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Ferreira G, Cardozo R, Sastre S, Costa C, Santander A, Chavarría L, Guizzo V, Puglisi J, Nicolson GL. Bacterial toxins and heart function: heat-labile Escherichia coli enterotoxin B promotes changes in cardiac function with possible relevance for sudden cardiac death. Biophys Rev 2023; 15:447-473. [PMID: 37681088 PMCID: PMC10480140 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-023-01100-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial toxins can cause cardiomyopathy, though it is not its most common cause. Some bacterial toxins can form pores in the membrane of cardiomyocytes, while others can bind to membrane receptors. Enterotoxigenic E. coli can secrete enterotoxins, including heat-resistant (ST) or labile (LT) enterotoxins. LT is an AB5-type toxin that can bind to specific cell receptors and disrupt essential host functions, causing several common conditions, such as certain diarrhea. The pentameric B subunit of LT, without A subunit (LTB), binds specifically to certain plasma membrane ganglioside receptors, found in lipid rafts of cardiomyocytes. Isolated guinea pig hearts and cardiomyocytes were exposed to different concentrations of purified LTB. In isolated hearts, mechanical and electrical alternans and an increment of heart rate variability, with an IC50 of ~0.2 μg/ml LTB, were observed. In isolated cardiomyocytes, LTB promoted significant decreases in the amplitude and the duration of action potentials. Na+ currents were inhibited whereas L-type Ca2+ currents were augmented at their peak and their fast inactivation was promoted. Delayed rectifier K+ currents decreased. Measurements of basal Ca2+ or Ca2+ release events in cells exposed to LTB suggest that LTB impairs Ca2+ homeostasis. Impaired calcium homeostasis is linked to sudden cardiac death. The results are consistent with the recent view that the B subunit is not merely a carrier of the A subunit, having a role explaining sudden cardiac death in children (SIDS) infected with enterotoxigenic E. coli, explaining several epidemiological findings that establish a strong relationship between SIDS and ETEC E. coli. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12551-023-01100-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Ferreira
- Ion Channels, Biological Membranes and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Dept. Of Biophysics, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Gral Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, CP Uruguay
| | - Romina Cardozo
- Ion Channels, Biological Membranes and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Dept. Of Biophysics, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Gral Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, CP Uruguay
| | - Santiago Sastre
- Ion Channels, Biological Membranes and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Dept. Of Biophysics and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CeInBio), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Gral Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, CP Uruguay
| | - Carlos Costa
- Ion Channels, Biological Membranes and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Dept. Of Biophysics, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Gral Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, CP Uruguay
| | - Axel Santander
- Ion Channels, Biological Membranes and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Dept. Of Biophysics, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Gral Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, CP Uruguay
| | - Luisina Chavarría
- Ion Channels, Biological Membranes and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Dept. Of Biophysics, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Gral Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, CP Uruguay
| | - Valentina Guizzo
- Ion Channels, Biological Membranes and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Dept. Of Biophysics, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Gral Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, CP Uruguay
| | - José Puglisi
- College of Medicine, California North State University, 9700 West Taron Drive, Elk Grove, CA 95757 USA
| | - G. L. Nicolson
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Beach, Huntington, CA USA
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2
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Refinement of Singer-Nicolson fluid-mosaic model by microscopy imaging: Lipid rafts and actin-induced membrane compartmentalization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2023; 1865:184093. [PMID: 36423676 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.184093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This year celebrates the 50th anniversary of the Singer-Nicolson fluid mosaic model for biological membranes. The next level of sophistication we have achieved for understanding plasma membrane (PM) structures, dynamics, and functions during these 50 years includes the PM interactions with cortical actin filaments and the partial demixing of membrane constituent molecules in the PM, particularly raft domains. Here, first, we summarize our current knowledge of these two structures and emphasize that they are interrelated. Second, we review the structure, molecular dynamics, and function of raft domains, with main focuses on raftophilic glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) and their signal transduction mechanisms. We pay special attention to the results obtained by single-molecule imaging techniques and other advanced microscopy methods. We also clarify the limitations of present optical microscopy methods for visualizing raft domains, but emphasize that single-molecule imaging techniques can "detect" raft domains associated with molecules of interest in the PM.
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3
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Single-Molecule Imaging of Ganglioside Probes in Living Cell Plasma Membranes. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2613:215-227. [PMID: 36587082 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2910-9_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Gangliosides play a variety of physiological roles and are one of the most important lipid raft constituents. However, their dynamic behaviors have scarcely been investigated in living cells because of the lack of fluorescent probes that behave like their parental molecules. Recently, fluorescent ganglioside probes that mimic native ganglioside behaviors have been developed. In this chapter, I discuss the recent advances in research related to the lateral localization and dynamic behaviors of gangliosides in the plasma membranes of living cells.
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Szymanski CM. Bacterial glycosylation, it’s complicated. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1015771. [PMID: 36250013 PMCID: PMC9561416 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1015771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Each microbe has the ability to produce a wide variety of sugar structures that includes some combination of glycolipids, glycoproteins, exopolysaccharides and oligosaccharides. For example, bacteria may synthesize lipooligosaccharides or lipopolysaccharides, teichoic and lipoteichoic acids, N- and O-linked glycoproteins, capsular polysaccharides, exopolysaccharides, poly-N-acetylglycosamine polymers, peptidoglycans, osmoregulated periplasmic glucans, trehalose or glycogen, just to name a few of the more broadly distributed carbohydrates that have been studied. The composition of many of these glycans are typically dissimilar from those described in eukaryotes, both in the seemingly endless repertoire of sugars that microbes are capable of synthesizing, and in the unique modifications that are attached to the carbohydrate residues. Furthermore, strain-to-strain differences in the carbohydrate building blocks used to create these glycoconjugates are the norm, and many strains possess additional mechanisms for turning on and off transferases that add specific monosaccharides and/or modifications, exponentially contributing to the structural heterogeneity observed by a single isolate, and preventing any structural generalization at the species level. In the past, a greater proportion of research effort was directed toward characterizing human pathogens rather than commensals or environmental isolates, and historically, the focus was on microbes that were simple to grow in large quantities and straightforward to genetically manipulate. These studies have revealed the complexity that exists among individual strains and have formed a foundation to better understand how other microbes, hosts and environments further transform the glycan composition of a single isolate. These studies also motivate researchers to further explore microbial glycan diversity, particularly as more sensitive analytical instruments and methods are developed to examine microbial populations in situ rather than in large scale from an enriched nutrient flask. This review emphasizes many of these points using the common foodborne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni as the model microbe.
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Bereznicka A, Mikolajczyk K, Czerwinski M, Kaczmarek R. Microbial lectome versus host glycolipidome: How pathogens exploit glycosphingolipids to invade, dupe or kill. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:958653. [PMID: 36060781 PMCID: PMC9437549 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.958653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are ubiquitous components of the cell membranes, found across several kingdoms of life, from bacteria to mammals, including humans. GSLs are a subclass of major glycolipids occurring in animal lipid membranes in clusters named “lipid rafts.” The most crucial functions of GSLs include signal transduction and regulation as well as participation in cell proliferation. Despite the mainstream view that pathogens rely on protein–protein interactions to survive and thrive in their hosts, many also target the host lipids. In particular, multiple pathogens produce adhesion molecules or toxins that bind GSLs. Attachment of pathogens to cell surface receptors is the initial step in infections. Many mammalian pathogens have evolved to recognize GSL-derived receptors. Animal glycosphingolipidomes consist of multiple types of GSLs differing in terminal glycan and ceramide structures in a cell or tissue-specific manner. Interspecies differences in GSLs dictate host specificity as well as cell and tissue tropisms. Evolutionary pressure exerted by pathogens on their hosts drives changes in cell surface glycoconjugates, including GSLs, and has produced a vast number of molecules and interaction mechanisms. Despite that abundance, the role of GSLs as pathogen receptors has been largely overlooked or only cursorily discussed. In this review, we take a closer look at GSLs and their role in the recognition, cellular entry, and toxicity of multiple bacterial, viral and fungal pathogens.
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Abstract
AB toxins are protein virulence factors secreted by many bacterial pathogens, contributing to the pathogenicity of the cognate bacteria. AB toxins consist of two functionally distinct components: the enzymatic "A" component for pathogenicity and the receptor-binding "B" component for toxin delivery. Consistently, unlike other virulence factors such as effectors, AB toxins do not require additional systems to deliver them to the target host cells. Target host cells are located in the infection site and/or located distantly from infected host cells. The first part of this review discusses the structural and functional features of single-peptide and multiprotein AB toxins in the context of host-microbe interactions, using several well-characterized examples. The second part of this review discusses toxin neutralization strategies, as well as applications of AB toxins relevant to developing intervention strategies against diseases.
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Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and a Fresh View on Shiga Toxin-Binding Glycosphingolipids of Primary Human Kidney and Colon Epithelial Cells and Their Toxin Susceptibility. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136884. [PMID: 35805890 PMCID: PMC9266556 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are the human pathogenic subset of Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing E. coli (STEC). EHEC are responsible for severe colon infections associated with life-threatening extraintestinal complications such as the hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) and neurological disturbances. Endothelial cells in various human organs are renowned targets of Stx, whereas the role of epithelial cells of colon and kidneys in the infection process has been and is still a matter of debate. This review shortly addresses the clinical impact of EHEC infections, novel aspects of vesicular package of Stx in the intestine and the blood stream as well as Stx-mediated extraintestinal complications and therapeutic options. Here follows a compilation of the Stx-binding glycosphingolipids (GSLs), globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer) and globotetraosylceramide (Gb4Cer) and their various lipoforms present in primary human kidney and colon epithelial cells and their distribution in lipid raft-analog membrane preparations. The last issues are the high and extremely low susceptibility of primary renal and colonic epithelial cells, respectively, suggesting a large resilience of the intestinal epithelium against the human-pathogenic Stx1a- and Stx2a-subtypes due to the low content of the high-affinity Stx-receptor Gb3Cer in colon epithelial cells. The review closes with a brief outlook on future challenges of Stx research.
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Kong Y, Liu F, Liu Z, Zhao J, Wu Q, Zhang X, Liu M, Zhang H, Liu S, Zhang X, Chen M. Synthesis of globotriose-modified peptides for the preparation of a colorimetric biosensor to detect Shiga toxins. Talanta 2022; 243:123353. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Zhang Y, Tan P, Zhao Y, Ma X. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: intestinal pathogenesis mechanisms and colonization resistance by gut microbiota. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2055943. [PMID: 35358002 PMCID: PMC8973357 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2055943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major cause of diarrhea in children and travelers in developing countries. ETEC is characterized by the ability to produce major virulence factors including colonization factors (CFs) and enterotoxins, that bind to specific receptors on epithelial cells and induce diarrhea. The gut microbiota is a stable and sophisticated ecosystem that performs a range of beneficial functions for the host, including protection against pathogen colonization. Understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of ETEC and the interaction between the gut microbiota and ETEC represents not only a research need but also an opportunity and challenge to develop precautions for ETEC infection. Herein, this review focuses on recent discoveries about ETEC etiology, pathogenesis and clinical manifestation, and discusses the colonization resistances mediated by gut microbiota, as well as preventative strategies against ETEC with an aim to provide novel insights that can reduce the adverse effect on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China,CONTACT Xi Ma State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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10
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Jia X, Zhang Y, Wang T, Fu Y. Highly Efficient Method for Intracellular Delivery of Proteins Mediated by Cholera Toxin-Induced Protein Internalization. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:4067-4078. [PMID: 34672633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of functional proteins into cells may help us understand how specific protein influences cell behavior as well as treat diseases caused by protein deficiency or loss-of-function mutations. However, protein cannot enter cells by diffusion. In this work, a novel cell biology tool for delivering recombinant proteins into mammalian cells was developed. We hijacked the intracellular transport routes used by the cholera toxin and took advantage of recent development on split intein that is compatible with denatured conditions and shows an exceptional splicing activity to deliver a protein of interest into mammalian cells. Here, we used green fluorescent protein and apoptin as proofs-of-concept. The results demonstrate that the cholera toxin B subunit alone could deliver other recombinant proteins into cells through either covalent conjugation or noncovalent interaction. Our method offers more than 10-fold better delivery efficiency than the tat cell-penetrating peptide and is selective for ganglioside-rich cells. This study adds a useful tool to the receptor-mediated intracellular targeting toolkit and opens possibility for the selective delivery of therapeutic proteins into ganglioside-rich cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Jia
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Biology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Biology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Biology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Yuan Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Biology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
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11
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Crippen CS, Glushka J, Vinogradov E, Szymanski CM. Trehalose-deficient Acinetobacter baumannii exhibits reduced virulence by losing capsular polysaccharide and altering membrane integrity. Glycobiology 2021; 31:1520-1530. [PMID: 34473830 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A. baumannii has become the leading cause of bacterial nosocomial infections in part due to its ability to resist desiccation, disinfection and antibiotics. Several factors contribute to the tenacity and virulence of this pathogen, including production of a broad range of surface glycoconjugates, secretory systems and efflux pumps. We became interested in examining the importance of trehalose in A. baumannii after comparing intact bacterial cells by high resolution magic angle spinning NMR and noting high levels of this disaccharide obscuring all other resonances in the spectrum. Since this was observed under normal growth conditions, we speculated that trehalose must serve additional functions beyond osmolyte homeostasis. Using the virulent isolate A. baumannii AB5075 and mutants in the trehalose synthesis pathway, ∆otsA and ∆otsB, we found that the trehalose-deficient ∆otsA showed increased sensitivity to desiccation, colistin, serum complement and peripheral blood mononuclear cells while trehalose-6-phosphate producing ∆otsB behaved similar to the wildtype. The ∆otsA mutant also demonstrated increased membrane permeability and loss of capsular polysaccharide. These findings demonstrate that trehalose deficiency leads to loss of virulence in A. baumannii AB5075.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clay S Crippen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - John Glushka
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Evgeny Vinogradov
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Christine M Szymanski
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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12
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Roussin M, Salcedo SP. NAD+-targeting by bacteria: an emerging weapon in pathogenesis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:6315328. [PMID: 34223888 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a major cofactor in redox reactions in all lifeforms. A stable level of NAD+ is vital to ensure cellular homeostasis. Some pathogens can modulate NAD+ metabolism to their advantage and even utilize or cleave NAD+ from the host using specialized effectors known as ADP-ribosyltransferase toxins and NADases, leading to energy store depletion, immune evasion, or even cell death. This review explores recent advances in the field of bacterial NAD+-targeting toxins, highlighting the relevance of NAD+ modulation as an emerging pathogenesis strategy. In addition, we discuss the role of specific NAD+-targeting toxins in niche colonization and bacterial lifestyle as components of Toxin/Antitoxin systems and key players in inter-bacterial competition. Understanding the mechanisms of toxicity, regulation, and secretion of these toxins will provide interesting leads in the search for new antimicrobial treatments in the fight against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Roussin
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR5086, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Suzana P Salcedo
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR5086, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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13
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Perez-Muñoz ME, Sugden S, Harmsen HJM, 't Hart BA, Laman JD, Walter J. Nutritional and ecological perspectives of the interrelationships between diet and the gut microbiome in multiple sclerosis: Insights from marmosets. iScience 2021; 24:102709. [PMID: 34296070 PMCID: PMC8282968 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model of multiple sclerosis, have shown potential links between diet components, microbiome composition, and modulation of immune responses. In this review, we reanalyze and discuss findings in an outbred marmoset EAE model in which a yogurt-based dietary supplement decreased disease frequency and severity. We show that although diet has detectable effects on the fecal microbiome, microbiome changes are more strongly associated with the EAE development. Using an ecological framework, we further show that the dominant factors influencing the gut microbiota were marmoset sibling pair and experimental time point. These findings emphasize challenges in assigning cause-and-effect relationships in studies of diet-microbiome-host interactions and differentiating the diet effects from other environmental, stochastic, and host-related factors. We advocate for animal experiments to be designed to allow causal inferences of the microbiota's role in pathology while considering the complex ecological processes that shape microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elisa Perez-Muñoz
- Department of Agricultural, Nutritional and Food Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Scott Sugden
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Hermie J M Harmsen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700AE, The Netherlands
| | - Bert A 't Hart
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen 9700AE, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department Anatomy and Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands
| | - Jon D Laman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen 9700AE, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700AE, The Netherlands
| | - Jens Walter
- Department of Agricultural, Nutritional and Food Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada.,APC Microbiome Ireland, School of Microbiology, and Department of Medicine, University College Cork - National University of Ireland, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
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14
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Szymanski CM, Koropatkin NM. Microbial transformation of the host glycobiome. Glycobiology 2021; 31:664-666. [PMID: 34213552 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Szymanski
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Nicole M Koropatkin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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15
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Low-Dose Exposure to Ganglioside-Mimicking Bacteria Tolerizes Human Macrophages to Guillain-Barré Syndrome-Associated Antigens. mBio 2021; 13:e0385221. [PMID: 35100875 PMCID: PMC8805021 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03852-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Early in life, commensal bacteria play a major role in immune development, helping to guide the host response toward harmful stimuli while tolerating harmless antigens to prevent autoimmunity. Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an autoimmune disease caused by errant immune attack of antibody-bound ganglioside receptors on host nerve cells, resulting in paralysis. Lipooligosaccharides enveloping the prevalent enteric pathogen, Campylobacter jejuni, frequently mimic human gangliosides and can trigger GBS by stimulating the autoimmune response. In low- to middle-income countries, young children are consistently exposed to C. jejuni, and it is not known if this impacts GBS susceptibility later in life. Using a macrophage model, we examined the effect of training these cells with low doses of ganglioside-mimicking bacteria prior to challenge with GBS-associated antigens. This training caused decreased production of proinflammatory cytokines, suggesting tolerance induction. We then screened Campylobacter isolates from 154 infant fecal samples for GM1 ganglioside mimicry, finding that 23.4% of strains from both symptomatic and asymptomatic infants displayed GM1-like structures. Training macrophages with one of these asymptomatic carrier isolates also induced tolerance against GBS-associated antigens, supporting that children can be exposed to the tolerizing antigen early in life. RNA interference of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 suggests that these receptors are not involved in tolerance associated with decreases in tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), or IL-1β levels. The results of this study suggest that exposure to ganglioside-mimicking bacteria early in life occurs naturally and impacts host susceptibility to GBS development. IMPORTANCE In this study, we demonstrated that it is possible to tolerize immune cells to potentially dampen the autoreactive proinflammatory immune response against Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)-associated antigens. The innate immune response functions to arm the host against bacterial attack, but it can be tricked into recognizing the host's own cells when infectious bacteria display sugar structures that mimic human glycans. It is this errant response that leads to the autoimmunity and paralysis associated with GBS. By presenting immune cells with small amounts of the bacterial glycan mimic, we were able to suppress the proinflammatory immune response upon subsequent high exposure to glycan-mimicking bacteria. This suggests that individuals who have already been exposed to the glycan mimics in small amounts are less sensitive to autoimmune reactions against these glycans, and this could be a factor in determining susceptibility to GBS.
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16
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Song N, Chen L, Ren X, Waterfield NR, Yang J, Yang G. N-Glycans and sulfated glycosaminoglycans contribute to the action of diverse Tc toxins on mammalian cells. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009244. [PMID: 33539469 PMCID: PMC7861375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tc toxin is an exotoxin composed of three subunits named TcA, TcB and TcC. Structural analysis revealed that TcA can form homopentamer that mediates the cellular recognition and delivery processes, thus contributing to the host tropism of Tc toxin. N-glycans and heparan sulfates have been shown to act as receptors for several Tc toxins. Here, we performed two independent genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screens, and have validated glycans and sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs) as Tc toxin receptors also for previously uncharacterized Tc toxins. We found that TcdA1 form Photorhabdus luminescens W14 (TcdA1W14) can recognize N-glycans via the RBD-D domain, corroborating previous findings. Knockout of N-glycan processing enzymes specifically blocks the intoxication of TcdA1W14-assembled Tc toxin. On the other hand, our results showed that sGAG biosynthesis pathway is involved in the cell surface binding of TcdA2TT01 (TcdA2 from P. luminescens TT01). Competition assays and biolayer interferometry demonstrated that the sulfation group in sGAGs is required for the binding of TcdA2TT01. Finally, based on the conserved domains of representative TcA proteins, we have identified 1,189 putative TcAs from 1,039 bacterial genomes. These TcAs are categorized into five subfamilies. Each subfamily shows a good correlation with both genetic organization of the TcA protein(s) and taxonomic origin of the genomes, suggesting these subfamilies may utilize different mechanisms for cellular recognition. Taken together, our results support the previously described two different binding modalities of Tc toxins, leading to unique host targeting properties. We also present the bioinformatics data and receptor screening strategies for TcA proteins, provide new insights into understanding host specificity and biomedical applications of Tc toxins. The Toxin complexes, also referred to as Tc toxins, are a family of A5BC exotoxins widely distributed among Gram-negative and positive bacteria. First identified in Entomopathogenic bacteria as key virulence factors to combat insect hosts, putative Tc toxin loci are also encoded by a range of human pathogens such as Salmonella and Yersinia. Previous studies indicated that several Tc toxins can target invertebrate and vertebrate cells via binding with N-glycans and heparan sulfates. Here our genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screens validated that different Tc toxins utilized distinct receptors for the adhesion to their targets, which is determined by TcA homopentamer. For example, TcdA1 from Photorhabdus luminescens W14 (TcdA1W14) relies on N-glycan binding to exert its toxic effects, while sulfate groups of sulfated glycosaminoglycans are critical for the cell targeting of other TcAs such as TcdA2TT01 (TcdA2 from P. luminescens TT01). Consistent with the previously described different binding modalities of Tc toxins, our results confirm that the receptor selectivity of TcAs contribute to the cellular tropism of Tc toxins. Furthermore we has also identified 1,189 TcA homologues and categorized them into five subfamilies. Each TcA subfamily shows a good correlation with the taxonomic origin of the genomes, suggesting these subfamilies are linked to diverse host tropisms via different binding modalities. Together, our findings provide mechanistic insights into understanding host specificity of distinct Tc toxins and the development of therapeutics for Tc toxin-related infections, as well as the adaptation of Tc-injectisomes as potential biotechnology tools and pest-control weapons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Song
- Beijing Institute of Tropical Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Emergency and Critical Care Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lihong Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xingmei Ren
- Beijing Institute of Tropical Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Emergency and Critical Care Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jian Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guowei Yang
- Beijing Institute of Tropical Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Emergency and Critical Care Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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17
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Garber JM, Hennet T, Szymanski CM. Significance of fucose in intestinal health and disease. Mol Microbiol 2021; 115:1086-1093. [PMID: 33434389 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The deoxyhexose sugar L-fucose is important for many biological processes within the human body and the associated microbiota. This carbohydrate is abundant in host gut mucosal surfaces, numerous microbial cell surface structures, and some dietary carbohydrates. Fucosylated oligosaccharides facilitate the establishment of a healthy microbiota and provide protection from infection. However, there are instances where pathogens can also exploit these fucosylated structures to cause infection. Furthermore, deficiencies in host fucosylation are associated with specific disease outcomes. This review focuses on our current understanding of the impact of fucosylation within the mucosal environment of the gastrointestinal tract with a specific emphasis on the mediatory effects in host-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolene M Garber
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Thierry Hennet
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christine M Szymanski
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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18
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Dubb RK, Nothaft H, Beadle B, Richards MR, Szymanski CM. N-glycosylation of the CmeABC multidrug efflux pump is needed for optimal function in Campylobacter jejuni. Glycobiology 2020; 30:105-119. [PMID: 31588498 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a prevalent gastrointestinal pathogen associated with increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance development. It was also the first bacterium demonstrated to possess a general N-linked protein glycosylation pathway capable of modifying > 80 different proteins, including the primary Campylobacter multidrug efflux pump, CmeABC. Here we demonstrate that N-glycosylation is necessary for the function of the efflux pump and may, in part, explain the evolutionary pressure to maintain this protein modification system. Mutants of cmeA in two common wildtype (WT) strains are highly susceptible to erythromycin (EM), ciprofloxacin and bile salts when compared to the isogenic parental strains. Complementation of the cmeA mutants with the native cmeA allele restores the WT phenotype, whereas expression of a cmeA allele with point mutations in both N-glycosylation sites is comparable to the cmeA mutants. Moreover, loss of CmeA glycosylation leads to reduced chicken colonization levels similar to the cmeA knock-out strain, while complementation fully restores colonization. Reconstitution of C. jejuni CmeABC into Escherichia coli together with the C. jejuni N-glycosylation pathway increases the EM minimum inhibitory concentration and decreases ethidium bromide accumulation when compared to cells lacking the pathway. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the protein structures of the glycosylated and non-glycosylated CmeA models do not vary from one another, and in vitro studies show no change in CmeA multimerization or peptidoglycan association. Therefore, we conclude that N-glycosylation has a broader influence on CmeABC function most likely playing a role in complex stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajinder K Dubb
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Harald Nothaft
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Bernadette Beadle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Michele R Richards
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Christine M Szymanski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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19
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Wenzel CQ, Mills DC, Dobruchowska JM, Vlach J, Nothaft H, Nation P, Azadi P, Melville SB, Carlson RW, Feldman MF, Szymanski CM. An atypical lipoteichoic acid from Clostridium perfringens elicits a broadly cross-reactive and protective immune response. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:9513-9530. [PMID: 32424044 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a leading cause of food-poisoning and causes avian necrotic enteritis, posing a significant problem to both the poultry industry and human health. No effective vaccine against C. perfringens is currently available. Using an antiserum screen of mutants generated from a C. perfringens transposon-mutant library, here we identified an immunoreactive antigen that was lost in a putative glycosyltransferase mutant, suggesting that this antigen is likely a glycoconjugate. Following injection of formalin-fixed whole cells of C. perfringens HN13 (a laboratory strain) and JGS4143 (chicken isolate) intramuscularly into chickens, the HN13-derived antiserum was cross-reactive in immunoblots with all tested 32 field isolates, whereas only 5 of 32 isolates were recognized by JGS4143-derived antiserum. The immunoreactive antigens from both HN13 and JGS4143 were isolated, and structural analysis by MALDI-TOF-MS, GC-MS, and 2D NMR revealed that both were atypical lipoteichoic acids (LTAs) with poly-(β1→4)-ManNAc backbones substituted with phosphoethanolamine. However, although the ManNAc residues in JGS4143 LTA were phosphoethanolamine-modified, a few of these residues were instead modified with phosphoglycerol in the HN13 LTA. The JGS4143 LTA also had a terminal ribose and ManNAc instead of ManN in the core region, suggesting that these differences may contribute to the broadly cross-reactive response elicited by HN13. In a passive-protection chicken experiment, oral challenge with C. perfringens JGS4143 lead to 22% survival, whereas co-gavage with JGS4143 and α-HN13 antiserum resulted in 89% survival. This serum also induced bacterial killing in opsonophagocytosis assays, suggesting that HN13 LTA is an attractive target for future vaccine-development studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory Q Wenzel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,VaxAlta Inc., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dominic C Mills
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Jiri Vlach
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Harald Nothaft
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,VaxAlta Inc., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Patrick Nation
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Stephen B Melville
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Russell W Carlson
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Mario F Feldman
- VaxAlta Inc., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Christine M Szymanski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada .,VaxAlta Inc., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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20
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Wang X, Wang Y, Xu J, Xue C. Sphingolipids in food and their critical roles in human health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:462-491. [PMID: 32208869 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1736510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids (SLs) are ubiquitous structural components of cell membranes and are essential for cell functions under physiological conditions or during disease progression. Abundant evidence supports that SLs and their metabolites, including ceramide (Cer), ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P), sphingosine (So), sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), are signaling molecules that regulate a diverse range of cellular processes and human health. However, there are limited reviews on the emerging roles of exogenous dietary SLs in human health. In this review, we discuss the ubiquitous presence of dietary SLs, highlighting their structures and contents in foodstuffs, particularly in sea foods. The digestion and metabolism of dietary SLs is also discussed. Focus is given to the roles of SLs in both the etiology and prevention of diseases, including bacterial infection, cancers, neurogenesis and neurodegenerative diseases, skin integrity, and metabolic syndrome (MetS). We propose that dietary SLs represent a "functional" constituent as emerging strategies for improving human health. Gaps in research that could be of future interest are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yuming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China.,Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China.,Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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21
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Fujii Y, Gerdol M, Kawsar SMA, Hasan I, Spazzali F, Yoshida T, Ogawa Y, Rajia S, Kamata K, Koide Y, Sugawara S, Hosono M, Tame JRH, Fujita H, Pallavicini A, Ozeki Y. A GM1b/asialo-GM1 oligosaccharide-binding R-type lectin from purplish bifurcate mussels Mytilisepta virgata and its effect on MAP kinases. FEBS J 2019; 287:2612-2630. [PMID: 31769916 PMCID: PMC7317968 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A 15‐kDa lectin, termed SeviL, was isolated from Mytilisepta virgata (purplish bifurcate mussel). SeviL forms a noncovalent dimer that binds strongly to ganglio‐series GM1b oligosaccharide (Neu5Acɑ2‐3Galβ1‐3GalNAcβ1‐4Galβ1‐4Glc) and its precursor, asialo‐GM1 (Galβ1‐3GalNAcβ1‐4Galβ1‐4Glc). SeviL also interacts weakly with the glycan moiety of SSEA‐4 hexaose (Neu5Acα2‐3Galβ1‐3GalNAcβ1‐3Galα1‐4Galβ1‐4Glc). A partial protein sequence of the lectin was determined by mass spectrometry, and the complete sequence was identified from transcriptomic analysis. SeviL, consisting of 129 amino acids, was classified as an R(icin B)‐type lectin, based on the presence of the QxW motif characteristic of this fold. SeviL mRNA is highly expressed in gills and, in particular, mantle rim tissues. Orthologue sequences were identified in other species of the family Mytilidae, including Mytilus galloprovincialis, from which lectin MytiLec‐1 was isolated and characterized in our previous studies. Thus, mytilid species contain lectins belonging to at least two distinct families (R‐type lectins and mytilectins) that have a common β‐trefoil fold structure but differing glycan‐binding specificities. SeviL displayed notable cytotoxic (apoptotic) effects against various cultured cell lines (human breast, ovarian, and colonic cancer; dog kidney) that possess asialo‐GM1 oligosaccharide at the cell surface. This cytotoxic effect was inhibited by the presence of anti‐asialo‐GM1 oligosaccharide antibodies. With HeLa ovarian cancer cells, SeviL showed dose‐ and time‐dependent activation of kinase MKK3/6, p38 MAPK, and caspase‐3/9. The transduction pathways activated by SeviL via the glycosphingolipid oligosaccharide were triggered apoptosis. Database Nucleotide sequence data have been deposited in the GenBank database under accession numbers MK434191, MK434192, MK434193, MK434194, MK434195, MK434196, MK434197, MK434198, MK434199, MK434200, and MK434201.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Fujii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, Sasebo, Japan
| | - Marco Gerdol
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Sarkar M A Kawsar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh.,School of Sciences, Yokohama City University, Japan
| | - Imtiaj Hasan
- School of Sciences, Yokohama City University, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | | | - Tatsusada Yoshida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, Sasebo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Ogawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, Sasebo, Japan
| | - Sultana Rajia
- School of Sciences, Yokohama City University, Japan.,Department of Pharmacy, Varendra University, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Kenichi Kamata
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Japan
| | | | - Shigeki Sugawara
- Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hosono
- Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jeremy R H Tame
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Japan
| | - Hideaki Fujita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, Sasebo, Japan
| | - Alberto Pallavicini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy.,Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Napoli, Italy
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22
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Ghorashi AC, Kohler JJ. Not All Quiet on the Sugar Front: Glycan Combatants in Host-Pathogen Interactions. Biochemistry 2019; 59:3061-3063. [PMID: 31589414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atossa C Ghorashi
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Jennifer J Kohler
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
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23
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Varian BJ, Poutahidis T, Haner G, Hardas A, Lau V, Erdman SE. Consuming cholera toxin counteracts age-associated obesity. Oncotarget 2019; 10:5497-5509. [PMID: 31565184 PMCID: PMC6756858 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past forty years there has been an inexplicable increase in chronic inflammatory disorders, including obesity. One theory, the ‘hygiene hypothesis’, involves dysregulated immunity arising after too few beneficial early life microbe exposures. Indeed, earlier studies have shown that gut microbe-immune interactions contribute to smoldering inflammation, adiposity, and weight gain. Here we tested a safe and well-established microbe-based immune adjuvant to restore immune homeostasis and counteract inflammation-associated obesity in animal models. We found that consuming Vibrio cholerae exotoxin subunit B (ctB) was sufficient to inhibit age-associated obesogenic outcomes in wild type mice, including reduced crown-like structures (CLS) and granulomatous necrosis histopathology in fat depots. Administration of cholera toxin reduced weight gain irrespective of age during administration; however, exposure during youth imparted greater slenderizing effects when compared with animals receiving ctB for the first time during adulthood. Beneficial effects were transplantable to other obesity-prone animals using immune cells alone, demonstrating an immune-mediated mechanism. Taken together, we concluded that oral vaccination with cholera toxin B helps stimulate health-protective immune responses that counteract age-associated obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard J Varian
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Theofilos Poutahidis
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States.,Department of infectious Diseases and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Gordon Haner
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Alex Hardas
- Department of infectious Diseases and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Vanessa Lau
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Susan E Erdman
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
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24
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Peng X, Zhang R, Wang C, Yu F, Yu M, Chen S, Fan Q, Xi Y, Duan G. E. coli Enterotoxin LtB Enhances Vaccine-Induced Anti- H. pylori Protection by Promoting Leukocyte Migration into Gastric Mucus via Inflammatory Lesions. Cells 2019; 8:E982. [PMID: 31461854 PMCID: PMC6770474 DOI: 10.3390/cells8090982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Current studies indicate that the anti-H. pylori protective efficacy of oral vaccines to a large extent depends on using mucosal adjuvants like E. coli heat-lable enterotoxin B unit (LtB). However, the mechanism by which Th17/Th1-driven cellular immunity kills H. pylori and the role of LtB remains unclear. Here, two L.lactis strains, expressing H. pylori NapA and LtB, respectively, were orally administrated to mice. As observed, the administration of LtB significantly enhanced the fecal SIgA level and decreased gastric H. pylori colonization, but also markedly aggravated gastric inflammatory injury. Both NapA group and NapA+LtB group had elevated splenocyte production of IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, IL-23 and INF-γ. Notably, gastric leukocytes' migration or leakage into the mucus was observed more frequently in NapA+LtB group than in NapA group. This report is the first that discusses how LtB enhances vaccine-induced anti-H. pylori efficacy by aggravating gastric injury and leukocytes' movement into the mucus layer. Significantly, it brings up a novel explanation for the mechanism underlying mucosal cellular immunity destroying the non-invasive pathogens. More importantly, the findings suggest the necessity to further evaluate LtB's potential hazards to humans before extending its applications. Thus, this report can provide considerable impact on the fields of mucosal immunology and vaccinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Peng
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Department of Basic Medicine, Chuxiong Medical College, Chuxiong 675005, China
| | - Rongguang Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Feiyan Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mingyang Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shuaiyin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qingtang Fan
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yuanlin Xi
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Guangcai Duan
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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