5-FU promotes stemness of colorectal cancer via p53-mediated WNT/β-catenin pathway activation

A novel drug prejudice scaffold-imidazopyridine-conjugate can promote cell death in a colorectal cancer model by binding to β-catenin and suppressing the Wnt signaling pathway

INTRODUCTION

Globally, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common type of cancer, and its treatment frequently includes the utilization of drugs based on antibodies and small molecules. The development of CRC has been linked to various signaling pathways, with the Wnt/β-catenin pathway identified as a key target for intervention.

OBJECTIVES

We have explored the impact of imidazopyridine-tethered chalcone-C (CHL-C) in CRC models.

METHODS

To determine the influence of CHL-C on apoptosis and autophagy, Western blot analysis, annexin V assay, cell cycle analysis, acridine orange staining, and immunocytochemistry were performed. Next, the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and the anti-cancer effects of CHL-C in vivo were examined in an orthotopic HCT-116 mouse model.

RESULTS

We describe the synthesis and biological assessment of the CHL series as inhibitors of the viability of HCT-116, SW480, HT-29, HCT-15, and SNU-C2A CRC cell lines. Further biological evaluations showed that CHL-C induced apoptosis and autophagy in down-regulated β-catenin, Wnt3a, FZD-1, Axin-1, and p-GSK-3β (Ser9), and up-regulated p-GSK3β (Tyr216) and β-TrCP. In-depth analysis using structure-based bioinformatics showed that CHL-C strongly binds to β-catenin, with a binding affinity comparable to that of ICG-001, a well-known β-catenin inhibitor. Additionally, our in vivo research showed that CHL-C markedly inhibited tumor growth and triggered the activation of both apoptosis and autophagy in tumor tissues.

CONCLUSION

CHL-C is capable of inducing apoptosis and autophagy by influencing the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

Experimental toolkit to study the oncogenic role of WNT signaling in colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is linked to the WNT/β-catenin signaling as its primary driver. Aberrant activation of WNT/β-catenin signaling is closely correlated with increased incidence, malignancy, poorer prognosis, and even higher cancer-related death. Research over the years has postulated various experimental models that have facilitated an understanding of the complex mechanisms underlying WNT signaling in CRC. In the present review, we have comprehensively summarized the in vitro, in vivo, patient-derived, and computational models used to study the role of WNT signaling in CRC. We discuss the use of CRC cell lines and organoids in capturing the molecular intricacies of WNT signaling and implementing xenograft and genetically engineered mouse models to mimic the tumor microenvironment. Patient-derived models, including xenografts and organoids, provide valuable insights into personalized medicine approaches. Additionally, we elaborated on the role of computational models in simulating WNT signaling dynamics and predicting therapeutic outcomes. By evaluating the advantages and limitations of each model, this review highlights the critical contributions of these systems to our understanding of WNT signaling in CRC. We emphasize the need to integrate diverse model systems to enhance translational research and clinical applications, which is the primary goal of this review.

Petosemtamab, a Bispecific Antibody Targeting Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and Leucine-Rich G Repeat-Containing Protein-Coupled Receptor (LGR5) Designed for Broad Clinical Applications

Disease progression and treatment resistance in colorectal and other cancers are driven by a subset of cells within the tumor that have stem-cell-like properties and long-term tumorigenic potential. These stem-cell-like cells express the leucine-rich G repeat-containing protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) and have characteristics similar to tissue-resident stem cells in normal adult tissues such as the colon. Organoid models of murine and human colorectal and other cancers contain LGR5-expressing (LGR5+) stem-cell-like cells and can be used to investigate the underlying mechanisms of cancer development, progression, therapy vulnerability, and resistance. A large biobank of organoids derived from colorectal cancer or adjacent normal tissue was developed. We performed a large-scale unbiased functional screen to identify bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) that preferentially inhibit the growth of colon tumor-derived, as compared to normal tissue-derived, organoids. We identified the most potent BsAb in the screen as petosemtamab, a Biclonics® BsAb targeting both LGR5 and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Petosemtamab employs three distinct mechanisms of action: EGFR ligand blocking, EGFR receptor internalization and degradation in LGR5+ cells, and Fc-mediated activation of the innate immune system by antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) and enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) (see graphical abstract). Petosemtamab has demonstrated substantial clinical activity in recurrent/metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (r/m HNSCC). The safety profile is generally favorable, with low rates of skin and gastrointestinal toxicity. Phase 3 trials are ongoing in both first-line programmed death-ligand 1-positive (PD-L1+) and second/third-line r/m HNSCC.

Targeting pyroptosis for cancer immunotherapy: mechanistic insights and clinical perspectives

Pyroptosis is a distinct form of programmed cell death characterized by the rupture of the cell membrane and robust inflammatory responses. Increasing evidence suggests that pyroptosis significantly affects the tumor microenvironment and antitumor immunity by releasing damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and pro-inflammatory mediators, thereby establishing it as a pivotal target in cancer immunotherapy. This review thoroughly explores the molecular mechanisms underlying pyroptosis, with a particular focus on inflammasome activation and the gasdermin family of proteins (GSDMs). It examines the role of pyroptotic cell death in reshaping the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) involving both tumor and immune cells, and discusses recent advancements in targeting pyroptotic pathways through therapeutic strategies such as small molecule modulators, engineered nanocarriers, and combinatory treatments with immune checkpoint inhibitors. We also review recent advances and future directions in targeting pyroptosis to enhance tumor immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive cell therapy, and tumor vaccines. This study suggested that targeting pyroptosis offers a promising avenue to amplify antitumor immune responses and surmount resistance to existing immunotherapies, potentially leading to more efficacious cancer treatments.

Progress on the mechanism of intestinal microbiota against colorectal cancer

The intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer, and its anti - colorectal cancer mechanism has become a research hotspot. This article comprehensively expounds on the molecular mechanisms of the intestinal microbiota in anti - colorectal cancer, including aspects such as immune regulation, activation of carcinogenic signaling pathways (it should be noted that it is more reasonable to be "inhibition of carcinogenic signaling pathways"), metabolite - mediated effects, and maintenance of intestinal barrier function. At the same time, it explores the roles and potential mechanisms of intervention methods such as probiotic supplementation therapy, immunotherapy, and fecal microbiota transplantation. In addition, it analyzes the impact of the intestinal flora on the therapeutic efficacy of colorectal cancer. The existing research results are summarized, and the future research directions are prospected, with the aim of providing new theoretical bases and treatment ideas for the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer.

Fusobacterium nucleatum modulates the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in colorectal cancer development

The Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway normally maintains cellular and tissue homeostasis by regulating cellular differentiation and survival in a controlled manner. An aberrantly regulated Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway can transform into an oncogenic pathway, which is associated with Colorectal cancer (CRC) as well as other cancers. CRC is one of the most frequently occurring gastrointestinal cancers worldwide. In CRC tissues, deregulation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway is observed, which indicates that this oncogenic pathway directly promotes CRC malignancy, cell migration, angiogenesis, chemoresistance, as well as shorter lifespan of a patient. Growing evidence suggests that human commensal microbes have a strong association with carcinogenesis, particularly the prevalence and high enrichment of Fusobacterium nucleatum in CRC progression. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway is one of the targeted pathways by F. nucleatum in CRC, where Fusobacterium adhesin attaches to E-cadherin to initiate infection. Also, Wnt/β-catenin pathway can be a potential target for the treatment of both CRC and F. nucleatum-positive CRC. Here, we discuss the underlying mechanisms of F. nucleatum-positive CRC development through modulation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling and its possibility for the application in targeted therapy of F. nucleatum-positive CRC.

CLMP increases 5-fluorouracil sensitivity in colorectal cancer through the inhibition of autophagy

BACKGROUND

We aimed to explore the biological function of CLMP in colorectal cancer (CRC) and to determine the effect of CLMP on 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) sensitivity in CRC.

METHODS

Sixteen pairs of CRC tissues and paracancerous tissues were collected. Immortalized intestinal epithelial cell lines and human CRC cell lines were purchased, and the cells were treated with DMSO and 5-FU. RTqPCR, western blotting, CCK8, colony formation, scratch, and Transwell assays were performed to determine the molecular mechanism of CLMP in the regulation of autophagy and sensitivity to 5-FU in CRC cells.

RESULTS

CLMP was expressed at low levels in CRC tissues. The upregulation of CLMP expression could inhibit cell proliferation, colony number, migration and invasion and increase the sensitivity of CRC cells to 5-FU. Mechanistic studies revealed that the overexpression of CLMP could block the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, inhibit autophagy, and increase the chemosensitivity of CRC cells to 5-FU.

CONCLUSION

CLMP overexpression can reduce the level of autophagy and increase the sensitivity of CRC to 5-FU, providing a potential target for the treatment of CRC.

NEK2 promotes cancer cell progression and 5-fluorouracil resistance via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND

Never-in-mitosis gene A-related-kinase-2 (NEK2) plays a pivotal role in malignant progression and chemotherapy sensitivity. This study aimed to elucidate the role of NEK2 in colorectal cancer (CRC) and its potential contribution to 5-fluorouracil (5‑FU) resistance mechanisms.

METHODS

Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT‑PCR), western blotting, and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining were used to assess the expression of NEK2 in CRC tissues and cells. The effects of NEK2 and 5‑FU on the proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion of cancer cells were investigated via Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), colony formation, flow cytometry, wound healing, and transwell assays, respectively. Methyl 3-(4-methylphenylsulfonamido) benzoate (MSAB) was used as a Wnt/beta (β)-catenin pathway inhibitor in this study.

RESULTS

NEK2 expression was significantly upregulated in CRC tissues and cells compared to normal controls. High NEK2 expression in CRC tissues was correlated with advanced tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, and a poor tumor prognosis. NEK2 overexpression promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of CRC cells. NEK2 overexpression inhibited the cytotoxic effect of 5-FU on CRC cells. NEK2 overexpression promoted the nuclear accumulation of β-catenin and activated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. MSAB reversed the stimulatory effect of NEK2 upregulation on proliferation and resistance to 5-FU in CRC cells.

CONCLUSIONS

In summary, NEK2 promotes cell survival and decreases sensitivity to 5-FU in CRC by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Consequently, NEK2 holds promise as a potential therapeutic target for CRC management.

Beyond chemotherapy: Exploring 5-FU resistance and stemness in colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a significant global health challenge, demanding continuous advancements in treatment strategies. This review explores the complexities of targeting colorectal cancer stem cells (CSCs) and the mechanisms contributing to resistance to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). The efficacy of 5-FU is enhanced by combination therapies such as FOLFOXIRI and targeted treatments like bevacizumab, cetuximab, and panitumumab, particularly in KRAS wild-type tumors, despite associated toxicity. Biomarkers like thymidylate synthase (TYMS), thymidine phosphorylase (TP), and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) are crucial for predicting 5-FU efficacy and resistance. Targeting CRC-CSCs remains challenging due to their inherent resistance to conventional therapies, marker variability, and the protective influence of the tumor microenvironment which promotes stemness and survival. Personalized treatment strategies are increasingly essential to address CRC's genetic and phenotypic diversity. Advances in immunotherapy, including immune checkpoint inhibitors and cancer vaccines, along with nanomedicine-based therapies, offer promising targeted drug delivery systems that enhance specificity, reduce toxicity, and provide novel approaches for overcoming resistance mechanisms. Integrating these innovative strategies with traditional therapies may enhance the effectiveness of CRC therapy by addressing the underlying causes of 5-FU resistance in CSCs.

FOXN3 Downregulation in Colorectal Cancer Enhances Tumor Cell Stemness by Promoting EP300-Mediated Epigenetic Upregulation of SOX12

Cancer stemness plays a crucial role in promoting the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). Forkhead box N3 (FOXN3) is a tumor suppressor protein. Herein, we investigated the role of FOXN3 in the regulation of CRC cell stemness. Cell viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion were assessed utilizing cell counting kit-8 assay, 5-ethynyl-20-deoxyuridine assay, and Transwell assay, respectively. Cell-sphere formation was assessed using a sphere-forming assay. The enrichment of H3K27ac modifications at the SRY-related HMG-box 12 (SOX12) promoter, interactions among FOXN3, SOX12, and E1A binding protein p300 (EP300) were analyzed using chromatin immunoprecipitation or dual luciferase reporter assays. We found that FOXN3 overexpression inhibited CRC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, stemness, and tumor formation in mice by inactivating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling, while these effects of FOXN3 overexpression were reversed by the overexpression of SOX12. Mechanistically, EP300 increased SOX12 expression in CRC cells by promoting H3K27ac enrichment in the SOX12 promoter. In addition, FOXN3 transcriptionally inhibited EP300 expression in CRC cells by binding to the EP300 promoter. As expected, EP300 overexpression weakened the inhibitory effect of FOXN3 overexpression on CRC cell stemness. Collectively, FOXN3 upregulation inhibited CRC cell stemness by suppressing EP300-mediated epigenetic upregulation of SOX12.

Molecular effects of clinically relevant chemotherapeutic agents on choline phospholipid metabolism in triple negative breast cancer cells

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most lethal breast cancer subtype, leading to poor patient outcomes despite aggressive treatment with surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. There are currently no clinical tests available which measure early on whether TNBC patients respond to the selected chemotherapy treatment regimen. The magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)-detected total choline (tCho) signal was shown to be a promising biomarker for assessing the response to chemotherapy treatment early on, as breast tumor tCho decreases after the first treatment cycle in patients who respond to chemotherapy cocktails. We sought to further investigate these clinical observations at the molecular level by combining metabolic and transcriptomic studies in two human TNBC cell lines treated with six different chemotherapeutic agents. Overall, our findings show that the glycerophosphocholine-to-phosphocholine ratio (GPC/PC) was a more sensitive and more broadly applicable measure of TNBC response to various chemotherapeutic agents than tCho. Specific chemotherapeutic drugs, including 5-fluorouracil and melphalan, resulted in the most significant effects on choline phospholipid metabolism, while other drugs did not significantly alter choline phospholipid metabolism. Overall, several of the six tested chemotherapeutic drugs mainly affected the expression levels of phosphatidylcholine (PtdC)-specific phospholipases and lysophospholipases, leading to the observed GPC/PC and tCho changes following treatment with the chemotherapeutic agents that altered choline phospholipid metabolism. The presented metabolic and transcriptomic findings support that the GPC/PC ratio and PtdC-phospholipases and -lysophospholipases could be further developed for assessing the response to chemotherapy treatment in TNBC patients. Statement of Significance: We show that the glycerophosphocholine-to-phosphocholine ratio and phosphatidylcholine-specific-phospholipases and -lysophospholipases are reliable markers for assessing the response to several chemotherapeutic agents, which could help with selecting correct treatments for TNBC patients.

Chemoresistance mechanisms to 5-Fluorouracil and reversal strategies in lung and breast cancer

Chemotherapy drug 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a major treatment for many cancers; however, its efficacy is limited by chemoresistance. Here, we investigate the resistance mechanisms to 5-FU and reversal strategies in lung and breast cancer cells. Using multiple 5-FU-resistant lung cancer and breast cancer cell models, we reveal differential cellular and molecular features of 5-FU resistance between different cancer types. We further unravel the implications of immune-related processes, NOTCH and WNT signaling with 5-FU resistance. In lung cancer, the activation of WNT/β-catenin signaling promotes the resistance and blocking this signaling re-sensitizes resistant cells to 5-FU treatment. Our study not only reveals differential features and mechanisms underlying 5-FU resistance across different cancers, but also suggests potential strategies against such resistance.

Effect and mechanism of Magnolia officinalis in colorectal cancer: Multi-component-multi-target approach

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a prevalent malignant tumor of the digestive tract. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a long history of treating CRC, with advantages such as effectiveness, multi-target, multi-pathway, and minimal side effects. TCM Magnolia officinalis (M. officinalis) refers to the dried bark, root bark, and branch bark of either Magnolia officinalis Rehd.et Wils. or Magnolia officinalis Rehd.et Wils. var. biloba Rehd.et Wils. It is commonly utilized to alleviate the side effects of chemotherapy for CRC, owing to its anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties. However, current research primarily focuses on the individual components and does not take into consideration the characteristics of multi-component-multi-target action.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Our aim is to study the new action characteristics of M. officinalis in the treatment of CRC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Utilizing network pharmacology to identify potential active ingredients, key targets, and main signaling pathways of M. officinalis for the treatment of CRC. The binding effect was further validated through molecular docking analysis. Furthermore, the aforementioned components were identified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and the cleavage pathways of the main components were analyzed. Subsequently, both in vitro and in vivo experiments were carried out to investigate the anti-CRC effect of the active ingredients of M. officinalis and its potential mechanism.

RESULTS

Network pharmacology and Molecular docking identified 5 main active ingredients and 6 core targets of M. officinalis for the treatment of CRC. Then, LC-MS identified the active components of M. officinalis. At the same time, both in vitro and in vivo experiments have confirmed the ability of Eucalyptol (Euc) and Obovatol (Obo)to inhibit inflammation and tumor cell proliferation. The possible mechanism involved is that Euc and Obo counteract CRC by inhibiting the over-activation of NF-κBp65/JAK and Bcl-2/Caspase signaling pathways, respectively. They also play a role in the anti-CRC effect of M. officinalis.

CONCLUSION

Magnolol (MAG), Honokiol (HK), Euc, Obo, and Neohesperidin (NHP) in M. officinalis may be the pharmacological substance basis for its anti-cancer effect on CRC. The treatment of CRC with M. officinalis is characterized by its multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway approach. These findings provide a theoretical basis for further inspiring the clinical application of M. officinalis and the development of efficacy targets.

Cisplatin-eugenol Pt(IV) prodrugs target colon cancer stem cells: A novel strategy for enhanced anticancer efficacy

Platinum(IV) compounds possess distinct properties that set them apart from platinum(II) compounds. Often designed as prodrugs, they are reduced within cancer cells to their active platinum(II) form, enabling their cytotoxic effects. Their versatility also lies in their ability to be functionalized and conjugated with bioactive molecules to enhance cancer cell targeting. This report introduces new prodrugs that combine antitumor cisplatin with axially coordinated eugenol, leveraging their synergistic action to target cancer stem cells. A third bioactive ligand, 4-phenylbutyrate or octanoate, was added to further enhance biological activity, creating 'triple action' prodrugs. These new platinum(IV) prodrugs offer a novel approach to cancer therapy by improving targeting, increasing efficacy, overcoming drug resistance, and reducing tumor invasiveness while sparing healthy tissue.

Combinatorial Effects of 5-Fluorouracil and Menadione on Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells

The incidence and mortality rates of colorectal cancer (CRC) are alarmingly high, and the scientific community is consistently engaged in developing newer therapeutic options for cancer cure or prevention. The fluoropyrimidine drug, 5-fluorouracil (5FU), remains the first line of treatment against CRC; nevertheless, relapses frequently occur since the cells gain resistance over time through various mechanisms. Studies have highlighted the significance of combinatorial treatment of a Wnt signaling inhibitor and 5FU as a better treatment strategy to overcome 5FU resistance. Small molecules that specifically target and disrupt β-catenin-TCF interaction, a crucial step of the Wnt signaling, are promising in CRC treatment. In this study, we investigated the synergistic cytotoxic activity of menadione with 5FU as the former has previously been shown to downregulate Wnt signaling in CRC cells. Docking and experimental results suggest that the drug combination interfered with key protein-protein interactions in the β-catenin-TCF complex, exerted synergistic anti-cancerous effects in CRC cells, and downregulated the expression of Wnt signaling proteins. Taken together, our data suggest that the simultaneous binding of 5FU and menadione to β-catenin can block Wnt signaling by disrupting β-catenin-TCF interaction and inhibit the proliferation of CRC cells.

Simultaneous imaging of telomerase activity and protein tyrosine kinase 7 in living cells during epithelial-mesenchymal transformation via a near-infrared light-activatable nanoprobe

Exploring the relationship between key regulation molecules (such as telomerase and protein tyrosine kinase 7) during epithelial-mesenchymal transformation of cells is beneficial for studying malignant tumor metastasis. Fluorescence is usually used for real-time monitoring the distribution and expression of regulatory molecules in living cells. However, the recognition function of these classical nanoprobes is "always active" due to the absence of exogenous control, which leads to the amplification of both the background signal and the response signal, making it difficult to distinguish changes in biomolecule expression levels. To improve the fluorescence ratio between tumor and normal cells, we constructed near-infrared light-activatable nanoprobes by engineering the functional units of catalytic hairpin assembly and integrating upconversion luminescence nanoparticles. Under near-infrared light irradiation, the nanoparticles, serving as a near-infrared-to-ultraviolet light transducer, induced the photolysis of the photo-cleavable linkers sealed in hairpins. The recognition function of the nanoprobes can be controlled by near-infrared light, preventing them from recognizing the targets in non-irradiated regions. By employing the nanoprobes, we realized simultaneous imaging of two regulatory molecules in living cells and observed an increase in telomerase activity and a decrease in protein tyrosine kinase 7 expression during drug-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transformation. This work provides a promising method for revealing changes and relationships of regulatory molecules during tumor metastasis.

Biomimetic Nano-delivery of Small-Molecule Piceatannol Modulates Tumor Stemness and Suppresses Colorectal Cancer Metastasis via Hippo/YAP1/SOX9 Signaling

Suppressing tumor metastasis is a crucial strategy for improving survival rates in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), with cancer stem cells (CSCs) being the primary drivers of metastasis. Current therapeutic approaches targeting CSCs are limited, and their molecular mechanisms remain unclear. To address this challenge, a biomimetic nanoparticle delivery system, CMD-BHQ3-PTL/DOX@RBCM is developed, to deliver the stem cell regulator, piceatannol (PTL). This system used carboxymethyl dextran (CMD) and Black Hole Quencher 3 (BHQ3) to encapsulate PTL and the cytotoxic drug doxorubicin (DOX) within a red blood cell membrane (RBCm), enhancing stability and biocompatibility while allowing gradual drug release under hypoxic conditions. The effects of PTL are investigated on CSCs using molecular biology experiments, plasmid construction, and high-throughput sequencing and elucidated the molecular mechanisms underlying this biomimetic nanoparticle delivery system. The therapeutic efficacy of PTL is validated at the tissue level using subcutaneous and metastatic tumor models in human and murine systems. The results demonstrated that CMD-BHQ3-PTL/DOX@RBCM effectively addressed the challenges of specificity and biocompatibility in vivo, significantly inhibiting CSC-related tumor metastasis. This inhibitory effect is closely associated with the Hippo/YAP1/SOX9 pathway. This study highlights the effectiveness of the pH-responsive biomimetic nanoparticle system CMD-BHQ3-PTL/DOX@RBCm in delivering PTL to tumor sites, with SOX9 and its upstream Hippo/YAP1 pathway playing a critical role in the underlying mechanism.

Targeting the NOTCH2/ADAM10/TCF7L2 Axis-Mediated Transcriptional Regulation of Wnt Pathway Suppresses Tumor Growth and Enhances Chemosensitivity in Colorectal Cancer

Wnt/β-catenin/transcription factor (TCF) transcriptional activity plays an integral role in colorectal cancer (CRC) carcinogenesis. However, to date, no drugs targeting this pathway are used in clinical practice owing to the undesirable and serious side effects. In this study, it is found that the transcriptional regulation of Wnt pathway is activated and associated with liver metastasis in CRC. Through high-throughput screening of 24 inhibitors on 12 CRC and three colorectal organoids in this organoid living biobank, adavivint is found to exhibit anti-tumor activity and low toxicity in colorectal organoids, independent of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Mechanistically, ADAM10 is screened as a target of adavivint to specifically regulate the protein expression of NOTCH2, which mediates the transcriptional regulation of the Wnt pathway. NOTCH2 not directly interact with TCF7-like 2 (TCF7L2), a key downstream transcriptional factor of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling, but directly activated the transcription of TCF7L2 and Wnt target genes, such as MYC, JUN and CCND1/2. Furthermore, use of adavivint or blockage of ADAM10/NOTCH2/TCF7L2 signaling enhances the chemosensitivity of CRC cells. Overall, this study provides a promising candidate for the development of small-molecule inhibitors and reveals a potential therapeutic target for CRC.

Advances in the application of colorectal cancer organoids in precision medicine

Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks among the most prevalent gastrointestinal tumors globally and poses a significant threat to human health. In recent years, tumor organoids have emerged as ideal models for clinical disease research owing to their ability to closely mimic the original tumor tissue and maintain a stable phenotypic structure. Organoid technology has found widespread application in basic tumor research, precision therapy, and new drug development, establishing itself as a reliable preclinical model in CRC research. This has significantly advanced individualized and precise tumor therapies. Additionally, the integration of single-cell technology has enhanced the precision of organoid studies, offering deeper insights into tumor heterogeneity and treatment response, thereby contributing to the development of personalized treatment approaches. This review outlines the evolution of colorectal cancer organoid technology and highlights its strengths in modeling colorectal malignancies. This review also summarizes the progress made in precision tumor medicine and addresses the challenges in organoid research, particularly when organoid research is combined with single-cell technology. Furthermore, this review explores the future potential of organoid technology in the standardization of culture techniques, high-throughput screening applications, and single-cell multi-omics integration, offering novel directions for future colorectal cancer research.

A minimalist multifunctional nano-prodrug for drug resistance reverse and integration with PD-L1 mAb for enhanced immunotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma

Clinical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), the primary anticancer agent, remains unsatisfactory due to the glutathione (GSH)-associated drug resistance and immunosuppressive microenvironment of HCC. To develop a facile yet robust strategy to overcome 5-FU resistance for enhanced immunotherapy treatment of HCC via all dimensional GSH exhaustion, we report in this study construction of a minimalist prodrug consisting of 5-FU linked to an indoleamine-(2,3)-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitor (IND) via a disulfide bridge, FU-SS-IND that can further self-assemble into stabilized nanoparticles, FU-SS-IND NPs. Specifically, besides the disulfide linker-induced GSH exhaustion, IND inhibits GSH biosynthesis and enhances the effector function of T cells for turning a "cold" tumor to a "hot" one, which synergistically achieving a tumor inhibition rate (TIR) of 92.5% in a 5-FU resistant mice model. Most importantly, FU-SS-IND NPs could upregulate programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression on the surface of tumor cells, which enables facile combination with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) for a ultimate prolonged survival lifetime of 5-FU-resistant tumors-bearing mice. Overall, the minimalist bioreducible nano-prodrug developed herein demonstrates great translatable potential for efficiently reversing drug resistance and enhancing immunotherapy of HCC.

Oncofetal MCB1 Is a Functional Biomarker for HCC Personalized Therapy

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide and lacks biomarkers for personalized therapy. Herein, it is reported that MCB1 could be a novel oncofetal protein that is upregulated in the preneoplastic lesions and serum of early HCC patients. Functional studies reveal that MCB1 modulated p53 protein degradation to promote T-IC generation and drive HCC initiation. Furthermore, the MCB1/p53 axis is shown to determine the responses of hepatoma cells to conventional chemotherapeutics and predict transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) benefits in patients. Importantly, MCB1 can mediate sorafenib/lenvatinib resistance by downregulating two essential drug targets fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR3) expression in a proteasome-dependent manner. Patient-derived tumor organoids (PDOs), patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), and patient cohorts analysis suggested that MCB1 levels in HCCs may determine the distinct responses to conventional therapeutics and targeted drugs. Furthermore, treatment of targeted drugs-resistant HCC with adeno-associated virus (AAV) targeting MCB1 or a proteasome inhibitor restores targeted drug response, suggesting their clinical significance in HCC combinational therapy. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that MCB1 could act as a driver for HCC initiation, a contributor to drug resistance, and a biomarker for individualized HCC therapy.

Dickopff 1 inhibits cancer stem cell properties and promotes neuronal differentiation of human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y

Neuroblastomas are pediatric tumors arising from undifferentiated cells of neural crest origin with stem cell-like characteristics. Dysregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been shown to be linked to the development of various tumors. Activated Wnt signaling results in β-catenin accumulation in the nucleus to support pro-neoplastic traits. DKK1, a secreted glycoprotein, is an inhibitor of Wnt signaling, and the addition of DKKI to the culture medium has been used to suppress the Wnt pathway. This study aimed to analyze the role of Dickopff-1 as a potential differentiating agent for the neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y and neurospheres derived from it. The treatment of SH-5Y5Y derived neurospheres by DKK1 resulted in their disintegration and reduced proliferation markers like Ki67, PCNA. DKK1 treatment to the neurospheres also resulted in the loss of cancer stem cell markers like CD133, KIT and pluripotency markers like SOX2, OCT4, NANOG. DKK1 treatment caused reduction in mRNA expression of β-catenin and TCF genes like TCF4, TCF12. When the SH-SY5Y cancer cells were grown under differentiating conditions, DKKI caused neuronal differentiation by itself, and in synergy with retinoic acid. This was verified by the expression of markers like MAPT, DCX, GAP43, ENO2 and also with changes in neurite length. We concluded that Wnt inhibition, as exemplified by DKK1 treatment, is therefore a possible differentiating condition and also suppresses the proliferative and cancer stemness related properties of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells.

The High Expression of SLC7A11 and GPX4 are Significantly Correlated with β-Catenin in Colorectal Cancer

Background

Existing research shows inducing ferroptosis can improve the effectiveness of tumor treatment. Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) is a ferroptosis inhibitor. Solute carrier family 7, membrane 11 (SLC7A11) plays a key role in glutathione homeostasis, which is important for protecting cells from oxidative stress. β-catenin is the key protein the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of SLC7A11 and GPX4 in colorectal cancer (CRC) and their relationship with β-catenin and to analyze the association of these two factors with several clinicopathological features and patient survival.

Methods

This study retrospectively collected paraffin-embedded tissue samples from 120 CRC patients, who received surgical resection between 2017 and 2018. We examined the patterns of expression of SLC7A11, GPX4 and β-catenin by using immunohistochemistry. Analyzing the relationships between SLC7A11, GPX4, β-catenin and clinical pathological parameters and their relationships with overall survival (OS).

Results

Expression of SLC7A11 and GPX4 were high expression in 60.83% and 64.17% among the patients, respectively, and were higher than those in normal tissue. SLC7A11, GPX4 and β-catenin were positively correlated with each other (P<0.05). Expression of SLC7A11 and GPX4 significantly correlates with tumor stage and lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05). The β-catenin was related to lymph node metastasis, TNM stage and tumor grade. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patient's OS in the SLC7A11 and GPX4 were reduced (P<0.05). Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that SLC7A11 and GPX4 were independent risk factors for CRC prognosis.

Conclusion

SLC7A11 and GPX4 overexpression is associated with β-catenin and poor prognosis and may be important for predicting CRC invasion, metastasis, and prognosis.

Epigenetic control of immunoevasion in cancer stem cells

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a poorly differentiated population of malignant cells that (at least in some neoplasms) is responsible for tumor progression, resistance to therapy, and disease relapse. According to a widely accepted model, all stages of cancer progression involve the ability of neoplastic cells to evade recognition or elimination by the host immune system. In line with this notion, CSCs are not only able to cope with environmental and therapy-elicited stress better than their more differentiated counterparts but also appear to better evade tumor-targeting immune responses. We summarize epigenetic modifications of DNA and histones through which CSCs evade immune recognition or elimination, and propose that such alterations constitute promising therapeutic targets to increase the sensitivity of some malignancies to immunotherapy.

The crosstalk of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and p53 in acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease

Wnt/β-catenin is a signaling pathway associated with embryonic development, organ formation, cancer, and fibrosis. Its activation can repair kidney damage during acute kidney injury (AKI) and accelerate the occurrence of renal fibrosis after chronic kidney disease (CKD). Interestingly, p53 has also been found as a key modulator in AKI and CKD in recent years. Meantime, some studies have found crosstalk between Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways and p53, but more evidence is required on whether they have synergistic effects in renal disease progression. This article reviews the role and therapeutic targets of Wnt/β-catenin and p53 in AKI and CKD and proposes for the first time that Wnt/β-catenin and p53 have a synergistic effect in the treatment of renal injury.

Application of hydrogels for targeting cancer stem cells in cancer treatment

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a major hindrance to clinical cancer treatment. Owing to their high tumorigenic and metastatic potential, CSCs are vital in malignant tumor initiation, growth, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance, leading to tumorigenesis and recurrence. Compared with normal tumor cells, CSCs express high levels of surface markers (CD44, CD90, CD133, etc.) and activate specific signaling pathways (Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, and Hedgehog). Although Current drug delivery systems (DDS) precisely target CSCs, the heterogeneity and multidrug resistance of CSCs impede CSC isolation and screening. Conversely, hydrogel DDSs exhibit good biocompatibility and high drug delivery efficiency. Hydrogels are three-dimensional (3D) spatial structures for drug encapsulation that facilitate the controlled release of bioactive molecules. Hence, hydrogels can be loaded with drugs to precisely target CSCs. Their 3D structure can also culture non-CSCs and facilitate their transformation into CSCs. for identification and isolation. Given that their elastic modulus and stiffness characteristics reflect those of the cellular microenvironment, hydrogels can simulate extracellular matrix pathways and markers to regulate CSCs, disrupting the equilibrium between CSC and non-CSC transformation. This article reviews the CSC microenvironment, metabolism, signaling pathway, and surface markers. Additionally, we summarize the existing CSC targeting strategies and explore the application of hydrogels for CSC screening and treatment. Finally, we discuss potential advances in CSC research that may lead to curative measures for tumors through targeted and precise attacks on CSCs.

Overcoming Therapy Resistance in Colorectal Cancer: Targeting the Rac1 Signaling Pathway as a Potential Therapeutic Approach

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed type of cancer worldwide and is responsible for numerous deaths. 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is an effective chemotherapy drug commonly used in the treatment of CRC, either as monotherapy or in combination with other drugs. However, half of CRC cases are resistant to 5-FU-based therapies. To contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying CRC resistance or recurrence after 5-FU-based therapies, we performed a comprehensive study integrating in silico, in vitro, and in vivo approaches. We identified differentially expressed genes and enrichment of pathways associated with recurrence after 5-FU-based therapies. Using these bioinformatics data as a starting point, we selected a group of drugs that restored 5-FU sensitivity to 5-FU resistant cells. Interestingly, treatment with the novel Rac1 inhibitor, 1A-116, reversed morphological changes associated with 5-FU resistance.. Moreover, our in vivo studies have shown that 1A-116 affected tumor growth and the development of metastasis. All our data allowed us to postulate that targeting Rac1 represents a promising avenue for the development of new treatments for patients with CRC resistant to 5-FU-based therapies.

Veratridine, a plant-derived alkaloid, suppresses the hyperactive Rictor-mTORC2 pathway: a new targeted therapy for primary and metastatic colorectal cancer

Despite considerable advances to improve colorectal cancer (CRC) survival over the last decade, therapeutic challenges remain due to the rapid metastatic dissemination of primary tumors and screening limitations. Meanwhile, the rise of CRC in younger adults (Early-onset CRC), commonly diagnosed with a metastatic form of the disease, shows the pressing need to develop more effective targeted therapies to decrease the high mortality rates associated with metastatic disease. Hyperactivation of the Rictor-mTORC2-AKT signaling pathway drives key metastatic players in diverse malignant tumors, including early- and late-onset colorectal cancer. Selective mTORC2 inhibitors are becoming a potential treatment strategy for CRC due to the therapeutic limitations of mTORC1 inhibitors. Veratridine (VTD), a lipid-soluble alkaloid extracted from Liliaceae plants, can transcriptionally increase UBXN2A, which induces 26S proteasomal degradation of the Rictor protein, a key member in the mTORC2 complex. Destabilization of Rictor protein by VTD decreases Akt phosphorylation on Ser473, which is responsible for metastatic signaling downstream of the mTORC2 pathway in diverse malignant tumors. VTD decreases the population of metastatic colon cancer stem cells and functions as an angiogenesis inhibitor. VTD effectively reduces the spheroid growth rate and restricts cell migration. Live cell migration and invasion assays alongside biomechanical-force-based experiments revealed that VTD suppresses colon cancer cell invasiveness and the ensuing risk of tumor metastasis. A CRC mouse model that mimics the natural stages of human sporadic CRC revealed that VTD treatment significantly decreases tumor growth in a UBXN2A-dependent manner. This study showed a novel mechanistic connection between a ubiquitin-like protein and mTORC2-dependent migration and invasion in CRC tumors. This study revealed the therapeutic benefit of selective inhibition of Rictor in CRC, particularly in tumors with a hyperactive Rictor-mTORC2 signaling pathway. Finally, this study opened a new platform for repurposing VTD, a supplemental anti-hypertension molecule, into an effective targeted therapy in CRC tumors.

Synthetic Peptides Induce Human Colorectal Cancer Cell Death via Proapoptotic Pathways

Cancer resistance to drugs and chemotherapy is a problem faced by public health systems worldwide. Repositioning antimicrobial peptides could be an efficient strategy to overcome that problem. This study aimed at repurposing antimicrobial peptides PepGAT and PepKAA for cancer treatment. After screening against several cancers, PepGAT and PepKAA presented IC50 values of 125.42 and 40.51 μM at 72 h toward colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. The mechanisms of action revealed that both peptides induced cell cycle arrest in G2/M and drove HCT-116 cells to death by triggering apoptosis. qPCR analysis revealed that peptides modulated gene expression in apoptosis, corroborating the data from caspase 3/7 and flow cytometry experiments. Yet, peptides induced ROS overaccumulation and increased membrane permeabilization, pore formation, and loss of internal content, leading to death. Additionally, peptides were able to inhibit cell invasion. Previous studies from the same group attested to no toxicity to normal human cells. Thus, PepGAT and PepKAA have great potential as anticancer molecules.

Role of Wnt/β-catenin pathway in cancer drug resistance: Insights into molecular aspects of major solid tumors

Adaptive resistance to conventional and targeted therapies remains one of the major obstacles in the effective management of cancer. Aberrant activation of key signaling mechanisms plays a pivotal role in modulating resistance to drugs. An evolutionarily conserved Wnt/β-catenin pathway is one of the signaling cascades which regulate resistance to drugs. Elevated Wnt signaling confers resistance to anticancer therapies, either through direct activation of its target genes or via indirect mechanisms and crosstalk over other signaling pathways. Involvement of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in cancer hallmarks like inhibition of apoptosis, promotion of invasion and metastasis and cancer stem cell maintenance makes this pathway a potential target to exploit for addressing drug resistance. Accumulating evidences suggest a critical role of Wnt/β-catenin pathway in imparting resistance across multiple cancers including PDAC, NSCLC, TNBC, etc. Here we present a comprehensive assessment of how Wnt/β-catenin pathway mediates cancer drug resistance in majority of the solid tumors. We take a deep dive into the Wnt/β-catenin signaling-mediated modulation of cellular and downstream molecular mechanisms and their impact on cancer resistance.

The CK1ε/SIAH1 axis regulates AXIN1 stability in colorectal cancer cells

Casein kinase 1ε (CK1ε) and axis inhibitor 1 (AXIN1) are crucial components of the β-catenin destruction complex in canonical Wnt signaling. CK1ε has been shown to interact with AXIN1, but its physiological function and role in tumorigenesis remain unknown. In this study, we found that CK1δ/ε inhibitors significantly enhanced AXIN1 protein level in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells through targeting CK1ε. Mechanistically, CK1ε promoted AXIN1 degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway by promoting the interaction of E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase SIAH1 with AXIN1. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of CK1ε and knockdown of SIAH1 downregulated the expression of Wnt/β-catenin-dependent genes, suppressed the viability of CRC cells, and restrained tumorigenesis and progression of CRC in vitro and in vivo. In summary, our results demonstrate that CK1ε exerted its oncogenic role in CRC occurrence and progression by regulating the stability of AXIN1. These findings reveal a novel mechanism by which CK1ε regulates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting the CK1ε/SIAH1 axis in CRC.

Cinobufacini enhances the therapeutic response of 5-Fluorouracil against gastric cancer by targeting cancer stem cells via AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling axis

BACKGROUND

Gastric cancer stem cells (GCSCs) play crucial role in the development, recurrence, and resistance of gastric cancer (GC). Cinobufacini, a traditional Chinese medicine, offers significant advantages in improving tumor therapy. However, pre-clinical investigation into the antitumor effect and mechanism of Cinobufacini on GC is still lacking. Additionally, it has not been reported whether Cinobufacini is related to cancer stem cells (CSCs).

METHODS

The CCK-8, clone formation, EdU staining, transwell and wound healing experiments were performed to assess the cell toxicity of Cinobufacini and demonstrate the preventive effects of Cinobufacini on proliferation, invasion, and migration of GC cells. Elucidating the underlying mechanism of Cinobufacini in GC based on the transcriptome sequencing. Flow cytometry assays, sphere formation assays, subcutaneous xenograft model in nude mice, and immunofluorescent staining have been used to investigate whether the anti-GC effect of Cinobufacini is associated with GCSCs and enhancing therapeutic response to 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU).

RESULTS

Cinobufacini exerts minimal impact on normal human gastric epithelium cell GES-1, while significantly suppressing the proliferation, invasion, and migration of GC cell lines. Additionally, Cinobufacini attenuates the stemness of GCSCs by disrupting the AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling cascade. Moreover, Cinobufacin enhances the anti-tumor effects of 5-FU against GCSCs by reducing in vitro sphere formation and inhibiting subcutaneous graft tumor growth in vivo.

CONCLUSIONS

Cinobufacini enhances the therapeutic response of 5-FU against GC by targeting CSCs via AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling axis. Our findings offer a crucial insight into the molecular mechanism of Cinobufacini's anticancer activity in GC.

Astragali Radix-Curcumae Rhizoma herb pair reduces the stemness of colorectal cancer cells through HIF-2α/β-catenin pathway

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related mortality and significantly impairs quality of life. Astragali Radix-Curcumae Rhizoma (AC) is widely employed in the treatment of CRC in Chinese medicine, but the precise mechanisms remain unclear.

PURPOSE

This study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms by which AC inhibits CRC progression.

METHODS

The active components of AC were identified using UPLC-MS/MS analysis. An orthotopic transplantation colorectal tumor model was established in BALB/c mice using the CT26-Lucifer cell line to evaluate the effects of AC. Tumor volumes were monitored using IVIS imaging technology. Histological examination of tumor morphology was performed with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Transcriptomic sequencing of mouse tumor samples was conducted to identify critical pathways and molecular targets. The impact of AC on cell viability and migration was assessed using CCK-8 and wound healing assays, respectively. To investigate the effects of AC on CRC cells, an in vitro hypoxic model was established using cobalt chloride (CoCl2), a hypoxia inducer. HIF-2α overexpression was achieved by constructing stable lentiviral vectors. Key targets identified from RNA-seq, such as c-Myc, Ki-67, β-catenin, cleaved caspase 3, CD133, and CD44, were evaluated using western blotting, qRT-PCR, and immunofluorescence assays. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and spheroid cloning assays were employed to evaluate phenotypic changes in cancer stem cells.

RESULTS

Twelve components of AC were identified. AC effectively inhibited CRC progression in vivo. Transcriptomic analysis highlighted hypoxic signaling as a significantly enriched pathway, implicating its role in suppressing CRC progression by AC. In the hypoxic model, AC inhibited the proliferation and migration of CRC cells in vitro. Furthermore, AC reduced cancer stemness by downregulating stemness markers, inhibiting EMT, and decreasing tumor sphere formation. The downregulation of hypoxic responses and the shift in stemness by AC involved attenuation of HIF-2α and WNT/β-catenin signaling.

CONCLUSION

This study provides the first evidence that AC reduces the stemness of CRC and the inhibition of the transition of CRC to stem-like cells by AC is closely related to the downregulation of the HIF-2α/β-catenin pathway, especially under hypoxic conditions.

Molecular glue triggers degradation of PHGDH by enhancing the interaction between DDB1 and PHGDH

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play a pivotal role in tumor initiation, proliferation, metastasis, drug resistance, and recurrence. Consequently, targeting CSCs has emerged as a promising avenue for cancer therapy. Recently, 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) has been identified as being intricately associated with the regulation of numerous cancer stem cells. Yet, reports detailing the functional regulators of PHGDH that can mitigate the stemness across cancer types are limited. In this study, the novel "molecular glue" LXH-3-71 was identified, and it robustly induced degradation of PHGDH, thereby modulating the stemness of colorectal cancer cells (CRCs) both in vitro and in vivo. Remarkably, LXH-3-71 was observed to form a dynamic chimera, between PHGDH and the DDB1-CRL E3 ligase. These insights not only elucidate the anti-CSCs mechanism of the lead compound but also suggest that degradation of PHGDH may be a more viable therapeutic strategy than the development of PHGDH inhibitors. Additionally, compound LXH-3-71 was leveraged as a novel ligand for the DDB1-CRL E3 ligase, facilitating the development of new PROTAC molecules targeting EGFR and CDK4 degradation.

Blocking the WNT/β-catenin pathway in cancer treatment:pharmacological targets and drug therapeutic potential

The WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway plays crucial roles in tumorigenesis and relapse, metastasis, drug resistance, and tumor stemness maintenance. In most tumors, the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway is often aberrantly activated. The therapeutic usefulness of inhibition of WNT/β-catenin signaling has been reported to improve the efficiency of different cancer treatments and this inhibition of signaling has been carried out using different methods including pharmacological agents, short interfering RNA (siRNA), and antibodies. Here, we review the WNT-inhibitory effects of some FDA-approved drugs and natural products in cancer treatment and focus on recent progress of the WNT signaling inhibitors in improving the efficiency of chemotherapy, immunotherapy, gene therapy, and physical therapy. We also classified these FDA-approved drugs and natural products according to their structure and physicochemical properties, and introduced briefly their potential mechanisms of inhibiting the WNT signaling pathway. The review provides a comprehensive understanding of inhibitors of WNT/β-catenin pathway in various cancer therapeutics. This will benefit novel WNT inhibitor development and optimal clinical use of WNT signaling-related drugs in synergistic cancer therapy.

5-Fluorouracil in Combination with Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticles Loaded with Antioxidant Thymoquinone against Colon Cancer: Synergistically Therapeutic Potential and Underlying Molecular Mechanism

Colon cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide, with high mortality. Adverse side effects and chemoresistance of the first-line chemotherapy 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) have promoted the widespread use of combination therapies. Thymoquinone (TQ) is a natural compound with potent antioxidant activity. Loading antioxidants into nano delivery systems has been a major advance in enhancing their bioavailability to improve clinical application. Hence, this study aimed to prepare the optimal TQ-loaded calcium carbonate nanoparticles (TQ-CaCO3 NPs) and investigate their therapeutic potential and underlying molecular mechanisms of TQ-CaCO3 NPs in combination with 5-FU against colon cancer. Firstly, we developed purely aragonite CaCO3 NPs with a facile mechanical ball-milling method. The pH-sensitive and biocompatible TQ-CaCO3 NPs with sustained release properties were prepared using the optimal synthesized method (a high-speed homogenizer). The in vitro study revealed that the combination of TQ-CaCO3 NPs (15 μM) and 5-FU (7.5 μM) inhibited CT26 cell proliferation and migration, induced cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase, and suppressed the CT26 spheroid growth, exhibiting a synergistic effect. Finally, network pharmacology and molecular docking results indicated the potential targets and crucial signaling pathways of TQ-CaCO3 NPs in combination with 5-FU against colon cancer. Therefore, TQ-CaCO3 NPs combined with 5-FU could enhance the anti-colon cancer effects of 5-FU with broader therapeutic targets, warranting further application for colon cancer treatment.

Drug tolerant persister cell plasticity in cancer: A revolutionary strategy for more effective anticancer therapies

Non-genetic mechanisms have recently emerged as important drivers of anticancer drug resistance. Among these, the drug tolerant persister (DTP) cell phenotype is attracting more and more attention and giving a predominant non-genetic role in cancer therapy resistance. The DTP phenotype is characterized by a quiescent or slow-cell-cycle reversible state of the cancer cell subpopulation and inert specialization to stimuli, which tolerates anticancer drug exposure to some extent through the interaction of multiple underlying mechanisms and recovering growth and proliferation after drug withdrawal, ultimately leading to treatment resistance and cancer recurrence. Therefore, targeting DTP cells is anticipated to provide new treatment opportunities for cancer patients, although our current knowledge of these DTP cells in treatment resistance remains limited. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the formation characteristics and underlying drug tolerant mechanisms of DTP cells, investigate the potential drugs for DTP (including preclinical drugs, novel use for old drugs, and natural products) based on different medicine models, and discuss the necessity and feasibility of anti-DTP therapy, related application forms, and future issues that will need to be addressed to advance this emerging field towards clinical applications. Nonetheless, understanding the novel functions of DTP cells may enable us to develop new more effective anticancer therapy and improve clinical outcomes for cancer patients.

5-Fluorouracil resistance due to sphingosine kinase 2 overexpression in colorectal cancer is associated with myeloid-derived suppressor cell-mediated immunosuppressive effects

PURPOSE

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the top five cancer-related causes of mortality globally. Acquired resistance has hindered the effectiveness of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), the main chemotherapeutic drug used to treat CRC. Sphingosine kinase 2 (SphK2) may be a cancer treatment target and involved in 5-FU resistance.

METHODS

Cell growth was examined using MTT and clone formation assays for SphK2 expression. To identify immune cells in mice, flow cytometry was performed. West blotting demonstrated alterations in cell division and inflammation-related proteins. SphK2 levels and inflammation-related variables were studied using Elisa.

RESULTS

Due to SphK2 overexpression, immunosuppression, and 5-FU resistance are caused by the development of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) subsequent to IL-6/STAT3 activation and alterations in the arginase (ARG-1) protein. After therapy, the combination of SphK2 inhibitors and 5-FU can effectively suppress MDSCs while increasing CD4+ and CD8+ T cell infiltration into the tumor microenvironment, lowering tumor burden, and exhibiting a therapeutic impact on CRC.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that 5-FU treatment combined with simultaneous Spkh2 inhibition by ABC294640 has anti-tumor synergistic effects by influencing multiple effects on tumor cells, T cells, and MDSCs, potentially improving the poor prognosis of colorectal cancer patients.

Advancements in Research and Treatment Applications of Patient-Derived Tumor Organoids in Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a significant health burden globally, being the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Despite significant therapeutic advancements, resistance to systemic antineoplastic agents remains an important obstacle, highlighting the need for innovative screening tools to tailor patient-specific treatment. This review explores the application of patient-derived tumor organoids (PDTOs), three-dimensional, self-organizing models derived from patient tumor samples, as screening tools for drug resistance in CRC. PDTOs offer unique advantages over traditional models by recapitulating the tumor architecture, cellular heterogeneity, and genomic landscape and are a valuable ex vivo predictive drug screening tool. This review provides an overview of the current literature surrounding the use of PDTOs as an instrument for predicting therapy responses in CRC. We also explore more complex models, such as co-cultures with important stromal cells, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts, and organ-on-a-chip models. Furthermore, we discuss the use of PDTOs for drug repurposing, offering a new approach to identify the existing drugs effective against drug-resistant CRC. Additionally, we explore how PDTOs serve as models to gain insights into drug resistance mechanisms, using newer techniques, such as single-cell RNA sequencing and CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing. Through this review, we aim to highlight the potential of PDTOs in advancing our understanding of predicting therapy responses, drug resistance, and biomarker identification in CRC management.

Parecoxib and 5-Fluorouracil Synergistically Inhibit EMT and Subsequent Metastasis in Colorectal Cancer by Targeting PI3K/Akt/NF-κB Signaling

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer mortality worldwide, and innovative drugs for the treatment of colorectal cancer are continually being developed. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a common clinical chemotherapeutic drug. Acquired resistance to 5-FU is a clinical challenge in colorectal cancer treatment. Parecoxib is a selective COX-2-specific inhibitor that was demonstrated to inhibit metastasis in colorectal cancers in our previous study. This study aimed to investigate the synergistic antimetastatic activities of parecoxib to 5-FU in human colorectal cancer cells and determine the underlying mechanisms. Parecoxib and 5-FU synergistically suppressed metastasis in colorectal cancer cells. Treatment with the parecoxib/5-FU combination induced an increase in E-cadherin and decrease in β-catenin expression. The parecoxib/5-FU combination inhibited MMP-9 activity, and the NF-κB pathway was suppressed as well. Mechanistic analysis denoted that the parecoxib/5-FU combination hindered the essential molecules of the PI3K/Akt route to obstruct metastatic colorectal cancer. Furthermore, the parecoxib/5-FU combination could inhibit reactive oxygen species. Our work showed the antimetastatic capacity of the parecoxib/5-FU combination for treating colorectal cancers via the targeting of the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway.

Electrophysiological insights with brain organoid models: a brief review

Brain organoid is a three-dimensional (3D) tissue derived from stem cells such as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) embryonic stem cells (ESCs) that reflect real human brain structure. It replicates the complexity and development of the human brain, enabling studies of the human brain in vitro. With emerging technologies, its application is various, including disease modeling and drug screening. A variety of experimental methods have been used to study structural and molecular characteristics of brain organoids. However, electrophysiological analysis is necessary to understand their functional characteristics and complexity. Although electrophysiological approaches have rapidly advanced for monolayered cells, there are some limitations in studying electrophysiological and neural network characteristics due to the lack of 3D characteristics. Herein, electrophysiological measurement and analytical methods related to neural complexity and 3D characteristics of brain organoids are reviewed. Overall, electrophysiological understanding of brain organoids allows us to overcome limitations of monolayer in vitro cell culture models, providing deep insights into the neural network complex of the real human brain and new ways of disease modeling. [BMB Reports 2024; 57(7): 311-317].

Enhanced ApcMin/+ adenoma formation after epithelial CUL4B deletion by recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor cells

Colorectal cancer (CRC) stands as a prevalent malignancy globally. A pivotal event in CRC pathogenesis involves the loss-of-function mutation in the APC gene, leading to the formation of benign polyps. Despite the well-established role of APC, the contribution of CUL4B to CRC initiation in the pre-tumorous stage remains poorly understood. In this investigation, we generated a murine model by crossing ApcMin/+ mice with Cul4bΔIEC mice to achieve specific deletion of Cul4b in the gut epithelium against an ApcMin/+ background. By employing histological methods, RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq), and flow cytometry, we assessed alterations and characterized the immune microenvironment. Our results unveiled that CUL4B deficiency in gut epithelium expedited ApcMin/+ adenoma formation. Notably, CUL4B in adenomas restrained the accumulation of tumor-infiltrating myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). In vivo inhibition of MDSCs significantly delayed the growth of CUL4B deleted ApcMin/+ adenomas. Furthermore, the addition of MDSCs to in vitro cultured ApcMin/+; Cul4bΔIEC adenoma organoids mitigated their alterations. Mechanistically, CUL4B directly interacted with the promoter of Csf3, the gene encoding granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) by coordinating with PRC2. Inhibiting CUL4B epigenetically activated the expression of G-CSF, promoting the recruitment of MDSCs. These findings offer novel insights into the tumor suppressor-like roles of CUL4B in regulating ApcMin/+ adenomas, suggesting a potential therapeutic strategy for CRC initiation and progression in the context of activated Wnt signaling.

Understanding the complexity of p53 in a new era of tumor suppression

p53 was discovered 45 years ago as an SV40 large T antigen binding protein, coded by the most frequently mutated TP53 gene in human cancers. As a transcription factor, p53 is tightly regulated by a rich network of post-translational modifications to execute its diverse functions in tumor suppression. Although early studies established p53-mediated cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis, and senescence as the classic barriers in cancer development, a growing number of new functions of p53 have been discovered and the scope of p53-mediated anti-tumor activity is largely expanded. Here, we review the complexity of different layers of p53 regulation, and the recent advance of the p53 pathway in metabolism, ferroptosis, immunity, and others that contribute to tumor suppression. We also discuss the challenge regarding how to activate p53 function specifically effective in inhibiting tumor growth without harming normal homeostasis for cancer therapy.

The contradictory role of febuxostat in ABCG2 expression and potentiating hypericin-mediated photodynamic therapy in colorectal cancers

Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is an emerging method to treat colorectal cancers (CRC). Hypericin (HYP) is an effective mediator of PDT and the ABCG2 inhibitor, Febuxostat (FBX) could augment PDT. HT29 and HEK293 cells showed light dependant cytotoxic response to PDT in both 2D and 3D cell models. FBX co-treatment was not found to improve PDT cytotoxicity. Next, ABCG2 protein expression was observed in HT29 but not in HEK293 cells. However, ABCG2 gene expression analysis did not support protein expression results as ABCG2 gene expression results were found to be higher in HEK293 cells. Although HYP treatment was found to significantly reduce ABCG2 gene expression levels in both cell lines, FBX treatment partially restored ABCG2 gene expression. Our findings indicate that FBX co-treatment may not be suitable for augmenting HYP-mediated PDT in CRC but could potentially be useful for other applications.

4-O-Methylascochlorin Synergistically Enhances 5-Fluorouracil-Induced Apoptosis by Inhibiting the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway in Colorectal Cancer Cells

4-O-Methyl-ascochlorin (MAC), a derivative of the prenyl-phenol antibiotic ascochlorin extracted from the fungus Ascochyta viciae, shows anticarcinogenic effects on various cancer cells. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is used to treat colorectal cancer (CRC); however, its efficacy must be enhanced. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms by which MAC acts synergistically with 5-FU to inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in CRC cells. MAC enhanced the cytotoxic effects of 5-FU by suppressing the Akt/mTOR/p70S6K and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. It also reduced the viability of 5-FU-resistant (5-FU-R) cells. Furthermore, expression of anti-apoptosis-related proteins and cancer stem-like cell (CSC) markers by 5-FU-R cells decreased in response to MAC. Similar to MAC, the knockdown of CTNNB1 induced apoptosis and reduced expression of mRNA encoding CRC markers in 5-FU-R cells. In summary, these results suggest that MAC and other β-catenin modulators may be useful in overcoming the 5-FU resistance of CRC cells.

NUP43 promotes PD-L1/nPD-L1/PD-L1 feedback loop via TM4SF1/JAK/STAT3 pathway in colorectal cancer progression and metastatsis

Programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) has a significant role in tumor progression and metastasis, facilitating tumor cell evasion from immune surveillance. PD-L1 can be detected in the tumor cell nucleus and exert an oncogenic effect by nuclear translocation. Colorectal cancer (CRC) progression and liver metastasis (CCLM) are among the most lethal diseases worldwide, but the mechanism of PD-L1 nuclear translocation in CRC and CCLM remains to be fully understood. In this study, using CRISPR-Cas9-based genome-wide screening combined with RNA-seq, we found that the oncogenic factor NUP43 impacted the process of PD-L1 nuclear translocation by regulating the expression level of the PD-L1 chaperone protein IPO5. Subsequent investigation revealed that this process could stimulate the expression of tumor-promoting factor TM4SF1 and further activate the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway, which ultimately enhanced the transcription of PD-L1, thus establishing a PD-L1-nPD-L1-PD-L1 feedback loop that ultimately promoted CRC progression and CCLM. In conclusion, our study reveals a novel role for nPD-L1 in CRC, identifies the PD-L1-nPD-L1-PD-L1 feedback loop in CRC, and provides a therapeutic strategy for CRC patients.

Villosol reverses 5-FU resistance in colorectal cancer by inhibiting the CDKN2A gene regulated TP53-PI3K/Akt signaling axis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Patrinia villosa (Juss.) (PV) is the drug of choice in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) and has achieved reliable efficacy in clinic. Villosol is the active ingredient in PV. However, the molecular mechanism by which Villosol reverses chemoresistance in CRC remains unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Analysis of the molecular mechanism by which Villosol, the active ingredient of PV, reverses CRC/5-FU resistance through modulation of the CDKN2A gene was validated by network pharmacology techniques and experiments.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We identified CDKN2A as a gene associated with 5-FU resistance through gene chip analysis. Next, we conducted a series of functional analyses in cell lines, animal samples, and xenograft models to investigate the role, clinical significance, and abnormal regulatory mechanisms of CDKN2A in 5-FU resistance in CRC. In addition, we screened and obtained a raw ingredient called Villosol, which targets CDKN2A, and investigated its pharmacological effects.

RESULTS

Analysis of CRC cells and animal samples showed that the upregulation of CDKN2A expression was strongly associated with 5-FU resistance. CRC cells overexpressing CDKN2A showed reduced sensitivity to 5-FU and enhanced tumor biology in vitro. Inhibition of aberrant activation of CDKN2A enhances the expression of TP53. Mechanistically, overexpression of CDKN2A activates the PI3K/Akt pathway and induces resistance to 5-FU. Villosol inhibited CDKN2A, and CRC/5-FU cells regained sensitivity to 5-FU. Villosol effectively reverses 5-FU resistance through the CDKN2A-TP53-PI3K/Akt axis.

CONCLUSION

Changes in CDKN2A gene expression can be used to predict the response of CRC patients to 5-FU therapy. Additionally, inhibiting CDKN2A activation with Villosol may present a new approach to overcoming 5-FU resistance in clinical settings.

Circ-0075305 hinders gastric cancer stem cells by indirectly disrupting TCF4-β-catenin complex and downregulation of SOX9

CircRNAs are covalently closed, single-stranded RNA that form continuous loops and play a crucial role in the initiation and progression of tumors. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are indispensable for cancer development; however, the regulation of cancer stem cell-like properties in gastric cancer (GC) and its specific mechanism remain poorly understood. We elucidate the specific role of Circ-0075305 in GC stem cell properties. Circ-0075305 associated with chemotherapy resistance was identified by sequencing GC cells. Subsequent confirmation in both GC tissues and cell lines revealed that patients with high expression of Circ-0075305 had significantly better overall survival (OS) rates than those with low expression, particularly when treated with postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for GC. In vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed that overexpression of Circ-0075305 can effectively reduce stem cell-like properties and enhance the sensitivity of GC cells to Oxaliplatin compared with the control group. Circ-0075305 promotes RPRD1A expression by acting as a sponge for corresponding miRNAs. The addition of LF3 (a β-catenin/TCF4 interaction antagonist) confirmed that RPRD1A inhibited the formation of the TCF4-β-catenin transcription complex through competitive to β-catenin and suppressed the transcriptional activity of stem cell markers such as SOX9 via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. This leads to the downregulation of stem cell-like property-related markers in GC. This study revealed the underlying mechanisms that regulate Circ-0075305 in GCSCs and suggests that its role in reducing β-catenin signaling may serve as a potential therapeutic candidate.

A deep neural network predictor to predict the sensitivity of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer

Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NCRT) is widely used for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). This study aimed to conduct an effective model to predict NCRT sensitivity and provide guidance for clinical treatment. Biomarkers for NCRT sensitivity were identified by applying transcriptome profiles using logistic regression and subsequently screened out by Spearman correlation analysis and four machine learning algorithms. A deep neural network (DNN) predictor was constructed by using in-house dataset and validated in two independent datasets. Additionally, a web-based program was developed. Wnt/β-catenin signaling and linoleic acid metabolism (LA) pathways were associated with NCRT sensitivity and prognosis in LARC, antagonistically. A DNN predictor with an 18-gene signature was conducted within in-house datasets. In two validation cohorts, area under ROC curve (AUC) achieved 0.706 and 0.897. The DNN subtypes were significantly associated with NCRT sensitivity, survival status et al. Moreover, NK and cytotoxic T cells were observed contribution to NCRT sensitivity while regulatory T, myeloid-derived suppressor cells and dysfunction of CD4 T effector memory cells could impede NCRT response. A DNN predictor could predict NCRT sensitivity in LARC and stratify LARC patients with different clinical and immunity characteristic.

Yogurt Prevents Colorectal Tumorigenesis in ApcMin/+ Mice

SCOPE

Yogurt consumption is related to a decreased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), but whether such association is causal remains unclear. Patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) are at increased risk of CRC development. Here, the study investigates the efficacy of yogurt for intestinal polyposis chemoprevention in ApcMin/+ mice, a preclinical model for human FAP.

METHODS AND RESULTS

A 10-week yogurt supplementation (15 g kg-1) in ApcMin/+ mice significantly reduces the intestinal polyp number (6.50 ± 0.97 versus 1.80 ± 0.49; p < 0.001) compared to controls. 16S rRNA gene-based microbiota analysis suggests that yogurt supplementation may greatly modulate the gut microbiome composition, especially in the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. Importantly, the fecal concentration of d-lactate (d-Lac, 0.39 ± 0.04 µmol g-1 versus 8.14 ± 0.62 µmol g-1; p < 0.001) is boosted by yogurt, while oral administration with d-Lac (125 or 250 mg kg-1) reduces the polyp number by 71.43% or 77.14% (p < 0.001), respectively. The study also observes that d-Lac does not affect cell viability and anchorage-independence in CRC cells, but it greatly suppresses epidermal growth factor (EGF) or 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced cell transformation in preneoplastic cells. Mechanistically, it demonstrates that d-Lac may attenuate epithelial cell transformation by targeting PI3K/AKT/β-catenin axis.

CONCLUSION

Yogurt protects against intestinal polyposis in ApcMin/+ mice, and d-Lac may partially account for the chemopreventive effects above.