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanfeng Liang
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiao Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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3
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Chen L, Liu B, Markwell C, Liu J, He XD, Ghassemlooy Z, Torun H, Fu YQ, Yuan J, Liu Q, Farrell G, Wu Q. A nanonewton force sensor using a U-shape tapered microfiber interferometer. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk8357. [PMID: 38809971 PMCID: PMC11135392 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk8357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Nanomechanical measurements, especially the detection of weak contact forces, play a vital role in many fields, such as material science, micromanipulation, and mechanobiology. However, it remains a challenging task to realize the measurement of ultraweak force levels as low as nanonewtons with a simple sensing configuration. In this work, an ultrasensitive all-fiber nanonewton force sensor structure based on a single-mode-tapered U-shape multimode-single-mode fiber probe is proposed and experimentally demonstrated with a limit of detection of ~5.4 nanonewtons. The use of the sensor is demonstrated by force measurement on a human hair sample to determine the spring constant of the hair. The results agree well with measurements using an atomic force microscope for the spring constant of the hair. Compared with other force sensors based on optical fiber in the literature, the proposed all-fiber force sensor provides a substantial advancement in the minimum detectable force possible, with the advantages of a simple configuration, ease of fabrication, and low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Science and Technology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
- Optical Communications Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Science and Technology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Christopher Markwell
- Optical Communications Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Juan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Science and Technology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Xing-Dao He
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Science and Technology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Zabih Ghassemlooy
- Optical Communications Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Hamdi Torun
- Optical Communications Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Yong-Qing Fu
- Optical Communications Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Jinhui Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Gerald Farrell
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, City Campus, Technological University Dublin, Dublin D07 ADY7, Ireland
| | - Qiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Science and Technology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
- Optical Communications Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
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4
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Li M. Harnessing atomic force microscopy-based single-cell analysis to advance physical oncology. Microsc Res Tech 2024; 87:631-659. [PMID: 38053519 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell analysis is an emerging and promising frontier in the field of life sciences, which is expected to facilitate the exploration of fundamental laws of physiological and pathological processes. Single-cell analysis allows experimental access to cell-to-cell heterogeneity to reveal the distinctive behaviors of individual cells, offering novel opportunities to dissect the complexity of severe human diseases such as cancers. Among the single-cell analysis tools, atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a powerful and versatile one which is able to nondestructively image the fine topographies and quantitatively measure multiple mechanical properties of single living cancer cells in their native states under aqueous conditions with unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution. Over the past few decades, AFM has been widely utilized to detect the structural and mechanical behaviors of individual cancer cells during the process of tumor formation, invasion, and metastasis, yielding numerous unique insights into tumor pathogenesis from the biomechanical perspective and contributing much to the field of cancer mechanobiology. Here, the achievements of AFM-based analysis of single cancer cells to advance physical oncology are comprehensively summarized, and challenges and future perspectives are also discussed. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Achievements of AFM in characterizing the structural and mechanical behaviors of single cancer cells are summarized, and future directions are discussed. AFM is not only capable of visualizing cellular fine structures, but can also measure multiple cellular mechanical properties as well as cell-generated mechanical forces. There is still plenty of room for harnessing AFM-based single-cell analysis to advance physical oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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5
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Massey A, Stewart J, Smith C, Parvini C, McCormick M, Do K, Cartagena-Rivera AX. Mechanical properties of human tumour tissues and their implications for cancer development. NATURE REVIEWS. PHYSICS 2024; 6:269-282. [PMID: 38706694 PMCID: PMC11066734 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00707-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of cells and tissues help determine their architecture, composition and function. Alterations to these properties are associated with many diseases, including cancer. Tensional, compressive, adhesive, elastic and viscous properties of individual cells and multicellular tissues are mostly regulated by reorganization of the actomyosin and microtubule cytoskeletons and extracellular glycocalyx, which in turn drive many pathophysiological processes, including cancer progression. This Review provides an in-depth collection of quantitative data on diverse mechanical properties of living human cancer cells and tissues. Additionally, the implications of mechanical property changes for cancer development are discussed. An increased knowledge of the mechanical properties of the tumour microenvironment, as collected using biomechanical approaches capable of multi-timescale and multiparametric analyses, will provide a better understanding of the complex mechanical determinants of cancer organization and progression. This information can lead to a further understanding of resistance mechanisms to chemotherapies and immunotherapies and the metastatic cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Massey
- Section on Mechanobiology, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jamie Stewart
- Section on Mechanobiology, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Jamie Stewart, Chynna Smith
| | - Chynna Smith
- Section on Mechanobiology, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Jamie Stewart, Chynna Smith
| | - Cameron Parvini
- Section on Mechanobiology, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Moira McCormick
- Section on Mechanobiology, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kun Do
- Section on Mechanobiology, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexander X. Cartagena-Rivera
- Section on Mechanobiology, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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6
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Shakya G, Cattaneo M, Guerriero G, Prasanna A, Fiorini S, Supponen O. Ultrasound-responsive microbubbles and nanodroplets: A pathway to targeted drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 206:115178. [PMID: 38199257 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Ultrasound-responsive agents have shown great potential as targeted drug delivery agents, effectively augmenting cell permeability and facilitating drug absorption. This review focuses on two specific agents, microbubbles and nanodroplets, and provides a sequential overview of their drug delivery process. Particular emphasis is given to the mechanical response of the agents under ultrasound, and the subsequent physical and biological effects on the cells. Finally, the state-of-the-art in their pre-clinical and clinical implementation are discussed. Throughout the review, major challenges that need to be overcome in order to accelerate their clinical translation are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gazendra Shakya
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, D-MAVT, Sonneggstrasse 3, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Marco Cattaneo
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, D-MAVT, Sonneggstrasse 3, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Guerriero
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, D-MAVT, Sonneggstrasse 3, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Anunay Prasanna
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, D-MAVT, Sonneggstrasse 3, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Samuele Fiorini
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, D-MAVT, Sonneggstrasse 3, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Outi Supponen
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, D-MAVT, Sonneggstrasse 3, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland.
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7
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Piplani N, Roy T, Saxena N, Sen S. Bulky glycocalyx shields cancer cells from invasion-associated stresses. Transl Oncol 2024; 39:101822. [PMID: 37931370 PMCID: PMC10654248 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2023.101822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycocalyx-that forms a protective barrier around cells-has been implicated in cancer cell proliferation, survival, and metastasis. However, its role in maintaining the integrity of DNA/nucleus during migration through dense matrices remains unexplored. In this study, we address this question by first documenting heterogeneity in glycocalyx expression in highly invasive MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, and establishing a negative correlation between cell size and glycocalyx levels. Next, we set-up transwell migration through 3 µm pores, to isolate two distinct sub-populations and to show that the early migrating cell sub-population possesses a bulkier glycocalyx and undergoes less DNA damage and nuclear rupture, assessed using γH2AX foci formation and nuclear/cytoplasmic distribution of Ku70/80. Interestingly, enzymatic removal of glycocalyx led to disintegration of the nuclear membrane indicated by increased cytoplasmic localisation of Ku70/80, increased nuclear blebbing and reduction in nuclear area. Together, these results illustrate an inverse association between bulkiness of the glycocalyx and nuclear stresses, and highlights the mechanical role of the glycocalyx in shielding migration associated stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyati Piplani
- Dept. of Biosciences & Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Tanusri Roy
- Dept. of Biosciences & Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Neha Saxena
- Dept. of Biosciences & Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Shamik Sen
- Dept. of Biosciences & Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India.
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8
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Kolesov D, Astakhova A, Galdobina M, Moskovtsev A, Kubatiev A, Sokolovskaya A, Ukrainskiy L, Morozov S. Scanning Probe Microscopy Techniques for Studying the Cell Glycocalyx. Cells 2023; 12:2778. [PMID: 38132098 PMCID: PMC10741541 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycocalyx is a brush-like layer that covers the surfaces of the membranes of most cell types. It consists of a mixture of carbohydrates, mainly glycoproteins and proteoglycans. Due to its structure and sensitivity to environmental conditions, it represents a complicated object to investigate. Here, we review studies of the glycocalyx conducted using scanning probe microscopy approaches. This includes imaging techniques as well as the measurement of nanomechanical properties. The nanomechanics of the glycocalyx is particularly important since it is widely present on the surfaces of mechanosensitive cells such as endothelial cells. An overview of problems with the interpretation of indirect data via the use of analytical models is presented. Special insight is given into changes in glycocalyx properties during pathological processes. The biological background and alternative research methods are briefly covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Kolesov
- Moscow Polytechnic University, 107023 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Astakhova
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Galdobina
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Moskovtsev
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aslan Kubatiev
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alisa Sokolovskaya
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonid Ukrainskiy
- Mechanical Engineering Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Morozov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia
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9
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Yuan W, Ding Y, Wang G. Universal contact stiffness of elastic solids covered with tensed membranes and its application in indentation tests of biological materials. Acta Biomater 2023; 171:202-208. [PMID: 37690593 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The inherent membrane tension of biological materials could vitally affect their responses to contact loading but is generally ignored in existing indentation analysis. In this paper, the authors theoretically investigate the contact stiffness of axisymmetric indentations of elastic solids covered with thin tensed membranes. When the indentation size decreases to the same order as the ratio of membrane tension to elastic modulus, the contact stiffness accounting for the effect of membrane tension becomes much higher than the prediction of conventional contact theory. An explicit expression is derived for the contact stiffness, which is universal for axisymmetric indentations using indenters of arbitrary convex profiles. On this basis, a simple method of analysis is proposed to estimate the membrane tension and elastic modulus of biological materials from the indentation load-depth data, which is successfully applied to analyze the indentation experiments of cells and lungs. This study might be helpful for the comprehensive assessment of the mechanical properties of soft biological systems. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This paper highlights the crucial effect of the inherent membrane tension on the indentation response of soft biomaterials, which has been generally ignored in existing analysis of experiments. For typical indentation tests on cells and organs, the contact stiffness can be twice or higher than the prediction of conventional contact model. A universal expression of the contact stiffness accounting for the membrane tension effect is derived. On this basis, a simple method of analysis is proposed to abstract the membrane tension of biomaterials from the experimentally recorded indentation load-depth data. With this method, the elasticity of soft biomaterials can be characterized more comprehensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weike Yuan
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, SVL, MMML, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049 Xi'an, China
| | - Yue Ding
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, SVL, MMML, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049 Xi'an, China
| | - Gangfeng Wang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, SVL, MMML, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049 Xi'an, China.
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10
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Xin Y, Li K, Huang M, Liang C, Siemann D, Wu L, Tan Y, Tang X. Biophysics in tumor growth and progression: from single mechano-sensitive molecules to mechanomedicine. Oncogene 2023; 42:3457-3490. [PMID: 37864030 PMCID: PMC10656290 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02844-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Evidence from physical sciences in oncology increasingly suggests that the interplay between the biophysical tumor microenvironment and genetic regulation has significant impact on tumor progression. Especially, tumor cells and the associated stromal cells not only alter their own cytoskeleton and physical properties but also remodel the microenvironment with anomalous physical properties. Together, these altered mechano-omics of tumor tissues and their constituents fundamentally shift the mechanotransduction paradigms in tumorous and stromal cells and activate oncogenic signaling within the neoplastic niche to facilitate tumor progression. However, current findings on tumor biophysics are limited, scattered, and often contradictory in multiple contexts. Systematic understanding of how biophysical cues influence tumor pathophysiology is still lacking. This review discusses recent different schools of findings in tumor biophysics that have arisen from multi-scale mechanobiology and the cutting-edge technologies. These findings range from the molecular and cellular to the whole tissue level and feature functional crosstalk between mechanotransduction and oncogenic signaling. We highlight the potential of these anomalous physical alterations as new therapeutic targets for cancer mechanomedicine. This framework reconciles opposing opinions in the field, proposes new directions for future cancer research, and conceptualizes novel mechanomedicine landscape to overcome the inherent shortcomings of conventional cancer diagnosis and therapies.
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Grants
- R35 GM150812 NIGMS NIH HHS
- This work was financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project no. 11972316, Y.T.), Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission (Project no. JCYJ20200109142001798, SGDX2020110309520303, and JCYJ20220531091002006, Y.T.), General Research Fund of Hong Kong Research Grant Council (PolyU 15214320, Y. T.), Health and Medical Research Fund (HMRF18191421, Y.T.), Hong Kong Polytechnic University (1-CD75, 1-ZE2M, and 1-ZVY1, Y.T.), the Cancer Pilot Research Award from UF Health Cancer Center (X. T.), the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under award number R35GM150812 (X. T.), the National Science Foundation under grant number 2308574 (X. T.), the Air Force Office of Scientific Research under award number FA9550-23-1-0393 (X. T.), the University Scholar Program (X. T.), UF Research Opportunity Seed Fund (X. T.), the Gatorade Award (X. T.), and the National Science Foundation REU Site at UF: Engineering for Healthcare (Douglas Spearot and Malisa Sarntinoranont). We are deeply grateful for the insightful discussions with and generous support from all members of Tang (UF)’s and Tan (PolyU)’s laboratories and all staff members of the MAE/BME/ECE/Health Cancer Center at UF and BME at PolyU.
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)
- Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xin
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Keming Li
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Miao Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Chenyu Liang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Dietmar Siemann
- UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lizi Wu
- UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Youhua Tan
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
- Research Institute of Smart Ageing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xin Tang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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11
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Gruber L, Jobst M, Kiss E, Karasová M, Englinger B, Berger W, Del Favero G. Intracellular remodeling associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress modifies biomechanical compliance of bladder cells. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:307. [PMID: 37904178 PMCID: PMC10614373 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01295-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cells face a challenging biophysical environment: mechanical cues originating from urine flow and regular contraction to enable the filling voiding of the organ. To ensure functional adaption, bladder cells rely on high biomechanical compliance, nevertheless aging or chronic pathological conditions can modify this plasticity. Obviously the cytoskeletal network plays an essential role, however the contribution of other, closely entangled, intracellular organelles is currently underappreciated. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lies at a crucial crossroads, connected to both nucleus and cytoskeleton. Yet, its role in the maintenance of cell mechanical stability is less investigated. To start exploring these aspects, T24 bladder cancer cells were treated with the ER stress inducers brefeldin A (10-40nM BFA, 24 h) and thapsigargin (0.1-100nM TG, 24 h). Without impairment of cell motility and viability, BFA and TG triggered a significant subcellular redistribution of the ER; this was associated with a rearrangement of actin cytoskeleton. Additional inhibition of actin polymerization with cytochalasin D (100nM CytD) contributed to the spread of the ER toward cell periphery, and was accompanied by an increase of cellular stiffness (Young´s modulus) in the cytoplasmic compartment. Shrinking of the ER toward the nucleus (100nM TG, 2 h) was related to an increased stiffness in the nuclear and perinuclear areas. A similar short-term response profile was observed also in normal human primary bladder fibroblasts. In sum, the ER and its subcellular rearrangement seem to contribute to the mechanical properties of bladder cells opening new perspectives in the study of the related stress signaling cascades. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Gruber
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna Faculty of Chemistry, Währinger Str. 38-40, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Maximilian Jobst
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna Faculty of Chemistry, Währinger Str. 38-40, Vienna, 1090, Austria
- Core Facility Multimodal Imaging, University of Vienna Faculty of Chemistry, Währinger Str. 38-40, Vienna, 1090, Austria
- University of Vienna, Vienna Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), Währinger Str. 42, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Endre Kiss
- Core Facility Multimodal Imaging, University of Vienna Faculty of Chemistry, Währinger Str. 38-40, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Martina Karasová
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna Faculty of Chemistry, Währinger Str. 38-40, Vienna, 1090, Austria
- Core Facility Multimodal Imaging, University of Vienna Faculty of Chemistry, Währinger Str. 38-40, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Bernhard Englinger
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
- Center for Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- Center for Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Giorgia Del Favero
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna Faculty of Chemistry, Währinger Str. 38-40, Vienna, 1090, Austria.
- Core Facility Multimodal Imaging, University of Vienna Faculty of Chemistry, Währinger Str. 38-40, Vienna, 1090, Austria.
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12
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Petrov M, Sokolov I. Machine Learning Allows for Distinguishing Precancerous and Cancerous Human Epithelial Cervical Cells Using High-Resolution AFM Imaging of Adhesion Maps. Cells 2023; 12:2536. [PMID: 37947614 PMCID: PMC10650179 DOI: 10.3390/cells12212536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, the analysis of atomic force microscopy (AFM) images allowed us to distinguish normal from cancerous/precancerous human epithelial cervical cells using only the fractal dimension parameter. High-resolution maps of adhesion between the AFM probe and the cell surface were used in that study. However, the separation of cancerous and precancerous cells was rather poor (the area under the curve (AUC) was only 0.79, whereas the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were 74%, 58%, and 84%, respectively). At the same time, the separation between premalignant and malignant cells is the most significant from a clinical point of view. Here, we show that the introduction of machine learning methods for the analysis of adhesion maps allows us to distinguish precancerous and cancerous cervical cells with rather good precision (AUC, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity are 0.93, 83%, 92%, and 78%, respectively). Substantial improvement in sensitivity is significant because of the unmet need in clinical practice to improve the screening of cervical cancer (a relatively low specificity can be compensated by combining this approach with other currently existing screening methods). The random forest decision tree algorithm was utilized in this study. The analysis was carried out using the data of six precancerous primary cell lines and six cancerous primary cell lines, each derived from different humans. The robustness of the classification was verified using K-fold cross-validation (K = 500). The results are statistically significant at p < 0.0001. Statistical significance was determined using the random shuffle method as a control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Petrov
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA;
| | - Igor Sokolov
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA;
- Departments of Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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13
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Chang Z, Zhang L, Hang JT, Liu W, Xu GK. Viscoelastic Multiscale Mechanical Indexes for Assessing Liver Fibrosis and Treatment Outcomes. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:9618-9625. [PMID: 37793647 PMCID: PMC10603793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding liver tissue mechanics, particularly in the context of liver pathologies like fibrosis, cirrhosis, and carcinoma, holds pivotal significance for assessing disease severity and prognosis. Although the static mechanical properties of livers have been gradually studied, the intricacies of their dynamic mechanics remain enigmatic. Here, we characterize the dynamic creep responses of healthy, fibrotic, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-treated fibrotic lives. Strikingly, we unearth a ubiquitous two-stage power-law rheology of livers across different time scales with the exponents and their distribution profiles highly correlated to liver status. Moreover, our self-similar hierarchical theory effectively captures the delicate changes in the dynamical mechanics of livers. Notably, the viscoelastic multiscale mechanical indexes (i.e., power-law exponents and elastic stiffnesses of different hierarchies) and their distribution characteristics prominently vary with liver fibrosis and MSCs therapy. This study unveils the viscoelastic characteristics of livers and underscores the potential of proposed mechanical criteria for assessing disease evolution and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Chang
- Laboratory
for Multiscale Mechanics and Medical Science, Department of Engineering
Mechanics, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical
Structures, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Liqiang Zhang
- Institute
for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, China
| | - Jiu-Tao Hang
- Laboratory
for Multiscale Mechanics and Medical Science, Department of Engineering
Mechanics, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical
Structures, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Wenjia Liu
- Institute
for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, China
| | - Guang-Kui Xu
- Laboratory
for Multiscale Mechanics and Medical Science, Department of Engineering
Mechanics, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical
Structures, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
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14
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Pérez-Domínguez S, Kulkarni SG, Pabijan J, Gnanachandran K, Holuigue H, Eroles M, Lorenc E, Berardi M, Antonovaite N, Marini ML, Lopez Alonso J, Redonto-Morata L, Dupres V, Janel S, Acharya S, Otero J, Navajas D, Bielawski K, Schillers H, Lafont F, Rico F, Podestà A, Radmacher M, Lekka M. Reliable, standardized measurements for cell mechanical properties. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:16371-16380. [PMID: 37789717 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr02034g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has become indispensable for studying biological and medical samples. More than two decades of experiments have revealed that cancer cells are softer than healthy cells (for measured cells cultured on stiff substrates). The softness or, more precisely, the larger deformability of cancer cells, primarily independent of cancer types, could be used as a sensitive marker of pathological changes. The wide application of biomechanics in clinics would require designing instruments with specific calibration, data collection, and analysis procedures. For these reasons, such development is, at present, still very limited, hampering the clinical exploitation of mechanical measurements. Here, we propose a standardized operational protocol (SOP), developed within the EU ITN network Phys2BioMed, which allows the detection of the biomechanical properties of living cancer cells regardless of the nanoindentation instruments used (AFMs and other indenters) and the laboratory involved in the research. We standardized the cell cultures, AFM calibration, measurements, and data analysis. This effort resulted in a step-by-step SOP for cell cultures, instrument calibration, measurements, and data analysis, leading to the concordance of the results (Young's modulus) measured among the six EU laboratories involved. Our results highlight the importance of the SOP in obtaining a reproducible mechanical characterization of cancer cells and paving the way toward exploiting biomechanics for diagnostic purposes in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shruti G Kulkarni
- Institute of Biophysics, University of Bremen, 28359, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Joanna Pabijan
- Department of Biophysical Microstructures, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Kajangi Gnanachandran
- Department of Biophysical Microstructures, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Hatice Holuigue
- Department of Physics "Aldo Pontremoli" and CIMAINA, University of Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Mar Eroles
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, INSERM, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Ewelina Lorenc
- Department of Physics "Aldo Pontremoli" and CIMAINA, University of Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Massimiliano Berardi
- Laserlab, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Optics11 Life, Hettenheuvelweg 37-39, 1101 BM, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nelda Antonovaite
- Optics11 Life, Hettenheuvelweg 37-39, 1101 BM, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Luisa Marini
- Université de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Javier Lopez Alonso
- Université de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Lorena Redonto-Morata
- Université de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Vincent Dupres
- Université de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sebastien Janel
- Université de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sovon Acharya
- Institute of Physiology II, University Muenster, Robert-Koch-Str. 27b, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jorge Otero
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia and Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Navajas
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia and Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kevin Bielawski
- Optics11 Life, Hettenheuvelweg 37-39, 1101 BM, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hermann Schillers
- Institute of Physiology II, University Muenster, Robert-Koch-Str. 27b, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Lafont
- Université de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Felix Rico
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, INSERM, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Alessandro Podestà
- Department of Physics "Aldo Pontremoli" and CIMAINA, University of Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Manfred Radmacher
- Institute of Biophysics, University of Bremen, 28359, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Małgorzata Lekka
- Department of Biophysical Microstructures, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Kraków, Poland.
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15
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Taneva SG, Todinova S, Andreeva T. Morphometric and Nanomechanical Screening of Peripheral Blood Cells with Atomic Force Microscopy for Label-Free Assessment of Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14296. [PMID: 37762599 PMCID: PMC10531602 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs) are complex, multifactorial disorders with significant social and economic impact in today's society. NDDs are predicted to become the second-most common cause of death in the next few decades due to an increase in life expectancy but also to a lack of early diagnosis and mainly symptomatic treatment. Despite recent advances in diagnostic and therapeutic methods, there are yet no reliable biomarkers identifying the complex pathways contributing to these pathologies. The development of new approaches for early diagnosis and new therapies, together with the identification of non-invasive and more cost-effective diagnostic biomarkers, is one of the main trends in NDD biomedical research. Here we summarize data on peripheral biomarkers, biofluids (cerebrospinal fluid and blood plasma), and peripheral blood cells (platelets (PLTs) and red blood cells (RBCs)), reported so far for the three most common NDDs-Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). PLTs and RBCs, beyond their primary physiological functions, are increasingly recognized as valuable sources of biomarkers for NDDs. Special attention is given to the morphological and nanomechanical signatures of PLTs and RBCs as biophysical markers for the three pathologies. Modifications of the surface nanostructure and morphometric and nanomechanical signatures of PLTs and RBCs from patients with AD, PD, and ALS have been revealed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). AFM is currently experiencing rapid and widespread adoption in biomedicine and clinical medicine, in particular for early diagnostics of various medical conditions. AFM is a unique instrument without an analog, allowing the generation of three-dimensional cell images with extremely high spatial resolution at near-atomic scale, which are complemented by insights into the mechanical properties of cells and subcellular structures. Data demonstrate that AFM can distinguish between the three pathologies and the normal, healthy state. The specific PLT and RBC signatures can serve as biomarkers in combination with the currently used diagnostic tools. We highlight the strong correlation of the morphological and nanomechanical signatures between RBCs and PLTs in PD, ALS, and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefka G. Taneva
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, “Acad. G. Bontchev” Str. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (S.T.); (T.A.)
| | - Svetla Todinova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, “Acad. G. Bontchev” Str. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (S.T.); (T.A.)
| | - Tonya Andreeva
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, “Acad. G. Bontchev” Str. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (S.T.); (T.A.)
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Reutlingen University, Alteburgstraße 150, D-72762 Reutlingen, Germany
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16
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Liu L, Chen M, Gao Y, Tian L, Zhang W, Wang Z. Mechanism of action and side effects of colchicine based on biomechanical properties of cells. J Microsc 2023; 291:229-236. [PMID: 37358710 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Many diseases are related to changes in the biomechanical properties of cells; their study can provide a theoretical basis for drug screening and can explain the internal working of living cells. In this study, the biomechanical properties of nephrocytes (VERO cells), hepatocytes (HL-7702 cells), and hepatoma cells (SMCC-7721 cells) in culture were detected by atomic force microscopy (AFM) to analyse the side effects of colchicine at different concentrations (0.1 μg/mL (A) and 0.2 μg/mL (B)) at the nanoscale for 2, 4 and 6 h. Compared with the corresponding control cells, the damage to the treated cells increased in a dose-dependent manner. Among normal cells, the injury of nephrocytes (VERO cells) was markedly worse than that of hepatocytes (HL-7702 cells) in both colchicine solutions A and B. Based on the analyses of biomechanical properties, the colchicine solution reduced the rate of division and inhibited metastasis of SMCC-7721 cells. By comparing these two concentrations, we found that the anticancer effect of colchicine solution A was greater than that of solution B. Studying the mechanical properties of biological cells can help understand the mechanism of drug action at the molecular level and provide a theoretical basis for preventing the emergence and diagnosis of diseases at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanjiao Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cross-Scale Micro and Nano Manufacturing, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Mingxin Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cross-Scale Micro and Nano Manufacturing, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Yifan Gao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cross-Scale Micro and Nano Manufacturing, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Liguo Tian
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cross-Scale Micro and Nano Manufacturing, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Wenxiao Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cross-Scale Micro and Nano Manufacturing, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Zuobin Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cross-Scale Micro and Nano Manufacturing, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
- Institute for Research in Applicable Computing, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, UK
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17
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Makarova N, Lekka M, Gnanachandran K, Sokolov I. Mechanical Way To Study Molecular Structure of Pericellular Layer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:35962-35972. [PMID: 37489588 PMCID: PMC10401571 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used to study the mechanical properties of cells, in particular, malignant cells. Softening of various cancer cells compared to their nonmalignant counterparts has been reported for various cell types. However, in most AFM studies, the pericellular layer was ignored. As was shown, it could substantially change the measured cell rigidity and miss important information on the physical properties of the pericellular layer. Here we take into account the pericellular layer by using the brush model to do the AFM indentation study of bladder epithelial bladder nonmalignant (HCV29) and cancerous (TCCSUP) cells. It allows us to measure not only the quasistatic Young's modulus of the cell body but also the physical properties of the pericellular layer (the equilibrium length and grafting density). We found that the inner pericellular brush was longer for cancer cells, but its grafting density was similar to that found for nonmalignant cells. The outer brush was much shorter and less dense for cancer cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate a method to convert the obtained physical properties of the pericellular layer into biochemical language better known to the cell biology community. It is done by using heparinase I and neuraminidase enzymatic treatments that remove specific molecular parts of the pericellular layer. The presented here approach can also be used to decipher the molecular composition of not only pericellular but also other molecular layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezda Makarova
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Małgorzata Lekka
- Department
of Biophysical Microstructures, Institute
of Nuclear Physics PAN, PL-31342 Kraków, Poland
| | - Kajangi Gnanachandran
- Department
of Biophysical Microstructures, Institute
of Nuclear Physics PAN, PL-31342 Kraków, Poland
| | - Igor Sokolov
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
- Department
of Physics, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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18
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Zhang S, Weng Z, Wang Z, Wang B, Zeng Y, Li J, Hu C. Attenuation of alcohol-induced hepatocyte damage by ginsenoside Rg1 evaluated using atomic force microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2023; 86:1037-1046. [PMID: 37382340 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease is an important cause of death worldwide. Hepatocyte apoptosis is commonly observed in alcoholic liver disease. In this study, we investigated the effect of ginsenoside Rg1 (G-Rg1), an organic component of ginseng, on the alcohol-induced morphological and biophysical properties of hepatocytes. Human hepatocytes (HL-7702) were treated in vitro with alcohol and G-Rg1. The cell morphology was observed using scanning electron microscopy. Cell height, roughness, adhesion, and elastic modulus were detected using atomic force microscopy. We found that alcohol significantly induced hepatocyte apoptosis, whereas G-Rg1 attenuated the alcohol-induced hepatocyte damage. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that alcohol-induced significant morphological changes in hepatocytes, including decreased cell contraction, roundness, and pseudopods, whereas G-Rg1 inhibited these negative changes. Atomic force microscopy revealed that alcohol increased the cell height and decreased the adhesion and elastic modulus of hepatocytes. Following treatment with G-Rg1, the cell height, adhesion, and elastic modulus of alcohol-injured hepatocytes were all similar to those of normal cells. Thus, G-Rg1 can attenuate the alcohol-induced damage to hepatocytes by modulating the morphology and biomechanics of the cells. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: In this study, the morphological characteristics of hepatocytes were observed using SEM. The changes in hepatocyte three-dimensional images and biomechanical action caused by alcohol and G-Rg1 were examined at the nanoscale using AFM under near-physiological conditions. Alcohol-induced hepatocytes showed abnormal morphology and biophysical properties. G-Rg1 attenuated the alcohol-induced damage to hepatocytes by modulating the morphology and biomechanics of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Zhang
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cross-Scale Micro and Nano Manufacturing, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Zhankun Weng
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cross-Scale Micro and Nano Manufacturing, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Zuobin Wang
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cross-Scale Micro and Nano Manufacturing, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
- JR3CN & IRAC, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, UK
| | - Bowei Wang
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cross-Scale Micro and Nano Manufacturing, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cross-Scale Micro and Nano Manufacturing, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Jiani Li
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cross-Scale Micro and Nano Manufacturing, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Cuihua Hu
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cross-Scale Micro and Nano Manufacturing, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
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19
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Strasser MK, Gibbs DL, Gascard P, Bons J, Hickey JW, Schürch CM, Tan Y, Black S, Chu P, Ozkan A, Basisty N, Sangwan V, Rose J, Shah S, Camilleri-Broet S, Fiset PO, Bertos N, Berube J, Djambazian H, Li R, Oikonomopoulos S, Fels-Elliott DR, Vernovsky S, Shimshoni E, Collyar D, Russell A, Ragoussis I, Stachler M, Goldenring JR, McDonald S, Ingber DE, Schilling B, Nolan GP, Tlsty TD, Huang S, Ferri LE. Concerted epithelial and stromal changes during progression of Barrett's Esophagus to invasive adenocarcinoma exposed by multi-scale, multi-omics analysis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.08.544265. [PMID: 37333362 PMCID: PMC10274886 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.08.544265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma arises from Barrett's esophagus, a precancerous metaplastic replacement of squamous by columnar epithelium in response to chronic inflammation. Multi-omics profiling, integrating single-cell transcriptomics, extracellular matrix proteomics, tissue-mechanics and spatial proteomics of 64 samples from 12 patients' paths of progression from squamous epithelium through metaplasia, dysplasia to adenocarcinoma, revealed shared and patient-specific progression characteristics. The classic metaplastic replacement of epithelial cells was paralleled by metaplastic changes in stromal cells, ECM and tissue stiffness. Strikingly, this change in tissue state at metaplasia was already accompanied by appearance of fibroblasts with characteristics of carcinoma-associated fibroblasts and of an NK cell-associated immunosuppressive microenvironment. Thus, Barrett's esophagus progresses as a coordinated multi-component system, supporting treatment paradigms that go beyond targeting cancerous cells to incorporating stromal reprogramming.
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20
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Zlotnikov ID, Dobryakova NV, Ezhov AA, Kudryashova EV. Achievement of the Selectivity of Cytotoxic Agents against Cancer Cells by Creation of Combined Formulation with Terpenoid Adjuvants as Prospects to Overcome Multidrug Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098023. [PMID: 37175727 PMCID: PMC10178335 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncological diseases are difficult to treat even with strong drugs due to development the multidrug resistance (MDR) of cancer cells. A strategy is proposed to increase the efficiency and selectivity of cytotoxic agents against cancer cells to engage the differences in the morphology and microenvironment of tumor and healthy cells, including the pH, membrane permeability, and ion channels. Using this approach, we managed to develop enhanced formulations of cytotoxic agents with adjuvants (which are known as efflux inhibitors and as ion channel inhibitors in tumors)-with increased permeability in A549 and a protective effect on healthy HEK293T cells. The composition of the formulation is as follows: cytotoxic agents (doxorubicin (Dox), paclitaxel (Pac), cisplatin) + adjuvants (allylbenzenes and terpenoids) in the form of inclusion complexes with β-cyclodextrin. Modified cyclodextrins make it possible to obtain soluble forms of pure substances of the allylbenzene and terpenoid series and increase the solubility of cytotoxic agents. A comprehensive approach based on three methods for studying the interaction of drugs with cells is proposed: MTT test-quantitative identification of surviving cells; FTIR spectroscopy-providing information on the molecular mechanisms inaccessible to study by any other methods (including binding to DNA, surface proteins, or lipid membrane); confocal microscopy for the visualization of observed effects of Dox accumulation in cancer or healthy cells depending on the drug formulation as a direct control of the correctness of interpretation of the results obtained by the two other methods. We found that eugenol (EG) and apiol increase the intracellular concentration of cytostatic in A549 cells by 2-4 times and maintain it for a long time. However, an important aspect is the selectivity of the enhancing effect of adjuvants on tumor cells in relation to healthy ones. Therefore, the authors focused on adjuvant's effect on the control healthy cells (HEK293T): EG and apiol demonstrate "protective" properties from cytostatic penetration by reducing intracellular concentrations by about 2-3 times. Thus, a combined formulation of cytostatic drugs has been found, showing promise in the aspects of improving the efficiency and selectivity of antitumor drugs; thereby, one of the perspective directions for overcoming MDR is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor D Zlotnikov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia V Dobryakova
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya St. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander A Ezhov
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/2, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena V Kudryashova
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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21
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Li D, Li J, Hu J, Tang M, Xiu P, Guo Y, Chen T, Mu N, Wang L, Zhang X, Liang G, Wang H, Fan C. Nanomechanical Profiling of Aβ42 Oligomer-Induced Biological Changes in Single Hippocampus Neurons. ACS NANO 2023; 17:5517-5527. [PMID: 36881017 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c10861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how Aβ42 oligomers induce changes in neurons from a mechanobiological perspective has important implications in neuronal dysfunction relevant to neurodegenerative diseases. However, it remains challenging to profile the mechanical responses of neurons and correlate the mechanical signatures to the biological properties of neurons given the structural complexity of cells. Here, we quantitatively investigate the nanomechanical properties of primary hippocampus neurons upon exposure to Aβ42 oligomers at the single neuron level by using atomic force microscopy (AFM). We develop a method termed heterogeneity-load-unload nanomechanics (HLUN), which exploits the AFM force spectra in the whole loading-unloading cycle, allowing comprehensive profiling of the mechanical properties of living neurons. We extract four key nanomechanical parameters, including the apparent Young's modulus, cell spring constant, normalized hysteresis, and adhesion work, that serve as the nanomechanical signatures of neurons treated with Aβ42 oligomers. These parameters are well-correlated with neuronal height increase, cortical actin filament strengthening, and calcium concentration elevation. Thus, we establish an HLUN method-based AFM nanomechanical analysis tool for single neuron study and build an effective correlation between the nanomechanical profile of the single neurons and the biological effects triggered by Aβ42 oligomers. Our finding provides useful information on the dysfunction of neurons from the mechanobiological perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Li
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Center of Super-resolution Optics and Chongqing Engineering Research Center of High-Resolution and Three-Dimensional Dynamic Imaging Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Jiang Li
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Jiao Hu
- Center of Super-resolution Optics and Chongqing Engineering Research Center of High-Resolution and Three-Dimensional Dynamic Imaging Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Mingjie Tang
- Center of Super-resolution Optics and Chongqing Engineering Research Center of High-Resolution and Three-Dimensional Dynamic Imaging Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Peng Xiu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yunchang Guo
- Yihuang (Wuxi) Spectrum Measurement & Control Co., Ltd., Wuxi 214024, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tunan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ning Mu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Xuehua Zhang
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G1H9, Alberta, Canada
| | - Guizhao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Huabin Wang
- Center of Super-resolution Optics and Chongqing Engineering Research Center of High-Resolution and Three-Dimensional Dynamic Imaging Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Chunhai Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200024, China
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22
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Liu S, Li Y, Hong Y, Wang M, Zhang H, Ma J, Qu K, Huang G, Lu TJ. Mechanotherapy in oncology: Targeting nuclear mechanics and mechanotransduction. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 194:114722. [PMID: 36738968 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mechanotherapy is proposed as a new option for cancer treatment. Increasing evidence suggests that characteristic differences are present in the nuclear mechanics and mechanotransduction of cancer cells compared with those of normal cells. Recent advances in understanding nuclear mechanics and mechanotransduction provide not only further insights into the process of malignant transformation but also useful references for developing new therapeutic approaches. Herein, we present an overview of the alterations of nuclear mechanics and mechanotransduction in cancer cells and highlight their implications in cancer mechanotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, PR China; MIIT Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Lightweight Materials and Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics, Nanjing 210016, PR China
| | - Yuan Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China; Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Yuan Hong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China; Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China; National Science Foundation Science and Technology Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Ming Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China; Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, PR China; MIIT Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Lightweight Materials and Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics, Nanjing 210016, PR China
| | - Jinlu Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Kai Qu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Guoyou Huang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
| | - Tian Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, PR China; MIIT Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Lightweight Materials and Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics, Nanjing 210016, PR China.
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23
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Wang D, Nguyen HG, Nakayama M, Oshima H, Sun L, Oshima M, Watanabe S. Mapping Nanomechanical Properties of Basal Surfaces in Metastatic Intestinal 3D Living Organoids with High-Speed Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206213. [PMID: 36504356 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Studying mechanobiology is increasing of scientific interests in life science and nanotechnology since its impact on cell activities (e.g., adhesion, migration), physiology, and pathology. The role of apical surface (AS) and basal surface (BS) of cells played in mechanobiology is significant. The mechanical mapping and analysis of cells mainly focus on AS while little is known about BS. Here, high-speed scanning ion conductance microscope as a powerful tool is utilized to simultaneously reveal morphologies and local elastic modulus (E) of BS of genotype-defined metastatic intestinal organoids. A simple method is developed to prepare organoid samples allowing for long-term BS imaging. The multiple nano/microstructures, i.e., ridge-like, stress-fiber, and E distributions on BS are dynamically revealed. The statistic E analysis shows softness of BS derived from eight types of organoids following a ranking: malignant tumor cells > benign tumor cells > normal cells. Moreover, the correlation factor between morphology and E is demonstrated depending on cell types. This work as first example reveals the subcellular morphologies and E distributions of BS of cells. The results would provide a clue for correlating genotype of 3D cells to malignant phenotype reflected by E and offering a promising strategy for early-stage diagnosis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Han Gia Nguyen
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Mizuho Nakayama
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroko Oshima
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Linhao Sun
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masanobu Oshima
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shinji Watanabe
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
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24
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Chowdhury T, Cressiot B, Parisi C, Smolyakov G, Thiébot B, Trichet L, Fernandes FM, Pelta J, Manivet P. Circulating Tumor Cells in Cancer Diagnostics and Prognostics by Single-Molecule and Single-Cell Characterization. ACS Sens 2023; 8:406-426. [PMID: 36696289 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) represent an interesting source of biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and the prediction of cancer recurrence, yet while they are extensively studied in oncobiology research, their diagnostic utility has not yet been demonstrated and validated. Their scarcity in human biological fluids impedes the identification of dangerous CTC subpopulations that may promote metastatic dissemination. In this Perspective, we discuss promising techniques that could be used for the identification of these metastatic cells. We first describe methods for isolating patient-derived CTCs and then the use of 3D biomimetic matrixes in their amplification and analysis, followed by methods for further CTC analyses at the single-cell and single-molecule levels. Finally, we discuss how the elucidation of mechanical and morphological properties using techniques such as atomic force microscopy and molecular biomarker identification using nanopore-based detection could be combined in the future to provide patients and their healthcare providers with a more accurate diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tafsir Chowdhury
- Centre de Ressources Biologiques Biobank Lariboisière (BB-0033-00064), DMU BioGem, AP-HP, 75010 Paris, France
| | | | - Cleo Parisi
- Centre de Ressources Biologiques Biobank Lariboisière (BB-0033-00064), DMU BioGem, AP-HP, 75010 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, UMR 7574, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Georges Smolyakov
- Centre de Ressources Biologiques Biobank Lariboisière (BB-0033-00064), DMU BioGem, AP-HP, 75010 Paris, France
| | | | - Léa Trichet
- Sorbonne Université, UMR 7574, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Francisco M Fernandes
- Sorbonne Université, UMR 7574, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Juan Pelta
- CY Cergy Paris Université, CNRS, LAMBE, 95000 Cergy, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Université d'Evry, CNRS, LAMBE, 91190 Evry, France
| | - Philippe Manivet
- Centre de Ressources Biologiques Biobank Lariboisière (BB-0033-00064), DMU BioGem, AP-HP, 75010 Paris, France.,Université Paris Cité, Inserm, NeuroDiderot, F-75019 Paris, France
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25
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Argatov I, Jin X, Mishuris G. Atomic force microscopy-based indentation of cells: modelling the effect of a pericellular coat. J R Soc Interface 2023; 20:20220857. [PMCID: PMC9943889 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A simple analytical model is built up to account for the interface deformation effect in a spherical atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based quasi-static indentation of a living cell covered with a pericellular brush. The compression behaviour of the pericellular coat is described using the Alexander–de Gennes model that allows for nonlinear deformation. An approximate second-order relation between contact force and indenter displacement is obtained in implicit form, using the Hertzian solution as a first-order approximation. A method of fitting the indentation brush/cell model to experimental data is suggested based on the non-dimensionalized version of the displacement–force relation in the parametric form and illustrated with a specific example of AFM raw data taken from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Argatov
- College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, People’s Republic of China,Institut für Mechanik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiaoqing Jin
- College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gennady Mishuris
- Department of Mathematics, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion SY23 3BZ, Wales, UK
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26
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McCraw MR, Uluutku B, Solomon HD, Anderson MS, Sarkar K, Solares SD. Optimizing the accuracy of viscoelastic characterization with AFM force-distance experiments in the time and frequency domains. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:451-467. [PMID: 36530043 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01331b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) force-distance (FD) experiments have emerged as an attractive alternative to traditional micro-rheology measurement techniques owing to their versatility of use in materials of a wide range of mechanical properties. Here, we show that the range of time dependent behaviour which can reliably be resolved from the typical method of FD inversion (fitting constitutive FD relations to FD data) is inherently restricted by the experimental parameters: sampling frequency, experiment length, and strain rate. Specifically, we demonstrate that violating these restrictions can result in errors in the values of the parameters of the complex modulus. In the case of complex materials, such as cells, whose behaviour is not specifically understood a priori, the physical sensibility of these parameters cannot be assessed and may lead to falsely attributing a physical phenomenon to an artifact of the violation of these restrictions. We use arguments from information theory to understand the nature of these inconsistencies as well as devise limits on the range of mechanical parameters which can be reliably obtained from FD experiments. The results further demonstrate that the nature of these restrictions depends on the domain (time or frequency) used in the inversion process, with the time domain being far more restrictive than the frequency domain. Finally, we demonstrate how to use these restrictions to better design FD experiments to target specific timescales of a material's behaviour through our analysis of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall R McCraw
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University School of Engineering and Applied Science, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
| | - Berkin Uluutku
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University School of Engineering and Applied Science, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
| | - Halen D Solomon
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University School of Engineering and Applied Science, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
| | - Megan S Anderson
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University School of Engineering and Applied Science, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
| | - Kausik Sarkar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University School of Engineering and Applied Science, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
| | - Santiago D Solares
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University School of Engineering and Applied Science, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
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27
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In Situ Measurements of Cell Mechanical Properties Using Force Spectroscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2600:25-43. [PMID: 36587088 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2851-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mechanobiology focuses on how physical forces and the mechanical properties of cells and whole tissues affect their function. The mechanical properties of cells are of particular interest to developmental biology and stem cell differentiation, lymphocyte activation and phagocytic action in phagocytes, and development of malignant tumors and metastases. These properties can be measured on whole tissue and cell culture. Advances in instrument sensitivity and design, as well as improved techniques and scientific know-how achieved over the past few decades, allow researchers to study the mechanical properties of single cells and even at the subcellular level. Particularly, nanoindentation measurements using atomic force microscopy (AFM) mechanically probes single cells and even allows mapping of these traits. This chapter discusses these measurements from the experimental design to the analysis.
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28
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Deliorman M, Glia A, Qasaimeh MA. Affinity-Based Microfluidics Combined with Atomic Force Microscopy for Isolation and Nanomechanical Characterization of Circulating Tumor Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2679:41-66. [PMID: 37300608 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3271-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we present the materials and methods required to isolate and characterize circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from blood samples of cancer patients based on our newly developed microfluidic technologies. In particular, the devices presented herein are designed to be compatible with at\omic force microscopy (AFM) for post-capture nanomechanical investigation of CTCs. Microfluidics is well-established as a technology for isolating CTCs from the whole blood of cancer patients, and AFM is a gold standard for quantitative biophysical analysis of cells. However, CTCs are very scarce in nature, and those captured using standard closed-channel microfluidic chips are typically inaccessible for AFM procedures. As a result, their nanomechanical properties largely remain unexplored. Thus, given limitations associated with current microfluidic designs, significant efforts are put toward bringing innovative designs for real time characterization of CTCs. In light of this constant endeavor, the scope of this chapter is to compile our recent efforts on two microfluidic technologies, namely, the AFM-Chip and the HB-MFP, which proved to be efficient in isolating CTCs through antibody-antigen interactions, and their subsequent characterization using AFM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayoub Glia
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Mohammad A Qasaimeh
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Abu Dhabi, UAE.
- Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
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29
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Jing X, Wu Y, Wang D, Qu C, Liu J, Gao C, Mohamed A, Huang Q, Cai P, Ashry NM. Ionic Strength-Dependent Attachment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 on Graphene Oxide Surfaces. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:16707-16715. [PMID: 36378621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) is a widely used antimicrobial and antibiofouling material in surface modification. Although the antibacterial mechanisms of GO have been thoroughly elucidated, the dynamics of bacterial attachment on GO surfaces under environmentally relevant conditions remain largely unknown. In this study, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) was used to examine the dynamic attachment processes of a model organism Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 onto GO surface under different ionic strengths (1-600 mM NaCl). Our results show the highest bacterial attachment at moderate ionic strengths (200-400 mM). The quantitative model of QCM-D reveals that the enhanced bacterial attachment is attributed to the higher contact area between bacterial cells and GO surface. The extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (XDLVO) theory and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis were employed to reveal the mechanisms of the bacteria-GO interactions under different ionic strengths. The strong electrostatic and steric repulsion at low ionic strengths (1-100 mM) was found to hinder the bacteria-GO interaction, while the limited polymer bridging caused by the collapse of biopolymer layers reduced cell attachment at a high ionic strength (600 mM). These findings advance our understanding of the ionic strength-dependent bacteria-GO interaction and provide implications to further improve the antibiofouling performance of GO-modified surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Jing
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, China
| | - Yichao Wu
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, China
| | - Dengjun Wang
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama36849, United States
| | - Chenchen Qu
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, China
| | - Jun Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, China
| | - Chunhui Gao
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, China
| | - Abdelkader Mohamed
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, China
| | - Qiaoyun Huang
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, China
| | - Peng Cai
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, China
| | - Noha Mohamed Ashry
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, China
- Agriculture Microbiology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor, Qalubia13736, Egypt
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30
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The Sub-Molecular and Atomic Theory of Cancer Beginning: The Role of Mitochondria. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12112726. [DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12112726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Life as we know it is made of strict interaction of atom, metabolism, and genetics, made around the chemistry of the most common elements of the universe: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and carbon. The interaction of atomic, metabolic, and genetic cycles results in the organization and de-organization of chemical information of what we consider living entities, including cancer cells. In order to approach the problem of the origin of cancer, it is therefore reasonable to start from the assumption that the atomic structure, metabolism, and genetics of cancer cells share a common frame with prokaryotic mitochondria, embedded in conditions favorable for the onset of both. Despite years of research, cancer in its general acceptation remains enigmatic. Despite the increasing efforts to investigate the complexity of tumorigenesis, complementing the research on genetic and biochemical changes, researchers face insurmountable limitations due to the huge presence of variabilities in cancer and metastatic behavior. The atomic level of all biological activities it seems confirmed the electron behavior, especially within the mitochondria. The electron spin may be considered a key factor in basic biological processes defining the structure, reactivity, spectroscopic, and magnetic properties of a molecule. The use of magnetic fields (MF) has allowed a better understanding of the grade of influence on different biological systems, clarifying the multiple effects on electron behavior and consequently on cellular changes. Scientific advances focused on the mechanics of the cytoskeleton and the cellular microenvironment through mechanical properties of the cell nucleus and its connection to the cytoskeleton play a major role in cancer metastasis and progression. Here, we present a hypothesis regarding the changes that take place at the atomic and metabolic levels within the human mitochondria and the modifications that probably drive it in becoming cancer cell. We propose how atomic and metabolic changes in structure and composition could be considered the unintelligible reason of many cancers’ invulnerability, as it can modulate nuclear mechanics and promote metastatic processes. Improved insights into this interplay between this sub-molecular organized dynamic structure, nuclear mechanics, and metastatic progression may have powerful implications in cancer diagnostics and therapy disclosing innovation in targets of cancer cell invasion.
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31
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Makarova N, Kalaparthi V, Seluanov A, Gorbunova V, Dokukin ME, Sokolov I. Correlation of cell mechanics with the resistance to malignant transformation in naked mole rat fibroblasts. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:14594-14602. [PMID: 36155714 PMCID: PMC9731726 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr01633h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Naked mole rats (NMRs) demonstrate exceptional longevity and resistance to cancer. Using a biochemical approach, it was previously shown that the treatment of mouse fibroblast cells with RasV12 oncogene and SV40 Large T antigen (viral oncoprotein) led to malignant transformations of cells. In contrast, NMR fibroblasts were resistant to malignant transformations upon this treatment. Here we demonstrate that atomic force microscopy (AFM) can provide information which is in agreement with the above finding, and further, adds unique information about the physical properties of cells that is impossible to obtain by other existing techniques. AFM indentation data were collected from individual cells and subsequently processed through the brush model to obtain information about the mechanics of the cell body (absolute values of the effective Young's moduli). Furthermore, information about the physical properties of the pericellular layer surrounding the cells was obtained. We found a statistically significant decrease in the rigidity of mouse cells after the treatment, whereas there was no significant change found in the rigidity of NMR cells upon the treatment. We also found that the treatment caused a substantial increase in a long part of the pericellular layer in NMR cells only (the long brush was defined as having a size of >10 microns). The mouse cells and smaller brush did not show statistically significant changes upon treatment. The observed change in cell mechanics is in agreement with the frequently observed decrease in cell rigidity during progression towards cancer. The change in the pericellular layer due to the malignant transformation of fibroblast cells has practically not been studied, though it was shown that the removal of part of the pericellular layer of NMR fibroblasts made the cells susceptible to malignant transformation. Although it is plausible to speculate that the observed increase in the long part of the brush layer of NMR cells might help cells to resist malignant transformations, the significance of the observed change in the pericellular layer is yet to be understood. As of now, we can conclude that changes in cell mechanics might be used as an indication of the resistance of NMR cells to malignant transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezda Makarova
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | | | - Andrei Seluanov
- Departments of Biology and Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Vera Gorbunova
- Departments of Biology and Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Maxim E Dokukin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
- NanoScience Solutions, Inc., Arlington, VA 22203, USA
- Sarov Physics and Technology Institute, MEPhI, Sarov, Russian Federation
| | - Igor Sokolov
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Department of Physics, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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32
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Chighizola M, Dini T, Marcotti S, D'Urso M, Piazzoni C, Borghi F, Previdi A, Ceriani L, Folliero C, Stramer B, Lenardi C, Milani P, Podestà A, Schulte C. The glycocalyx affects the mechanotransductive perception of the topographical microenvironment. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:418. [PMID: 36123687 PMCID: PMC9484177 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01585-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell/microenvironment interface is the starting point of integrin-mediated mechanotransduction, but many details of mechanotransductive signal integration remain elusive due to the complexity of the involved (extra)cellular structures, such as the glycocalyx. We used nano-bio-interfaces reproducing the complex nanotopographical features of the extracellular matrix to analyse the glycocalyx impact on PC12 cell mechanosensing at the nanoscale (e.g., by force spectroscopy with functionalised probes). Our data demonstrates that the glycocalyx configuration affects spatio-temporal nanotopography-sensitive mechanotransductive events at the cell/microenvironment interface. Opposing effects of major glycocalyx removal were observed, when comparing flat and specific nanotopographical conditions. The excessive retrograde actin flow speed and force loading are strongly reduced on certain nanotopographies upon strong reduction of the native glycocalyx, while on the flat substrate we observe the opposite trend. Our results highlight the importance of the glycocalyx configuration in a molecular clutch force loading-dependent cellular mechanism for mechanosensing of microenvironmental nanotopographical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Chighizola
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (C.I.Ma.I.Na.) and Department of Physics "Aldo Pontremoli", University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Tania Dini
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (C.I.Ma.I.Na.) and Department of Physics "Aldo Pontremoli", University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Marcotti
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mirko D'Urso
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (C.I.Ma.I.Na.) and Department of Physics "Aldo Pontremoli", University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Claudio Piazzoni
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (C.I.Ma.I.Na.) and Department of Physics "Aldo Pontremoli", University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Borghi
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (C.I.Ma.I.Na.) and Department of Physics "Aldo Pontremoli", University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Anita Previdi
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (C.I.Ma.I.Na.) and Department of Physics "Aldo Pontremoli", University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Ceriani
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (C.I.Ma.I.Na.) and Department of Physics "Aldo Pontremoli", University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Folliero
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (C.I.Ma.I.Na.) and Department of Physics "Aldo Pontremoli", University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), Milan, Italy
| | - Brian Stramer
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Cristina Lenardi
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (C.I.Ma.I.Na.) and Department of Physics "Aldo Pontremoli", University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Milani
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (C.I.Ma.I.Na.) and Department of Physics "Aldo Pontremoli", University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Podestà
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (C.I.Ma.I.Na.) and Department of Physics "Aldo Pontremoli", University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Carsten Schulte
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (C.I.Ma.I.Na.) and Department of Physics "Aldo Pontremoli", University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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33
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Makarova N, Sokolov I. Cell mechanics can be robustly derived from AFM indentation data using the brush model: error analysis. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:4334-4347. [PMID: 35253828 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr00041e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The brush model was introduced to interpret AFM indentation data collected on biological cells in a more consistent way compared just to the traditional Hertz model. It takes into account the presence of non-Hertzian deformation of the pericellular brush-like layer surrounding cells (a mix of glycocalyx molecules and microvilli/microridges). The model allows finding the effective Young's modulus of the cell body in a less depth-dependent manner. In addition, it allows finding the force due to the pericellular brush layer. Compared to simple mechanical models used to interpret the indentation experiments, the brush model has additional complexity. It raises the concern about the possible unambiguity of separation of mechanical properties of the cell body and pericellular layer. Here we present the analysis of the robustness of the brush model and demonstrate a weak dependence of the obtained results on the uncertainties within the model and experimental data. We critically analyzed the use of the brush model on a variety of AFM force curves collected on rather distinct cell types: human cervical epithelial cells, rat neurons, and zebrafish melanocytes. We conclude that the brush model is robust; the errors in the definition of the effective Young's modulus due to possible uncertainties of the model and experimental data are within 4%, which is less than the error, for example, due to a typical uncertainty in the spring constant of the AFM cantilever. We also discuss the errors of parameterization of the force due to the pericellular brush layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Makarova
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - I Sokolov
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Department of Physics, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.
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34
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Holuigue H, Lorenc E, Chighizola M, Schulte C, Varinelli L, Deraco M, Guaglio M, Gariboldi M, Podestà A. Force Sensing on Cells and Tissues by Atomic Force Microscopy. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:2197. [PMID: 35336366 PMCID: PMC8955449 DOI: 10.3390/s22062197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors are aimed at detecting tiny physical and chemical stimuli in biological systems. Physical forces are ubiquitous, being implied in all cellular processes, including cell adhesion, migration, and differentiation. Given the strong interplay between cells and their microenvironment, the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the structural and mechanical properties of the ECM play an important role in the transmission of external stimuli to single cells within the tissue. Vice versa, cells themselves also use self-generated forces to probe the biophysical properties of the ECM. ECM mechanics influence cell fate, regulate tissue development, and show peculiar features in health and disease conditions of living organisms. Force sensing in biological systems is therefore crucial to dissecting and understanding complex biological processes, such as mechanotransduction. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), which can both sense and apply forces at the nanoscale, with sub-nanonewton sensitivity, represents an enabling technology and a crucial experimental tool in biophysics and mechanobiology. In this work, we report on the application of AFM to the study of biomechanical fingerprints of different components of biological systems, such as the ECM, the whole cell, and cellular components, such as the nucleus, lamellipodia and the glycocalyx. We show that physical observables such as the (spatially resolved) Young's Modulus (YM) of elasticity of ECMs or cells, and the effective thickness and stiffness of the glycocalyx, can be quantitatively characterized by AFM. Their modification can be correlated to changes in the microenvironment, physio-pathological conditions, or gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Holuigue
- CIMAINA and Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy; (H.H.); (E.L.); (M.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Ewelina Lorenc
- CIMAINA and Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy; (H.H.); (E.L.); (M.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Matteo Chighizola
- CIMAINA and Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy; (H.H.); (E.L.); (M.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Carsten Schulte
- CIMAINA and Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy; (H.H.); (E.L.); (M.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Luca Varinelli
- Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.V.); (M.G.)
| | - Marcello Deraco
- Peritoneal Surface Malignancies Unit, Colorectal Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.D.); (M.G.)
| | - Marcello Guaglio
- Peritoneal Surface Malignancies Unit, Colorectal Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.D.); (M.G.)
| | - Manuela Gariboldi
- Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.V.); (M.G.)
| | - Alessandro Podestà
- CIMAINA and Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy; (H.H.); (E.L.); (M.C.); (C.S.)
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35
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Taninaka A, Ugajin S, Kurokawa H, Nagoshi Y, Kamiyanagi M, Takeuchi O, Matsui H, Shigekawa H. Direct analysis of the actin-filament formation effect in photodynamic therapy. RSC Adv 2022; 12:5878-5889. [PMID: 35424553 PMCID: PMC8981521 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra09291j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a method in which a photosensitizer is administered in vivo and irradiated with light to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby causing the selective death of cancer cells. Since PDT is a noninvasive cancer treatment method with few adverse effects, it has attracted considerable attention and is increasingly used. In PDT, there are two dominant processes based on the actin filament (A-filament) formation effect: the destruction of cells by necrosis and vascular shutdown. Despite the importance of its fine control, the mechanism of the reaction process from the generation of reactive oxygen by photoinduction inducing the formation of A-filament and its polymerization to form stress fibers (S-fibers) has not yet been clarified because, for example, it has been difficult to directly observe and quantify such processes in living cells by conventional methods. Here, we have combined atomic force microscopy (AFM) with other techniques to reveal the mechanism of the A-filament and S-fiber formation processes that underlie the cell death process due to PDT. First, it was confirmed that activation of the small G protein RhoA, which is a signal that induces an increase in A-filament production, begins immediately after PDT treatment. The production of A-filament did not increase with increasing light intensity when the amount of light was large. Namely, the activation of RhoA reached an equilibrium state in about 1 min: however, the production of A-filament and its polymerization continued. The observed process corresponds well with the change in the amount of phosphorylated myosin-light chains, which induce A-filament polymerization. The increase in the elastic modulus of cells following the formation of S-fiber was confirmed by AFM for the first time. The distribution of generated A-filament and S-fiber was consistent with the photosensitizer distribution. PDT increases A-filament production, and when the ROS concentration is high, blebbing occurs and cells die, but when it is low, cell death does not occur and S-fiber is formed. That is, it is expected that vascular shutdown can be controlled efficiently by adjusting the amount of photosensitizer and the light intensity. We have combined atomic force microscopy with other techniques to reveal the mechanism of the actin filament and stress fibers formation processes that underlies the cell death process due to photodynamic therapy.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Taninaka
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba 305-8573 Ibaraki Japan .,TAKANO Co., LTD. Miyada-mura, Kamiina-gun Nagano 399-4301 Japan
| | - Shunta Ugajin
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba 305-8573 Ibaraki Japan
| | - Hiromi Kurokawa
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba 305-8575 Ibaraki Japan
| | - Yu Nagoshi
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba 305-8573 Ibaraki Japan
| | - Mayuka Kamiyanagi
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba 305-8573 Ibaraki Japan
| | - Osamu Takeuchi
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba 305-8573 Ibaraki Japan
| | - Hirofumi Matsui
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba 305-8575 Ibaraki Japan
| | - Hidemi Shigekawa
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba 305-8573 Ibaraki Japan
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36
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Viscoelastic parameterization of human skin cells characterize material behavior at multiple timescales. Commun Biol 2022; 5:17. [PMID: 35017622 PMCID: PMC8752830 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02959-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Countless biophysical studies have sought distinct markers in the cellular mechanical response that could be linked to morphogenesis, homeostasis, and disease. Here, an iterative-fitting methodology visualizes the time-dependent viscoelastic behavior of human skin cells under physiologically relevant conditions. Past investigations often involved parameterizing elastic relationships and assuming purely Hertzian contact mechanics, which fails to properly account for the rich temporal information available. We demonstrate the performance superiority of the proposed iterative viscoelastic characterization method over standard open-search approaches. Our viscoelastic measurements revealed that 2D adherent metastatic melanoma cells exhibit reduced elasticity compared to their normal counterparts—melanocytes and fibroblasts, and are significantly less viscous than fibroblasts over timescales spanning three orders of magnitude. The measured loss angle indicates clear differential viscoelastic responses across multiple timescales between the measured cells. This method provides insight into the complex viscoelastic behavior of metastatic melanoma cells relevant to better understanding cancer metastasis and aggression. Parvini, Cartagena and Solares introduce an iterative viscoelastic approach based on the generalized Maxwell and Kelvin-Voigt models. The results showed that metastatic melanoma cells had lower elasticity than normal fibroblasts and melanoma cells were less viscous than the fibroblasts over a large frequency range, enhancing the understanding of cellular responses at different frequencies.
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37
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Tian Y, Lin W, Qu K, Wang Z, Zhu X. Insights into cell classification based on combination of multiple cellular mechanical phenotypes by using machine learning algorithm. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 128:105097. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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38
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Zhou Y, Sun L, Watanabe S, Ando T. Recent Advances in the Glass Pipet: from Fundament to Applications. Anal Chem 2021; 94:324-335. [PMID: 34841859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanshu Zhou
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Linhao Sun
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shinji Watanabe
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Toshio Ando
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
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39
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Wang D, Sun L, Okuda S, Yamamoto D, Nakayama M, Oshima H, Saito H, Kouyama Y, Mimori K, Ando T, Watanabe S, Oshima M. Nano-scale physical properties characteristic to metastatic intestinal cancer cells identified by high-speed scanning ion conductance microscope. Biomaterials 2021; 280:121256. [PMID: 34794825 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Recent genetic studies have indicated relationships between gene mutations and colon cancer phenotypes. However, how physical properties of tumor cells are changed by genetic alterations has not been elucidated. We examined genotype-defined mouse intestinal tumor-derived cells using a high-speed scanning ion conductance microscope (HS-SICM) that can obtain high-resolution live images of nano-scale topography and stiffness. The tumor cells used in this study carried mutations in Apc (A), Kras (K), Tgfbr2 (T), Trp53 (P), and Fbxw7 (F) in various combinations. Notably, high-metastatic cancer-derived cells carrying AKT mutations (AKT, AKTP, and AKTPF) showed specific ridge-like morphology with active membrane volume change, which was not found in low-metastatic and adenoma-derived cells. Furthermore, the membrane was significantly softer in the metastatic AKT-type cancer cells than other genotype cells. Importantly, a principal component analysis using RNAseq data showed similar distributions of expression profiles and physical properties, indicating a link between genetic alterations and physical properties. Finally, the malignant cell-specific physical properties were confirmed by an HS-SICM using human colon cancer-derived cells. These results indicate that the HS-SICM analysis is useful as a novel diagnostic strategy for predicting the metastatic ability of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- WPI Nano-Life Science Institute (Nano-LSI), Kanazawa University, Japan; Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Linhao Sun
- WPI Nano-Life Science Institute (Nano-LSI), Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Satoru Okuda
- WPI Nano-Life Science Institute (Nano-LSI), Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamamoto
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Ishikawa Prefectural Central Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Mizuho Nakayama
- WPI Nano-Life Science Institute (Nano-LSI), Kanazawa University, Japan; Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Hiroko Oshima
- WPI Nano-Life Science Institute (Nano-LSI), Kanazawa University, Japan; Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saito
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, Japan
| | - Yuta Kouyama
- Digestive Disease Center, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Koshi Mimori
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, Japan
| | - Toshio Ando
- WPI Nano-Life Science Institute (Nano-LSI), Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Shinji Watanabe
- WPI Nano-Life Science Institute (Nano-LSI), Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Masanobu Oshima
- WPI Nano-Life Science Institute (Nano-LSI), Kanazawa University, Japan; Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Japan.
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40
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Giergiel M, Malek-Zietek KE, Konior J, Targosz-Korecka M. Endothelial glycocalyx detection and characterization by means of atomic force spectroscopy: Comparison of various data analysis approaches. Micron 2021; 151:103153. [PMID: 34627108 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2021.103153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, atomic force spectroscopy (AFS) has been used to detect and characterize the endothelial glycocalyx (eGlx) in in vitro and ex vivo experiments. Several analysis methods were proposed, which differ not only in the numerical implementations, but also in physical models of glycocalyx description. Therefore, it is difficult to directly relate the experiments performed by different groups. In this work, we compared different models used for quantitative analysis of atomic force spectroscopy datasets recorded for eGlx. To capture glycocalyx at various structural conditions, we used basic enzymatic protocols for glycocalyx removal and restoration in human aortal endothelial cells (HAEC). Nanoindentation experiments for this model system were performed for (i) untreated cells, (ii) for cells after heparinase incubation, which enzymatically removes glycocalyx, (iii) for cells with successive heparin treatment, which partially restores the glycocalyx layer. Analysis of nanoindentation data was performed using different models: (a) a single-layer contact mechanics, (b) a double-layer model contact mechanics, (c) a polymer "brush" two-layer model based on the Alexander - de Gennes theory and (d) a simple single-layer "mechanical spring" model. Although different physical parameters are evaluated in methods (a-d), we show that all approaches revealed similar qualitative changes of the glycocalyx layer, which reflected the processes of glycocalyx degradation and its partial restoration. This paper may facilitate a direct comparison of past and future glycocalyx oriented AFS experiments that are analysed with different approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Giergiel
- Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, S. Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Ewa Malek-Zietek
- Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, S. Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy Konior
- Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, S. Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Targosz-Korecka
- Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, S. Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Krakow, Poland
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41
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Borodich FM, Galanov BA, Keer LM, Suarez-Alvarez MM. Contact probing of prestressed adhesive membranes of living cells. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2021; 379:20200289. [PMID: 34148419 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies of living biological cells is one of main experimental tools that enable quantitative measurements of deformation of the cells and extraction of information about their structural and mechanical properties. However, proper modelling of AFM probing and related adhesive contact problems are of crucial importance for interpretation of experimental data. The Johnson-Kendall-Roberts (JKR) theory of adhesive contact has often been used as a basis for modelling of various phenomena including cell-cell interactions. However, strictly speaking the original JKR theory is valid only for contact of isotropic linearly elastic spheres, while the cell membranes are often prestressed. For the first time, effects caused by molecular adhesion for living cells are analytically studied taking into account the mechanical properties of cell membranes whose stiffness depends on the level of the tensile prestress. Another important question is how one can extract the work of adhesion between the probe and the cell. An extended version of the Borodich-Galanov method for non-direct extraction of elastic and adhesive properties of contacted materials is proposed to apply to experiments of cell probing. Evidently, the proposed models of adhesive contact for cells with prestressed membranes do not cover all types of biological cells because the structure and properties of the cells may vary considerably. However, the obtained results can be applied to many types of smooth cells and can be used to describe initial stages of contact and various other processes when effects of adhesion are of crucial importance. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'A cracking approach to inventing new tough materials: fracture stranger than friction'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Boris A Galanov
- Institute for Problems in Materials Science, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Leon M Keer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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Prasad S, Rankine A, Prasad T, Song P, Dokukin ME, Makarova N, Backman V, Sokolov I. Atomic Force Microscopy Detects the Difference in Cancer Cells of Different Neoplastic Aggressiveness via Machine Learning. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Siona Prasad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Tufts University Medford MA 02155 USA
- Department of Computer Science Harvard University Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Alex Rankine
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Tufts University Medford MA 02155 USA
- Department of Computer Science Harvard University Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Tarun Prasad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Tufts University Medford MA 02155 USA
- Department of Computer Science Harvard University Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Patrick Song
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Tufts University Medford MA 02155 USA
- Department of Computer Science Harvard University Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Maxim E. Dokukin
- NanoScience Solutions, Inc Arlington VA 22203 USA
- Department of Information Technology and Electronics Sarov Physics and Technology Institute Sarov Russian Federation
- Institute of Nanoengineering in Electronics, Spintronics and Photonics National Research Nuclear University MEPhI Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Nadezda Makarova
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Tufts University Medford MA 02155 USA
| | - Vadim Backman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Igor Sokolov
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Tufts University Medford MA 02155 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Tufts University Medford MA 02155 USA
- Department of Physics Tufts University Medford MA 02155 USA
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43
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Tang M, Wang Y, Tang D, Xiu P, Yang Z, Chen Y, Wang H. Influence of the PM 2.5 Water-Soluble Compound on the Biophysical Properties of A549 Cells. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:4042-4048. [PMID: 33754728 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the influence of fine atmospheric particles (PM2.5) on cellular biophysical properties is an integral part for comprehending the mechanisms underlying PM2.5-induced diseases because they are closely related to the behaviors and functions of cells. However, hitherto little work has been done in this area. In the present work, we aimed to interrogate the influence of the PM2.5 water-soluble compound (PM2.5-WSC) on the biophysical performance of a human lung carcinoma epithelial cell line (A549) by exploring the cellular morphological and mechanical changes using atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based imaging and nanomechanics. AFM imaging showed that PM2.5-WSC treated cells exhibited evidently reduced lamellipodia and an increased height when compared to the control group. AFM nanomechanical measurements indicated that the treated cells had higher elastic energy and lower adhesion work than the control group. Our western blot assay and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results revealed that after PM2.5-WSC treatment, the contents of cytoskeletal components (β-actin and β-tubulin) increased, but the abundance of cell surface microvilli decreased. The biophysical changes of PM2.5-WSC-treated cells measured by AFM can be well correlated to the alterations of the cytoskeleton and surface microvilli identified by the western blot assay and TEM imaging. The above findings confirm that the adverse risks of PM2.5 on cells can be reliably assessed biophysically by characterizing the cellular morphology and nanomechanics. The demonstrated technique can be used to diminish the gap of our understanding between PM2.5 and its harmful effects on cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Tang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of High-Resolution and Three-Dimensional Dynamic Imaging Technology, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of High-Resolution and Three-Dimensional Dynamic Imaging Technology, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Dongyun Tang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of High-Resolution and Three-Dimensional Dynamic Imaging Technology, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Peng Xiu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhongbo Yang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of High-Resolution and Three-Dimensional Dynamic Imaging Technology, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Huabin Wang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of High-Resolution and Three-Dimensional Dynamic Imaging Technology, Chongqing 400714, China
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44
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Nam W, Ren X, Kim I, Strobl J, Agah M, Zhou W. Plasmonically Calibrated Label-Free Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Improved Multivariate Analysis of Living Cells in Cancer Subtyping and Drug Testing. Anal Chem 2021; 93:4601-4610. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wonil Nam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Xiang Ren
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Inyoung Kim
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Jeannine Strobl
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Masoud Agah
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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45
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Dasgupta D, Pally D, Saini DK, Bhat R, Ghosh A. Nanomotors Sense Local Physicochemical Heterogeneities in Tumor Microenvironments*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:23690-23696. [PMID: 32918839 PMCID: PMC7756332 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The invasion of cancer is brought about by continuous interaction of malignant cells with their surrounding tissue microenvironment. Investigating the remodeling of local extracellular matrix (ECM) by invading cells can thus provide fundamental insights into the dynamics of cancer progression. In this paper, we use an active untethered nanomechanical tool, realized as magnetically driven nanomotors, to locally probe a 3D tissue culture environment. We observed that nanomotors preferentially adhere to the cancer-proximal ECM and magnitude of the adhesive force increased with cell lines of higher metastatic ability. We experimentally confirmed that sialic acid linkage specific to cancer-secreted ECM makes it differently charged, which causes this adhesion. In an assay consisting of both cancerous and non-cancerous epithelia, that mimics the in vivo histopathological milieu of a malignant breast tumor, we find that nanomotors preferentially decorate the region around the cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debayan Dasgupta
- Centre for Nano Science and EngineeringIndian Institute of ScienceBangalore560012India
| | - Dharma Pally
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and GeneticsIndian Institute of ScienceBangalore560012India
| | - Deepak K. Saini
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and GeneticsIndian Institute of ScienceBangalore560012India
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, IIScBangalore560012India
| | - Ramray Bhat
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and GeneticsIndian Institute of ScienceBangalore560012India
| | - Ambarish Ghosh
- Centre for Nano Science and EngineeringIndian Institute of ScienceBangalore560012India
- Department of PhysicsIndian Institute of ScienceBangalore560012India
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46
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Dasgupta D, Pally D, Saini DK, Bhat R, Ghosh A. Nanomotors Sense Local Physicochemical Heterogeneities in Tumor Microenvironments**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Debayan Dasgupta
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Dharma Pally
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Deepak K. Saini
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, IISc Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Ramray Bhat
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Ambarish Ghosh
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India
- Department of Physics Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India
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47
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Guo A, Wang B, Lyu C, Li W, Wu Y, Zhu L, Bi R, Huang C, Li JJ, Du Y. Consistent apparent Young's modulus of human embryonic stem cells and derived cell types stabilized by substrate stiffness regulation promotes lineage specificity maintenance. CELL REGENERATION 2020; 9:15. [PMID: 32880028 PMCID: PMC7467757 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-020-00054-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apparent Young's modulus (AYM), which reflects the fundamental mechanical property of live cells measured by atomic force microscopy and is determined by substrate stiffness regulated cytoskeletal organization, has been investigated as potential indicators of cell fate in specific cell types. However, applying biophysical cues, such as modulating the substrate stiffness, to regulate AYM and thereby reflect and/or control stem cell lineage specificity for downstream applications, remains a primary challenge during in vitro stem cell expansion. Moreover, substrate stiffness could modulate cell heterogeneity in the single-cell stage and contribute to cell fate regulation, yet the indicative link between AYM and cell fate determination during in vitro dynamic cell expansion (from single-cell stage to multi-cell stage) has not been established. RESULTS Here, we show that the AYM of cells changed dynamically during passaging and proliferation on substrates with different stiffness. Moreover, the same change in substrate stiffness caused different patterns of AYM change in epithelial and mesenchymal cell types. Embryonic stem cells and their derived progenitor cells exhibited distinguishing AYM changes in response to different substrate stiffness that had significant effects on their maintenance of pluripotency and/or lineage-specific characteristics. On substrates that were too rigid or too soft, fluctuations in AYM occurred during cell passaging and proliferation that led to a loss in lineage specificity. On a substrate with 'optimal' stiffness (i.e., 3.5 kPa), the AYM was maintained at a constant level that was consistent with the parental cells during passaging and proliferation and led to preservation of lineage specificity. The effects of substrate stiffness on AYM and downstream cell fate were correlated with intracellular cytoskeletal organization and nuclear/cytoplasmic localization of YAP. CONCLUSIONS In summary, this study suggests that optimal substrate stiffness regulated consistent AYM during passaging and proliferation reflects and contributes to hESCs and their derived progenitor cells lineage specificity maintenance, through the underlying mechanistic pathways of stiffness-induced cytoskeletal organization and the downstream YAP signaling. These findings highlighted the potential of AYM as an indicator to select suitable substrate stiffness for stem cell specificity maintenance during in vitro expansion for regenerative applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Bingjie Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Cheng Lyu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yaozu Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, 63130, USA
| | - Lu Zhu
- Institute of Systems Engineering, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Ran Bi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chenyu Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 102218, China
| | - Jiao Jiao Li
- Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Yanan Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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48
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Rheinlaender J, Dimitracopoulos A, Wallmeyer B, Kronenberg NM, Chalut KJ, Gather MC, Betz T, Charras G, Franze K. Cortical cell stiffness is independent of substrate mechanics. NATURE MATERIALS 2020; 19:1019-1025. [PMID: 32451510 PMCID: PMC7610513 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-0684-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cortical stiffness is an important cellular property that changes during migration, adhesion and growth. Previous atomic force microscopy (AFM) indentation measurements of cells cultured on deformable substrates have suggested that cells adapt their stiffness to that of their surroundings. Here we show that the force applied by AFM to a cell results in a significant deformation of the underlying substrate if this substrate is softer than the cell. This 'soft substrate effect' leads to an underestimation of a cell's elastic modulus when analysing data using a standard Hertz model, as confirmed by finite element modelling and AFM measurements of calibrated polyacrylamide beads, microglial cells and fibroblasts. To account for this substrate deformation, we developed a 'composite cell-substrate model'. Correcting for the substrate indentation revealed that cortical cell stiffness is largely independent of substrate mechanics, which has major implications for our interpretation of many physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Rheinlaender
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Andrea Dimitracopoulos
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bernhard Wallmeyer
- Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Institute of Cell Biology, Excellence Cluster Cells in Motion, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Nils M Kronenberg
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
- Centre for Nanobiophotonics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kevin J Chalut
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Malte C Gather
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
- Centre for Nanobiophotonics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Timo Betz
- Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Institute of Cell Biology, Excellence Cluster Cells in Motion, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Guillaume Charras
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kristian Franze
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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49
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Desbiolles BXE, Hannebelle MTM, de Coulon E, Bertsch A, Rohr S, Fantner GE, Renaud P. Volcano-Shaped Scanning Probe Microscopy Probe for Combined Force-Electrogram Recordings from Excitable Cells. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:4520-4529. [PMID: 32426984 PMCID: PMC7291358 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy based approaches have led to remarkable advances in the field of mechanobiology. However, linking the mechanical cues to biological responses requires complementary techniques capable of recording these physiological characteristics. In this study, we present an instrument for combined optical, force, and electrical measurements based on a novel type of scanning probe microscopy cantilever composed of a protruding volcano-shaped nanopatterned microelectrode (nanovolcano probe) at the tip of a suspended microcantilever. This probe enables simultaneous force and electrical recordings from single cells. Successful impedance measurements on mechanically stimulated neonatal rat cardiomyocytes in situ were achieved using these nanovolcano probes. Furthermore, proof of concept experiments demonstrated that extracellular field potentials (electrogram) together with contraction displacement curves could simultaneously be recorded. These features render the nanovolcano probe especially suited for mechanobiological studies aiming at linking mechanical stimuli to electrophysiological responses of single cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. X. E. Desbiolles
- Laboratory
of Microsystems LMIS4, Ecole Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - M. T. M Hannebelle
- Laboratory
of Bio- and Nano- Instrumentation, Ecole
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - E. de Coulon
- Laboratory
of Cellular Optics II, Department of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - A. Bertsch
- Laboratory
of Microsystems LMIS4, Ecole Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - S. Rohr
- Laboratory
of Cellular Optics II, Department of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - G. E. Fantner
- Laboratory
of Bio- and Nano- Instrumentation, Ecole
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - P. Renaud
- Laboratory
of Microsystems LMIS4, Ecole Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
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50
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Li J, Wijeratne SS, Nelson TE, Lin TC, He X, Feng X, Nikoloutsos N, Fang R, Jiang K, Lian I, Kiang CH. Dependence of Membrane Tether Strength on Substrate Rigidity Probed by Single-Cell Force Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:4173-4178. [PMID: 32356665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Substrate rigidity modulates cell mechanics, which affect cell migration and proliferation. Quantifying the effects of substrate rigidity on cancer cell mechanics requires a quantifiable parameter that can be measured for individual cells, as well as a substrate platform with rigidity being the only variable. Here we used single-cell force spectroscopy to pull cancer cells on substrates varying only in rigidity, and extracted a parameter from the force-distance curves to be used to quantify the properties of membrane tethers. Our results showed that tether force increases with substrate rigidity until it reaches its asymptotic limit. The variations are similar for all three cancer cell lines studied, and the largest change occurs in the rigidity regions of softer tissues, indicating a universal response of cancer cell elasticity to substrate rigidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqiang Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Sithara S Wijeratne
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Tyler E Nelson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Biology, Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas 77710, United States
| | - Tsung-Cheng Lin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Xin He
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Xuewen Feng
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Nicolas Nikoloutsos
- Department of Biology, Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas 77710, United States
| | - Raymond Fang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Kevin Jiang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Ian Lian
- Department of Biology, Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas 77710, United States
| | - Ching-Hwa Kiang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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