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Zhu Y, Feng B, Su Y, Li G, Liu Y, Hou Y, Zhang J, Li W, Zhong G, Yang C, Chen M. Strong Covalent Coupling in Vertically Layered SnSe 2/PTAA Heterojunctions Enabled High Performance Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Photodetectors. NANO LETTERS 2024. [PMID: 38767965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Controllable large-scale integration of two-dimensional (2D) materials with organic semiconductors and the realization of strong coupling between them still remain challenging. Herein, we demonstrate a wafer-scale, vertically layered SnSe2/PTAA heterojunction array with high light-trapping ability via a low-temperature molecular beam epitaxy method and a facile spin-coating process. Conductive probe atomic force microscopy (CP-AFM) measurements reveal strong rectification and photoresponse behavior in the individual SnSe2 nanosheet/PTAA heterojunction. Theoretical analysis demonstrates that vertically layered SnSe2/PTAA heterojunctions exhibit stronger C-Se covalent coupling than that of the conventional tiled type, which could facilitate more efficient charge transfer. Benefiting from these advantages, the SnSe2/PTAA heterojunction photodetectors with an optimized PTAA concentration show high performance, including a responsivity of 41.02 A/W, an external quantum efficiency of 1.31 × 104%, and high uniformity. The proposed approach for constructing large-scale 2D inorganic-organic heterostructures represents an effective route to fabricate high-performance broadband photodetectors for integrated optoelectronic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhao Zhu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Bohan Feng
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhan Su
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyuan Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingming Liu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Hou
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohua Zhong
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunlei Yang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Chen
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
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2
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Zhang Z, Wu B, Wang Y, Cai T, Ma M, You C, Liu C, Jiang G, Hu Y, Li X, Chen XZ, Song E, Cui J, Huang G, Kiravittaya S, Mei Y. Multilevel design and construction in nanomembrane rolling for three-dimensional angle-sensitive photodetection. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3066. [PMID: 38594254 PMCID: PMC11004118 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47405-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Releasing pre-strained two-dimensional nanomembranes to assemble on-chip three-dimensional devices is crucial for upcoming advanced electronic and optoelectronic applications. However, the release process is affected by many unclear factors, hindering the transition from laboratory to industrial applications. Here, we propose a quasistatic multilevel finite element modeling to assemble three-dimensional structures from two-dimensional nanomembranes and offer verification results by various bilayer nanomembranes. Take Si/Cr nanomembrane as an example, we confirm that the three-dimensional structural formation is governed by both the minimum energy state and the geometric constraints imposed by the edges of the sacrificial layer. Large-scale, high-yield fabrication of three-dimensional structures is achieved, and two distinct three-dimensional structures are assembled from the same precursor. Six types of three-dimensional Si/Cr photodetectors are then prepared to resolve the incident angle of light with a deep neural network model, opening up possibilities for the design and manufacturing methods of More-than-Moore-era devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Zhang
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymer, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Binmin Wu
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymer, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymer, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianjun Cai
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymer, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingze Ma
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymer, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyu You
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymer, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymer, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Guobang Jiang
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymer, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhang Hu
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymer, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymer, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Zhong Chen
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Institute of Optoelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Yiwu, 322000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- International Institute of Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Enming Song
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Institute of Optoelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
- International Institute of Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Jizhai Cui
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymer, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
- International Institute of Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaoshan Huang
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymer, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Yiwu, 322000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- International Institute of Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Suwit Kiravittaya
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yongfeng Mei
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymer, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Institute of Optoelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China.
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Yiwu, 322000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- International Institute of Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China.
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Li M, Wu C, Chen M, Weng T, Yu X, Lin K, Cao Y, Yu X, Li Z, Qiao Q, Zhang H, Zhou Y. Dipole Field-Driven Organic-Inorganic Heterojunction for Highly Sensitive Ultraviolet Photodetector. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38382473 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Developing high-performance organic-inorganic ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors (PDs) has attracted considerable attention. However, this development has been hindered due to poor directional charge-transfer ratios in transport layers, excessive costs, and an ambiguous underlying mechanism. To tackle these challenges, we constructed a heterojunction of economic Mg-doped ZnO (MgZnO) nanorods and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) [PEDOT:PSS (P:P)] that utilizes dipole field-driven spontaneous polarization to enhance photogenerated charge kinetics. As a result, the proposed heterojunction has an improved noise equivalent power of 3.16 × 10-11 W Hz-1/2), a normalized detection rate (D*) of 8.96 × 109 jones, and external quantum efficiency comparable to other ZnO-based devices. Notably, the prepared PDs showed a photocurrent of 4.8 × 10-3 μA under a faint UV light having an intensity of 1 × 10-5 W cm-2, exceeding the performance of the most state-of-the-art ZnO-based UV sensors. The introduction of Mg into ZnO is responsible for the high performance, as it causes a lattice mismatch and distortion of the Mg-doped ZnO unit cell. It results in improved dipole movement and the creation of a dipole field, accelerating the directional electron-transfer process. Using a dipole field to manipulate the migration and transport of photogenerated carriers represents a promising approach for achieving outstanding performance in UV PDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Li
- School of Marine Engineering Equipment, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316022, China
| | - Cheng Wu
- School of Marine Engineering Equipment, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316022, China
| | - Mengshan Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316022, China
| | - Tianfeng Weng
- School of Marine Engineering Equipment, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316022, China
| | - Xuan Yu
- School of Marine Engineering Equipment, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316022, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316022, China
| | - Kun Lin
- School of Marine Engineering Equipment, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316022, China
| | - Yu Cao
- School of Electrical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, China
| | - Xiaoming Yu
- School of Marine Engineering Equipment, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316022, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316022, China
| | - Zhenhua Li
- School of Marine Engineering Equipment, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316022, China
| | - Qian Qiao
- School of Marine Engineering Equipment, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316022, China
| | - Hai Zhang
- School of Marine Engineering Equipment, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316022, China
| | - Yingtang Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316022, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Environmental Pollution Control, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316004, China
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Chang S, Koo JH, Yoo J, Kim MS, Choi MK, Kim DH, Song YM. Flexible and Stretchable Light-Emitting Diodes and Photodetectors for Human-Centric Optoelectronics. Chem Rev 2024; 124:768-859. [PMID: 38241488 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Optoelectronic devices with unconventional form factors, such as flexible and stretchable light-emitting or photoresponsive devices, are core elements for the next-generation human-centric optoelectronics. For instance, these deformable devices can be utilized as closely fitted wearable sensors to acquire precise biosignals that are subsequently uploaded to the cloud for immediate examination and diagnosis, and also can be used for vision systems for human-interactive robotics. Their inception was propelled by breakthroughs in novel optoelectronic material technologies and device blueprinting methodologies, endowing flexibility and mechanical resilience to conventional rigid optoelectronic devices. This paper reviews the advancements in such soft optoelectronic device technologies, honing in on various materials, manufacturing techniques, and device design strategies. We will first highlight the general approaches for flexible and stretchable device fabrication, including the appropriate material selection for the substrate, electrodes, and insulation layers. We will then focus on the materials for flexible and stretchable light-emitting diodes, their device integration strategies, and representative application examples. Next, we will move on to the materials for flexible and stretchable photodetectors, highlighting the state-of-the-art materials and device fabrication methods, followed by their representative application examples. At the end, a brief summary will be given, and the potential challenges for further development of functional devices will be discussed as a conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehui Chang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Hoon Koo
- Department of Semiconductor Systems Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Semiconductor and System IC, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Yoo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Seok Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Kee Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Semiconductor Materials and Devices Engineering, Center for Future Semiconductor Technology (FUST), UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, SNU, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, SNU, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Min Song
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) Graduate School, GIST, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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5
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Torkashvand Z, Shayeganfar F, Ramazani A. Nanomaterials Based Micro/Nanoelectromechanical System (MEMS and NEMS) Devices. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:175. [PMID: 38398905 PMCID: PMC10890696 DOI: 10.3390/mi15020175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The micro- and nanoelectromechanical system (MEMS and NEMS) devices based on two-dimensional (2D) materials reveal novel functionalities and higher sensitivity compared to their silicon-base counterparts. Unique properties of 2D materials boost the demand for 2D material-based nanoelectromechanical devices and sensing. During the last decades, using suspended 2D membranes integrated with MEMS and NEMS emerged high-performance sensitivities in mass and gas sensors, accelerometers, pressure sensors, and microphones. Actively sensing minute changes in the surrounding environment is provided by means of MEMS/NEMS sensors, such as sensing in passive modes of small changes in momentum, temperature, and strain. In this review, we discuss the materials preparation methods, electronic, optical, and mechanical properties of 2D materials used in NEMS and MEMS devices, fabrication routes besides device operation principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziba Torkashvand
- Department of Physics and Energy Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 15875-4413, Iran; (Z.T.); (F.S.)
| | - Farzaneh Shayeganfar
- Department of Physics and Energy Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 15875-4413, Iran; (Z.T.); (F.S.)
| | - Ali Ramazani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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6
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Katiyar AK, Hoang AT, Xu D, Hong J, Kim BJ, Ji S, Ahn JH. 2D Materials in Flexible Electronics: Recent Advances and Future Prospectives. Chem Rev 2024; 124:318-419. [PMID: 38055207 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Flexible electronics have recently gained considerable attention due to their potential to provide new and innovative solutions to a wide range of challenges in various electronic fields. These electronics require specific material properties and performance because they need to be integrated into a variety of surfaces or folded and rolled for newly formatted electronics. Two-dimensional (2D) materials have emerged as promising candidates for flexible electronics due to their unique mechanical, electrical, and optical properties, as well as their compatibility with other materials, enabling the creation of various flexible electronic devices. This article provides a comprehensive review of the progress made in developing flexible electronic devices using 2D materials. In addition, it highlights the key aspects of materials, scalable material production, and device fabrication processes for flexible applications, along with important examples of demonstrations that achieved breakthroughs in various flexible and wearable electronic applications. Finally, we discuss the opportunities, current challenges, potential solutions, and future investigative directions about this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Kumar Katiyar
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Anh Tuan Hoang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Duo Xu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyeong Hong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Jin Kim
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyeon Ji
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Ahn
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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7
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Choi C, Lee GJ, Chang S, Song YM, Kim DH. Nanomaterial-Based Artificial Vision Systems: From Bioinspired Electronic Eyes to In-Sensor Processing Devices. ACS NANO 2024; 18:1241-1256. [PMID: 38166167 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
High-performance robotic vision empowers mobile and humanoid robots to detect and identify their surrounding objects efficiently, which enables them to cooperate with humans and assist human activities. For error-free execution of these robots' tasks, efficient imaging and data processing capabilities are essential, even under diverse and complex environments. However, conventional technologies fall short of meeting the high-standard requirements of robotic vision under such circumstances. Here, we discuss recent progress in artificial vision systems with high-performance imaging and data processing capabilities enabled by distinctive electrical, optical, and mechanical characteristics of nanomaterials surpassing the limitations of traditional silicon technologies. In particular, we focus on nanomaterial-based electronic eyes and in-sensor processing devices inspired by biological eyes and animal visual recognition systems, respectively. We provide perspectives on key nanomaterials, device components, and their functionalities, as well as explain the remaining challenges and future prospects of the artificial vision systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsoon Choi
- Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Post-silicon Semiconductor Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Gil Ju Lee
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehui Chang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Min Song
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
- AI Graduate School, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
- Department of Semiconductor Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Qiu Y, Ashok A, Nguyen CC, Yamauchi Y, Do TN, Phan HP. Integrated Sensors for Soft Medical Robotics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2308805. [PMID: 38185733 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Minimally invasive procedures assisted by soft robots for surgery, diagnostics, and drug delivery have unprecedented benefits over traditional solutions from both patient and surgeon perspectives. However, the translation of such technology into commercialization remains challenging. The lack of perception abilities is one of the obstructive factors paramount for a safe, accurate and efficient robot-assisted intervention. Integrating different types of miniature sensors onto robotic end-effectors is a promising trend to compensate for the perceptual deficiencies in soft robots. For example, haptic feedback with force sensors helps surgeons to control the interaction force at the tool-tissue interface, impedance sensing of tissue electrical properties can be used for tumor detection. The last decade has witnessed significant progress in the development of multimodal sensors built on the advancement in engineering, material science and scalable micromachining technologies. This review article provides a snapshot on common types of integrated sensors for soft medical robots. It covers various sensing mechanisms, examples for practical and clinical applications, standard manufacturing processes, as well as insights on emerging engineering routes for the fabrication of novel and high-performing sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Qiu
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Aditya Ashok
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4067, Australia
| | - Chi Cong Nguyen
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4067, Australia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Thanh Nho Do
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
- Tyree Foundation Institute of Health Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Hoang-Phuong Phan
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
- Tyree Foundation Institute of Health Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
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9
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Hoang AT, Hu L, Kim BJ, Van TTN, Park KD, Jeong Y, Lee K, Ji S, Hong J, Katiyar AK, Shong B, Kim K, Im S, Chung WJ, Ahn JH. Low-temperature growth of MoS 2 on polymer and thin glass substrates for flexible electronics. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:1439-1447. [PMID: 37500777 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01460-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in two-dimensional semiconductors, particularly molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), have enabled the fabrication of flexible electronic devices with outstanding mechanical flexibility. Previous approaches typically involved the synthesis of MoS2 on a rigid substrate at a high temperature followed by the transfer to a flexible substrate onto which the device is fabricated. A recurring drawback with this methodology is the fact that flexible substrates have a lower melting temperature than the MoS2 growth process, and that the transfer process degrades the electronic properties of MoS2. Here we report a strategy for directly synthesizing high-quality and high-crystallinity MoS2 monolayers on polymers and ultrathin glass substrates (thickness ~30 µm) at ~150 °C using metal-organic chemical vapour deposition. By avoiding the transfer process, the MoS2 quality is preserved. On flexible field-effect transistors, we achieve a mobility of 9.1 cm2 V-1 s-1 and a positive threshold voltage of +5 V, which is essential for reducing device power consumption. Moreover, under bending conditions, our logic circuits exhibit stable operation while phototransistors can detect light over a wide range of wavelengths from 405 nm to 904 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Tuan Hoang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Luhing Hu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Jin Kim
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tran Thi Ngoc Van
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Dae Park
- Institute for Rare Metals and Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonsu Jeong
- Van der Waals Materials Research Center, Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihyun Lee
- Van der Waals Materials Research Center, Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Korea
| | - Seunghyeon Ji
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyeong Hong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ajit Kumar Katiyar
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bonggeun Shong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanpyo Kim
- Van der Waals Materials Research Center, Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Korea
| | - Seongil Im
- Van der Waals Materials Research Center, Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woon Jin Chung
- Institute for Rare Metals and Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Ahn
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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10
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McCaskill JS, Karnaushenko D, Zhu M, Schmidt OG. Microelectronic Morphogenesis: Smart Materials with Electronics Assembling into Artificial Organisms. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2306344. [PMID: 37814374 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Microelectronic morphogenesis is the creation and maintenance of complex functional structures by microelectronic information within shape-changing materials. Only recently has in-built information technology begun to be used to reshape materials and their functions in three dimensions to form smart microdevices and microrobots. Electronic information that controls morphology is inheritable like its biological counterpart, genetic information, and is set to open new vistas of technology leading to artificial organisms when coupled with modular design and self-assembly that can make reversible microscopic electrical connections. Three core capabilities of cells in organisms, self-maintenance (homeostatic metabolism utilizing free energy), self-containment (distinguishing self from nonself), and self-reproduction (cell division with inherited properties), once well out of reach for technology, are now within the grasp of information-directed materials. Construction-aware electronics can be used to proof-read and initiate game-changing error correction in microelectronic self-assembly. Furthermore, noncontact communication and electronically supported learning enable one to implement guided self-assembly and enhance functionality. Here, the fundamental breakthroughs that have opened the pathway to this prospective path are reviewed, the extent and way in which the core properties of life can be addressed are analyzed, and the potential and indeed necessity of such technology for sustainable high technology in society is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S McCaskill
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- European Centre for Living Technology (ECLT), Ca' Bottacin, Dorsoduro 3911, Venice, 30123, Italy
| | - Daniil Karnaushenko
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Minshen Zhu
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- European Centre for Living Technology (ECLT), Ca' Bottacin, Dorsoduro 3911, Venice, 30123, Italy
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11
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Hu H, Zhang C, Ding Y, Chen F, Huang Q, Zheng Z. A Review of Structure Engineering of Strain-Tolerant Architectures for Stretchable Electronics. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300671. [PMID: 37661591 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable electronics possess significant advantages over their conventional rigid counterparts and boost game-changing applications such as bioelectronics, flexible displays, wearable health monitors, etc. It is, nevertheless, a formidable task to impart stretchability to brittle electronic materials such as silicon. This review provides a concise but critical discussion of the prevailing structural engineering strategies for achieving strain-tolerant electronic devices. Not only the more commonly discussed lateral designs of structures such as island-bridge, wavy structures, fractals, and kirigami, but also the less discussed vertical architectures such as strain isolation and elastoplastic principle are reviewed. Future opportunities are envisaged at the end of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Hu
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Yichun Ding
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Fan Chen
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Qiyao Huang
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
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12
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Bo R, Xu S, Yang Y, Zhang Y. Mechanically-Guided 3D Assembly for Architected Flexible Electronics. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11137-11189. [PMID: 37676059 PMCID: PMC10540141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Architected flexible electronic devices with rationally designed 3D geometries have found essential applications in biology, medicine, therapeutics, sensing/imaging, energy, robotics, and daily healthcare. Mechanically-guided 3D assembly methods, exploiting mechanics principles of materials and structures to transform planar electronic devices fabricated using mature semiconductor techniques into 3D architected ones, are promising routes to such architected flexible electronic devices. Here, we comprehensively review mechanically-guided 3D assembly methods for architected flexible electronics. Mainstream methods of mechanically-guided 3D assembly are classified and discussed on the basis of their fundamental deformation modes (i.e., rolling, folding, curving, and buckling). Diverse 3D interconnects and device forms are then summarized, which correspond to the two key components of an architected flexible electronic device. Afterward, structure-induced functionalities are highlighted to provide guidelines for function-driven structural designs of flexible electronics, followed by a collective summary of their resulting applications. Finally, conclusions and outlooks are given, covering routes to achieve extreme deformations and dimensions, inverse design methods, and encapsulation strategies of architected 3D flexible electronics, as well as perspectives on future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renheng Bo
- Applied
Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory
of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua
University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Shiwei Xu
- Applied
Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory
of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua
University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Youzhou Yang
- Applied
Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory
of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua
University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Applied
Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory
of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua
University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic
of China
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13
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Zhang Y, Yin M, Xu B. Elastocapillary rolling transfer weaves soft materials to spatial structures. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh9232. [PMID: 37611102 PMCID: PMC10446489 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh9232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Spatial structures of soft materials have attracted great attention because of emerging applications in wearable electronics, biomedical devices, and soft robotics, but there are no facile technologies available to assemble the soft materials into spatial structures. Here, we report a mechanical transfer route enabled by the rotational motion of curved substrates relative to the soft materials on liquid surface. This transfer can weave soft materials into a broad variety of spatial structures with controllable global weaving chirality and orders and could also produce local ear-like folds with programmable numbers and distributions. We further prove that multiple pieces of soft materials in different forms including wire, ribbon, and large-area film can be woven onto curved substrates with various three-dimensional geometry shapes. Application demonstrations on the woven freestanding spatial structures with on-demand weaving patterns and orders have been conducted to show the temperature-driven multimodal actuating functionalities for programmable robotic postures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Baoxing Xu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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14
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Ma S, Dahiya AS, Dahiya R. Out-of-Plane Electronics on Flexible Substrates Using Inorganic Nanowires Grown on High-Aspect-Ratio Printed Gold Micropillars. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2210711. [PMID: 37178312 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Out-of-plane or 3D electronics on flexible substrates are an interesting direction that can enable novel solutions such as efficient bioelectricity generation and artificial retina. However, the development of devices with such architectures is limited by the lack of suitable fabrication techniques. Additive manufacturing (AM) can but often fail to provide high-resolution, sub-micrometer 3D architectures. Herein, the optimization of a drop-on-demand (DoD), high-resolution electrohydrodynamic (EHD)-based jet printing method for generating 3D gold (Au) micropillars is reported. Libraries of Au micropillar electrode arrays (MEAs) reaching a maximum height of 196 µm and a maximum aspect ratio of 52 are printed. Further, by combining AM with the hydrothermal growth method, a seedless synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires (NWs) on the printed Au MEAs is demonstrated. The developed hybrid approach leads to hierarchical light-sensitive NW-connected networks exhibiting favorable ultraviolet (UV) sensing as demonstrated via fabricating flexible photodetectors (PDs). The 3D PDs exhibit an excellent omnidirectional light-absorption ability and thus, maintain high photocurrents over wide light incidence angles (±90°). Lastly, the PDs are tested under both concave and convex bending at 40 mm, showing excellent mechanical flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihang Ma
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | | | - Ravinder Dahiya
- Bendable Electronics and Sustainable Technologies (BEST) Group, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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15
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Ren Y, He Q, Xu T, Zhang W, Peng Z, Meng B. Recent Progress in MXene Hydrogel for Wearable Electronics. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13050495. [PMID: 37232856 DOI: 10.3390/bios13050495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Recently, hydrogels have attracted great attention because of their unique properties, including stretchability, self-adhesion, transparency, and biocompatibility. They can transmit electrical signals for potential applications in flexible electronics, human-machine interfaces, sensors, actuators, et al. MXene, a newly emerged two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterial, is an ideal candidate for wearable sensors, benefitting from its surface's negatively charged hydrophilic nature, biocompatibility, high specific surface area, facile functionalization, and high metallic conductivity. However, stability has been a limiting factor for MXene-based applications, and fabricating MXene into hydrogels has been proven to significantly improve their stability. The unique and complex gel structure and gelation mechanism of MXene hydrogels require intensive research and engineering at nanoscale. Although the application of MXene-based composites in sensors has been widely studied, the preparation methods and applications of MXene-based hydrogels in wearable electronics is relatively rare. Thus, in order to facilitate the effective evolution of MXene hydrogel sensors, the design strategies, preparation methods, and applications of MXene hydrogels for flexible and wearable electronics are comprehensively discussed and summarized in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ren
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Qi He
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Tongyi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Weiguan Zhang
- Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Zhengchun Peng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Bo Meng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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16
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Lee M, Seung H, Kwon JI, Choi MK, Kim DH, Choi C. Nanomaterial-Based Synaptic Optoelectronic Devices for In-Sensor Preprocessing of Image Data. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:5209-5224. [PMID: 36816688 PMCID: PMC9933102 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
With the advance in information technologies involving machine vision applications, the demand for energy- and time-efficient acquisition, transfer, and processing of a large amount of image data has rapidly increased. However, current architectures of the machine vision system have inherent limitations in terms of power consumption and data latency owing to the physical isolation of image sensors and processors. Meanwhile, synaptic optoelectronic devices that exhibit photoresponse similar to the behaviors of the human synapse enable in-sensor preprocessing, which makes the front-end part of the image recognition process more efficient. Herein, we review recent progress in the development of synaptic optoelectronic devices using functional nanomaterials and their unique interfacial characteristics. First, we provide an overview of representative functional nanomaterials and device configurations for the synaptic optoelectronic devices. Then, we discuss the underlying physics of each nanomaterial in the synaptic optoelectronic device and explain related device characteristics that allow for the in-sensor preprocessing. We also discuss advantages achieved by the application of the synaptic optoelectronic devices to image preprocessing, such as contrast enhancement and image filtering. Finally, we conclude this review and present a short prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyung Lee
- Center
for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Post-silicon Semiconductor
Institute, Korea Institute of Science and
Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojin Seung
- Center
for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for
Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic
of Korea
| | - Jong Ik Kwon
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan
National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Kee Choi
- Center
for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for
Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan
National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center
for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for
Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul
National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsoon Choi
- Center
for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Post-silicon Semiconductor
Institute, Korea Institute of Science and
Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
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17
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Rhee D, Han B, Jung M, Kim J, Song O, Kang J. Hierarchical Nanoscale Structuring of Solution-Processed 2D van der Waals Networks for Wafer-Scale, Stretchable Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:57153-57164. [PMID: 36519946 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors are promising for next-generation electronics that are lightweight, flexible, and stretchable. Achieving stretchability with suppressed crack formation, however, is still difficult without introducing lithographically etched micropatterns, which significantly reduces active device areas. Herein, we report a solution-based hierarchical structuring to create stretchable semiconducting films that are continuous over wafer-scale areas via self-assembly of two-dimensional nanosheets. Electrochemically exfoliated MoS2 nanosheets with large lateral sizes (∼1 μm) are first assembled into a uniform film on a prestrained thermoplastic substrate, followed by strain relief of the substrate to create nanoscale wrinkles. Subsequent strain-relief cycles with the presence of soluble polymer films produce hierarchical wrinkles with multigenerational structures. Stretchable MoS2 films are then realized by curing an elastomer directly on the wrinkled surface and dissolving the thermoplastic. Three-generation hierarchical MoS2 wrinkles are resistant to cracking up to nearly 100% substrate stretching and achieve drastically enhanced photoresponsivity compared to the flat counterpart over the visible and NIR regimes, while the flat MoS2 film is beneficial in creating strain sensors because of its strain-dependent electrical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjoon Rhee
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Boyun Han
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeongjin Jung
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Okin Song
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohoon Kang
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- KIST-SKKU Carbon-Neutral Research Center, SKKU, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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18
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Huang J, Huang G, Zhao Z, Wang C, Cui J, Song E, Mei Y. Nanomembrane-assembled nanophotonics and optoelectronics: from materials to applications. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 35:093001. [PMID: 36560918 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/acabf3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanophotonics and optoelectronics are the keys to the information transmission technology field. The performance of the devices crucially depends on the light-matter interaction, and it is found that three-dimensional (3D) structures may be associated with strong light field regulation for advantageous application. Recently, 3D assembly of flexible nanomembranes has attracted increasing attention in optical field, and novel optoelectronic device applications have been demonstrated with fantastic 3D design. In this review, we first introduce the fabrication of various materials in the form of nanomembranes. On the basis of the deformability of nanomembranes, 3D structures can be built by patterning and release steps. Specifically, assembly methods to build 3D nanomembrane are summarized as rolling, folding, buckling and pick-place methods. Incorporating functional materials and constructing fine structures are two important development directions in 3D nanophotonics and optoelectronics, and we settle previous researches on these two aspects. The extraordinary performance and applicability of 3D devices show the potential of nanomembrane assembly for future optoelectronic applications in multiple areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayuan Huang
- Department of Materials Science, International Institute of Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Institute of Optoelectronics, Yiwu Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaoshan Huang
- Department of Materials Science, International Institute of Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Institute of Optoelectronics, Yiwu Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Department of Materials Science, International Institute of Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Institute of Optoelectronics, Yiwu Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Materials Science, International Institute of Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Institute of Optoelectronics, Yiwu Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Jizhai Cui
- Department of Materials Science, International Institute of Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Institute of Optoelectronics, Yiwu Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Enming Song
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Institute of Optoelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongfeng Mei
- Department of Materials Science, International Institute of Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Institute of Optoelectronics, Yiwu Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
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19
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Diko CS, Abitonze M, Liu Y, Zhu Y, Yang Y. Synthesis and Applications of Dimensional SnS 2 and SnS 2/Carbon Nanomaterials. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4497. [PMID: 36558350 PMCID: PMC9786647 DOI: 10.3390/nano12244497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Dimensional nanomaterials can offer enhanced application properties benefiting from their sizes and morphological orientations. Tin disulfide (SnS2) and carbon are typical sources of dimensional nanomaterials. SnS2 is a semiconductor with visible light adsorption properties and has shown high energy density and long cycle life in energy storage processes. The integration of SnS2 and carbon materials has shown enhanced visible light absorption and electron transmission efficiency. This helps to alleviate the volume expansion of SnS2 which is a limitation during energy storage processes and provides a favorable bandgap in photocatalytic degradation. Several innovative approaches have been geared toward controlling the size, shape, and hybridization of SnS2/Carbon composite nanostructures. However, dimensional nanomaterials of SnS2 and SnS2/Carbon have rarely been discussed. This review summarizes the synthesis methods of zero-, one-, two-, and three-dimensional SnS2 and SnS2/Carbon composite nanomaterials through wet and solid-state synthesis strategies. Moreover, the unique properties that promote their advances in photocatalysis and energy conversion and storage are discussed. Finally, some remarks and perspectives on the challenges and opportunities for exploring advanced SnS2/Carbon nanomaterials are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maurice Abitonze
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Yining Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Yimin Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Dalian Research Institute of Petroleum and Petrochemicals, SINOPEC, Dalian 116045, China
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20
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Shape morphing of plastic films. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7294. [DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34844-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThree-dimensional (3D) architectures have qualitatively expanded the functions of materials and flexible electronics. However, current fabrication techniques for devices constrain their substrates to 2D geometries and current post-shape transformation strategies are limited to heterogenous or responsive materials and are not amenable to free-standing inert plastic films such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyimide (PI), which are vital substrates for flexible electronics. Here, we realize the shape morphing of homogeneous plastic films for various free-standing 3D frameworks from their 2D precursors by introducing a general strategy based on programming the plastic strain in films under peeling. By modulating the peeling parameters, previously inaccessible free-standing 3D geometries ranging from millimeter to micrometer were predicted theoretically and obtained experimentally. This strategy is applicable to most materials capable of plastic deformation, including polymers, metals, and composite materials, and can even enable 4D transformation with responsive plastic films. Enhanced performance of 3D circuits and piezoelectric systems demonstrates the enormous potential of peeling-induced shape morphing for 3D devices.
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21
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Yang L, Hong X, Li J, Ji CY, Han Y, Chen S, Jiang H, Song WL, Chen HS, Fang D. Rechargeable Metasurfaces for Dynamic Color Display Based on a Compositional and Mechanical Dual-Altered Mechanism. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2022; 2022:9828757. [PMID: 38645680 PMCID: PMC11030115 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9828757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Dynamic color display can be realized by tunable optical metasurfaces based on the compositional or structural control. However, it is still a challenge to realize the efficient modulation by a single-field method. Here, we report a novel compositional and mechanical dual-altered rechargeable metasurface for reversible and broadband optical reconfiguration in both visible and near-infrared wavelength regions. By employing a simple fabrication and integration strategy, the continuous optical reconfiguration is manipulated through an electro-chemo-mechanical coupled process in a lithium ion battery, where lithiation and delithiation processes occur dynamically under a low electric voltage (≤1.5 V). By controlling the phase transformation from Si to Li xSi, both structural morphology and optical scattering could be rapidly and dramatically tailored within 30 s, exhibiting high-contrast colorization and decolorization in a large-area nanofilm and showing long cyclic stability. Significant wide-angle reconfiguration of high-resolution structural colors in bowtie metasurfaces is demonstrated from anomalous reflection. The results provide a multifield mechanism for reconfigurable photonic devices, and the new platform can be introduced to the multidimensional information encryption and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-Functional Composite Materials and Structures,
Institute of Advanced Structure Technology,
Beijing Institute of Technology,
Beijing 100081,
China
| | - Xiaorong Hong
- Key Lab of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement (Ministry of Education),
Beijing Key Lab of Nanophotonics & Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems,
School of Physics,
Beijing Institute of Technology,
Beijing 100081,
China
| | - Jiafang Li
- Key Lab of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement (Ministry of Education),
Beijing Key Lab of Nanophotonics & Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems,
School of Physics,
Beijing Institute of Technology,
Beijing 100081,
China
| | - Chang-Yin Ji
- Key Lab of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement (Ministry of Education),
Beijing Key Lab of Nanophotonics & Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems,
School of Physics,
Beijing Institute of Technology,
Beijing 100081,
China
| | - Yu Han
- Key Lab of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement (Ministry of Education),
Beijing Key Lab of Nanophotonics & Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems,
School of Physics,
Beijing Institute of Technology,
Beijing 100081,
China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Key Lab of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement (Ministry of Education),
Beijing Key Lab of Nanophotonics & Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems,
School of Physics,
Beijing Institute of Technology,
Beijing 100081,
China
| | - Hanqing Jiang
- School of Engineering,
Westlake University,
Hangzhou 310024,
China
| | - Wei-Li Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-Functional Composite Materials and Structures,
Institute of Advanced Structure Technology,
Beijing Institute of Technology,
Beijing 100081,
China
| | - Hao-Sen Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-Functional Composite Materials and Structures,
Institute of Advanced Structure Technology,
Beijing Institute of Technology,
Beijing 100081,
China
| | - Daining Fang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-Functional Composite Materials and Structures,
Institute of Advanced Structure Technology,
Beijing Institute of Technology,
Beijing 100081,
China
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22
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Seung H, Choi C, Kim DC, Kim JS, Kim JH, Kim J, Park SI, Lim JA, Yang J, Choi MK, Hyeon T, Kim DH. Integration of synaptic phototransistors and quantum dot light-emitting diodes for visualization and recognition of UV patterns. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq3101. [PMID: 36223475 PMCID: PMC9555778 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq3101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic photodetectors exhibit photon-triggered synaptic plasticity, which thus can improve the image recognition rate by enhancing the image contrast. However, still, the visualization and recognition of invisible ultraviolet (UV) patterns are challenging, owing to intense background noise. Here, inspired by all-or-none potentiation of synapse, we develop an integrated device of synaptic phototransistors (SPTrs) and quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs), facilitating noise reduction and visualization of UV patterns through on-device preprocessing. The SPTrs convert noisy UV inputs into a weighted photocurrent, which is applied to the QLEDs as a voltage input through an external current-voltage-converting circuit. The threshold switching characteristics of the QLEDs result in amplified current and visible illumination by the suprathreshold input voltage or nearly zero current and no visible illumination by the input voltage below the threshold. The preprocessing of image data with the SPTr-QLED can amplify the image contrast, which is helpful for high-accuracy image recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojin Seung
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsoon Choi
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Center for Opto-Electronic Materials and Devices, Post-silicon Semiconductor Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Chan Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Su Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhee Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Ik Park
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ah Lim
- Center for Opto-Electronic Materials and Devices, Post-silicon Semiconductor Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoong Yang
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Kee Choi
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Future Semiconductor Technology (FUST), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. (D.-H.K.); (T.H.); (M.K.C.)
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. (D.-H.K.); (T.H.); (M.K.C.)
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. (D.-H.K.); (T.H.); (M.K.C.)
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23
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Xue Z, Jin T, Xu S, Bai K, He Q, Zhang F, Cheng X, Ji Z, Pang W, Shen Z, Song H, Shuai Y, Zhang Y. Assembly of complex 3D structures and electronics on curved surfaces. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm6922. [PMID: 35947653 PMCID: PMC9365271 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm6922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Electronic devices with engineered three-dimensional (3D) architectures are indispensable for frictional-force sensing, wide-field optical imaging, and flow velocity measurement. Recent advances in mechanically guided assembly established deterministic routes to 3D structures in high-performance materials, through controlled rolling/folding/buckling deformations. The resulting 3D structures are, however, mostly formed on planar substrates and cannot be transferred directly onto another curved substrate. Here, we introduce an ordered assembly strategy to allow transformation of 2D thin films into sophisticated 3D structures on diverse curved surfaces. The strategy leverages predefined mechanical loadings that deform curved elastomer substrates into flat/cylindrical configurations, followed by an additional uniaxial/biaxial prestretch to drive buckling-guided assembly. Release of predefined loadings results in an ordered assembly that can be accurately captured by mechanics modeling, as illustrated by dozens of complex 3D structures assembled on curved substrates. Demonstrated applications include tunable dipole antennas, flow sensors inside a tube, and integrated electronic systems capable of conformal integration with the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoguo Xue
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Tianqi Jin
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Shiwei Xu
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Ke Bai
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Qi He
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Ziyao Ji
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Wenbo Pang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Zhangming Shen
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Honglie Song
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Yumeng Shuai
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
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24
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Nie Z, Kwak JW, Han M, Rogers JA. Mechanically Active Materials and Devices for Bio-Interfaced Pressure Sensors-A Review. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022:e2205609. [PMID: 35951770 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202205609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pressures generated by external forces or by internal body processes represent parameters of critical importance in diagnosing physiological health and in anticipating injuries. Examples span intracranial hypertension from traumatic brain injuries, high blood pressure from poor diet, pressure-induced skin ulcers from immobility, and edema from congestive heart failure. Pressures measured on the soft surfaces of vital organs or within internal cavities of the body can provide essential insights into patient status and progression. Challenges lie in the development of high-performance pressure sensors that can softly interface with biological tissues to enable safe monitoring for extended periods of time. This review focuses on recent advances in mechanically active materials and structural designs for classes of soft pressure sensors that have proven uses in these contexts. The discussions include applications of such sensors as implantable and wearable systems, with various unique capabilities in wireless continuous monitoring, minimally invasive deployment, natural degradation in biofluids, and/or multiplexed spatiotemporal mapping. A concluding section summarizes challenges and future opportunities for this growing field of materials and biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyi Nie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jean Won Kwak
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Mengdi Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - John A Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, Neurological Surgery, Chemistry, and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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25
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Chen X, Li Y, Wang X, Yu H. Origami Paper-Based Stretchable Humidity Sensor for Textile-Attachable Wearable Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:36227-36237. [PMID: 35912486 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c08245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and stretchable humidity sensors for wearable purposes have become increasingly important in health care and physiological signal monitoring. However, to the authors' knowledge, there is no report on flexible and stretchable paper-based humidity sensors that are low-cost, easily fabricated, and environmentally friendly. In this work, for the first time, we propose a stretchable, textile-compatible paper-based origami humidity sensor (POHS). The POHS can achieve good stretchability by integrating origami folding structures with a paper substrate, in which an airlaid paper acts as both a sensing material and a sensor substrate. This sensor has high sensitivity, good response, and recovery properties with excellent stability during deformation. This sensor has proved to be capable of dynamically monitoring the breathing rate after 300 folding and unfolding cycles. The flexible and stretchable nature of our POHS ensures that it is compatible for textile attachment and its utility for wearable applications, including respiration rate monitoring and diaper wetting detection. The facile fabrication process and convenient disposal method of the POHS proposed in this study provide feasible solutions for the development of low-cost wearable humidity sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingru Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Yongkai Li
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
- The School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongyu Yu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
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26
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Song JK, Kim J, Yoon J, Koo JH, Jung H, Kang K, Sunwoo SH, Yoo S, Chang H, Jo J, Baek W, Lee S, Lee M, Kim HJ, Shin M, Yoo YJ, Song YM, Hyeon T, Kim DH, Son D. Stretchable colour-sensitive quantum dot nanocomposites for shape-tunable multiplexed phototransistor arrays. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 17:849-856. [PMID: 35798983 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01160-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
High-performance photodetecting materials with intrinsic stretchability and colour sensitivity are key requirements for the development of shape-tunable phototransistor arrays. Another challenge is the proper compensation of optical aberrations and noises generated by mechanical deformation and fatigue accumulation in a shape-tunable phototransistor array. Here we report rational material design and device fabrication strategies for an intrinsically stretchable, multispectral and multiplexed 5 × 5 × 3 phototransistor array. Specifically, a unique spatial distribution of size-tuned quantum dots, blended in a semiconducting polymer within an elastomeric matrix, was formed owing to surface energy mismatch, leading to highly efficient charge transfer. Such intrinsically stretchable quantum-dot-based semiconducting nanocomposites enable the shape-tunable and colour-sensitive capabilities of the phototransistor array. We use a deep neural network algorithm for compensating optical aberrations and noises, which aids the precise detection of specific colour patterns (for example, red, green and blue patterns) both under its flat state and hemispherically curved state (radius of curvature of 18.4 mm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Kyul Song
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhee Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyong Yoon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Hoon Koo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Jung
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyumin Kang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hyuk Sunwoo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwon Yoo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hogeun Chang
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoung Jo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woonhyuk Baek
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghwa Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mincheol Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mikyung Shin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Medicine, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Yoo
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Min Song
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Donghee Son
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Superintelligence Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
- KIST-SKKU Carbon-Neutral Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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27
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Recent Progress on Graphene Flexible Photodetectors. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15144820. [PMID: 35888288 PMCID: PMC9318373 DOI: 10.3390/ma15144820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, optoelectronics and related industries have developed rapidly. As typical optoelectronics devices, photodetectors (PDs) are widely applied in various fields. The functional materials in traditional PDs exhibit high hardness, and the performance of these rigid detectors is thus greatly reduced upon their stretching or bending. Therefore, the development of new flexible PDs with bendable and foldable functions is of great significance and has much interest in wearable, implantable optoelectronic devices. Graphene with excellent electrical and optical performance constructed on various flexible and rigid substrates has great potential in PDs. In this review, recent research progress on graphene-based flexible PDs is outlined. The research states of graphene conductive films are summarized, focusing on PDs based on single-component graphene and mixed-structure graphene, with a systematic analysis of their optical and mechanical performance, and the techniques for optimizing the PDs are also discussed. Finally, a summary of the current applications of graphene flexible PDs and perspectives is provided, and the remaining challenges are discussed.
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28
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Shi Y, Shen Z. Recent Advances in Flexible RF MEMS. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13071088. [PMID: 35888905 PMCID: PMC9315774 DOI: 10.3390/mi13071088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) that are based on flexible substrates are widely used in flexible, reconfigurable radio frequency (RF) systems, such as RF MEMS switches, phase shifters, reconfigurable antennas, phased array antennas and resonators, etc. When attempting to accommodate flexible deformation with the movable structures of MEMS, flexible RF MEMS are far more difficult to structurally design and fabricate than rigid MEMS devices or other types of flexible electronics. In this review, we survey flexible RF MEMS with different functions, their flexible film materials and their fabrication process technologies. In addition, a fabrication process for reconfigurable three-dimensional (3D) RF devices based on mechanically guided assembly is introduced. The review is very helpful to understand the overall advances in flexible RF MEMS, and serves the purpose of providing a reference source for innovative researchers working in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingli Shi
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (USETC), Chengdu 610054, China;
| | - Zhigang Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Powder Technology Research and Development, Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing 100191, China
- Correspondence:
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29
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Zhang C, Qu M, Fu X, Lin J. Review on Microscale Sensors with 3D Engineered Structures: Fabrication and Applications. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2101384. [PMID: 35088578 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202101384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The intelligence of modern technologies relies on perceptual systems based on microscale sensors. However, because of the traditional top-down fabrication approaches performed on planar silicon wafers, a large proportion of existing microscale sensors have 2D structures, which severely restricts their sensing capabilities. To overcome these restrictions, over the past few decades, increasing efforts have been devoted to developing new fabrication methods for microscale sensors with 3D engineered structures, from bulk chemical etching and 3D printing to molding and stress-induced assembly. Herein, the authors systematically review these fabrication methods based on the applications of the resulting 3D sensors and discuss their advantages compared to their 2D counterparts. This is followed by a perspective on the remaining challenges and possible opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210031, China
| | - Menglong Qu
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210031, China
| | - Xiuqing Fu
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210031, China
| | - Jian Lin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
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30
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Ling Y, Pang W, Liu J, Page M, Xu Y, Zhao G, Stalla D, Xie J, Zhang Y, Yan Z. Bioinspired elastomer composites with programmed mechanical and electrical anisotropies. Nat Commun 2022; 13:524. [PMID: 35082331 PMCID: PMC8791960 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28185-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Concepts that draw inspiration from soft biological tissues have enabled significant advances in creating artificial materials for a range of applications, such as dry adhesives, tissue engineering, biointegrated electronics, artificial muscles, and soft robots. Many biological tissues, represented by muscles, exhibit directionally dependent mechanical and electrical properties. However, equipping synthetic materials with tissue-like mechanical and electrical anisotropies remains challenging. Here, we present the bioinspired concepts, design principles, numerical modeling, and experimental demonstrations of soft elastomer composites with programmed mechanical and electrical anisotropies, as well as their integrations with active functionalities. Mechanically assembled, 3D structures of polyimide serve as skeletons to offer anisotropic, nonlinear mechanical properties, and crumpled conductive surfaces provide anisotropic electrical properties, which can be used to construct bioelectronic devices. Finite element analyses quantitatively capture the key aspects that govern mechanical anisotropies of elastomer composites, providing a powerful design tool. Incorporation of 3D skeletons of thermally responsive polycaprolactone into elastomer composites allows development of an active artificial material that can mimic adaptive mechanical behaviors of skeleton muscles at relaxation and contraction states. Furthermore, the fabrication process of anisotropic elastomer composites is compatible with dielectric elastomer actuators, indicating potential applications in humanoid artificial muscles and soft robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ling
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Wenbo Pang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.,Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxing Liu
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.,Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Margaret Page
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Yadong Xu
- Department of Biomedical, Biological and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Ganggang Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - David Stalla
- Electron Microscopy Core, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Jingwei Xie
- Department of Surgery-Transplant and Mary and Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68130, USA
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China. .,Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
| | - Zheng Yan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA. .,Department of Biomedical, Biological and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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31
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Wu S, Cui Z, Baker GL, Mahendran S, Xie Z, Zhu Y. A Biaxially Stretchable and Self-Sensing Textile Heater Using Silver Nanowire Composite. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:59085-59091. [PMID: 34860492 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wearable heaters have garnered significant attention from academia and industry for their great potential in thermotherapy. Silver nanowire (AgNW) is a promising conductive material for flexible and stretchable electrodes. Here, a resistive, biaxially stretchable heater based on AgNW composite is reported for the first time, where a AgNW percolation network is encased in a thin polyimide (PI) film and integrated with a highly stretchable textile. AgNW/PI is patterned with a 2D Kirigami structure, which enables constant resistance under a large tensile strain (up to uniaxial 100% strain and 50% biaxial strain). The heater can achieve a high temperature of ∼140 °C with a low current of 0.125 A, fast heating and cooling rates of ∼16.5 and ∼14.1 °C s-1, respectively, and stable performance over 400 heating cycles. A feedback control system is developed to provide constant heating temperature under a temperature change of the surrounding environment. Demonstrated applications in applying thermotherapy at the curvilinear surface of the knee using the stretchable heater illustrate its promising potential for wearable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Zheng Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - G Langston Baker
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Siddarth Mahendran
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Ziyang Xie
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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Kim J, Lee Y, Kang M, Hu L, Zhao S, Ahn JH. 2D Materials for Skin-Mountable Electronic Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005858. [PMID: 33998064 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Skin-mountable devices that can directly measure various biosignals and external stimuli and communicate the information to the users have been actively studied owing to increasing demand for wearable electronics and newer healthcare systems. Research on skin-mountable devices is mainly focused on those materials and mechanical design aspects that satisfy the device fabrication requirements on unusual substrates like skin and also for achieving good sensing capabilities and stable device operation in high-strain conditions. 2D materials that are atomically thin and possess unique electrical and optical properties offer several important features that can address the challenging needs in wearable, skin-mountable electronic devices. Herein, recent research progress on skin-mountable devices based on 2D materials that exhibit a variety of device functions including information input and output and in vitro and in vivo healthcare and diagnosis is reviewed. The challenges, potential solutions, and perspectives on trends for future work are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jejung Kim
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongjun Lee
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Minpyo Kang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Luhing Hu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Songfang Zhao
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, China
| | - Jong-Hyun Ahn
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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Zhao P, Zhang R, Tong Y, Zhao X, Zhang T, Wang X, Tang Q, Liu Y. Shape-Designable and Reconfigurable All-Paper Sensor through the Sandwich Architecture for Pressure/Proximity Detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:49085-49095. [PMID: 34612643 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c14523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
All-paper sensors that are capable of free cutting and folding maximize the merits of papers, which fully utilize the unique potential of papers in cost effectiveness, flexibility, disposability, biodegradability, and a flexible design. However, most of the paper sensors have applied metals as the electrodes and polyimide/polydimethylsiloxane as the encapsulation/sensitive layers, limiting the advantages of the paper sensor. In this work, an all-paper, shape-designable, and reconfigurable capacitive pressure/proximity sensor is fabricated with multilayered tissue paper as the dielectric and polypyrrole printer paper as the electrode/encapsulation. Without the restriction of heterogeneous materials, the all-paper components enable the sensors' flexible shape design for freely cuttable and foldable 2D and 3D sensors including a 2D braille keyboard and even allow reconfiguration from a 3D box sensor to a 3D candy sensor. The all-paper sensor presents superior pressure-sensing performance (0.96 kPa-1 at <1.76 kPa and 0.09 kPa-1 at 1.76-22 kPa) and proximity-sensing ability. The sensing mechanism of the sensor is directly revealed from tissue paper changes using in situ 3D microscopy and dielectric measurement experiments. These results provide inspiration for realizing shape-designable and reconfigurable 3D sensors and fully demonstrate the application potential in omnidirectional perception, stretchable sensors, and green electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhao
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Lab of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Ruimin Zhang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Lab of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yanhong Tong
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Lab of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Lab of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Lab of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Lab of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Qingxin Tang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Lab of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yichun Liu
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Lab of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongzhou Cheng
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials College of Material Science and Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Tong Zhao
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials College of Material Science and Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Haibo Zeng
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials College of Material Science and Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
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Yu HC, Hao XP, Zhang CW, Zheng SY, Du M, Liang S, Wu ZL, Zheng Q. Engineering Tough Metallosupramolecular Hydrogel Films with Kirigami Structures for Compliant Soft Electronics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2103836. [PMID: 34514699 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A simple and effective approach is demonstrated to fabricate tough metallosupramolecular hydrogel films of poly(acrylic acid) by one-pot photopolymerization of the precursor solution in the presence of Zr4+ ions that form coordination complexes with the carboxyl groups and serve as the physical crosslinks of the matrix. Both as-prepared and equilibrated hydrogel films are transparent, tough, and stable over a wide range of temperature, ionic strength, and pH. The thickness of the films can be easily tailored with minimum value of ≈7 μm. Owing to the fast polymerization and gelation process, kirigami structures can be facilely encoded to the gel films by photolithographic polymerization, affording versatile functions such as additional stretchability and better compliance of the planar films to encapsulate objects with sophisticated geometries that are important for the design of soft electronics. By stencil printing of liquid metal on the hydrogel film with a kirigami structure, the integrated soft electronics shows good compliance to cover curved surfaces and high sensitivity to monitor human motions. Furthermore, this strategy is applied to diverse natural and synthetic macromolecules containing carboxyl groups to develop tough hydrogel films, which will open opportunities for the applications of hydrogel films in biomedical and engineering fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Chao Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xing Peng Hao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Chuan Wei Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Si Yu Zheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Miao Du
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | | | - Zi Liang Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Qiang Zheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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Sun Q, Gao T, Li X, Li W, Li X, Sakamoto K, Wang Y, Li L, Kanehara M, Liu C, Pang X, Liu X, Zhao J, Minari T. Layer-By-Layer Printing Strategy for High-Performance Flexible Electronic Devices with Low-Temperature Catalyzed Solution-Processed SiO 2. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2100263. [PMID: 34927859 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Additive printing techniques have been widely investigated for fabricating multilayered electronic devices. In this work, a layer-by-layer printing strategy is developed to fabricate multilayered electronics including 3D conductive circuits and thin-film transistors (TFTs) with low-temperature catalyzed, solution-processed SiO2 (LCSS) as the dielectric. Ultrafine, ultrasmooth LCSS films can be facilely formed at 90 °C on a wide variety of organic and inorganic substrates, offering a versatile platform to construct complex heterojunction structures with layer-by-layer fashion at microscale. The high-resolution 3D conductive circuits formed with gold nanoparticles inside the LCSS dielectric demonstrate a high-speed response to the transient voltage in less than 1 µs. The TFTs with semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes can be operated with the accumulation mode at a low voltage of 1 V and exhibit average field-effect mobility of 70 cm2 V-1 s-1 , on/off ratio of 107 , small average hysteresis of 0.1 V, and high yield up to 100% as well as long-term stability, high negative-gate bias stability, and good mechanical stability. Therefore, the layer-by-layer printing strategy with the LCSS film is promising to assemble large-scale, high-resolution, and high-performance flexible electronics and to provide a fundamental understanding for correlating dielectric properties with device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold of Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, National Center for International Joint Research of Micro-nano Moulding Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
- Printed Electronics Group, Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Tianqi Gao
- Printable Electronics Research Centre, Suzhou Institute of Nanotech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomeng Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold of Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, National Center for International Joint Research of Micro-nano Moulding Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Wanli Li
- Printed Electronics Group, Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold of Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, National Center for International Joint Research of Micro-nano Moulding Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Kenji Sakamoto
- Printed Electronics Group, Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Yong Wang
- Printed Electronics Group, Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Lingying Li
- Printed Electronics Group, Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | | | - Chuan Liu
- Lab of Display Material and Technology School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Xinchang Pang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold of Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, National Center for International Joint Research of Micro-nano Moulding Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Xuying Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold of Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, National Center for International Joint Research of Micro-nano Moulding Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Jianwen Zhao
- Printable Electronics Research Centre, Suzhou Institute of Nanotech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Takeo Minari
- Printed Electronics Group, Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
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37
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Liu X, Wei Y, Qiu Y. Advanced Flexible Skin-Like Pressure and Strain Sensors for Human Health Monitoring. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:695. [PMID: 34198673 PMCID: PMC8232132 DOI: 10.3390/mi12060695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, owing to their excellent flexibility and adaptability, skin-like pressure and strain sensors integrated with the human body have the potential for great prospects in healthcare. This review mainly focuses on the representative advances of the flexible pressure and strain sensors for health monitoring in recent years. The review consists of five sections. Firstly, we give a brief introduction of flexible skin-like sensors and their primary demands, and we comprehensively outline the two categories of design strategies for flexible sensors. Secondly, combining the typical sensor structures and their applications in human body monitoring, we summarize the recent development of flexible pressure sensors based on perceptual mechanism, the sensing component, elastic substrate, sensitivity and detection range. Thirdly, the main structure principles and performance characteristic parameters of noteworthy flexible strain sensors are summed up, namely the sensing mechanism, sensitive element, substrate, gauge factor, stretchability, and representative applications for human monitoring. Furthermore, the representations of flexible sensors with the favorable biocompatibility and self-driven properties are introduced. Finally, in conclusion, besides continuously researching how to enhance the flexibility and sensitivity of flexible sensors, their biocompatibility, versatility and durability should also be given sufficient attention, especially for implantable bioelectronics. In addition, the discussion emphasizes the challenges and opportunities of the above highlighted characteristics of novel flexible skin-like sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Aeronautical University, Xi’an 710077, China
| | - Yuan Wei
- Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China;
| | - Yuanying Qiu
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
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Yokota T, Fukuda K, Someya T. Recent Progress of Flexible Image Sensors for Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2004416. [PMID: 33527511 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Flexible image sensors have attracted increasing attention as new imaging devices owing to their lightness, softness, and bendability. Since light can measure inside information from outside of the body, optical-imaging-based approaches, such as X-rays, are widely used for disease diagnosis in hospitals. Unlike conventional sensors, flexible image sensors are soft and can be directly attached to a curved surface, such as the skin, for continuous measurement of biometric information with high accuracy. Therefore, they are expected to gain wide application to wearable devices, as well as home medical care. Herein, the application of such sensors to the biomedical field is introduced. First, their individual components, photosensors, and switching elements, are explained. Then, the basic parameters used to evaluate the performance of each of these elements and the image sensors are described. Finally, examples of measuring the dynamic and static biometric information using flexible image sensors, together with relevant real-world measurement cases, are presented. Furthermore, recent applications of the flexible image sensors in the biomedical field are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Yokota
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Fukuda
- Center for Emergent Matter Science & Thin-Film Device Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takao Someya
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- Center for Emergent Matter Science & Thin-Film Device Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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Qin JX, Yang XG, Lv CF, Li YZ, Chen XX, Zhang ZF, Zang JH, Yang X, Liu KK, Dong L, Shan CX. Humidity Sensors Realized via Negative Photoconductivity Effect in Nanodiamonds. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:4079-4084. [PMID: 33881881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the negative photoconductivity (NPC) effect has been observed in nanodiamonds (NDs) for the first time, and with illumination under a 660 nm laser lamp, the conductivity of the NDs decreases significantly. The NPC effect has been attributed to the trapping of carriers by the absorbed water molecules on the ND surfaces. A humidity sensor has been constructed based on the NPC effect of the NDs, and the sensitivity of the sensor can reach 106%, which is the highest value ever reported for carbon-based humidity sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Xu Qin
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xi-Gui Yang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chao-Fan Lv
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yi-Zhe Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xue-Xia Chen
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhen-Feng Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jin-Hao Zang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xun Yang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Kai-Kai Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Lin Dong
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chong-Xin Shan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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40
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Cancer Nanopharmaceuticals: Physicochemical Characterization and In Vitro/In Vivo Applications. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081896. [PMID: 33920840 PMCID: PMC8071188 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and biopharmaceutical characterization tools play a key role in the assessment of nanopharmaceuticals' potential imaging analysis and for site-specific delivery of anti-cancers to neoplastic cells/tissues. If diagnostic tools and therapeutic approaches are combined in one single nanoparticle, a new platform called nanotheragnostics is generated. Several analytical technologies allow us to characterize nanopharmaceuticals and nanoparticles and their properties so that they can be properly used in cancer therapy. This paper describes the role of multifunctional nanoparticles in cancer diagnosis and treatment, describing how nanotheragnostics can be useful in modern chemotherapy, and finally, the challenges associated with the commercialization of nanoparticles for cancer therapy.
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41
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Cheng X, Liu Z, Jin T, Zhang F, Zhang H, Zhang Y. Bioinspired design and assembly of a multilayer cage-shaped sensor capable of multistage load bearing and collapse prevention. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:155506. [PMID: 33348323 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abd581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Flexible bioinspired mesostructures and electronic devices have recently attracted intense attention because of their widespread application in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), reconfigurable electronics, health-monitoring systems, etc. Among various geometric constructions, 3D flexible bioinspired architectures are of particular interest, since they can provide new functions and capabilities, compared to their 2D counterparts. However, 3D electronic device systems usually undergo complicated mechanical loading in practical operation, resulting in complex deformation modes and elusive failure mechanisms. The development of mechanically robust flexible 3D electronics that can undergo extreme compression without irreversible collapse or fracture remains a challenge. Here, inspired by the multilayer mesostructure of Enhydra lutris fur, we introduce the design and assembly of multilayer cage architectures capable of multistage load bearing and collapse prevention under large out-of-plane compression. Combined in situ experiments and mechanical modeling show that the multistage mechanical responses of the developed bionic architectures can be fine-tuned by tailoring the microstructural geometries. The integration of functional layers of gold and piezoelectric polymer allows the development of a flexible multifunctional sensor that can simultaneously achieve the dynamic sensing of compressive forces and temperatures. The demonstrated capabilities and performances of fast response speed, tunable measurement range, excellent flexibility, and reliability suggest potential uses in MEMS, robotics and biointegrated electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cheng
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianqi Jin
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
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42
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Wu W, Han X, Li J, Wang X, Zhang Y, Huo Z, Chen Q, Sun X, Xu Z, Tan Y, Pan C, Pan A. Ultrathin and Conformable Lead Halide Perovskite Photodetector Arrays for Potential Application in Retina-Like Vision Sensing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2006006. [PMID: 33475208 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202006006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processed lead halide perovskites are considered one of the promising materials for flexible optoelectronics. However, the array integration of ultrathin flexible perovskite photodetectors (PDs) remains a significant challenge limited by the incompatibility of perovskite materials with manufacturing techniques involving polar liquids. Here, an ultrathin (2.4 µm) and conformable perovskite-based PD array (10 × 10 pixels) with ultralight weight (3.12 g m-2 ) and excellent flexibility, is reported. Patterned all-inorganic CsPbBr3 perovskite films with precise pixel position, controllable morphology, and homogenous dimension, are synthesized by a vacuum-assisted drop-casting patterning process as the active layer. The use of waterproof parylene-C film as substrate and encapsulation layer effectively protects the perovskite films against penetration of polar liquids during the peeling-off process. Benefitting from the encapsulation and ultrathin property, the device exhibits long-term stability in the ambient environment, and robust mechanical stability under bending or 50% compressive strain. More importantly, the ultrathin flexible PD arrays conforming to hemispherical support realize imaging of light distribution, indicating the potential applications in retina-like vision sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Wu
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Xun Han
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Jing Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Xiandi Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Yufei Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Zhihao Huo
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Qiushuo Chen
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Xidi Sun
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Zhangsheng Xu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Yongwen Tan
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Caofeng Pan
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Anlian Pan
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
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Du J, Yu H, Liu B, Hong M, Liao Q, Zhang Z, Zhang Y. Strain Engineering in 2D Material-Based Flexible Optoelectronics. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2000919. [PMID: 34927808 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202000919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Flexible optoelectronics, as promising components hold shape-adaptive features and dynamic strain response under strain engineering for various intelligent applications. 2D materials with atomically thin layers are ideal for flexible optoelectronics because of their high flexibility and strain sensitivity. However, how the strain affects the performance of 2D materials-based flexible optoelectronics is confused due to their hypersensitive features to external strain changes. It is necessary to establish an evaluation system to comprehend the influence of the external strain on the intrinsic properties of 2D materials and the photoresponse performance of their flexible optoelectronics. Here, a focused review of strain engineering in 2D materials-based flexible optoelectronics is provided. The first attention is on the mechanical properties and the strain-engineered electronic properties of 2D semiconductors. An evaluation system with relatively comprehensive parameters in functionality and service capability is summarized to develop 2D materials-based flexible optoelectronics in practical application. Based on the parameters, some strategies to improve the functionality and service capability are proposed. Finally, combining with strain engineering in future intelligence devices, the challenges and future perspective developing 2D materials-based flexible optoelectronics are expounded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Huihui Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Baishan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Mengyu Hong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Qingliang Liao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
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44
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Sutter P, Khorashad LK, Argyropoulos C, Sutter E. Cathodoluminescence of Ultrathin Twisted Ge 1- x Sn x S van der Waals Nanoribbon Waveguides. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2006649. [PMID: 33283337 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202006649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ultrathin van der Waals semiconductors have shown extraordinary optoelectronic and photonic properties. Propagating photonic modes make layered crystal waveguides attractive for photonic circuitry and for studying hybrid light-matter states. Accessing guided modes by conventional optics is challenging due to the limited spatial resolution and poor out-of-plane far-field coupling. Scanning near-field optical microscopy can overcome these issues and can characterize waveguide modes down to a resolution of tens of nanometers, albeit for planar samples or nanostructures with moderate height variations. Electron microscopy provides atomic-scale localization also for more complex geometries, and recent advances have extended the accessible excitations from interband transitions to phonons. Here, bottom-up synthesized layered semiconductor (Ge1- x Snx S) nanoribbons with an axial twist and deep subwavelength thickness are demonstrated as a platform for realizing waveguide modes, and cathodoluminescence spectroscopy is introduced as a tool to characterize them. Combined experiments and simulations show the excitation of guided modes by the electron beam and their efficient detection via photons emitted in the ribbon plane, which enables the measurement of key properties such as the evanescent field into the vacuum cladding with nanometer resolution. The results identify van der Waals waveguides operating in the infrared and highlight an electron-microscopy-based approach for probing complex-shaped nanophotonic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sutter
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | | | - Christos Argyropoulos
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Eli Sutter
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
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45
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Curved neuromorphic image sensor array using a MoS 2-organic heterostructure inspired by the human visual recognition system. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5934. [PMID: 33230113 PMCID: PMC7683533 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19806-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional imaging and recognition systems require an extensive amount of data storage, pre-processing, and chip-to-chip communications as well as aberration-proof light focusing with multiple lenses for recognizing an object from massive optical inputs. This is because separate chips (i.e., flat image sensor array, memory device, and CPU) in conjunction with complicated optics should capture, store, and process massive image information independently. In contrast, human vision employs a highly efficient imaging and recognition process. Here, inspired by the human visual recognition system, we present a novel imaging device for efficient image acquisition and data pre-processing by conferring the neuromorphic data processing function on a curved image sensor array. The curved neuromorphic image sensor array is based on a heterostructure of MoS2 and poly(1,3,5-trimethyl-1,3,5-trivinyl cyclotrisiloxane). The curved neuromorphic image sensor array features photon-triggered synaptic plasticity owing to its quasi-linear time-dependent photocurrent generation and prolonged photocurrent decay, originated from charge trapping in the MoS2-organic vertical stack. The curved neuromorphic image sensor array integrated with a plano-convex lens derives a pre-processed image from a set of noisy optical inputs without redundant data storage, processing, and communications as well as without complex optics. The proposed imaging device can substantially improve efficiency of the image acquisition and recognition process, a step forward to the next generation machine vision. Designing efficient bio-inspired visual recognition system remains a challenge. Here the authors present a curved neuromorphic image sensor array based on a heterostructure of MoS2 and pV3D3 integrated with a plano-convex lens for efficient image acquisition and data pre-processing.
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46
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Lee EK, Baruah RK, Leem JW, Park W, Kim BH, Urbas A, Ku Z, Kim YL, Alam MA, Lee CH. Fractal Web Design of a Hemispherical Photodetector Array with Organic-Dye-Sensitized Graphene Hybrid Composites. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2004456. [PMID: 33043514 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The vision system of arthropods consists of a dense array of individual photodetecting elements across a curvilinear surface. This compound-eye architecture could be a useful model for optoelectronic sensing devices that require a large field of view and high sensitivity to motion. Strategies that aim to mimic the compound-eye architecture involve integrating photodetector pixels with a curved microlens, but their fabrication on a curvilinear surface is challenged by the use of standard microfabrication processes that are traditionally designed for planar, rigid substrates (e.g., Si wafers). Here, a fractal web design of a hemispherical photodetector array that contains an organic-dye-sensitized graphene hybrid composite is reported to serve as an effective photoactive component with enhanced light-absorbing capabilities. The device is first fabricated on a planar Si wafer at the microscale and then transferred to transparent hemispherical domes with different curvatures in a deterministic manner. The unique structural property of the fractal web design provides protection of the device from damage by effectively tolerating various external loads. Comprehensive experimental and computational studies reveal the essential design features and optoelectronic properties of the device, followed by the evaluation of its utility in the measurement of both the direction and intensity of incident light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Kwang Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Ratul Kumar Baruah
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, 784028, India
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jung Woo Leem
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Woohyun Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Bong Hoon Kim
- Department of Organic Materials and Fiber Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, South Korea
| | - Augustine Urbas
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Zahyun Ku
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Young L Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Muhammad Ashraful Alam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Chi Hwan Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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47
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Hoang AT, Katiyar AK, Shin H, Mishra N, Forti S, Coletti C, Ahn JH. Epitaxial Growth of Wafer-Scale Molybdenum Disulfide/Graphene Heterostructures by Metal-Organic Vapor-Phase Epitaxy and Their Application in Photodetectors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:44335-44344. [PMID: 32877158 PMCID: PMC7735665 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Van der Waals heterostructures have attracted increasing interest, owing to the combined benefits of their constituents. These hybrid nanostructures can be realized via epitaxial growth, which offers a promising approach for the controlled synthesis of the desired crystal phase and the interface between van der Waals layers. Here, the epitaxial growth of a continuous molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) film on large-area graphene, which was directly grown on a sapphire substrate, is reported. Interestingly, the grain size of MoS2 grown on graphene increases, whereas that of MoS2 grown on SiO2 decreases with an increasing amount of hydrogen in the chemical vapor deposition reactor. In addition, to achieve the same quality, MoS2 grown on graphene requires a much lower growth temperature (400 °C) than that grown on SiO2 (580 °C). The MoS2/graphene heterostructure that was epitaxially grown on a transparent platform was investigated to explore its photosensing properties and was found to exhibit inverse photoresponse with highly uniform photoresponsivity in the photodetector pixels fabricated across a full wafer. The MoS2/graphene heterostructure exhibited ultrahigh photoresponsivity (4.3 × 104 A W-1) upon exposure to visible light of a wide range of wavelengths, confirming the growth of a high-quality MoS2/graphene heterostructure with a clean interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Tuan Hoang
- School of Electrical
and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ajit K. Katiyar
- School of Electrical
and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Heechang Shin
- School of Electrical
and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Neeraj Mishra
- Center for Nanotechnology
Innovation @ NEST, Istituto Italiano di
Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Stiven Forti
- Center for Nanotechnology
Innovation @ NEST, Istituto Italiano di
Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Camilla Coletti
- Center for Nanotechnology
Innovation @ NEST, Istituto Italiano di
Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Jong-Hyun Ahn
- School of Electrical
and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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48
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Jang H, Liu C, Hinton H, Lee MH, Kim H, Seol M, Shin HJ, Park S, Ham D. An Atomically Thin Optoelectronic Machine Vision Processor. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2002431. [PMID: 32700395 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
2D semiconductors, especially transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) monolayers, are extensively studied for electronic and optoelectronic applications. Beyond intensive studies on single transistors and photodetectors, the recent advent of large-area synthesis of these atomically thin layers has paved the way for 2D integrated circuits, such as digital logic circuits and image sensors, achieving an integration level of ≈100 devices thus far. Here, a decisive advance in 2D integrated circuits is reported, where the device integration scale is increased by tenfold and the functional complexity of 2D electronics is propelled to an unprecedented level. Concretely, an analog optoelectronic processor inspired by biological vision is developed, where 32 × 32 = 1024 MoS2 photosensitive field-effect transistors manifesting persistent photoconductivity (PPC) effects are arranged in a crossbar array. This optoelectronic processor with PPC memory mimics two core functions of human vision: it captures and stores an optical image into electrical data, like the eye and optic nerve chain, and then recognizes this electrical form of the captured image, like the brain, by executing analog in-memory neural net computing. In the highlight demonstration, the MoS2 FET crossbar array optically images 1000 handwritten digits and electrically recognizes these imaged data with 94% accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houk Jang
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Chengye Liu
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Henry Hinton
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Min-Hyun Lee
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, 443-803, South Korea
| | - Haeryong Kim
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, 443-803, South Korea
| | - Minsu Seol
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, 443-803, South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jin Shin
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, 443-803, South Korea
| | - Seongjun Park
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, 443-803, South Korea
| | - Donhee Ham
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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49
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Liu M, Domino L, Vella D. Tapered elasticæ as a route for axisymmetric morphing structures. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:7739-7750. [PMID: 32743628 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00714e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Transforming flat two-dimensional (2D) sheets into three-dimensional (3D) structures by combining carefully made cuts with applied edge-loads has emerged as an exciting manufacturing paradigm in a range of applications from mechanical metamaterials to flexible electronics. In Kirigami, patterns of cuts are introduced that allow solid faces to rotate about each other, deforming in three dimensions whilst remaining planar. In other scenarios, however, the solid elements bend in one direction. In this paper, we model such bending deformations using the formulation of an elastic strip whose thickness and width are tapered (the 'tapered elastica'). We show how this framework can be exploited to design the tapering patterns required to create planar sheets that morph into desired axisymmetric 3D shapes under a combination of horizontal and vertical edge-loads. We exhibit this technique by recreating miniature structures with positive, negative, and variable apparent Gaussian curvatures. With sheets of constant thickness, the resulting morphed shapes may leave gaps between the deformed elements. However, by tapering the thickness of the sheet too, these gaps can be closed, creating tessellated three-dimensional structures. Our theoretical approaches are verified by both numerical simulations and physical experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchao Liu
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK.
| | - Lucie Domino
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK.
| | - Dominic Vella
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK.
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50
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Lim S, Luan H, Zhao S, Lee Y, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Rogers JA, Ahn JH. Assembly of Foldable 3D Microstructures Using Graphene Hinges. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2001303. [PMID: 32462694 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Origami/kirigami-inspired 3D assembly approaches have recently attracted attention for a variety of applications, such as advanced optoelectronic devices and biomedical sensors. The results reported here describe an approach to construct classes of multiple foldable 3D microstructures that involve deformations that typical conductive materials, such as conventional metal films, cannot tolerate. Atomically thin graphene sheets serve as folding hinges during a process of 2D to 3D conversion via a deterministic buckling process. The exceptional mechanical properties of graphene enable the controlled, geometric transformation of a 2D precursor bonded at selective sites on a prestretched elastomer into folded 3D microstructures, in a reversible manner without adverse effects on the electrical properties. Experimental and computational investigations of the folding mechanisms for such types of 3D objects reveal the underlying physics and the dependence of the process on the thickness of the graphene/supporting films that define the hinges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungyun Lim
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Haiwen Luan
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Shiwei Zhao
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Yongjun Lee
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - John A Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Neurological Surgery, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Jong-Hyun Ahn
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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