Dietary regulation in health and disease

Repeated cross-sectional and longitudinal study of dietary mineral intake status in Iranian adults: Tehran lipid and glucose study

BACKGROUND

Mineral deficiencies are significant public health concerns worldwide, contributing to the development and progression of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). We evaluated longitudinal adequacy of mineral intakes among Iranian adults.

METHODS

Adult (aged ≥ 18) participants were included in the repeated cross-sectional analysis from 2006-2008 to 2018-2022. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Adequacy of minerals intake, including calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, and chromium, were evaluated against the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) guidelines. Longitudinal trends of mineral intakes were evaluated using repeated measures analysis of variance in a cohort of 4384 participants (42% men; mean age 40.8 ± 12.8 years).

RESULTS

Calcium inadequacy increased markedly from 39.6% in 2006-2008 to 68.6% in 2018-2022, with higher rates among women (74.1%) and older adults (75.0%). Iron inadequacy, mainly affecting women, increased from 14.5 to 39.1% over the same period. Although magnesium inadequacy remained high overall, it reached 34.2% in 2018-2022. In contrast, manganese intake was rarely inadequate. Zinc, copper, selenium, and chromium inadequacies showed fluctuations, but mean levels were generally closer to recommended values despite notable gender disparities.

CONCLUSIONS

The study indicates significant and worsening mineral intake inadequacies among Iranian adults, particularly for calcium and iron. Further long-term studies are needed to guide interventions, such as dietary education, food fortification, and policy measures aimed at improving micronutrient intake across diverse age and gender groups.

Nutrients and phytochemicals characterisations, acute and sub-acute oral toxicity studies of BobyGuard C, a polyherbal nutraceutical with anti-breast cancer properties

Background

In 2022, approximately 2.3 million new cases of female breast cancer and 670,000 related deaths worldwide despite significant advancements in conventional treatments. BobyGuard C (BGC) is a novel polyherbal nutraceutical formulated from five plants, selected for their antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and nutritional properties to be used for breast cancer management. This study aimed to characterize its physicochemical, nutritional, and phytochemical properties as well as assess its safety through acute and sub-acute oral toxicity studies in Wistar rats.

Methods

Thecomposition of BGC was analyzed for macronutrients, minerals, and phytochemicals using standard methods. Antioxidant activity was assessed through DPPH, TAC and FRAP assays, while antiproliferative activity was evaluated using the MTT assay on MDA-MB 231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. Acute (single 5,000 mg/kg dose with 14 days observation) and sub-acute oral (daily administration of 784, 1,568, and 3,136 mg/kg for 28 days) toxicity studies in female Wistar rats followed OECD guidelines.

Results

BGC was found to be rich in proteins (38.36 g/100 g), carbohydrates (59.70 g/100 g), and essential minerals such as magnesium (60,066.67 µg/100 g), and it was free from toxic heavy metals. Several bioactive compounds, including diosgenin, diosbulbin H, β-carotene, Bafoudiosbulbin G and catechin were identified in BGC. Phytochemical analysis revealed high levels of phenols (9,783.48 mg GAE/100 g), flavonoids (47.72 mg QuE/100 g), and alkaloids (106.14 mg berberine eq/100 g), contributing to its strong antioxidant activity (DPPH inhibition: 90.39%). BGC exhibited significant antiproliferative effects on MDA-MB 231 cells, highlighting its potential anticancer activity. Acute toxicity tests showed no mortality at 5,000 mg/kg, with an LD50 exceeding this dose. In the sub-acute 28-day repeated-dose oral study, doses up to 3,136 mg/kg/day resulted in some dose dependent hematological and biochemical changes but no histopathological abnormalities were observed indicating its safety at lower doses.

Conclusion

BGC is a nutritionally rich formulation with potent antioxidant and anticancer potential, demonstrating a favorable safety profile at lower dose (784 mg/kg).

From nutrient bioavailability to disease resistance: The comprehensive benefits of chelated minerals in aquaculture

The integration of chelated minerals into aquaculture diets represents a significant advancement in enhancing the health and productivity of aquatic species. These minerals improve nutrient bioavailability, boost immune responses, and increase disease resistance in fish and shrimp, effectively addressing key challenges in aquaculture sustainability. This review highlights the benefits of chelated minerals, including their role in improving feed efficiency, promoting resilience against infections, and mitigating heavy metal toxicity. Key findings indicate that chelated minerals enhance nutrient absorption, which is crucial for optimizing growth and overall health. Furthermore, they strengthen immune responses, thereby increasing resilience to diseases in aquaculture environments. Additionally, these minerals boost antioxidant capacity, helping to alleviate oxidative stress caused by environmental factors and pathogens. The review emphasizes the need for further research to optimize the use of chelated minerals, focusing on mechanisms of action, species-specific responses, and long-term impacts on ecosystems. Successful implementation will require collaboration among researchers, nutritionists, and practitioners to develop evidence-based guidelines for their responsible use. In conclusion, the incorporation of chelated minerals into aquaculture diets has the potential to revolutionize practices and significantly improve the welfare of aquatic species.

Perfluorinated compounds exposure and atherogenic risk characteristics in a high-fat diet condition: In vitro/in vivo models and population panel study

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are a well-recognized environmental risk factor for atherosclerosis. However, corresponding atherogenic risk in susceptible populations consuming high-fat diets (HFDs) remains unclear. Here, we found that perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), a canonical PFCs, elevated the atherogenic risk in mice fed with HFD, which was characterized by an increased number of pro-inflammatory phenotype macrophages. We also found that macrophages exhibited a metabolic reprogramming to glycolysis, which was attributed to increased intracellular Fe2+ level. Mechanistic investigation revealed that PFOS directly bound to the iron-storage site on the ferritin heavy chain, subsequently weakening the iron-storage function. Notably, PFCs with acidic substituents and short chains had a higher atherogenic risk, as evidenced in the crucial indicators and observed in a population with a high triglyceride level. These findings highlight the potential atherogenic risk posed by PFCs exposure in susceptible populations consuming HFD and provide a potential intervention target.

Potential impact of the time trend of fried food consumption on the cardiovascular disease burden in China

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of death in China. Fried foods are a risk factor for increasing CVD and their consumption in China is rapidly rising. Evaluation of the impact of fried foods on the CVD burden has important implications for future public health and policy making. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of fried foods on the CVD burden. Methods: We estimated the temporal trends of fried food consumption from 1997 to 2011 using data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey. We estimated CVD events attributed to fried food consumption using comparative risk assessment methods. We also projected fried food consumption and the related CVD burden from 2011 to 2031. Results: Fried food consumption continued to increase from 1997 to 2011, reaching 110.2 g per week in 2011. It is estimated that high consumption of fried foods is responsible for 3.4%, 2.3%, and 14.3% of the CVD, CHD, and stroke burden, accounting for 0.112 million CVD cases, 0.036 million CHD cases, and 0.243 million stroke cases, respectively. Notably, fried food consumption is projected to increase to 127.6 g per week by 2031. High consumption levels are projected to cause 0.239 million CVD cases, 0.078 million CHD cases, and 0.529 million stroke cases by 2031. Conclusions: The consumption of fried foods has continued to increase over time, which has an important impact on the burden of CVD in China. Dietary guidelines should continue to emphasize on decreasing the consumption of fried foods to reduce the CVD burden in China.

Metal coordination polymer nanoparticles for cancer therapy

Metal ions are essential elements in biological processes and immune homeostasis. They can regulate cancer cell death through multiple distinct molecular pathways and stimulate immune cells implicated in antitumor immune responses, suggesting opportunities to design novel metal ion-based cancer therapies. However, their small size and high charge density result in poor target cell uptake, uncontrolled biodistribution, and rapid clearance from the body, reducing therapeutic efficacy and increasing potential off-target toxicity. Metal coordination polymer nanoparticles (MCP NPs) are nanoscale polymer networks composed of metal ions and organic ligands linked via noncovalent coordination interactions. MCP NPs offer a promising nanoplatform for reshaping metal ions into more drug-like formulations, improving their in vivo pharmacological performance and therapeutic index for cancer therapy applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the inherent biological functions of metal ions in cancer therapy, showcasing examples of MCP NP systems designed for preclinical cancer therapy applications where drug delivery principles play a critical role in enhancing therapeutic outcomes. MCP NPs offer versatile metal ion engineering approaches using selected metal ions, various organic ligands, and functional payloads, enabling on-demand nano-drug designs that can significantly improve therapeutic efficacy and reduce side effects for effective cancer therapy.

Novel TORC1 inhibitor Ecl1 is regulated by phosphorylation in fission yeast

Extender of chronological lifespan 1 (Ecl1) inhibits target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) and is necessary for appropriate cellular responses to various stressors, such as starvation, in fission yeast. However, little is known about the effect of posttranslational modifications on Ecl1 regulation. Thus, we investigated the phosphorylation levels of Ecl1 extracted from yeast under conditions of sulfur or metal starvation. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that Ecl1 was phosphorylated at Thr7, and the level was decreased by starvation. The phosphorylation-mimetic mutation of Thr7 significantly reduced the effects of Ecl1-induced cellular responses to starvation, suggesting that Ecl1 function was suppressed by Thr7 phosphorylation. By contrast, regardless of starvation exposure, TORC1 was significantly suppressed, even when Thr7 phosphorylation-mimetic Ecl1 was overexpressed. This indicated that Ecl1 suppressed TORC1 regardless of Thr7 phosphorylation. We newly identified that Ecl1 physically interacted with TORC1 subunit RAPTOR (Mip1). Based on these evidences, we propose that, Ecl1 has dual functional modes: quantity-dependent TORC1 inhibition and Thr7 phosphorylation-dependent control of cellular function.

Muscle mass mediates the association between dietary diversity and mortality among the older adults: A prospective cohort study

AIMS

The association between dietary diversity and increased mortality risk is well-documented. However, it remains unclear whether and to what extent dietary diversity affects mortality through appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM). Therefore, we assessed whether ASM mediated the association between dietary diversity and mortality.

METHODS

We used data from the Chinese longitudinal healthy longevity survey (CLHLS) (2011-2018). The baseline Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) was derived from 9 food items, and the Anti-inflammatory Dietary Diversity Score (AIDDS) was used to assess the diversity of anti-inflammatory foods in the diet. Cox regression models were employed to estimate the association of DDS and AIDDS with mortality. Interaction analysis was performed to analyze the association between DDS, AIDDS, and ASM in different groups. Subsequently, mediation analysis was performed to examine whether ASM partly accounted for the association.

RESULTS

A total of 5422 participants (average age 85.99 years) were included in the analysis. Among them, 3241 participants died during the follow-up period. We observed that participants with higher DDS (HR = 0.907, 95 % CI: 0.842-0.977) and AIDDS scores (HR = 0.947, 95 % CI: 0.917-0.977) had lower mortality rates. Subgroup analyses showed no interaction between DDS, AIDDS, and ASM (p for interaction>0.05). ASM mediated the 14.0 % association between DDS and mortality, and the 10.7 % association between AIDDS and mortality.

CONCLUSIONS

Dietary diversity and anti-inflammatory dietary diversity could reduce mortality risk and promote longevity in older adults. The association between these factors was partially mediated by an increase in muscle mass among older adults.

Ketogenic Diet and Gut Microbiota: Exploring New Perspectives on Cognition and Mood

The ketogenic diet (KD) is a dietary regimen characterized by low carbohydrate intake and moderate protein levels, designed to simulate a fasting state and induce ketosis for the production of ketone bodies from fat. Emerging research underscores KD's potential in improving cognitive functions and regulating mood. Investigations into its safety and efficacy have centered on its anti-inflammatory properties and its impact on neurological health and the gut-brain axis (GBA). This review delves into the relationship between the KD and gut microbiota, emphasizing its potential role in cognitive enhancement and mood stabilization, particularly for managing mood disorders and depression. The investigation of the KD's physiological effects and its role in promoting cognition and emotion through gut microbiota will pave the way for innovative approaches to personalized dietary interventions.

Sirtuin1 mitigates hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis in myocardial infarction via PHD3/HIF-1α

BACKGROUND

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a leading cause of mortality, characterized by myocardial ischemia that induces cardiomyocyte apoptosis and subsequent cardiac dysfunction. Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) has emerged as a key regulator of cell survival and apoptosis, particularly under hypoxic conditions.

METHODS

An AMI animal model was established via ligation of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. Gene expression in the infarcted region was evaluated at various time points. Sirt1 overexpression and control lentivirus were administered to the peri-infarct region of mice heart. After LAD ligation, assessment on myocardial infarct size, cardiac function, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis were performed. In vitro, primary mouse cardiomyocytes subjected to hypoxia were analyzed for gene expression, while interactions among Sirt1, Phd3, and Hif-1α were explored using diverse treatment approaches.

RESULTS

A significant reduction in Sirt1 and Phd3 expression, along with an increase in Hif-1α and cleaved caspase-3, was observed in a time-dependent manner post-myocardial infarction (MI). In vitro findings revealed that hypoxia decreased nuclear Sirt1 and cytoplasmic Phd3 levels while promoting a time-dependent increase in Hif-1α and cleaved caspase-3. Furthermore, Sirt1 overexpression enhanced Phd3 expression in cardiomyocytes, suppressed Hif-1α and cleaved caspase-3 levels, and alleviated hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Notably, knockdown of Phd3 negated Sirt1's inhibitory effect on Hif-1α, whereas Hif-1α knockdown promoted Sirt1 expression. Sirt1 overexpression reduced infarct size, decreased cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and improved cardiac function.

CONCLUSIONS

Sirt1 effectively reduces cardiomyocyte apoptosis and myocardial infarction size while enhancing cardiac function post-MI, primarily through the Phd3/Hif-1α signaling pathway.

"Food Is Medicine" Strategies for Respiratory Health: Evidence From NHANES 2005-2012

OBJECTIVE

Compared with other diseases with similar global burdens, little is known about how lifestyle factors other than smoking affect respiratory health, and few studies have systematically investigated the combined associations between diet and respiratory health. The aim of this research was to examine the Dietary Inflammation Index (DII), Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2015, and individual food and nutrient associations with multiple respiratory outcomes.

METHODS

This study combined a cross-sectional study with a prospective cohort study to systematically evaluate data from adults aged 40 years or older (N = 13,227) from 4 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cycles (2005-2006 through 2011-2012) with lung function measures in a subset (n = 6337). DII, HEI-2015, and individual foods and nutrients were evaluated for their associations with respiratory symptoms (cough, phlegm problem, wheezing, and exertional dyspnea), chronic lung disease (asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema), lung function (percentage of predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV1pp], percentage of predicted forced vital capacity [FVCpp], forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC), obstructive or restrictive spirometry patterns), respiratory cancer, all-cause mortality, and respiratory disease mortality.

RESULTS

For each point increase in DII, the odds of cough (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.036; 95% CI, 1.002-1.071), wheezing (aOR, 1.044; 95% CI, 1.013-1.075), exertional dyspnea (aOR, 1.042; 95% CI, 1.019-1.066), emphysema (aOR, 1.096; 95% CI, 1.030-1.166), and restrictive spirometry patterns (aOR, 1.066; 95% CI, 1.007-1.128) increased and FEV1pp (adjusted mean difference [aMD], -0.525%; 95% CI, -0.747% to -0.303%) and FVCpp (aMD, -0.566%; 95% CI, -0.762% to -0.371%) decreased. HEI-2015 scores were similarly associated with these respiratory outcomes. Each point increase in the DII was associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.048; 95% CI, 1.025-1.071) and respiratory disease mortality (aHR, 1.097; 95% CI, 1.013-1.189); each increase in the HEI-2015 score was associated with a decreased risk of all-cause mortality (aHR, 0.994; 95% CI, 0.991-0.997). The multiple adequacy components recommended in the HEI (fruits, vegetables, whole grains, seafood and plant proteins, and monounsaturated fatty acids) were associated with better respiratory outcomes; the moderation components of restricting refined grains, sugars, and saturated fats were associated with better respiratory outcomes, but restricting sodium intake was associated with increased respiratory symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study suggest that a low-inflammatory diet and a healthy diet are consistently associated with better respiratory outcomes. These findings support the potential benefits of a "Food Is Medicine" strategy for respiratory health.

Key molecular scaffolds in the development of clinically viable α-amylase inhibitors

The escalating cases of type II diabetes combined with adverse side effects of current antidiabetic drugs spurred the advancement of innovative approaches for the management of postprandial glucose levels. α-Amylase is an endoamylase responsible for the breakdown of internal α-1,4-glycosidic linkages in dietary starch, producing oligosaccharides. Subsequently, α-glucosidase degraded these oligosaccharides to monosaccharides, which are absorbed into the bloodstream and become available to the body. The inhibitors of α-amylase reduced the digestibility of carbohydrates accompanied by delayed glucose absorption, leading to decreased blood glucose levels after meals and thus, inhibition of the enzyme seems to be a crucial strategy for diabetes management and improving overall glycemic control in diabetic patients. The present review article emphasizes the therapeutic promise of recently discovered potential α-amylase inhibitors, highlighting their in vitro, in silico and in vivo profiles. Ultimately, we addressed the contemporary challenges and potential routes ahead in the search for safe and reliable α-amylase inhibitors for clinical use, summarizing the most recent research in the field.

Exploring the heterogeneous targets of metabolic aging at single-cell resolution

Our limited understanding of metabolic aging poses major challenges to comprehending the diverse cellular alterations that contribute to age-related decline, and to devising targeted interventions. This review provides insights into the heterogeneous nature of cellular metabolism during aging and its response to interventions, with a specific focus on cellular heterogeneity and its implications. By synthesizing recent findings using single-cell approaches, we explored the vulnerabilities of distinct cell types and key metabolic pathways. Delving into the cell type-specific alterations underlying the efficacy of systemic interventions, we also discuss the complexity of integrating single-cell data and advocate for leveraging computational tools and artificial intelligence to harness the full potential of these data, develop effective strategies against metabolic aging, and promote healthy aging.

Association of Physical Activity and Dietary Diversity with Cognitive Function in the Elderly with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Findings from a Cross-Sectional Study

AIMS

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a common complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Changes in lifestyle and dietary patterns play a crucial role in preventing both diabetes and cognitive impairment.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted on 899 aging participants. The Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) was used to evaluate dietary diversity. The physical activity (PA) levels were divided based on metabolic equivalents and weekly activity time. Individual PA levels were further re-scored and combined with DDS scores to obtain each participant's total score.

RESULTS

Regardless of T2DM status, individuals with MCI had lower DDS and plant-derived DDS compared to non-MCI individuals. Non-MCI subjects had higher total PA and DDS scores than MCI subjects. There were differences in the correlation between DDS or PA scores and blood glucose and MoCA scores among different groups. The subjects with high DDS levels showed a significantly decreased risk of MCI and T2DM + MCI. Those with a total PA and DDS score in Q4 showed a significantly decreased risk of MCI and T2DM + MCI compared to Q1.

CONCLUSIONS

A diversified diet improved blood glucose levels and cognitive function. Elderly individuals with diverse diets and adequate PA had a reduced risk of developing T2DM and MCI.

Dietary carotenoid intakes and biological aging among US adults, NHANES 1999-2018

BACKGROUND

Carotenoids have been shown to have multiple health benefits, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. The data for the effect of dietary specific carotenoids on biological aging is limited. Our study aims to examine the association between dietary carotenoid intake levels and biological aging.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study was performed among 27,338 adults from NHANES 1999-2018. Dietary intake was assessed through two 24-hour dietary recall interviews. Biological aging indices included allostatic load (AL), homeostatic dysregulation (HD), Klemera-Doubal method (KDM), and phenoAge (PA). Multiple linear regression, weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression and quantile g-computation (QG-comp) were used to explore the associations of single carotenoid and mixed carotenoids with biological aging.

RESULTS

Associations between dietary carotenoid intake levels and biological aging indices were significant among adults across the United States. Multiple linear regression showed that most carotenoids were significantly negatively correlated with AL (β = -0.017 - -0.011), HD (β = -0.045 - -0.032), KDM (β = -0.984 - -0.471), and PA (β = -0.975 - -0.539). Subgroup analysis indicated that male, older individuals, smokers, alcohol drinkers, and less physically active individuals are particularly sensitive populations. Meanwhile, WQS regression and QG-comp analyses consistently indicated a negative association between mixed carotenoids exposure and four biological aging indices, highlighting that lutein/zeaxanthin and β-carotene were responsible for the outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

Increased dietary intakes of various carotenoids were associated with lower biological aging indices, which was possibly and mainly driven by lutein/zeaxanthin and β-carotene.

Innate immune cells link dietary cues to normal and abnormal metabolic regulation

A slew of common metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and steatohepatitis, are exponentially increasing in our sedentary and overfed society. While macronutrients directly impact metabolism and bioenergetics, new evidence implicates immune cells as critical sensors of nutritional cues and important regulators of metabolic homeostasis. A deeper interrogation of the intricate and multipartite interactions between dietary components, immune cells and metabolically active tissues is needed for a better understanding of metabolic regulation and development of new treatments for common metabolic diseases. Responding to macronutrients and micronutrients, immune cells play pivotal roles in interorgan communication between the microbiota, small intestine, metabolically active cells including hepatocytes and adipocytes, and the brain, which controls feeding behavior and energy expenditure. This Review focuses on the response of myeloid cells and innate lymphocytes to dietary cues, their cross-regulatory interactions and roles in normal and aberrant metabolic control.

Sex-Stratified Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Analysis of Eating Habits and Female Pelvic Peritoneal Adhesions

Background

Female pelvic peritoneal adhesions (FPPA) represent a significant global health burden. Dietary habits play a crucial role in health outcomes, yet their influence on FPPA remains unclear. This study aims to explore the bidirectional causal relationships between 72 eating habits and FPPA using sex-stratified Mendelian randomization (MR).

Methods

We employed a bidirectional MR approach, utilizing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significantly associated with 72 different eating habits as instrumental variables. The causal relationships were assessed using five MR methods, including inverse variance weighting (IVW). After Bonferroni correction, eating habits with a p-value < 0.05 were considered to have a significant causal relationship with FPPA. For those habits with significant associations, reverse MR was conducted to assess potential reverse causality. Sensitivity analyses, including IVW, MR-Egger, and leave-one-out tests, were performed to ensure the robustness of the results.

Results

Before Bonferroni correction, five eating habits showed potential associations with FPPA, including non-oily fish intake (OR: 0.989, 95% CI: 0.982-0.995, p=0.000521), side salad intake: OR 1.003 (95% CI: 1.001-1.006), p=0.007779, poultry intake: OR 1.005 (95% CI: 1.001-1.009), p=0.018016, spirits intake: OR 1.010 (95% CI: 1.001-1.019), p=0.036152, hard cheese intake: OR 0.995 (95% CI: 0.991-1.000), p=0.043784. After correction, only non-oily fish intake remained significantly associated with a lower risk of FPPA. No reverse causal relationship was observed between non-oily fish intake and FPPA, and sensitivity analyses revealed no abnormalities, further confirming the robustness of the findings.

Discussion

Our study identifies non-oily fish intake as a protective dietary factor against FPPA, with no evidence of reverse causality. These findings highlight the importance of dietary interventions in managing FPPA risk and suggest potential avenues for future research and public health strategies.

The Critical Role of Autophagy and Phagocytosis in the Aging Brain

As the organism ages, there is a decline in effective energy supply, and this retards the ability to elaborate new proteins. The consequences of this are especially marked in the gradual decline in brain function. The senescence of cells and their constituent organelles is ultimately the cause of aging of the entire nervous system. What is less immediately obvious is that brain aging is also accompanied by the failure of catabolic events that lead to the removal of non-functional cells and ineffective subcellular components. The removal of non-working cellular and subcellular elements within the brain is essential in order to allow the appearance of fresh cells and organelles with a full range of capacities. Thus, the maintenance of operative mechanisms for the dispersal of failed tissue components is important, and its diminished capacity with aging is a significant contributory factor to the onset and progression of age-related neurological disorder. This report discusses the mechanisms underlying autophagy and phagocytosis and how these can be adversely modulated as aging proceeds. The means by which the effective recycling of cellular components may be reinstated in the aged brain are considered.

Bee Pollen as a Source of Biopharmaceuticals for Neurodegeneration and Cancer Research: A Scoping Review and Translational Prospects

Bee Pollen (BP) has many advantageous properties relying on its multitargeting potential, a new tendency in managing many challenging illnesses. In cancer and neurodegeneration, the multiple effects of BP could be of unequaled importance and need further investigation. Although still limited, available data interestingly spotlights some floral sources with promising activities in line with this investigation. Adopting scoping review methodology, we have identified many crucial bioactivities that are widely recognized to individual BP compounds but remain completely untapped in this valuable bee cocktail. A wide range of these compounds have been recently found to be endowed with great potential in modulating pivotal processes in neurodegeneration and cancer pathophysiology. In addition, some ubiquitous BP compounds have only been recently isolated, while the number of studied BPs remains extremely limited compared to the endless pool of plant species worldwide. We have also elucidated that clinical profits from these promising perspectives are still impeded by challenging hurdles such as limited bioavailability of the studied phytocompounds, diversity and lack of phytochemical standardization of BP, and the difficulty of selective targeting in some pathophysiological mechanisms. We finally present interesting insights to guide future research and pave the way for urgently needed and simplified clinical investigations.

Dietary pectin and inulin: A promising adjuvant supplement for collagen-induced arthritis through gut microbiome restoration and CD4+ T cell reconstitution

Dietary strategies rich in fiber have been demonstrated to offer benefits to individuals afflicted with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the specific mechanisms through which a high-fiber diet (HFD) mitigates RA's autoimmunity remain elusive. Herein, we investigate the influence of pectin- and inulin-rich HFD on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). We establish that HFD significantly alleviates arthritis in CIA mice by regulating the Th17/Treg balance. The rectification of aberrant T cell differentiation by the HFD is linked to the modulation of gut microbiota, augmenting the abundance of butyrate in feces. Concurrently, adding butyrate to the drinking water mirrors the HFD's impact on ameliorating CIA, encompassing arthritis mitigation, regulating intestinal barrier integrity, and restoring the Th17/Treg equilibrium. Butyrate reshapes the metabolic profile of CD4+ T cells in an AMPK-dependent manner. Our research underscores the importance of dietary interventions in rectifying gut microbiota for RA management and offers an explanation of how diet-derived microbial metabolites influence RA's immune-inflammatory-reaction.

In vivo glycation-interplay between oxidant and carbonyl stress in bone

Metabolic syndromes (eg, obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), atherosclerosis, and neurodegenerative diseases) and aging, they all have a strong component of carbonyl and reductive-oxidative (redox) stress. Reactive carbonyl (RCS) and oxidant (ROS) stress species are commonly generated as products or byproducts of cellular metabolism or are derived from the environment. RCS and ROS can play a dual role in living organisms. Some RCS and ROS function as signaling molecules, which control cellular defenses against biological and environmental assaults. However, due to their high reactivity, RCS and ROS inadvertently interact with different cellular and extracellular components, which can lead to the formation of undesired posttranslational modifications of bone matrix proteins. These are advanced glycation (AGEs) and glycoxidation (AGOEs) end products generated in vivo by non-enzymatic amino-carbonyl reactions. In this review, metabolic processes involved in generation of AGEs and AGOEs within and on protein surfaces including extracellular bone matrix are discussed from the perspective of cellular metabolism and biochemistry of certain metabolic syndromes. The impact of AGEs and AGOEs on some characteristics of mineral is also discussed. Different therapeutic approaches with the potential to prevent the formation of RCS, ROS, and the resulting formation of AGEs and AGOEs driven by these chemicals are also briefly reviewed. These are antioxidants, scavenging agents of reactive species, and newly emerging technologies for the development of synthetic detoxifying systems. Further research in the area of in vivo glycation and glycoxidation should lead to the development of diverse new strategies for halting the progression of metabolic complications before irreversible damage to body tissues materializes.

Kaempferol enhances intestinal repair and inhibits the hyperproliferation of aging intestinal stem cells in Drosophila

Introduction

Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are crucial for tissue repair and homeostasis because of their ability to self-renew and differentiate. However, their functionality declines significantly with age, resulting in reduced tissue regeneration and a higher risk of age-related diseases. Addressing this decline in ISC performance during aging presents a substantial challenge. The specific impact of nutrients or dietary elements on ISC adaptive resizing is urgent to explore.

Methods

Drosophila ISCs are an ideal model for studying development and aging because of their genetic richness, ease of manipulation, and similarity to mammalian tissues. As the primary mitotically active cells in the Drosophila gut, ISCs are flexible in response to dietary and stress signals. Manipulating signaling pathways or dietary restrictions has shown promise in regulating ISC functions and extending lifespan in flies, these approaches face broader applications for aging research.

Results

Kaempferol is well-regarded for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential anticancer effects. However, its impacts on ISCs and the associated mechanisms remain inadequately understood. Our findings indicate that Kaempferol accelerates gut recovery after damage and improves the organism's stress tolerance. Moreover, Kaempferol suppresses the hyperproliferation of aging ISCs in Drosophila. Further investigation revealed that the regulatory effects of Kaempferol on ISCs are mediated through the reduction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in aging flies and the modulation of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels via ER-stress pathways. Furthermore, Kaempferol exerts regulatory effects on the insulin signaling pathway, thereby contributing to the attenuation of ISC senescence.

Discussion

This study reveals that Kaempferol promotes intestinal homeostasis and longevity in aging flies by targeting ER stress and insulin signaling pathways, though the exact molecular mechanisms require further exploration. Future research will aim to dissect the downstream signaling events involved in these pathways to better understand how Kaempferol exerts its protective effects at the molecular level.

Therapeutic potential of the ketogenic diet: A metabolic switch with implications for neurological disorders, the gut-brain axis, and cardiovascular diseases

The Ketogenic Diet (KD) is a dietary regimen that is low in carbohydrates, high in fats, and contains adequate protein. It is designed to mimic the metabolic state of fasting. This diet triggers the production of ketone bodies through a process known as ketosis. The primary objective of KD is to induce and sustain ketosis, which has been associated with numerous health benefits. Recent research has uncovered promising therapeutic potential for KD in the treatment of various diseases. This includes evidence of its effectiveness as a dietary strategy for managing intractable epilepsy, a form of epilepsy that is resistant to medication. We are currently assessing the efficacy and safety of KD through laboratory and clinical studies. This review focuses on the anti-inflammatory properties of the KD and its potential benefits for neurological disorders and the gut-brain axis. We also explore the existing literature on the potential effects of KD on cardiac health. Our aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge in these areas. Given the encouraging preliminary evidence of its therapeutic effects and the growing understanding of its mechanisms of action, randomized controlled trials are warranted to further explore the rationale behind the clinical use of KD. These trials will ultimately enhance our understanding of how KD functions and its potential benefits for various health conditions. We hope that our research will contribute to the body of knowledge in this field and provide valuable insights for future studies.

Dietary inflammation and vascular calcification: a comprehensive review of the associations, underlying mechanisms, and prevention strategies

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of death globally, and vascular calcification (VC) has been recognized as an independent and strong predictor of global CVD and mortality. Chronic inflammation has been demonstrated to play a significant role in the progression of VC. This review aims to summarize the literature that aimed to elucidate the associations between dietary inflammation (DI) and VC as well as to explore the mechanisms underlying the association and discuss strategies (including dietary interventions) to prevent VC. Notably, diets rich in processed foods, carbohydrates with high glycemic index/load, saturated fatty acids, trans-fatty acids, cholesterol, and phosphorus were found to induce inflammatory responses and accelerate the progression of VC, indicating a close relationship between DI and VC. Moreover, we demonstrate that an imbalance in the composition of the gut microbiota caused by the intake of specific dietary choices favored the production of certain metabolites that may contribute to the progression of VC. The release of inflammatory and adhesion cytokines, activation of inflammatory pathways, oxidative stress, and metabolic disorders were noted to be the main mechanisms through which DI induced VC. To reduce and slow the progression of VC, emphasis should be placed on the intake of diets rich in omega-3 fatty acids, dietary fiber, Mg, Zn, and polyphenols, as well as the adjustment of dietary pattern to reduce the risk of VC. This review is expected to be useful for guiding future research on the interplay between DI and VC.

Pharyngeal Pumping Assay for Quantifying Feeding Behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans

C. elegans is a well-established nematode model organism, with 83% of its genes conserved in humans with translation potential. C. elegans is translucent, with clearly defined cellular organization, and robustly identifiable under a microscope, being an excellent model for studying feeding behavior. Its neuromuscular pharyngeal pump undergoes a pumping motion that can be quantified to study feeding behavior at specific treatment conditions and in genetically modified worms. Understanding the evolutionarily conserved feeding behaviors and regulatory signals is vital, as unhealthy eating habits increase the risk of associated diseases. The current protocol was developed to identify and study evolutionary conserved signals regulating feeding behavior. The protocol described here is very robust in calculating the pumping rate (pumping per minute) as it directly counts the pharyngeal pumping for 30 s. This protocol uses basic laboratory instrumentation, such as a stereomicroscope with an attached camera and a computer with a video program that can be used to count manually. The advantages of studying C. elegans feeding include understanding the genetic basis of feeding regulation, dysregulation of feeding behavior in a disease model, the influence of toxic or environmental substances in feeding behavior, and modulation of feeding behavior by pharmacological agents. Key features • Quantifies pharyngeal pumping, which can be used to study up/downstream signaling in feeding regulation. • Uses a phenotype (pharyngeal pumping) that is easy to score. • Requires only a stereomicroscope with a camera to record the pharyngeal pumping, which can be counted manually.

Maternal Dietary Strategies for Improving Offspring Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Health: A Scoping Review

Dietary regulation has been recognized for its profound impact on human health. The convergence of cardiovascular, kidney, and metabolic disorders at the pathophysiological level has given rise to cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome, which constitutes a significant global health burden. Maternal dietary nutrients play a crucial role in fetal development, influencing various programmed processes. This review emphasizes the effects of different types of dietary interventions on each component of CKM syndrome in both preclinical and clinical settings. We also provide an overview of potential maternal dietary strategies, including amino acid supplementation, lipid-associated diets, micronutrients, gut microbiota-targeted diets, and plant polyphenols, aimed at preventing CKM syndrome in offspring. Additionally, we discuss the mechanisms mediated by nutrient-sensing signals that contribute to CKM programming. Altogether, we underscore the interaction between maternal dietary interventions and the risk of CKM syndrome in offspring, emphasizing the need for continued research to facilitate their clinical translation.

Strategies for the development of metalloimmunotherapies

Metal ions play crucial roles in the regulation of immune pathways. In fact, metallodrugs have a long record of accomplishment as effective treatments for a wide range of diseases. Here we argue that the modulation of interactions of metal ions with molecules and cells involved in the immune system forms the basis of a new class of immunotherapies. By examining how metal ions modulate the innate and adaptive immune systems, as well as host-microbiota interactions, we discuss strategies for the development of such metalloimmunotherapies for the treatment of cancer and other immune-related diseases.

Epigenetic Orchestration of Neurodegenerative Disorders: A Possible Target for Curcumin as a Therapeutic

Epigenetic modulations play a major role in gene expression and thus are responsible for various physiological changes including age-associated neurological disorders. Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), although symptomatically different, may share common underlying mechanisms. Most neurodegenerative diseases are associated with increased oxidative stress, aggregation of certain proteins, mitochondrial dysfunction, inactivation/dysregulation of protein degradation machinery, DNA damage and cell excitotoxicity. Epigenetic modulations has been reported to play a significant role in onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases by regulating these processes. Previous studies have highlighted the marked antioxidant and neuroprotective abilities of polyphenols such as curcumin, by increased activity of detoxification systems like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase or glutathione peroxidase. The role of curcumin as an epigenetic modulator in neurological disorders and neuroinflammation apart from other chronic diseases have also been reported by a few groups. Nonetheless, the evidences for the role of curcumin mediated epigenetic modulation in its neuroprotective ability are still limited. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the role of mitochondrial dysfunction, epigenetic modulations and mitoepigenetics in age-associated neurological disorders such as PD, AD, HD, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), and Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and describes the neuroprotective effects of curcumin in the treatment and/or prevention of these neurodegenerative diseases by regulation of the epigenetic machinery.

Dietary Flavonoids: Mitigating Air Pollution's Cardiovascular Risks

Air pollution significantly impacts cardiovascular health, yet pollution reduction strategies in cardiovascular disease prevention remain limited. Dietary flavonoids show promise in protecting cardiovascular health, but their potential to mitigate air-pollution-induced risks is unexplored. This study investigates this research gap. Following PRISMA-ScR guidelines, literature from 2014-2024 was searched across MedLine/PubMed, ScienceDirect, and MDPI databases. Of 463 identified studies, 53 were eligible for analysis based on PICO criteria. Findings revealed significant impacts of air pollution on cardiovascular health, including increased disease risks and mortality. Flavonoid intake demonstrated protective effects against these risks. Flavonoid mechanisms include improved endothelial function, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, blood pressure regulation, antiplatelet effects, cardioprotection, and enhanced lipid and glucose metabolism. Higher flavonoid intake was consistently associated with reduced cardiovascular risks. While reducing pollution remains crucial, promoting flavonoid-rich diets is a promising complementary strategy. Public health initiatives should raise awareness about these benefits. Further research on direct interactions between flavonoid intake and air pollution exposure is needed. Current evidence supports integrating dietary interventions into broader strategies to reduce air pollution's cardiovascular impacts.

A Nutrigenomic View on the Premature-Aging Disease Fanconi Anemia

Fanconi anemia, a rare disorder with an incidence of 1 in 300,000, is caused by mutations in FANC genes, which affect the repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks. The disease is characterized by congenital malformations, bone marrow failure within the first decade of life, and recurrent squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity, esophagus, and anogenital regions starting around age 20. In this review, we propose that Fanconi anemia should be considered a premature-aging syndrome. Interestingly, the onset and severity of the life-limiting clinical features of Fanconi anemia can be influenced by lifestyle choices, such as a healthy diet and physical activity. These factors shape the epigenetic status of at-risk cell types and enhance the competence of the immune system through nutritional signaling. Fanconi anemia may serve as a model for understanding the aging process in the general population, addressing research gaps in its clinical presentation and suggesting prevention strategies. Additionally, we will discuss how the balance of genetic and environmental risk factors-affecting both cancer onset and the speed of aging-is interlinked with signal transduction by dietary molecules. The underlying nutrigenomic principles will offer guidance for healthy aging in individuals with Fanconi anemia as well as for the general population.

Molecular mechanisms of genotype-dependent lifespan variation mediated by caloric restriction: insight from wild yeast isolates

Caloric restriction (CR) is known to extend lifespan across different species and holds great promise for preventing human age-onset pathologies. However, two major challenges exist. First, despite extensive research, the mechanisms of lifespan extension in response to CR remain elusive. Second, genetic differences causing variations in response to CR and genetic factors contributing to variability of CR response on lifespan are largely unknown. Here, we took advantage of natural genetic variation across 46 diploid wild yeast isolates of Saccharomyces species and the lifespan variation under CR conditions to uncover the molecular factors associated with CR response types. We identified genes and metabolic pathways differentially regulated in CR-responsive versus non-responsive strains. Our analysis revealed that altered mitochondrial function and activation of GCN4-mediated environmental stress response are inevitably linked to lifespan variation in response to CR and a unique mitochondrial metabolite might be utilized as a predictive marker for CR response rate. In sum, our data suggests that the effects of CR on longevity may not be universal, even among the closely related species or strains of a single species. Since mitochondrial-mediated signaling pathways are evolutionarily conserved, the dissection of related genetic pathways will be relevant to understanding the mechanism by which CR elicits its longevity effect.

Molecular Mechanisms of Genotype-Dependent Lifespan Variation Mediated by Caloric Restriction: Insight from Wild Yeast Isolates

Caloric restriction (CR) is known to extend lifespan across different species and holds great promise for preventing human age-onset pathologies. However, two major challenges exist. First, despite extensive research, the mechanisms of lifespan extension in response to CR remain elusive. Second, genetic differences causing variations in response to CR and genetic factors contributing to variability of CR response on lifespan are largely unknown. Here, we took advantage of natural genetic variation across 46 diploid wild yeast isolates of Saccharomyces species and the lifespan variation under CR conditions to uncover the molecular factors associated with CR response types. We identified genes and metabolic pathways differentially regulated in CR-responsive versus non-responsive strains. Our analysis revealed that altered mitochondrial function and activation of GCN4-mediated environmental stress response are inevitably linked to lifespan variation in response to CR and a unique mitochondrial metabolite might be utilized as a predictive marker for CR response rate. In sum, our data suggests that the effects of CR on longevity may not be universal, even among the closely related species or strains of a single species. Since mitochondrial-mediated signaling pathways are evolutionarily conserved, the dissection of related genetic pathways will be relevant to understanding the mechanism by which CR elicits its longevity effect.

Dietary restriction fails to extend lifespan of Drosophila model of Werner syndrome

Werner syndrome (WS) is a rare genetic disease in humans, caused by mutations in the WRN gene that encodes a protein containing helicase and exonuclease domains. WS is characterized by symptoms of accelerated aging in multiple tissues and organs, involving increased risk of cancer, heart failure, and metabolic dysfunction. These conditions ultimately lead to the premature mortality of patients with WS. In this study, using the null mutant flies (WRNexoΔ) for the gene WRNexo (CG7670), homologous to the exonuclease domain of WRN in humans, we examined how diets affect the lifespan, stress resistance, and sleep/wake patterns of a Drosophila model of WS. We observed that dietary restriction (DR), one of the most robust nongenetic interventions to extend lifespan in animal models, failed to extend the lifespan of WRNexoΔ mutant flies and even had a detrimental effect in females. Interestingly, the mean lifespan of WRNexoΔ mutant flies was not reduced on a protein-rich diet compared to that of wild-type (WT) flies. Compared to WT control flies, the mutant flies also exhibited altered responses to DR in their resistance to starvation and oxidative stress, as well as changes in sleep/wake patterns. These findings show that the WRN protein is necessary for mediating the effects of DR and suggest that the exonuclease domain of WRN plays an important role in metabolism in addition to its primary role in DNA-repair and genome stability.

How calorie restriction slows aging: an epigenetic perspective

Genomic instability and epigenetic alterations are some of the prominent factors affecting aging. Age-related heterochromatin loss and decreased whole-genome DNA methylation are associated with abnormal gene expression, leading to diseases and genomic instability. Modulation of these epigenetic changes is crucial for preserving genomic integrity and controlling cellular identity is important for slowing the aging process. Numerous studies have shown that caloric restriction is the gold standard for promoting longevity and healthy aging in various species ranging from rodents to primates. It can be inferred that delaying of aging through the main effector such as calorie restriction is involved in cellular identity and epigenetic modification. Thus, an understanding of aging through calorie restriction may seek a more in-depth understanding. In this review, we discuss how caloric restriction promotes longevity and healthy aging through genomic stability and epigenetic alterations. We have also highlighted how the effectors of caloric restriction are involved in modulating the chromatin-based barriers.

Utilization of the microbiome in personalized medicine

Inter-individual human variability, driven by various genetic and environmental factors, complicates the ability to develop effective population-based early disease detection, treatment and prognostic assessment. The microbiome, consisting of diverse microorganism communities including viruses, bacteria, fungi and eukaryotes colonizing human body surfaces, has recently been identified as a contributor to inter-individual variation, through its person-specific signatures. As such, the microbiome may modulate disease manifestations, even among individuals with similar genetic disease susceptibility risks. Information stored within microbiomes may therefore enable early detection and prognostic assessment of disease in at-risk populations, whereas microbiome modulation may constitute an effective and safe treatment tailored to the individual. In this Review, we explore recent advances in the application of microbiome data in precision medicine across a growing number of human diseases. We also discuss the challenges, limitations and prospects of analysing microbiome data for personalized patient care.

Beneficial effects of time-restricted fasting on cardiovascular disease risk factors: a meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Cardiovascular disease continues to be a leading cause of mortality worldwide, highlighting the need to explore innovative approaches to improve cardiovascular health outcomes. Time-restricted fasting (TRF) is a dietary intervention that involves limiting the time window for food consumption. It has gained attention for its potential benefits on metabolic health and weight management. This study aims to investigate the impact of TRF on key risk factors, including body weight, glucose metabolism, blood pressure, and lipid profile.

METHODS

We conducted a systematic search in five databases (Scopus, Embase, PubMed, Cochrane, and Web of Science) for relevant studies up to January 2023. After applying inclusion criteria, 12 studies were eligible for analysis. Quality assessment was conducted using the ROB-2.0 tool and ROBINS-I. Risk of bias was mapped using Revman 5.3, and data analysis included Hartung-Knapp adjustment using R 4.2.2.

RESULTS

The group that underwent the TRF intervention exhibited a significant decrease in body weight (SMD: -0.22; 95%CI: -0.41, -0.04; P < 0.05) and fat mass (SMD: -0.19; 95%CI: -0.36, -0.02; P < 0.05), while maintaining lean mass (SMD: -0.09; 95%CI: -0.08, 0.26; P > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

TRF has shown potential as a treatment strategy for reducing total body weight by targeting adipose tissue, with potential improvements in cardiometabolic function.

Influence of Microbiota on Tumor Immunotherapy

The role of the microbiome in immunotherapy has recently garnered substantial attention, with molecular studies and clinical trials providing emerging evidence on the pivotal influence of the microbiota in enhancing therapeutic outcomes via immune response modulation. However, the impact of microbial communities can considerably vary across individuals and different immunotherapeutic approaches, posing prominent challenges in harnessing their potential. In this comprehensive review, we outline the current research applications in tumor immunotherapy and delve into the possible mechanisms through which immune function is influenced by microbial communities in various body sites, encompassing those in the gut, extraintestinal barrier, and intratumoral environment. Furthermore, we discuss the effects of diverse microbiome-based strategies, including probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and the targeted modulation of specific microbial taxa, and antibiotic treatments on cancer immunotherapy. All these strategies potentially have a profound impact on immunotherapy and pave the way for personalized therapeutic approaches and predictive biomarkers.

Effects of dietary intervention on human diseases: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential

Diet, serving as a vital source of nutrients, exerts a profound influence on human health and disease progression. Recently, dietary interventions have emerged as promising adjunctive treatment strategies not only for cancer but also for neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic disorders. These interventions have demonstrated substantial potential in modulating metabolism, disease trajectory, and therapeutic responses. Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of malignant progression, and a deeper understanding of this phenomenon in tumors and its effects on immune regulation is a significant challenge that impedes cancer eradication. Dietary intake, as a key environmental factor, can influence tumor metabolism. Emerging evidence indicates that dietary interventions might affect the nutrient availability in tumors, thereby increasing the efficacy of cancer treatments. However, the intricate interplay between dietary interventions and the pathogenesis of cancer and other diseases is complex. Despite encouraging results, the mechanisms underlying diet-based therapeutic strategies remain largely unexplored, often resulting in underutilization in disease management. In this review, we aim to illuminate the potential effects of various dietary interventions, including calorie restriction, fasting-mimicking diet, ketogenic diet, protein restriction diet, high-salt diet, high-fat diet, and high-fiber diet, on cancer and the aforementioned diseases. We explore the multifaceted impacts of these dietary interventions, encompassing their immunomodulatory effects, other biological impacts, and underlying molecular mechanisms. This review offers valuable insights into the potential application of these dietary interventions as adjunctive therapies in disease management.

Intestinal stem cells: guardians of homeostasis in health and aging amid environmental challenges

The intestinal epithelium is the first line of defense and acts as an interface between the vast microbial world within the gastrointestinal tract and the body's internal milieu. The intestinal epithelium not only facilitates nutrient absorption but also plays a key role in defending against pathogens and regulating the immune system. Central to maintaining a healthy epithelium are intestinal stem cells (ISCs), which are essential for replenishing the intestinal epithelium throughout an individual's lifespan. Recent research has unveiled the intricate interplay between ISCs and their niche, which includes various cell types, extracellular components, and signaling molecules. In this review, we delve into the most recent advances in ISC research, with a focus on the roles of ISCs in maintaining mucosal homeostasis and how ISC functionality is influenced by the niche environment. In this review, we explored the regulatory mechanisms that govern ISC behavior, emphasizing the dynamic adaptability of the intestinal epithelium in the face of various challenges. Understanding the intricate regulation of ISCs and the impact of aging and environmental factors is crucial for advancing our knowledge and developing translational approaches. Future studies should investigate the interactive effects of different risk factors on intestinal function and develop strategies for improving the regenerative capacity of the gut.

Moderate intensity exercise may protect cardiac function by influencing spleen microbiome composition

The beneficial effects of physical exercise on human cardiorespiratory fitness might be through reduced systemic inflammation, but the mechanism remains a controversy. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of spleen microbiomes in immune regulation. Hence, we conducted a study using a high-fat diet and exercise mouse model to investigate the relationships among different exercise intensities, spleen microbiome composition, and cardiac function. The mice spleen contained a diverse array of microbiota. Different intensities of exercise resulted in varying compositions of the spleen microbiome, Treg cell levels, and mouse heart function. Additionally, the abundance of Lactobacillus johnsonii in the mouse spleen exhibited a positive correlation with Treg cell levels, suggesting that Lactobacillus johnsonii may contribute to the production of Treg cells, potentially explaining the protective role of moderate-intensity exercise on cardiac function. In conclusion, our findings provide evidence that moderate-intensity exercise may promote cardiac function protection by influencing the spleen microbiome composition.

O-GlcNAc signaling increases neuron regeneration through one-carbon metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans

Cellular metabolism plays an essential role in the regrowth and regeneration of a neuron following physical injury. Yet, our knowledge of the specific metabolic pathways that are beneficial to neuron regeneration remains sparse. Previously, we have shown that modulation of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) signaling, a ubiquitous post-translational modification that acts as a cellular nutrient sensor, can significantly enhance in vivo neuron regeneration. Here, we define the specific metabolic pathway by which O-GlcNAc transferase (ogt-1) loss of function mediates increased regenerative outgrowth. Performing in vivo laser axotomy and measuring subsequent regeneration of individual neurons in C. elegans, we find that glycolysis, serine synthesis pathway (SSP), one-carbon metabolism (OCM), and the downstream transsulfuration metabolic pathway (TSP) are all essential in this process. The regenerative effects of ogt-1 mutation are abrogated by genetic and/or pharmacological disruption of OCM and the SSP linking OCM to glycolysis. Testing downstream branches of this pathway, we find that enhanced regeneration is dependent only on the vitamin B12 independent shunt pathway. These results are further supported by RNA sequencing that reveals dramatic transcriptional changes by the ogt-1 mutation, in the genes involved in glycolysis, OCM, TSP, and ATP metabolism. Strikingly, the beneficial effects of the ogt-1 mutation can be recapitulated by simple metabolic supplementation of the OCM metabolite methionine in wild-type animals. Taken together, these data unearth the metabolic pathways involved in the increased regenerative capacity of a damaged neuron in ogt-1 animals and highlight the therapeutic possibilities of OCM and its related pathways in the treatment of neuronal injury.

The genomic landscape of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Insights from nutrigenomics

Chronic obstructivе pulmonary disеasе (COPD), a rеspiratory disеasе, is influenced by a combination of gеnеtic and еnvironmеntal factors. Thе fiеld of nutrigеnomics, which studiеs thе intеrplay bеtwееn diеt and gеnеs, provides valuable insights into thе gеnomic landscapе of COPD and its implications for production and managеmеnt. This rеviеw providеs a comprеhеnsivе ovеrviеw of thе gеnеtic aspеcts of COPD and thе rolе of nutrigеnomics in advancing our undеrstanding of thе undеrlying mеchanisms. Through studies of gеnomе-widе associations, researchers have identified gеnеtic factors that contribute to suscеptibility to COPD. Thеsе gеnеs arе associatеd with oxidativе strеss, inflammation, and antioxidant dеfеnsе mеchanisms. Nutrigеnomics rеsеarch is currеntly invеstigating how diеtary componеnts interact with gеnеtic variations to modulatе thе dеvеlopmеnt of COPD. Antioxidants, omеga-3 fatty acids and vitamin D havе dеmonstratеd potеntial bеnеfits in rеducing inflammation, improving lung function, and minimizing еxacеrbations in patients with COPD. Therefore, there are sеvеral challеngеs that must be added to the nutrigеnomic rеsеarch. The challenges include thе nееd for largеr clinical trials, adding hеtеrogеnеity and validating biomarkеrs. In the tеrms of futurе dirеctions, prеcision nutrition, gеnе-basеd thеrapiеs, biomarkеr dеvеlopmеnt, intеgration of multi-omics data, systеms biology analysis, longitudinal studiеs, and public hеalth implications arе important arеas to еxplorе. Pеrsonalizеd nutritional intеrvеntions based on an individual's gеnеtic profilе hold grеat promisе for optimizing COPD managеmеnt. In conclusion, nutrigеnomics provides valuable insights into the gеnomic landscapе of COPD and its intеraction with the disease. This knowlеdgе can guidе thе dеvеlopmеnt of pеrsonalizеd diеtary stratеgiеs and gеnе-basеd thеrapiеs for thе prеvеntion and managеmеnt of COPD. Howеvеr, morе rеsеarch is nееdеd to validatе thеsе findings, dеvеlop еffеctivе intеrvеntions, and implеmеnt thеm еffеctivеly in clinical practicе to improvе thе quality of lifе for pеoplе with COPD.

Helpful to Live Healthier? Intermittent Hypoxic/Ischemic Training Benefits Vascular Homeostasis and Lipid Metabolism with Activating SIRT1 Pathways in Overweight/Obese Individuals

INTRODUCTION

The present study aimed to investigate whether and how normobaric intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) or remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) plus normoxic training (RNT) has a synergistic protective effect on lipid metabolism and vascular function compared with normoxic training (NT) in overweight or obese adults.

METHODS

A total of 37 overweight or obese adults (36.03 ± 10.48 years) were randomly assigned to 3 groups: NT group (exercise intervention in normoxia), IHT group (exercise intervention in normobaric hypoxic chamber), and RNT group (exercise intervention in normoxia + RIPC twice daily). All participants carried out the same 1-h exercise intervention for a total of 4 weeks, 5 days per week. Physical fitness parameters were evaluated at pre- and postexercise intervention.

RESULTS

After training, all three groups had a significantly decreased body mass index (p < 0.05). The IHT group had reduced body fat percentage, visceral fat mass (p < 0.05), blood pressure (p < 0.01), left ankle-brachial index (ABI), maximal heart rate (HRmax) (p < 0.05), expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) (p < 0.01) and increased expression of SIRT1 (p < 0.05), VEGF (p < 0.01). The RNT group had lowered waist-to-hip ratio, visceral fat mass, blood pressure (p < 0.05), and HRmax (p < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

IHT could effectively reduce visceral fat mass and improve vascular elasticity in overweight or obese individuals than pure NT with the activation of SIRT1-related pathways. And RNT also produced similar benefits on body composition and vascular function, which were weaker than those of IHT but stronger than NT. Given the convenience and economy of RNT, both intermittent hypoxic and ischemic training have the potential to be successful health promotion strategies for the overweight/obese population.

Old age as a risk factor for liver diseases: Modern therapeutic approaches

Recent scientific interest has been directed towards age-related diseases, driven by the significant increase in global life expectancy and the growing population of individuals aged 65 and above. The ageing process encompasses various biological, physiological, environmental, psychological, behavioural, and social changes, leading to an augmented susceptibility to chronic illnesses. Cardiovascular, neurological, musculoskeletal, liver and oncological diseases are prevalent in the elderly. Moreover, ageing individuals demonstrate reduced regenerative capacity and decreased tolerance towards therapeutic interventions, including organ transplantation. Liver diseases, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, hepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis, have emerged as significant public health concerns. Paradoxically, these conditions remain underestimated despite their substantial global impact. Age-related factors are closely associated with the severity and unfavorable prognosis of various liver diseases, warranting further investigation to enhance clinical management and develop novel therapeutic strategies. This comprehensive review focuses specifically on age-related liver diseases, their treatment strategies, and contemporary practices. It provides a detailed account of the global burden, types, molecular mechanisms, and epigenetic alterations underlying these liver pathologies.

Conjugated linoleic acid and glucosamine supplements may prevent bone loss in aging by regulating the RANKL/RANK/OPG pathway

The skeleton is a living organ that undergoes constant changes, including bone formation and resorption. It is affected by various diseases, such as osteoporosis, osteopenia, and osteomalacia. Nowadays, several methods are applied to protect bone health, including the use of hormonal and non-hormonal medications and supplements. However, certain drugs like glucocorticoids, thiazolidinediones, heparin, anticonvulsants, chemotherapy, and proton pump inhibitors can endanger bone health and cause bone loss. New studies are exploring the use of supplements, such as conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and glucosamine, with fewer side effects during treatment. Various mechanisms have been proposed for the effects of CLA and glucosamine on bone structure, both direct and indirect. One mechanism that deserves special attention is the regulatory effect of RANKL/RANK/OPG on bone turnover. The RANKL/RANK/OPG pathway is considered a motive for osteoclast maturation and bone resorption. The cytokine system, consisting of the receptor activator of the nuclear factor (NF)-kB ligand (RANKL), its receptor RANK, and its decoy receptor, osteoprotegerin (OPG), plays a vital role in bone turnover. Over the past few years, researchers have observed the impact of CLA and glucosamine on the RANKL/RANK/OPG mechanism of bone turnover. However, no comprehensive study has been published on these supplements and their mechanism. To address this gap in knowledge, we have critically reviewed their potential effects. This review aims to assist in developing efficient treatment strategies and focusing future studies on these supplements.

Harnessing the power of nutritional antioxidants against adrenal hormone imbalance-associated oxidative stress

Oxidative stress, resulting from dysregulation in the secretion of adrenal hormones, represents a major concern in human health. The present review comprehensively examines various categories of endocrine dysregulation within the adrenal glands, encompassing glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens. Additionally, a comprehensive account of adrenal hormone disorders, including adrenal insufficiency, Cushing's syndrome, and adrenal tumors, is presented, with particular emphasis on their intricate association with oxidative stress. The review also delves into an examination of various nutritional antioxidants, namely vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids, selenium, zinc, polyphenols, coenzyme Q10, and probiotics, and elucidates their role in mitigating the adverse effects of oxidative stress arising from imbalances in adrenal hormone levels. In conclusion, harnessing the power of nutritional antioxidants has the potential to help with oxidative stress caused by an imbalance in adrenal hormones. This could lead to new research and therapeutic interventions.

Diet Quality and Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Infection or COVID-19: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies

The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of healthy diets in the management of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and COVID-19. Evidence suggests the influence of diet and dietary patterns during post-COVID-19, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on dietary habits and quality. However, limited evidence lies on the association between a healthy diet, and risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19. This study aimed to conduct a systematic review of observational studies to examine the association between diet quality, and the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 among adult populations. 6158 research articles from Scopus, EMBASE, PubMed, and MEDLINE databases were identified for eligibility. Only observational studies were included. Study quality was assessed using the National Institutes of Health Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies. Thirteen studies were included (4 with SARS-CoV-2 infection and 9 with COVID-19 as the outcome); 3 were case-control, 3 were cross-sectional, and 7 were prospective studies. Adherence to Mediterranean diet was examined as exposure in 7 studies, and was associated with decreased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in 2 studies, with estimates varying from 12% to 22%, while COVID-19 risk or severity was found to be reduced in 3 studies with odds ratios (ORs) ranging from 36% to 77%. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet was inversely associated with COVID-19 hospitalization (OR: 0.19; 95% CI: 0.07, 0.55), whereas a healthy plant-based diet had an inverse association with both COVID-19 infection (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.88, 0.94) and severity (HR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.47, 0.74). Studies examining individual food groups generally found lower risk of infection or COVID-19 in association with larger dietary intakes of fruits, vegetables, and fiber. The overall findings of the observational studies in this review support the concept that nutritious diets might lower the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19. This study was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42023397371.

Effect of dietary restriction on health span in Caenorhabditis elegans: A systematic review

Dietary restriction (DR) interventions have demonstrated their efficacy in extending lifespan; however, the association between lifespan extension and health span remains unclear. This article aims to analyze the relationship between DR-induced lifespan and health span in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), a widely used animal model in lifespan studies. By examining various parameters such as lipofuscin accumulation (an aging marker) and locomotor and feeding capacities (indicators of muscle degradation rate), we have compiled papers that investigate and report on these DR-induced effects.The majority of the papers reviewed consistently demonstrate that DR improves both lifespan and health span in C. elegans. Worms subjected to DR exhibit slower lipofuscin accumulation compared to those fed ad libitum, indicating a reduction in age-related cellular damage. Additionally, DR-treated worms display a higher locomotion capacity, suggesting a slower rate of muscle degradation. However, it is worth noting that there are some discrepancies among the papers regarding feeding capacity. These contradictions can be attributed to the different methods employed to initiate DR. While many approaches slow muscle degeneration and enhance pumping rates through adaptation to limited food sources, other methods, such as using eat-2 mutant worms or interventions that mimic the effects of eat-2, reduce feeding capacity and consequently restrict food intake. In conclusion, the findings suggest a strong correlation between DR-induced longevity and the extension of health span in C. elegans, as evidenced by improvements in various health span parameters. DR interventions not only extend lifespan but also mitigate age-related markers and preserve locomotor capacity. Although conflicting results are observed regarding feeding capacity, the overall evidence supports the notion that DR promotes healthier aging in this animal model.