1
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Erbas B, Conde-Rubio A, Liu X, Pernollet J, Wang Z, Bertsch A, Penedo M, Fantner G, Banerjee M, Kis A, Boero G, Brugger J. Combining thermal scanning probe lithography and dry etching for grayscale nanopattern amplification. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2024; 10:28. [PMID: 38405129 PMCID: PMC10891065 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-024-00655-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Grayscale structured surfaces with nanometer-scale features are used in a growing number of applications in optics and fluidics. Thermal scanning probe lithography achieves a lateral resolution below 10 nm and a vertical resolution below 1 nm, but its maximum depth in polymers is limited. Here, we present an innovative combination of nanowriting in thermal resist and plasma dry etching with substrate cooling, which achieves up to 10-fold amplification of polymer nanopatterns into SiO2 without proportionally increasing surface roughness. Sinusoidal nanopatterns in SiO2 with 400 nm pitch and 150 nm depth are fabricated free of shape distortion after dry etching. To exemplify the possible applications of the proposed method, grayscale dielectric nanostructures are used for scalable manufacturing through nanoimprint lithography and for strain nanoengineering of 2D materials. Such a method for aspect ratio amplification and smooth grayscale nanopatterning has the potential to find application in the fabrication of photonic and nanoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berke Erbas
- Microsystems Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland
| | - Ana Conde-Rubio
- Microsystems Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland
- Present Address: Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Spain
| | - Xia Liu
- Microsystems Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland
- Present Address: School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Joffrey Pernollet
- Center of MicroNanoTechnology (CMi), EPFL, Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Electronics and Structures, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Bertsch
- Microsystems Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland
| | - Marcos Penedo
- Laboratory for Bio- and Nano- Instrumentation, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland
| | - Georg Fantner
- Laboratory for Bio- and Nano- Instrumentation, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland
| | - Mitali Banerjee
- Laboratory of Quantum Physics, Topology and Correlations, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland
| | - Andras Kis
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Electronics and Structures, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Boero
- Microsystems Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland
| | - Juergen Brugger
- Microsystems Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland
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2
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Cho S, Gaponenko I, Cordero-Edwards K, Barceló-Mercader J, Arias I, Kim D, Lichtensteiger C, Yeom J, Musy L, Kim H, Han SM, Catalan G, Paruch P, Hong S. Switchable tribology of ferroelectrics. Nat Commun 2024; 15:387. [PMID: 38195614 PMCID: PMC10776724 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44346-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Switchable tribological properties of ferroelectrics offer an alternative route to visualize and control ferroelectric domains. Here, we observe the switchable friction and wear behavior of ferroelectrics using a nanoscale scanning probe-down domains have lower friction coefficients and show slower wear rates than up domains and can be used as smart masks. This asymmetry is enabled by flexoelectrically coupled polarization in the up and down domains under a sufficiently high contact force. Moreover, we determine that this polarization-sensitive tribological asymmetry is widely applicable across various ferroelectrics with different chemical compositions and crystalline symmetry. Finally, using this switchable tribology and multi-pass patterning with a domain-based dynamic smart mask, we demonstrate three-dimensional nanostructuring exploiting the asymmetric wear rates of up and down domains, which can, furthermore, be scaled up to technologically relevant (mm-cm) size. These findings demonstrate that ferroelectrics are electrically tunable tribological materials at the nanoscale for versatile applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongwoo Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Iaroslav Gaponenko
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
- G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, United States of America
| | | | - Jordi Barceló-Mercader
- LaCàN - Mathematical and Computational Modeling, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
| | - Irene Arias
- LaCàN - Mathematical and Computational Modeling, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
- International Centre for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE), Barcelona, 08034, Spain
| | - Daeho Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Céline Lichtensteiger
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jiwon Yeom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Loïc Musy
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hyunji Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Min Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Gustau Catalan
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), Campus Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, 08010, Catalonia
| | - Patrycja Paruch
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Seungbum Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- KAIST Institute for NanoCentury (KINC), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Li Z, Wang J, Xu L, Wang L, Shang H, Ying H, Zhao Y, Wen L, Guo C, Zheng X. Achieving Reliable and Ultrafast Memristors via Artificial Filaments in Silk Fibroin. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308843. [PMID: 37934889 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
The practical implementation of memristors in neuromorphic computing and biomimetic sensing suffers from unexpected temporal and spatial variations due to the stochastic formation and rupture of conductive filaments (CFs). Here, the biocompatible silk fibroin (SF) is patterned with an on-demand nanocone array by using thermal scanning probe lithography (t-SPL) to guide and confine the growth of CFs in the silver/SF/gold (Ag/SF/Au) memristor. Benefiting from the high fabrication controllability, cycle-to-cycle (temporal) standard deviation of the set voltage for the structured memristor is significantly reduced by ≈95.5% (from 1.535 to 0.0686 V) and the device-to-device (spatial) standard deviation is also reduced to 0.0648 V. Besides, the statistical relationship between the structural nanocone design and the resultant performance is confirmed, optimizing at the small operation voltage (≈0.5 V) and current (100 nA), ultrafast switching speed (sub-100 ns), large on/off ratio (104 ), and the smallest switching slope (SS < 0.01 mV dec-1 ). Finally, the short-term plasticity and leaky integrated-and-fire behavior are emulated, and a reliable thermal nociceptor system is demonstrated for practical neuromorphic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zishun Li
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
| | - Lanxin Xu
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Hongpeng Shang
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
| | - Haoting Ying
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
| | - Yingjie Zhao
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
| | - Liaoyong Wen
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
| | - Chengchen Guo
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
| | - Xiaorui Zheng
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
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4
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Weber J, Yuan Y, Pazos S, Kühnel F, Metzke C, Schätz J, Frammelsberger W, Benstetter G, Lanza M. Current-Limited Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:56365-56374. [PMID: 37988286 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Conductive atomic force microscopy (CAFM) has become the preferred tool of many companies and academics to analyze the electronic properties of materials and devices at the nanoscale. This technique scans the surface of a sample using an ultrasharp conductive nanoprobe so that the contact area between them is very small (<100 nm2) and it can measure the properties of the sample with a very high lateral resolution. However, measuring relatively low currents (∼1 nA) in such small areas produces high current densities (∼1000 A/cm2), which almost always results in fast nanoprobe degradation. That is not only expensive but also endangers the reliability of the data collected because detecting which data sets are affected by tip degradation can be complex. Here, we show an inexpensive long-sought solution for this problem by using a current limitation system. We test its performance by measuring the tunneling current across a reference ultrathin dielectric when applying ramped voltage stresses at hundreds of randomly selected locations of its surface, and we conclude that the use of a current limitation system increases the lifetime of the tips by a factor of ∼50. Our work contributes to significantly enhance the reliability of one of the most important characterization techniques in the field of nanoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Weber
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Media Technology, Deggendorf Institute of Technology, Dieter-Görlitz-Platz 1, 94469 Deggendorf, Germany
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yue Yuan
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sebastian Pazos
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fabian Kühnel
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Media Technology, Deggendorf Institute of Technology, Dieter-Görlitz-Platz 1, 94469 Deggendorf, Germany
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Metzke
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Media Technology, Deggendorf Institute of Technology, Dieter-Görlitz-Platz 1, 94469 Deggendorf, Germany
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Helmut Schmidt University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Holstenhofweg 85, 22043 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Josef Schätz
- Infineon Technologies AG, Wernerwerkstraße 2, 93049 Regensburg, Germany
- Chair of Electronic Devices, RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Straße 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Werner Frammelsberger
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics, Deggendorf Institute of Technology, Dieter-Görlitz-Platz 1, 94469 Deggendorf, Germany
| | - Günther Benstetter
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Media Technology, Deggendorf Institute of Technology, Dieter-Görlitz-Platz 1, 94469 Deggendorf, Germany
| | - Mario Lanza
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Chang S, Yan Y, Geng Y. Local Nanostrain Engineering of Monolayer MoS 2 Using Atomic Force Microscopy-Based Thermomechanical Nanoindentation. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:9219-9226. [PMID: 37824813 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Strain engineering in two-dimensional materials (2DMs) has important application potential for electronic and optoelectronic devices. However, achieving precise spatial control, adjustable sizing, and permanent strain with nanoscale resolution remains challenging. Herein, a thermomechanical nanoindentation method is introduced, inspired by skin edema caused by mosquito bites, which can induce localized nanostrain and bandgap modulation in monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) transferred onto a poly(methyl methacrylate) film utilizing a heated atomic force microscopy nanotip. Via adjustment of the machining parameters, the strains of MoS2 are manipulated, achieving an average strain of ≤2.6% on the ring-shaped expansion structure. The local bandgap of MoS2 is spatially modulated using three types of nanostructures. Among them, the nanopit has the largest range of bandgap regulation, with a substantial change of 56 meV. These findings demonstrate the capability of the proposed method to create controllable and reproducible nanostrains in 2DMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunyu Chang
- The State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Systems, Robotics Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150080, P. R. China
- Center for Precision Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P. R. China
| | - Yongda Yan
- The State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Systems, Robotics Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150080, P. R. China
- Center for Precision Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P. R. China
| | - Yanquan Geng
- The State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Systems, Robotics Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150080, P. R. China
- Center for Precision Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P. R. China
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6
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Ramò L, Giordano MC, Ferrando G, Canepa P, Telesio F, Repetto L, Buatier de Mongeot F, Canepa M, Bisio F. Thermal Scanning-Probe Lithography for Broad-Band On-Demand Plasmonic Nanostructures on Transparent Substrates. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2023; 6:18623-18631. [PMID: 37854851 PMCID: PMC10580238 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.3c04398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Thermal scanning-probe lithography (t-SPL) is a high-resolution nanolithography technique that enables the nanopatterning of thermosensitive materials by means of a heated silicon tip. It does not require alignment markers and gives the possibility to assess the morphology of the sample in a noninvasive way before, during, and after the patterning. In order to exploit t-SPL at its peak performances, the writing process requires applying an electric bias between the scanning hot tip and the sample, thereby restricting its application to conductive, optically opaque, substrates. In this work, we show a t-SPL-based method, enabling the noninvasive high-resolution nanolithography of photonic nanostructures onto optically transparent substrates across a broad-band visible and near-infrared spectral range. This was possible by intercalating an ultrathin transparent conductive oxide film between the dielectric substrate and the sacrificial patterning layer. This way, nanolithography performances comparable with those typically observed on conventional semiconductor substrates are achieved without significant changes of the optical response of the final sample. We validated this innovative nanolithography approach by engineering periodic arrays of plasmonic nanoantennas and showing the capability to tune their plasmonic response over a broad-band visible and near-infrared spectral range. The optical properties of the obtained systems make them promising candidates for the fabrication of hybrid plasmonic metasurfaces supported onto fragile low-dimensional materials, thus enabling a variety of applications in nanophotonics, sensing, and thermoplasmonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Ramò
- OptMatLab,
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università
di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, I-16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Caterina Giordano
- LabNano,
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università
di Genova, Via Dodecaneso
33, I-16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Giulio Ferrando
- LabNano,
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università
di Genova, Via Dodecaneso
33, I-16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Paolo Canepa
- OptMatLab,
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università
di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, I-16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Telesio
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, I-16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Luca Repetto
- Nanomed
Laboratories, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università
di Genova, Via Dodecaneso
33, I-16146 Genova, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Canepa
- OptMatLab,
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università
di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, I-16146 Genova, Italy
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7
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Lu Y, Xiao C, Jiang Y, Tang C, Chen L, Sun J, Qian L. Nanoscale Wear Triggered by Stress-Driven Electron Transfer. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:8842-8849. [PMID: 37729549 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Wear of sliding contacts causes device failure and energy costs; however, the microscopic principle in activating wear of the interfaces under stress is still open. Here, the typical nanoscale wear, in the case of silicon against silicon dioxide, is investigated by single-asperity wear experiments and density functional theory calculations. The tests demonstrate that the wear rate of silicon in ambient air increases exponentially with stress and does not obey classical Archard's law. Series calculations of atomistic wear reactions generally reveal that the mechanical stress linearly drives the electron transfer to activate the sequential formation and rupture of interfacial bonds in the atomistic wear process. The atomistic wear model is thus resolved by combining the present stress-driven electron transfer model with Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics. This work may advance electronic insights into the law of nanoscale wear for understanding and controlling wear and manufacturing of material surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Lu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Traction Power, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Chen Xiao
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography (ARCNL), Science Park 106, 1098XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yilong Jiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Traction Power, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Chuan Tang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Traction Power, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Lei Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Traction Power, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Junhui Sun
- School of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Traction Power, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Linmao Qian
- School of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Traction Power, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
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8
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Yang Y, Xu Y. Direct etching of nano/microscale patterns with both few-layer graphene and high-depth graphite structures by the raster STM electric lithography in the ambient conditions. J Microsc 2023; 292:37-46. [PMID: 37681465 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The development of raster STM electric lithography has enabled the etching of nano/microscale patterns on both few-layer graphene (FLG) and high-depth graphite structures on the bulk HOPG substrates under ambient conditions. This approach utilises a nanoscale probe tip as a machining tool to directly fabricate conductive sample surfaces without the need for resists or masks. Compared to conventional nano/micro machining methods, the capability of ultraaccurate fabrication of nanoscale patterns using this technique is unmatched. The resulting FLG structures exhibit ultrasmooth flat bottoms and uniformly controlled depths ranging from 0.34 to 3.0 nm (less than 10 layers). This work represents a significant advancement as it demonstrates the perfect etching of FLG structures in designated nano/microscale regions using raster STM electric lithography in the constant current mode, which reaches the limitation of top-down manufacturing techniques. Additionally, raster STM electric lithography in the constant height mode can directly etch high-depth structures (up to ∼100 nm). The geometric shape and number of layers of the etched graphene structures determined by either local anodic oxidation (LAO) or the electric discharge (ED) mechanism. The LAO mechanism results in less debris and smoother edges compared to the ED mechanism, which is caused by the random electrical discharge between the tip and the sample. The well-controlled raster STM electric lithography technique is believed to be a promising and facile approach for constructing nano/microscale graphene-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yang
- College of Information, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California
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9
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Tian H, Wang J, Lai G, Dou Y, Gao J, Duan Z, Feng X, Wu Q, He X, Yao L, Zeng L, Liu Y, Yang X, Zhao J, Zhuang S, Shi J, Qu G, Yu XF, Chu PK, Jiang G. Renaissance of elemental phosphorus materials: properties, synthesis, and applications in sustainable energy and environment. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:5388-5484. [PMID: 37455613 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs01018f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The polymorphism of phosphorus-based materials has garnered much research interest, and the variable chemical bonding structures give rise to a variety of micro and nanostructures. Among the different types of materials containing phosphorus, elemental phosphorus materials (EPMs) constitute the foundation for the synthesis of related compounds. EPMs are experiencing a renaissance in the post-graphene era, thanks to recent advancements in the scaling-down of black phosphorus, amorphous red phosphorus, violet phosphorus, and fibrous phosphorus and consequently, diverse classes of low-dimensional sheets, ribbons, and dots of EPMs with intriguing properties have been produced. The nanostructured EPMs featuring tunable bandgaps, moderate carrier mobility, and excellent optical absorption have shown great potential in energy conversion, energy storage, and environmental remediation. It is thus important to have a good understanding of the differences and interrelationships among diverse EPMs, their intrinsic physical and chemical properties, the synthesis of specific structures, and the selection of suitable nanostructures of EPMs for particular applications. In this comprehensive review, we aim to provide an in-depth analysis and discussion of the fundamental physicochemical properties, synthesis, and applications of EPMs in the areas of energy conversion, energy storage, and environmental remediation. Our evaluations are based on recent literature on well-established phosphorus allotropes and theoretical predictions of new EPMs. The objective of this review is to enhance our comprehension of the characteristics of EPMs, keep abreast of recent advances, and provide guidance for future research of EPMs in the fields of chemistry and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijiang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Jiahong Wang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
- Hubei Three Gorges Laboratory, Yichang, Hubei 443007, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Gengchang Lai
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yanpeng Dou
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
- Hubei Three Gorges Laboratory, Yichang, Hubei 443007, P. R. China
| | - Jie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China.
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
| | - Zunbin Duan
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
- Hubei Three Gorges Laboratory, Yichang, Hubei 443007, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Feng
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Qi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China.
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
| | - Xingchen He
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
- Hubei Three Gorges Laboratory, Yichang, Hubei 443007, P. R. China
| | - Linlin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China.
| | - Li Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China.
| | - Yanna Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoxi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China.
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
| | - Shulin Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Jianbo Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China.
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Guangbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China.
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Feng Yu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
- Hubei Three Gorges Laboratory, Yichang, Hubei 443007, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Paul K Chu
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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10
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Jin M, Wu K, Wang M, Zhang Y, Yang C, Li Z. High-Resolution, Multiplex Antibody Patterning using Micropillar-Focused Droplet Printing, and Microcontact Printing. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2300111. [PMID: 37178384 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Antibody arrays have great implications in many biomedical settings. However, commonly used patterning methods have difficulties in generating antibody arrays with both high resolution and multiplexity, limiting their applications. Here, a convenient and versatile technique for the patterning of multiple antibodies with resolution down to 20 µm is reported using micropillar-focused droplet printing and microcontact printing. Droplets of antibody solutions are first printed and stably confined on the micropillars of a stamp, and then the antibodies absorbed on the micropillars are contact-printed to the target substrate, generating antibody patterns faithfully replicating the micropillar array. The effect of different parameters on the patterning results is investigated, including hydrophobicity of the stamps, override time of the droplet printing, incubation time, and the diameters of the capillary tips and micropillars. To demonstrate the utility of the method, multiplex arrays of anti-EpCAM and anti-CD68 antibodies is generated to capture breast cancer cells and macrophages, respectively, on the same substrate, and successful capturing of individual cell types and enrichment among the cells are achieved. It is envision that this method would serve as a versatile and useful protein patterning tool for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichi Jin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Kai Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Mengzhen Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- School of Dentistry, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Dentistry, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Chengbin Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Zida Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
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11
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Smith PT, Ye Z, Pietryga J, Huang J, Wahl CB, Hedlund Orbeck JK, Mirkin CA. Molecular Thin Films Enable the Synthesis and Screening of Nanoparticle Megalibraries Containing Millions of Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37311072 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Megalibraries are centimeter-scale chips containing millions of materials synthesized in parallel using scanning probe lithography. As such, they stand to accelerate how materials are discovered for applications spanning catalysis, optics, and more. However, a long-standing challenge is the availability of substrates compatible with megalibrary synthesis, which limits the structural and functional design space that can be explored. To address this challenge, thermally removable polystyrene films were developed as universal substrate coatings that decouple lithography-enabled nanoparticle synthesis from the underlying substrate chemistry, thus providing consistent lithography parameters on diverse substrates. Multi-spray inking of the scanning probe arrays with polymer solutions containing metal salts allows patterning of >56 million nanoreactors designed to vary in composition and size. These are subsequently converted to inorganic nanoparticles via reductive thermal annealing, which also removes the polystyrene to deposit the megalibrary. Megalibraries with mono-, bi-, and trimetallic materials were synthesized, and nanoparticle size was controlled between 5 and 35 nm by modulating the lithography speed. Importantly, the polystyrene coating can be used on conventional substrates like Si/SiOx, as well as substrates typically more difficult to pattern on, such as glassy carbon, diamond, TiO2, BN, W, or SiC. Finally, high-throughput materials discovery is performed in the context of photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants using Au-Pd-Cu nanoparticle megalibraries on TiO2 substrates with 2,250,000 unique composition/size combinations. The megalibrary was screened within 1 h by developing fluorescent thin-film coatings on top of the megalibrary as proxies for catalytic turnover, revealing Au0.53Pd0.38Cu0.09-TiO2 as the most active photocatalyst composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zihao Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jacob Pietryga
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jin Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Carolin B Wahl
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jenny K Hedlund Orbeck
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chad A Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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12
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Huang X, Masubuchi S, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Machida T, Nomura M. Super-Ballistic Width Dependence of Thermal Conductivity in Graphite Nanoribbons and Microribbons. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1854. [PMID: 37368283 DOI: 10.3390/nano13121854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The super-ballistic temperature dependence of thermal conductivity, facilitated by collective phonons, has been widely studied. It has been claimed to be unambiguous evidence for hydrodynamic phonon transport in solids. Alternatively, hydrodynamic thermal conduction is predicted to be as strongly dependent on the width of the structure as is fluid flow, while its direct demonstration remains an unexplored challenge. In this work, we experimentally measured thermal conductivity in several graphite ribbon structures with different widths, from 300 nm to 1.2 µm, and studied its width dependence in a wide temperature range of 10-300 K. We observed enhanced width dependence of the thermal conductivity in the hydrodynamic window of 75 K compared to that in the ballistic limit, which provides indispensable evidence for phonon hydrodynamic transport from the perspective of peculiar width dependence. This will help to find the missing piece to complete the puzzle of phonon hydrodynamics, and guide future attempts at efficient heat dissipation in advanced electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Satoru Masubuchi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Electronic and Optical Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Tomoki Machida
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nomura
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
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13
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Menétrey M, van Nisselroy C, Xu M, Hengsteler J, Spolenak R, Zambelli T. Microstructure-driven electrical conductivity optimization in additively manufactured microscale copper interconnects. RSC Adv 2023; 13:13575-13585. [PMID: 37152573 PMCID: PMC10155493 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00611e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
As the microelectronics field pushes to increase device density through downscaling component dimensions, various novel micro- and nano-scale additive manufacturing technologies have emerged to expand the small scale design space. These techniques offer unprecedented freedom in designing 3D circuitry but have not yet delivered device-grade materials. To highlight the complex role of processing on the quality and microstructure of AM metals, we report the electrical properties of micrometer-scale copper interconnects fabricated by Fluid Force Microscopy (FluidFM) and Electrohydrodynamic-Redox Printing (EHD-RP). Using a thin film-based 4-terminal testing chip developed for the scope of this study, the electrical resistance of as-printed metals is directly related to print strategies and the specific morphological and microstructural features. Notably, the chip requires direct synthesis of conductive structures on an insulating substrate, which is shown for the first time in the case of FluidFM. Finally, we demonstrate the unique ability of EHD-RP to tune the materials resistivity by one order of magnitude solely through printing voltage. Through its novel electrical characterization approach, this study offers unique insight into the electrical properties of micro- and submicrometer-sized copper interconnects and steps towards a deeper understanding of micro AM metal properties for advanced electronics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxence Menétrey
- Laboratory for Nanometallurgy, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Cathelijn van Nisselroy
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zürich Gloriastrasse 35 8092 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Mengjia Xu
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zürich Gloriastrasse 35 8092 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Julian Hengsteler
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zürich Gloriastrasse 35 8092 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Ralph Spolenak
- Laboratory for Nanometallurgy, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Tomaso Zambelli
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zürich Gloriastrasse 35 8092 Zürich Switzerland
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14
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Chen H, Luo Z, Lin X, Zhu Y, Zhao Y. Sensors-integrated organ-on-a-chip for biomedical applications. NANO RESEARCH 2023; 16:1-28. [PMID: 37359077 PMCID: PMC10130312 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-023-5651-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
As a promising new micro-physiological system, organ-on-a-chip has been widely utilized for in vitro pharmaceutical study and tissues engineering based on the three-dimensional constructions of tissues/organs and delicate replication of in vivo-like microenvironment. To better observe the biological processes, a variety of sensors have been integrated to realize in-situ, real-time, and sensitive monitoring of critical signals for organs development and disease modeling. Herein, we discuss the recent research advances made with respect to sensors-integrated organ-on-a-chip in this overall review. Firstly, we briefly explore the underlying fabrication procedures of sensors within microfluidic platforms and several classifications of sensory principles. Then, emphasis is put on the highlighted applications of different types of organ-on-a-chip incorporated with various sensors. Last but not least, perspective on the remaining challenges and future development of sensors-integrated organ-on-a-chip are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxu Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 China
| | - Zhiqiang Luo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 China
| | - Xiang Lin
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 China
| | - Yujuan Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001 China
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15
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Weber J, Yuan Y, Kühnel F, Metzke C, Schätz J, Frammelsberger W, Benstetter G, Lanza M. Solid Platinum Nanoprobes for Highly Reliable Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:21602-21608. [PMID: 37083396 PMCID: PMC10165598 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c01102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Conductive atomic force microscopy (CAFM) is a powerful technique to investigate electrical and mechanical properties of materials and devices at the nanoscale. However, its main challenge is the reliability of the probe tips and their interaction with the samples. The most common probe tips used in CAFM studies are made of Si coated with a thin (∼20 nm) film of Pt or Pt-rich alloys (such as Pt/Ir), but this can degrade fast due to high current densities (>102A/cm2) and mechanical frictions. Si tips coated with doped diamond and solid doped diamond tips are more durable, but they are significantly more expensive and their high stiffness often damages the surface of most samples. One growing alternative is to use solid Pt tips, which have an intermediate price and are expected to be more durable than metal-coated silicon tips. However, a thorough characterization of the performance of solid Pt probes for CAFM research has never been reported. In this article, we characterize the performance of solid Pt probes for nanoelectronics research by performing various types of experiments and compare them to Pt/Ir-coated Si probes. Our results indicate that solid Pt probes exhibit a lateral resolution that is very similar to that of Pt/Ir-coated Si probes but with the big advantage of a much longer lifetime. Moreover, the probe-to-probe deviation of the electrical data collected is small. The use of solid Pt probes can help researchers to enhance the reliability of their CAFM experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Weber
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Media Technology, Deggendorf Institute of Technology, Dieter-Görlitz-Platz 1, 94469 Deggendorf, Germany
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yue Yuan
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fabian Kühnel
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Media Technology, Deggendorf Institute of Technology, Dieter-Görlitz-Platz 1, 94469 Deggendorf, Germany
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Metzke
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Media Technology, Deggendorf Institute of Technology, Dieter-Görlitz-Platz 1, 94469 Deggendorf, Germany
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Helmut Schmidt University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Holstenhofweg 85, 22043 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Josef Schätz
- Infineon Technologies AG, Wernerwerkstraße 2, 93049 Regensburg, Germany
- Chair of Electronic Devices, RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Straße 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Werner Frammelsberger
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics, Deggendorf Institute of Technology, Dieter-Görlitz-Platz 1, 94469 Deggendorf, Germany
| | - Günther Benstetter
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Media Technology, Deggendorf Institute of Technology, Dieter-Görlitz-Platz 1, 94469 Deggendorf, Germany
| | - Mario Lanza
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Han D, Deng S, Ye T, Wei Y. Enhancement of pattern quality in maskless plasmonic lithography via spatial loss modulation. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:40. [PMID: 37007604 PMCID: PMC10060221 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00512-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic lithography, which uses the evanescent electromagnetic (EM) fields to generate image beyond the diffraction limit, has been successfully demonstrated as an alternative lithographic technology for creating sub-10 nm patterns. However, the obtained photoresist pattern contour in general exhibits a very poor fidelity due to the near-field optical proximity effect (OPE), which is far below the minimum requirement for nanofabrication. Understanding the near-field OPE formation mechanism is important to minimize its impact on nanodevice fabrication and improve its lithographic performance. In this work, a point-spread function (PSF) generated by a plasmonic bowtie-shaped nanoaperture (BNA) is employed to quantify the photon-beam deposited energy in the near-field patterning process. The achievable resolution of plasmonic lithography has successfully been enhanced to approximately 4 nm with numerical simulations. A field enhancement factor (F) as a function of gap size is defined to quantitatively evaluate the strong near-field enhancement effect excited by a plasmonic BNA, which also reveals that the high enhancement of the evanescent field is due to the strong resonant coupling between the plasmonic waveguide and the surface plasmon waves (SPWs). However, based on an investigation of the physical origin of the near-field OPE, and the theoretical calculations and simulation results indicate that the evanescent-field-induced rapid loss of high-k information is one of the main optical contributors to the near-field OPE. Furthermore, an analytic formula is introduced to quantitatively analyze the effect of the rapidly decaying feature of the evanescent field on the final exposure pattern profile. Notably, a fast and effective optimization method based on the compensation principle of the exposure dose is proposed to reduce the pattern distortion by modulating the exposure map with dose leveling. The proposed pattern quality enhancement method can open new possibilities in the manufacture of nanostructures with ultrahigh pattern quality via plasmonic lithography, which would find potentially promising applications in high density optical storage, biosensors, and plasmonic nanofocusing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Han
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Sen Deng
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Tianchun Ye
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing, 100049 China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microelectronics, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Yayi Wei
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing, 100049 China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microelectronics, Beijing, 100029 China
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17
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Zhang W, Wu X, Li L, Zou C, Chen Y. Fabrication of a VO 2-Based Tunable Metasurface by Electric-Field Scanning Probe Lithography with Precise Depth Control. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:13517-13525. [PMID: 36856296 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Vanadium dioxide (VO2) is widely employed in developing tunable optoelectronic devices due to its significant changes in optical and electric properties upon phase transition. To fabricate the VO2-based functional devices down to the micro/nanoscale, a high-resolution processing technique is in demand. Scanning probe lithography (SPL) on the basis of a tip-induced electric field provides a promising approach for prototyping. Here, we demonstrated a precise VO2 etching strategy by direct writing on a VO2 film with a negative tip bias and subsequent sonication removal of the written area. The effects of bias voltage, sonication, and thermal treatment as well as the mechanical difference between the tip-modulated area and the pristine VO2 film were investigated systematically. The results show that VO2 can be etched layer by layer via alternately repeating tip modulation and sonication, and arbitrary patterns can be written. Based on this route, we designed a kind of metasurface by arranging VO2-gold nanoblocks with different sizes and heights for spectrally selective tunable reflectivity in near- and mid-infrared. This electric-field SPL method demonstrates the prominent advantages of high resolution down to several tens of nanometers, quasi-3D patterning, and resist-free maskless direct writing, which should be applicable for prototyping other micro/nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Zhang
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Xiqi Wu
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Liang Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Chongwen Zou
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Yuhang Chen
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
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18
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Borodin BR, Benimetskiy FA, Davydov VY, Eliseyev IA, Smirnov AN, Pidgayko DA, Lepeshov SI, Bogdanov AA, Alekseev PA. Indirect bandgap MoSe 2 resonators for light-emitting nanophotonics. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2023; 8:396-403. [PMID: 36723266 DOI: 10.1039/d2nh00465h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are promising for new generation nanophotonics due to their unique optical properties. However, in contrast to direct bandgap TMD monolayers, bulk samples have an indirect bandgap that restricts their application as light emitters. On the other hand, the high refractive index of these materials allows for effective light trapping and the creation of high-Q resonators. In this work, a method for the nanofabrication of microcavities from indirect TMD multilayer flakes, which makes it possible to achieve pronounced resonant photoluminescence enhancement due to the cavity modes, is proposed. Whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonators are fabricated from bulk indirect MoSe2 using resistless scanning probe lithography. A micro-photoluminescence (μ-PL) investigation revealed the WGM spectra of the resonators with an enhancement factor up to 100. The characteristic features of WGMs are clearly seen from the scattering experiments which are in agreement with the results of numerical simulations. It is shown that the PL spectra in the fabricated microcavities are contributed by two mechanisms demonstrating different temperature dependences. The indirect PL, which is quenched with the temperature decrease, and the direct PL which almost does not depend on the temperature. The results of the work show that the suggested approach has great prospects in nanophotonics.
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19
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Sun Q, Liu W, Huang D, Huang X, Xu S, Wang J, Ye Z, Wang X, Wu S, Yue Y. Molecular dynamics study on thermal conductance between a nanotip and a substrate under vertical forces and horizontal sliding. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:5510-5519. [PMID: 36723186 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04655e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The heat transfer between a nanotip and its substrate is extremely complex but is a key factor in determining the measurement accuracy in tip-assisted nanomanufacturing and thermometry. In this work, the heat transfer from the nanotip to the substrate during sliding is investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. Interfacial interaction and bond formation are analyzed during the sliding process. The results show that the increase of vertical force would greatly improve the interface thermal conductance between the nanotip and the substrate. It is found that more bonds are formed and there are larger contact areas at the interface. In addition, we found that the thermal conductivity of the nanotip is another obstacle for heat transfer between the tip and substrate and it is greatly limited by the nanotip diameter near contact which is close to or even smaller than the phonon mean free path. Meanwhile, the dynamic formation and breakage of the covalent bonds during the sliding could gradually smoothen the tip apex and enhance the thermal transport at the interface. This work provides guidance for the thermal design of a nanotip-substrate system for nanoscale thermal transport measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangsheng Sun
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Wenxiang Liu
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Dezhao Huang
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Xiaona Huang
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Shen Xu
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jianmei Wang
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Zhijiang Ye
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Miami University, Ohio 45056, USA
| | - Xiaosun Wang
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Shijing Wu
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Yanan Yue
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China. .,Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Miami University, Ohio 45056, USA
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20
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Wang Q, Cui H, Wang X, Hu Z, Tao P, Li M, Wang J, Tang Y, Xu H, He X. Exceptional Light Sensitivity by Thiol-Ene Click Lithography. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3064-3074. [PMID: 36625511 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Lithographic patterning, which utilizes the solubility switch of photoresists to convert optical signals into nanostructures on the substrate, is the primary top-down approach for nanoscale fabrication. However, the low light/electron-energy conversion efficiency severely limits the throughput of lithography. Thiol-ene reaction, as a photoinitiated radical addition reaction, is widely known as click reaction in the field of chemistry due to its extremely high efficiency. Here, we introduce a click lithography strategy utilizing the rapid thiol-ene click reaction to realize ultraefficient nanofabrication. This novel approach facilitated by the implementation of ultrahigh-functionality material designs enables high-contrast patterning of metal-containing nanoclusters under an extremely low deep-ultraviolet exposure dose, e.g., 7.5 mJ cm-2, which is 10-20 times lower than the dose used in the photoacid generator-based photoresist system. Meanwhile, 45 nm dense patterns were also achieved at a low dose using electron beam lithography, revealing the great potential of this approach in high-resolution patterning. Our results demonstrated the high-sensitivity and high-resolution features of click lithography, providing inspiration for future lithography design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Wang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Hao Cui
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Ziyu Hu
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Peipei Tao
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Mingyang Li
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Yaping Tang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Xiangming He
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
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21
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Kim JH, Jeong HU, Yeom HI, Han KH, Yang GG, Choi HJ, Kim JM, Park SHK, Jin HM, Kim JU, Kim SO. Atomically Flat, 2D Edge-Directed Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2207338. [PMID: 36300610 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale shape engineering is an essential requirement for the practical use of 2D materials, aiming at precisely customizing optimal structures and properties. In this work, sub-10-nm-scale block copolymer (BCP) self-assembled nanopatterns finely aligned along the atomic edge of 2D flakes, including graphene, MoS2 , and h-BN, are exploited for reliable nanopatterning of 2D materials. The underlying mechanism for the alignment of the self-assembled nanodomains is elucidated based on the wetting layer alternation of the BCP film in the presence of intermediate 2D flakes. The resultant highly aligned nanocylinder templates with remarkably low levels of line edge roughness (LER) and line-width roughness (LWR) yield a sub-10-nm-wide graphene nanoribbon (GNR) array with noticeable switching characteristics (on-to-off ratio up to ≈6 × 104 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang Hwan Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative (CRI) Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon U Jeong
- Department of Physics, UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-In Yeom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Hyo Han
- National Creative Research Initiative (CRI) Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon Gug Yang
- National Creative Research Initiative (CRI) Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jae Choi
- National Creative Research Initiative (CRI) Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Min Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hee Ko Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Min Jin
- Department of Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeup U Kim
- Department of Physics, UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ouk Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative (CRI) Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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22
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Paras, Yadav K, Kumar P, Teja DR, Chakraborty S, Chakraborty M, Mohapatra SS, Sahoo A, Chou MMC, Liang CT, Hang DR. A Review on Low-Dimensional Nanomaterials: Nanofabrication, Characterization and Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:160. [PMID: 36616070 PMCID: PMC9824826 DOI: 10.3390/nano13010160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of modern cutting-edge technology relies heavily on the huge success and advancement of nanotechnology, in which nanomaterials and nanostructures provide the indispensable material cornerstone. Owing to their nanoscale dimensions with possible quantum limit, nanomaterials and nanostructures possess a high surface-to-volume ratio, rich surface/interface effects, and distinct physical and chemical properties compared with their bulk counterparts, leading to the remarkably expanded horizons of their applications. Depending on their degree of spatial quantization, low-dimensional nanomaterials are generally categorized into nanoparticles (0D); nanorods, nanowires, and nanobelts (1D); and atomically thin layered materials (2D). This review article provides a comprehensive guide to low-dimensional nanomaterials and nanostructures. It begins with the classification of nanomaterials, followed by an inclusive account of nanofabrication and characterization. Both top-down and bottom-up fabrication approaches are discussed in detail. Next, various significant applications of low-dimensional nanomaterials are discussed, such as photonics, sensors, catalysis, energy storage, diverse coatings, and various bioapplications. This article would serve as a quick and facile guide for scientists and engineers working in the field of nanotechnology and nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paras
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Kushal Yadav
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 826004, India
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Dharmasanam Ravi Teja
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Sudipto Chakraborty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Monojit Chakraborty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | | | - Abanti Sahoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, India
| | - Mitch M. C. Chou
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Center of Crystal Research, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Te Liang
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Taiwan Consortium of Emergent Crystalline Materials, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Da-Ren Hang
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Center of Crystal Research, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
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23
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Rahman MM, Tolbert CL, Saha P, Halpern JM, Hill CM. On-Demand Electrochemical Fabrication of Ordered Nanoparticle Arrays using Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy. ACS NANO 2022; 16:21275-21282. [PMID: 36399100 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Well-ordered nanoparticle arrays are attractive platforms for a variety of analytical applications, but the fabrication of such arrays is generally challenging. Here, it is demonstrated that scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) can be used as a powerful, instantly reconfigurable tool for the fabrication of ordered nanoparticle arrays. Using SECCM, Ag nanoparticle arrays were straightforwardly fabricated via electrodeposition at the interface between a substrate electrode and an electrolyte-filled pipet. By dynamically monitoring the currents flowing in an SECCM cell, individual nucleation and growth events could be detected and controlled to yield individual nanoparticles of controlled size. Characterization of the resulting arrays demonstrate that this SECCM-based approach enables spatial control of nanoparticle location comparable with the terminal diameter of the pipet employed and straightforward control over the volume of material deposited at each site within an array. These results provide further evidence for the utility of probe-based electrochemical techniques such as SECCM as tools for surface modification in addition to analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Maksudur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming82071, United States
| | - Chloe L Tolbert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming82071, United States
| | - Partha Saha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming82071, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Halpern
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of New Hampshire, 33 Academic Way, Durham, New Hampshire03824, United States
| | - Caleb M Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming82071, United States
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24
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Li Z, Allegre O, Li L. Realising high aspect ratio 10 nm feature size in laser materials processing in air at 800 nm wavelength in the far-field by creating a high purity longitudinal light field at focus. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:339. [PMID: 36456549 PMCID: PMC9715648 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00962-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In semiconductor and data storage device manufacturing, it is desirable to produce feature sizes less than 30 nm with a high depth-to-width aspect ratio on the target material rapidly at a low cost. However, optical diffraction limits the smallest focused laser beam diameter to around half of the laser wavelength (λ/2). The existing approach to achieving nanoscale fabrication is mainly based on costly extreme ultraviolet (EUV) technology operating within the diffraction limit. In this paper, a new method is shown to achieve materials processing resolution down to 10 nm (λ/80) at an infrared laser wavelength of around 800 nm in the far-field, in air, well beyond the optical diffraction limit. A high-quality longitudinal field with a purity of 94.7% is generated to realise this super-resolution. Both experiments and theoretical modelling have been carried out to verify and understand the findings. The ablation craters induced on polished silicon, copper, and sapphire are compared for different types of light fields. Holes of 10-30 nm in diameter are produced on sapphire with a depth-to-width aspect ratio of over 16 and a zero taper with a single pulse at 100-120 nJ pulse energy. Such high aspect ratio sub-50 nm holes produced with single pulse laser irradiation are rarely seen in laser processing, indicating a new material removal mechanism with the longitudinal field. The working distance (lens to target) is around 170 µm, thus the material processing is in the far field. Tapered nano-holes can also be produced by adjusting the lens to the target distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqing Li
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Olivier Allegre
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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25
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Liu S, Wang J, Shao J, Ouyang D, Zhang W, Liu S, Li Y, Zhai T. Nanopatterning Technologies of 2D Materials for Integrated Electronic and Optoelectronic Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200734. [PMID: 35501143 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With the reduction of feature size and increase of integration density, traditional 3D semiconductors are unable to meet the future requirements of chip integration. The current semiconductor fabrication technologies are approaching their physical limits based on Moore's law. 2D materials such as graphene, transitional metal dichalcogenides, etc., are of great promise for future memory, logic, and photonic devices due to their unique and excellent properties. To prompt 2D materials and devices from the laboratory research stage to the industrial integrated circuit-level, it is necessary to develop advanced nanopatterning methods to obtain high-quality, wafer-scale, and patterned 2D products. Herein, the recent development of nanopatterning technologies, particularly toward realizing large-scale practical application of 2D materials is reviewed. Based on the technological progress, the unique requirement and advances of the 2D integration process for logic, memory, and optoelectronic devices are further summarized. Finally, the opportunities and challenges of nanopatterning technologies of 2D materials for future integrated chip devices are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Jiefan Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Decai Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Shiyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Tianyou Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
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26
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Chandrashekar A, Givois A, Belardinelli P, Penning CL, Aragón AM, Staufer U, Alijani F. Sensitivity of viscoelastic characterization in multi-harmonic atomic force microscopy. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:8748-8755. [PMID: 36349749 PMCID: PMC9709660 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00482h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying the nanomechanical properties of soft-matter using multi-frequency atomic force microscopy (AFM) is crucial for studying the performance of polymers, ultra-thin coatings, and biological systems. Such characterization processes often make use of cantilever's spectral components to discern nanomechanical properties within a multi-parameter optimization problem. This could inadvertently lead to an over-determined parameter estimation with no clear relation between the identified parameters and their influence on the experimental data. In this work, we explore the sensitivity of viscoelastic characterization in polymeric samples to the experimental observables of multi-frequency intermodulation AFM. By performing simulations and experiments we show that surface viscoelasticity has negligible effect on the experimental data and can lead to inconsistent and often non-physical identified parameters. Our analysis reveals that this lack of influence of the surface parameters relates to a vanishing gradient and non-convexity while minimizing the objective function. By removing the surface dependency from the model, we show that the characterization of bulk properties can be achieved with ease and without any ambiguity. Our work sheds light on the sensitivity issues that can be faced when optimizing for a large number of parameters and observables in AFM operation, and calls for the development of new viscoelastic models at the nanoscale and improved computational methodologies for nanoscale mapping of viscoelasticity using AFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilash Chandrashekar
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Arthur Givois
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Casper L Penning
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Alejandro M Aragón
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Urs Staufer
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Farbod Alijani
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands.
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27
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Viaña JM, Romero M, Lozano G, Míguez H. Nanoantennas Patterned by Colloidal Lithography for Enhanced Nanophosphor Light Emission. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2022; 5:16242-16249. [PMID: 36466302 PMCID: PMC9706497 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.2c03258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Transparent coatings made of rare-earth doped nanocrystals, also known as nanophosphors, feature efficient photoluminescence and excellent thermal and optical stability. Herein, we demonstrate that the optical antennas prepared by colloidal lithography render thin nanophosphor films with a brighter emission. In particular, we fabricate gold nanostructures in the proximity of GdVO4:Eu3+ nanophosphors by metal evaporation using a mask made of a monolayer of polymer beads arranged in a triangular lattice. Optical modes supported by the antennas can be controlled by tuning the diameter of the polymer spheres in the colloidal mask, which determines the shape of the gold nanostructure, as confirmed by numerical simulations. Confocal microscopy reveals that metallic antennas induce brighter photoluminescence at specific spatial regions of the nanophosphor film at targeted frequencies as a result of the coupling between gold nanostructures and nanophosphors. Patterning of nanophosphor thin layers with arrays of metallic antennas offers an inexpensive nanophotonic solution to develop bright emitting coatings of interest for color conversion, labeling, or anti-counterfeiting.
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28
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Pellegrino P, Farella I, Cascione M, De Matteis V, Bramanti AP, Vincenti L, Della Torre A, Quaranta F, Rinaldi R. Pile-Ups Formation in AFM-Based Nanolithography: Morpho-Mechanical Characterization and Removal Strategies. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1982. [PMID: 36422411 PMCID: PMC9692810 DOI: 10.3390/mi13111982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, great efforts have been made to develop innovative, effective, and accurate nanofabrication techniques stimulated by the growing demand for nanostructures. Nowadays, mechanical tip-based emerged as the most promising nanolithography technique, allowing the pattern of nanostructures with a sub-nanometer resolution, high reproducibility, and accuracy. Unfortunately, these nanostructures result in contoured pile-ups that could limit their use and future integration into high-tech devices. The removal of pile-ups is still an open challenge. In this perspective, two different AFM-based approaches, i.e., Force Modulation Mode imaging and force-distance curve analysis, were used to characterize the structure of pile-ups at the edges of nanogrooves patterned on PMMA substrate by means of Pulse-Atomic Force Lithography. Our experimental results showed that the material in pile-ups was less stiff than the pristine polymer. Based on this evidence, we have developed an effective strategy to easily remove pile-ups, preserving the shape and the morphology of nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Pellegrino
- Department of Mathematics and Physics “Ennio De Giorgi”, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Isabella Farella
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (IMM), CNR, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Mariafrancesca Cascione
- Department of Mathematics and Physics “Ennio De Giorgi”, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Valeria De Matteis
- Department of Mathematics and Physics “Ennio De Giorgi”, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Alessandro Paolo Bramanti
- STMicroelectronics S.r.l., System Research and Applications (SRA) Silicon Biotech, Lecce Labs, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Vincenti
- Department of Mathematics and Physics “Ennio De Giorgi”, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Antonio Della Torre
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (IMM), CNR, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Fabio Quaranta
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (IMM), CNR, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Rosaria Rinaldi
- Department of Mathematics and Physics “Ennio De Giorgi”, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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29
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Alves WA, King GM, Guha S. Looking into a crystal ball: printing and patterning self-assembled peptide nanostructures. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:15607-15616. [PMID: 36268821 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03750e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The solution processability of organic semiconductors and conjugated polymers along with the advent of nanomaterials as conducting inks have revolutionized next-generation flexible consumer electronics. Another equally important class of nanomaterials, self-assembled peptides, heralded as next-generation materials for bioelectronics, have a lot of potential in printed technology. In this minireview, we address the self-assembly process in dipeptides, their application in electronics, and recent progress in three-dimensional printing. The prospect of a generalizable path for nanopatterning self-assembled peptides using ice lithography and its challenges are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendel A Alves
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, 09219-580 Santo Andre, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gavin M King
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
- Joint with Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Suchismita Guha
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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30
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Li L, Wang M, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhang F, Wu Y, Wang Y, Lyu Y, Lu N, Wang G, Peng H, Shen S, Du Y, Zhu Z, Nan CW, Yu P. Manipulating the insulator-metal transition through tip-induced hydrogenation. NATURE MATERIALS 2022; 21:1246-1251. [PMID: 36175522 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01373-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Manipulating the insulator-metal transition in strongly correlated materials has attracted a broad range of research activity due to its promising applications in, for example, memories, electrochromic windows and optical modulators1,2. Electric-field-controlled hydrogenation using ionic liquids3-6 and solid electrolytes7-9 is a useful strategy to obtain the insulator-metal transition with corresponding electron filling, but faces technical challenges for miniaturization due to the complicated device architecture. Here we demonstrate reversible electric-field control of nanoscale hydrogenation into VO2 with a tunable insulator-metal transition using a scanning probe. The Pt-coated probe serves as an efficient catalyst to split hydrogen molecules, while the positive-biased voltage accelerates hydrogen ions between the tip and sample surface to facilitate their incorporation, leading to non-volatile transformation from insulating VO2 into conducting HxVO2. Remarkably, a negative-biased voltage triggers dehydrogenation to restore the insulating VO2. This work demonstrates a local and reversible electric-field-controlled insulator-metal transition through hydrogen evolution and presents a versatile pathway to exploit multiple functional devices at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linglong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yadong Zhou
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongshun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingjie Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Nianpeng Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guopeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Huining Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shengchun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingge Du
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Zihua Zhu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Ce-Wen Nan
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Pu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing, China.
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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31
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Abdoul-Carime H, Kopyra J. Reactions in CCl4 films deposited onto a cold gold substrate induced by charge transfer vs. (0-5) eV free electrons. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.140182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Torres-Davila FE, Molinari M, Blair RG, Rochdi N, Tetard L. Enhancing Infrared Light-Matter Interaction for Deterministic and Tunable Nanomachining of Hexagonal Boron Nitride. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:8196-8202. [PMID: 36122311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tailoring two-dimensional (2D) materials functionalities is closely intertwined with defect engineering. Conventional methods do not offer the necessary control to locally introduce and study defects in 2D materials, especially in non-vacuum environments. Here, an infrared pulsed laser focused under the metallic tip of an atomic force microscope cantilever is used to create nanoscale defects in hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and to subsequently investigate the induced lattice distortions by means of nanoscale infrared (nano-IR) spectroscopy. The effects of incoming light power, exposure time, and environmental conditions on the defected regions are considered. Nano-IR spectra complement the morphology maps by revealing changes in lattice vibrations that distinguish the defects formed under various environments. This work introduces versatile experimental avenues to trigger and probe local reactions that functionalize 2D materials through defect creation with a higher level of precision for applications in sensing, catalysis, optoelectronics, quantum computing, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernand E Torres-Davila
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
- Physics Department, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Michael Molinari
- Institute of Chemistry and Biology of Membranes and Nano-objects (CBMN), CNRS UMR 5248, IPB, Université de Bordeaux, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Richard G Blair
- Florida Space Institute, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
- Renewable Energy and Chemical Transformations Cluster (REACT), University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Nabil Rochdi
- Laboratory of Innovative Materials, Energy and Sustainable Development (IMED-Lab), Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco
| | - Laurene Tetard
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
- Physics Department, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
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33
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Jiao K, Becerra-Mora N, Russell B, Migone A, Gemeinhardt ME, Goodson BM, Kohli P. Simultaneous Writing and Erasing Using Probe Lithography Synchronized Erasing and Deposition (PLiSED). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:12630-12643. [PMID: 36201686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous writing and erasing of two and three molecules in one single step at the microscale using Polymeric Lithography Editor (PLE) probes is demonstrated. Simultaneous writing and erasing of three molecules was accomplished by rastering a nanoporous probe that was loaded with rhodamine B and fluorescein over a quinine-coated glass substrate. The solvated quinine molecules were erased and transported into the probe matrix, whereas both rhodamine and fluorescein molecules were simultaneously deposited and aligned with the path of the erased quinine on the substrate. The simultaneous writing and erasing of molecules is referred to as PLiSED. The writing and erasing speed can be easily tuned by adjusting the probe speed to as large as 10,000 μm2/s. The microscale patterns on the orders of square millimeter area were fabricated by erasing fluorescein with an efficiency (ηe) > 95% while simultaneously depositing rhodamine molecules at the erased spots. The roles of the probe porosity, transport medium, and kinetics of solvation for editing were also investigated─the presence of a transport medium at the probe-substrate interface is required for the transport of the molecules into and out of the probe. The physical and mechanical properties of the polymeric probes influenced molecular editing. Young's modulus values of the hydrated hydrogels composed of varying monomer/cross-linker ratios were estimated using atomic force microscopy. Probes with the highest observed erasing capacity were used for further experiments to investigate the effects of relative humidity and erasing time on editing. Careful control over experimental conditions provided high-quality editing of microscale patterns at high editing speed. Combining erasing and deposition of multiple molecules in one single step offers a unique opportunity to significantly improve the efficiency and the accuracy of lithographic editing at the microscale. PLiSED enables rapid on-site lithographic rectification and has considerable application values in high-quality lithography and solid surface modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Jiao
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Nathalie Becerra-Mora
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Brice Russell
- School of Physics and Applied Physics, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Aldo Migone
- School of Physics and Applied Physics, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Max E Gemeinhardt
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Boyd M Goodson
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
- Materials Technology Center, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Punit Kohli
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
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34
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Handrea-Dragan IM, Botiz I, Tatar AS, Boca S. Patterning at the micro/nano-scale: Polymeric scaffolds for medical diagnostic and cell-surface interaction applications. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 218:112730. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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35
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Uzoma PC, Ding X, Wen X, Zhang L, Penkov OV, Hu H. A wear-resistant silicon nano-spherical AFM probe for robust nanotribological studies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:23849-23857. [PMID: 36165057 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03150g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanoscale wear can severely limit the performance of tips used in atomic force microscopy, especially in contact and lateral mode operations. Hence, we investigated the mechanical and tribological properties of a newly invented nano-spherical silicon tip produced via swelling of single-crystal silicon using helium ion dosing to ascertain its reliability for AFM operations. The nanoindentation test proved that the modulus of elasticity of the nano-spheres tends to increase with the diameter of the spheres at 0.5 mN contact force. However, at 10 mN higher contact force, the elastic modulus was stable at ∼160 GPa irrespective of the sphere diameter. The SEM images confirmed the durability of the tip after 10 000 cycles of sliding on a silicon wafer and quartz surfaces. There was no damage on the tip and the wear debris was suggested to be from the localized wear on the counter wafer surface. Also, the in situ AFM pull-off force test indicated that the geometry of the tip remained unaltered during the wear test. The Si/SiO2 tribology study showed a decrease in coefficient of friction as velocity and sliding cycles increased which was attributed to the tribochemical reactions occurring at the Si/SiO2 interfaces. These results indicate that the new nano-spherical AFM tip has advantages in nanoscale tribology measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Uzoma
- ZJU-UIUC Institute, International Campus, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, China.
| | - Xiaolei Ding
- ZJU-UIUC Institute, International Campus, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, China.
| | - Xiaolei Wen
- Center for Micro and Nanoscale Research and Fabrication, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Lansheng Zhang
- ZJU-UIUC Institute, International Campus, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, China.
| | - Oleksiy V Penkov
- ZJU-UIUC Institute, International Campus, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, China. .,Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Huan Hu
- ZJU-UIUC Institute, International Campus, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, China. .,State Key laboratory of Fluidic Power & Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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36
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Liang L, Jia S, Barman I. DNA-POINT: DNA Patterning of Optical Imprint for Nanomaterials Topography. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:38388-38397. [PMID: 35969693 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Engineering well-defined scale-spanning structures through transfer of diverse biomolecules and materials to a surface is of tremendous interest in life sciences research yet remains profoundly challenging. Here, we report a novel method, termed as DNA patterning of optical imprint for nanomaterials topography (DNA-POINT), for rapid photopatterning of large area, geometrically complex surfaces via light-responsive DNA. Our method employs top-down multiphoton-driven patterning of azobenzene-modified DNA strands, offering precise position control of molecules and nanoparticles along the axial plane and a template for bottom-up self-assembly of multiple layers of different chemical composition along the vertical plane. We demonstrate the surface patterning of plasmonic gold nanoparticles, fluorophore-labeled oligonucleotides, and multiple layers consisting of molecule-nanoparticle hybrid patterns into preconceived shapes without compromising on the functionality of the biomolecules. Furthermore, we exhibit scanning mode operation of DNA-POINT, thereby paving the way for maskless and cleanroom-free fast fabrication of biochips for high-throughput diagnostics and biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Sisi Jia
- Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai 201210, China
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Ishan Barman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
- Department of Radiology & Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
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37
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Li J, Yi S, Wang K, Liu Y, Li J. Alkene-Catalyzed Rapid Layer-by-Layer Thinning of Black Phosphorus for Precise Nanomanufacturing. ACS NANO 2022; 16:13111-13122. [PMID: 35943043 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c05909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Black phosphorus (BP) is a promising material for electronic and optoelectronic applications. However, it is still challenging to obtain geometrically well-defined BP with desirable thickness. The method involving rapid BP surface reaction via alkene-catalyzed oxidation and easy removal of reactants by a mechanical effect was proposed to achieve the precise layer-by-layer thinning and real-time thickness monitoring of BP for nanopatterning with high spatial resolution based on mechanical scanning probe nanolithography. The enhanced electron affinity of oxygen with the assistance of a carbon-carbon double bond (C═C) in the alkene was demonstrated by density functional theory calculations, shortening the BP surface oxidation period by 99%, which provides access for the rapid thinning. The few-layer BP nanoflake with nested structure and arbitrary thickness on various substrates and the nanopatterned heterojunctions (BP/graphene and BP/hexagonal boron nitride) can be precisely fabricated by the adjustment of scanning number under a small load. This thinning technology was efficient and universal, which could be used to fabricate a BP field-effect transistor with a thinned channel to enhance the capability for current modulation, showing great potential applications for designing high-performance nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuang Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Kaiqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yanfei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jinjin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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38
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Zheng F, Guo D, Huang L, Wong LW, Chen X, Wang C, Cai Y, Wang N, Lee C, Lau SP, Ly TH, Ji W, Zhao J. Sub-Nanometer Electron Beam Phase Patterning in 2D Materials. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200702. [PMID: 35723437 PMCID: PMC9376820 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phase patterning in polymorphic two-dimensional (2D) materials offers diverse properties that extend beyond what their pristine structures can achieve. If precisely controllable, phase transitions can bring exciting new applications for nanometer-scale devices and ultra-large-scale integrations. Here, the focused electron beam is capable of triggering the phase transition from the semiconducting T'' phase to metallic T' and T phases in 2D rhenium disulfide (ReS2 ) and rhenium diselenide (ReSe2 ) monolayers, rendering ultra-precise phase patterning technique even in sub-nanometer scale is found. Based on knock-on effects and strain analysis, the phase transition mechanism on the created atomic vacancies and the introduced substantial in-plane compressive strain in 2D layers are clarified. This in situ high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and in situ electrical characterizations agree well with the density functional theory (DFT) calculation results for the atomic structures, electronic properties, and phase transition mechanisms. Grain boundary engineering and electrical contact engineering in 2D are thus developed based on this patterning technique. The patterning method exhibits great potential in ultra-precise electron beam lithography as a scalable top-down manufacturing method for future atomic-scale devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Zheng
- Department of Applied PhysicsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityKowloon999077Hong Kong
- China & Polytechnic University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhen518000China
| | - Deping Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Functional Materials & Micro‐nano DevicesDepartment of PhysicsRenmin University of ChinaBeijing100872China
| | - Lingli Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super‐Diamond & Advanced Films (COSDAF)City University of Hong KongKowloon999077Hong Kong
- China & City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhen518000China
| | - Lok Wing Wong
- Department of Applied PhysicsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityKowloon999077Hong Kong
- China & Polytechnic University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhen518000China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super‐Diamond & Advanced Films (COSDAF)City University of Hong KongKowloon999077Hong Kong
- China & City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhen518000China
| | - Cong Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Functional Materials & Micro‐nano DevicesDepartment of PhysicsRenmin University of ChinaBeijing100872China
| | - Yuan Cai
- Department of PhysicsHong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear water bayHong Kong999077China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of PhysicsHong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear water bayHong Kong999077China
| | - Chun‐Sing Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super‐Diamond & Advanced Films (COSDAF)City University of Hong KongKowloon999077Hong Kong
- China & City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhen518000China
| | - Shu Ping Lau
- Department of Applied PhysicsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityKowloon999077Hong Kong
- China & Polytechnic University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhen518000China
| | - Thuc Hue Ly
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super‐Diamond & Advanced Films (COSDAF)City University of Hong KongKowloon999077Hong Kong
- China & City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhen518000China
| | - Wei Ji
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Functional Materials & Micro‐nano DevicesDepartment of PhysicsRenmin University of ChinaBeijing100872China
| | - Jiong Zhao
- Department of Applied PhysicsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityKowloon999077Hong Kong
- China & Polytechnic University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhen518000China
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39
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Lin H, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Lin KT, Wen X, Liang Y, Fu Y, Lau AKT, Ma T, Qiu CW, Jia B. Engineering van der Waals Materials for Advanced Metaphotonics. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15204-15355. [PMID: 35749269 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The outstanding chemical and physical properties of 2D materials, together with their atomically thin nature, make them ideal candidates for metaphotonic device integration and construction, which requires deep subwavelength light-matter interaction to achieve optical functionalities beyond conventional optical phenomena observed in naturally available materials. In addition to their intrinsic properties, the possibility to further manipulate the properties of 2D materials via chemical or physical engineering dramatically enhances their capability, evoking new science on light-matter interaction, leading to leaped performance of existing functional devices and giving birth to new metaphotonic devices that were unattainable previously. Comprehensive understanding of the intrinsic properties of 2D materials, approaches and capabilities for chemical and physical engineering methods, the resulting property modifications and novel functionalities, and applications of metaphotonic devices are provided in this review. Through reviewing the detailed progress in each aspect and the state-of-the-art achievement, insightful analyses of the outstanding challenges and future directions are elucidated in this cross-disciplinary comprehensive review with the aim to provide an overall development picture in the field of 2D material metaphotonics and promote rapid progress in this fast emerging and prosperous field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Lin
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,The Australian Research Council (ARC) Industrial Transformation Training, Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Zhenfang Zhang
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Huihui Zhang
- Centre for Translational Atomaterials, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Keng-Te Lin
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Xiaoming Wen
- Centre for Translational Atomaterials, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Yao Liang
- Centre for Translational Atomaterials, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Yang Fu
- Centre for Translational Atomaterials, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Alan Kin Tak Lau
- Centre for Translational Atomaterials, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Tianyi Ma
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Centre for Translational Atomaterials, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Baohua Jia
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,The Australian Research Council (ARC) Industrial Transformation Training, Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia.,Centre for Translational Atomaterials, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
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40
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Wu H, Wang Y, Yu J, Pan JA, Cho H, Gupta A, Coropceanu I, Zhou C, Park J, Talapin DV. Direct Heat-Induced Patterning of Inorganic Nanomaterials. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:10495-10506. [PMID: 35679484 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Patterning functional inorganic nanomaterials is an important process for advanced manufacturing of quantum dot (QD) electronic and optoelectronic devices. This is typically achieved by inkjet printing, microcontact printing, and photo- and e-beam lithography. Here, we investigate a different patterning approach that utilizes local heating, which can be generated by various sources, such as UV-, visible-, and IR-illumination, or by proximity heat transfer. This direct thermal lithography method, termed here heat-induced patterning of inorganic nanomaterials (HIPIN), uses colloidal nanomaterials with thermally unstable surface ligands. We designed several families of such ligands and investigated their chemical and physical transformations responsible for heat-induced changes of nanocrystal solubility. Compared to traditional photolithography using photochemical surface reactions, HIPIN extends the scope of direct optical lithography toward longer wavelengths of visible (532 nm) and infrared (10.6 μm) radiation, which is necessary for patterning optically thick layers (e.g., 1.2 μm) of light-absorbing nanomaterials. HIPIN enables patterning of features defined by the diffraction-limited beam size. Our approach can be used for direct patterning of metal, semiconductor, and dielectric nanomaterials. Patterned semiconductor QDs retain the majority of their as-synthesized photoluminescence quantum yield. This work demonstrates the generality of thermal patterning of nanomaterials and provides a new path for additive device manufacturing using diverse colloidal nanoscale building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqi Wu
- Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jaehyung Yu
- Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jia-Ahn Pan
- Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Himchan Cho
- Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Repulic of Korea
| | - Aritrajit Gupta
- Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Igor Coropceanu
- Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Chenkun Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jiwoong Park
- Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States.,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Dmitri V Talapin
- Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States.,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States.,Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60517, United States
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41
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Jidling C, Fleming AJ, Wills AG, Schön TB. Memory efficient constrained optimization of scanning-beam lithography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:20564-20579. [PMID: 36224798 DOI: 10.1364/oe.457334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This article describes a memory efficient method for solving large-scale optimization problems that arise when planning scanning-beam lithography processes. These processes require the identification of an exposure pattern that minimizes the difference between a desired and predicted output image, subject to constraints. The number of free variables is equal to the number of pixels, which can be on the order of millions or billions in practical applications. The proposed method splits the problem domain into a number of smaller overlapping subdomains with constrained boundary conditions, which are then solved sequentially using a constrained gradient search method (L-BFGS-B). Computational time is reduced by exploiting natural sparsity in the problem and employing the fast Fourier transform for efficient gradient calculation. When it comes to the trade-off between memory usage and computational time we can make a different trade-off compared to previous methods, where the required memory is reduced by approximately the number of subdomains at the cost of more computations. In an example problem with 30 million variables, the proposed method reduces memory requirements by 67% but increases computation time by 27%. Variations of the proposed method are expected to find applications in the planning of processes such as scanning laser lithography, scanning electron beam lithography, and focused ion beam deposition, for example.
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42
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Han D, Wei Y. Achieving high aspect ratio in plasmonic lithography for practical applications with sub-20 nm half pitch. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:20589-20604. [PMID: 36224800 DOI: 10.1364/oe.457995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic lithography, which exploits a bowtie nanoaperture (BNA) for the purpose of subwavelength near-field focusing, has the capability of high-resolution patterning. However, the ultra-small feature size is achieved at the price of sharply decay of the surface plasmon waves (SPWs) in the photoresist (PR) layer, which directly leads to some unfavorable patterning issues, such as non-uniformity and shallow pattern depth even over small exposure areas. In this work, a special hybrid plasmonic waveguide (HPW) patterning system, which is composed of the plasmonic BNA-PR layer-silver reflector, is designed to facilitate high spatial frequency selection and amplify the evanescent field in the PR layer. Theoretical calculations indicate that the antisymmetric coupled SPWs and plasmonic waveguide modes excited by the HPW structure can remove the exponential decay and ensure uniform exposure over the entire depth of the PR layer. Importantly, the hyperbolic decaying characteristic of the SPWs in the PR layer plays a noticeable role in the improvement of achievable resolution, depth-of-field, and line array pattern profile. It is worth to note that the uniform periodic patterns in sub-20 nm feature can be achieved with high aspect ratio. Additionally, further numerical simulation results are presented to demonstrate the achievement of spatial frequency selection of high-k mode in HPW structure by controlling the PR thickness and gap size. Our findings may provide a new perspective on the manufacture of surface nanostructures and broaden the potential promising applications of plasmonic lithography in nanoscale patterning.
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43
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Guo J, Wang Y, Zhang H, Zhao Y. Conductive Materials with Elaborate Micro/Nanostructures for Bioelectronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2110024. [PMID: 35081264 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectronics, an emerging field with the mutual penetration of biological systems and electronic sciences, allows the quantitative analysis of complicated biosignals together with the dynamic regulation of fateful biological functions. In this area, the development of conductive materials with elaborate micro/nanostructures has been of great significance to the improvement of high-performance bioelectronic devices. Thus, here, a comprehensive and up-to-date summary of relevant research studies on the fabrication and properties of conductive materials with micro/nanostructures and their promising applications and future opportunities in bioelectronic applications is presented. In addition, a critical analysis of the current opportunities and challenges regarding the future developments of conductive materials with elaborate micro/nanostructures for bioelectronic applications is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Guo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325001, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China
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Çiftçi HT, Verhage M, Cromwijk T, Pham Van L, Koopmans B, Flipse K, Kurnosikov O. Enhancing sensitivity in atomic force microscopy for planar tip-on-chip probes. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2022; 8:51. [PMID: 35586140 PMCID: PMC9108095 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00379-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We present a new approach to tuning-fork-based atomic force microscopy for utilizing advanced "tip-on-chip" probes with high sensitivity and broad compatibility. Usually, such chip-like probes with a size reaching 2 × 2 mm2 drastically perturb the oscillation of the tuning fork, resulting in poor performance in its intrinsic force sensing. Therefore, restoring initial oscillatory characteristics is necessary for regaining high sensitivity. To this end, we developed a new approach consisting of three basic steps: tuning-fork rebalancing, revamping holder-sensor fixation, and electrode reconfiguration. Mass rebalancing allows the tuning fork to recover the frequency and regain high Q-factor values up to 104 in air and up to 4 × 104 in ultra-high vacuum conditions. The floating-like holder-fixation using soft wires significantly reduces energy dissipation from the mounting elements. Combined with the soft wires, reconfigured electrodes provide electrical access to the chip-like probe without intervening in the force-sensing signal. Finally, our easy-to-implement approach allows converting the atomic force microscopy tip from a passive tool to a dedicated microdevice with extended functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Tunç Çiftçi
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513,, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Verhage
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513,, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Tamar Cromwijk
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513,, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Laurent Pham Van
- DRF/IRAMIS/SPEC-LEPO, Centre CEA de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Bert Koopmans
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513,, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Kees Flipse
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513,, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Oleg Kurnosikov
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513,, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Institut Jean Lamour, Lorraine University, 54000 Nancy, France
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Das T, Smith JD, Uddin MH, Dagastine RR. Anisotropic Particle Fabrication Using Thermal Scanning Probe Lithography. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:19878-19888. [PMID: 35451830 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Size, shape, and chemical properties of nanoparticles are powerful tools to modulate the optical and physicochemical properties of a particle suspension. Despite having many methods to synthesize anisotropic nanoparticles, often there are challenges in terms of controlling the polydispersity, shape, size, or composition of anisotropic nanoparticles. This work has been inspired by the potential for developing a unique pathway to make different shaped monodispersed anisotropic nano- and microparticles with large flexibility in material choice. Compared to existing methods, this state-of-the-art nanolithographic method is fast, easy to prototype, and much simple in terms of its mechanical requirement. We show that this technique has been efficiently used to make a variety of anisotropic nano- and microparticles of different shapes, such as triangular prisms, ovals, disks, flowers, and stairs following the same pathway, at the same time showing the potential of being flexible with respect to the composition of the particles. The thermal scanning probe lithographic method in combination with dry reactive ion etching was used to make two-dimensional and three-dimensional templates for the fabrication of anisotropic nano- and microparticles. Deposition of different metal/metal oxides by the electron-beam evaporation method onto these templates allowed us to fabricate a range of nanomaterials according to the required functionality in potential applications. The particles were characterized by atomic force microscopy, He-ion microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering to ensure that the developed method is reproducible, flexible, and robust in choosing the shapes for making monodispersed anisotropic nanoparticles with great control over shape and size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanweepriya Das
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - James D Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton 3168, Australia
| | - Md Hemayet Uddin
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton 3168, Australia
| | - Raymond R Dagastine
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
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Hofmann M, Holz M, Plank H, Strehle S. Localized direct material removal and deposition by nanoscale field emission scanning probes. MICRO AND NANO ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mne.2022.100146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Murphy JG, Raybin JG, Sibener SJ. Correlating polymer structure, dynamics, and function with atomic force microscopy. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia G. Murphy
- The James Franck Institute and Department of Chemistry The University of Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Jonathan G. Raybin
- The James Franck Institute and Department of Chemistry The University of Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Steven J. Sibener
- The James Franck Institute and Department of Chemistry The University of Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
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Yao B, Chen C, Du Z, Qian Q, Pan L. Surfing Scanning Probe Nanolithography at Meters Per Second. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:2187-2193. [PMID: 35025518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Scanning probe lithography (SPL) as a maskless approach with a low tool price can pattern a variety of materials at a nanometer or even atomic resolution. However, the throughput of conventional SPLs is extremely low due to their limited scanning speeds. Here, we report a high-speed, probe-based method to continuously pattern the substrate surface at a linear velocity of meters per second. We demonstrated direct writings of nanoscale patterns by using ultrafast electron-induced deposition inside a nanoscale flow at a patterning frequency of 20 MHz. The fast scan motion of the writing probe is precisely controlled by using self-adaptive hydro- and aerodynamics functions of a patterning head. The microscale electro-hydrodynamic ejection and microfluid channels are used to deliver the precursor at high scanning speeds. One patterning head can carry parallel probes to further enhance the patterning throughput. This low-cost, maskless patterning method opens new avenues to develop high-throughput nanomanufacturing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojing Yao
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Chen Chen
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Zhidong Du
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Qian Qian
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Liang Pan
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
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Acoustics-Actuated Microrobots. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13030481. [PMID: 35334771 PMCID: PMC8949854 DOI: 10.3390/mi13030481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microrobots can operate in tiny areas that traditional bulk robots cannot reach. The combination of acoustic actuation with microrobots extensively expands the application areas of microrobots due to their desirable miniaturization, flexibility, and biocompatibility features. Herein, an overview of the research and development of acoustics-actuated microrobots is provided. We first introduce the currently established manufacturing methods (3D printing and photolithography). Then, according to their different working principles, we divide acoustics-actuated microrobots into three categories including bubble propulsion, sharp-edge propulsion, and in-situ microrotor. Next, we summarize their established applications from targeted drug delivery to microfluidics operation to microsurgery. Finally, we illustrate current challenges and future perspectives to guide research in this field. This work not only gives a comprehensive overview of the latest technology of acoustics-actuated microrobots, but also provides an in-depth understanding of acoustic actuation for inspiring the next generation of advanced robotic devices.
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Pulse-Atomic Force Lithography: A Powerful Nanofabrication Technique to Fabricate Constant and Varying-Depth Nanostructures. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12060991. [PMID: 35335805 PMCID: PMC8953364 DOI: 10.3390/nano12060991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of nanotechnology in different application fields, resulting in the integration of nanostructures in a plethora of devices, has addressed the research toward novel and easy-to-setup nanofabrication techniques to realize nanostructures with high spatial resolution and reproducibility. Owing to countless applications in molecular electronics, data storage, nanoelectromechanical, and systems for the Internet of Things, in recent decades, the scientific community has focused on developing methods suitable for nanopattern polymers. To this purpose, Atomic Force Microscopy-based nanolithographic techniques are effective methods that are relatively less complex and inexpensive than equally resolute and accurate techniques, such as Electron Beam lithography and Focused Ion Beam lithography. In this work, we propose an evolution of nanoindentation, named Pulse-Atomic Force Microscopy, to obtain continuous structures with a controlled depth profile, either constant or variable, on a polymer layer. Due to the modulation of the characteristics of voltage pulses fed to the AFM piezo-scanner and distance between nanoindentations, it was possible to indent sample surface with high spatial control and fabricate highly resolved 2.5D nanogrooves. That is the real strength of the proposed technique, as no other technique can achieve similar results in tailor-made graded nanogrooves without the need for additional manufacturing steps.
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