2
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Schneider Revueltas E, Ferreira-Gomes M, Guerra GM, Durek P, Heinrich F, Casanovas Subirana A, Tokoyoda K, Dong J, Reinke S, Hardt S, Hipfl C, Dörner T, Perka C, Hoffmann U, Chang HD, Mashreghi MF, Radbruch A. Surface CD69-Negative CD4 and CD8 Bone Marrow-Resident Human Memory T Cells. Eur J Immunol 2025; 55:e202451529. [PMID: 40375826 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202451529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2025] [Accepted: 04/04/2025] [Indexed: 05/18/2025]
Abstract
Across tissues, tissue-resident memory T cells have been defined as cells that express CD69 on their cell surface but not sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1), the receptor for the tissue-egress signal sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). It is less clear whether CD69-negative memory T cells are also tissue-resident. Here, we compare transcriptomes and T cell receptor repertoires of individual CD4 and CD8 memory T cells from paired blood and bone marrow samples from three human donors. CD69- memory T cells of blood and bone marrow share transcriptionally defined clusters, characterized by signature genes and reflecting their imprinting during original activation. However, cells of related clusters from blood and bone marrow have different TCR repertoires, evidence that they represent distinct compartments of memory and indicating that the CD69- memory T cells are residents of the bone marrow. Interestingly, the surface CD69- memory T cells of bone marrow do transcribe the CD69 gene and express S1PR1, suggesting that they are blindfolded to the perception of the egress signal sphingosine-1-phosphate by dimerization and internalization of CD69 and S1PR1, maintaining them in the bone marrow.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Immunologic Memory
- Memory T Cells/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptors
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Lysophospholipids/metabolism
- Bone Marrow/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- Sphingosine/analogs & derivatives
- Sphingosine/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Ferreira-Gomes
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriela Maria Guerra
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pawel Durek
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frederik Heinrich
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Casanovas Subirana
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Koji Tokoyoda
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
- Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Jun Dong
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Reinke
- Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hardt
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Hipfl
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Dörner
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Perka
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ute Hoffmann
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hyun-Dong Chang
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
- Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mir-Farzin Mashreghi
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Goetzke CC, Massoud M, Frischbutter S, Guerra GM, Ferreira-Gomes M, Heinrich F, von Stuckrad ASL, Wisniewski S, Licha JR, Bondareva M, Ehlers L, Khaldi-Plassart S, Javouhey E, Pons S, Trouillet-Assant S, Ozsurekci Y, Zhang Y, Poli MC, Discepolo V, Lo Vecchio A, Sahin B, Verboom M, Hallensleben M, Heuhsen AI, Astudillo C, Espinosa Y, Vial Cox MC, Dobbs K, Delmonte OM, Montealegre Sanchez GA, Magliocco M, Barron K, Danielson J, Petrov L, Unterwalder N, Sawitzki B, Matz M, Lehmann K, Gratopp A, von Bernuth H, Burkhardt LM, Wiese N, Peter L, Schmueck-Henneresse M, Amini L, Maurer M, Roehmel JF, Gewurz BE, Yonker LM, Witkowski M, Kruglov A, Mall MA, Su HC, Ozen S, Radbruch A, Belot A, Durek P, Kallinich T, Mashreghi MF. TGFβ links EBV to multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Nature 2025; 640:762-771. [PMID: 40074901 PMCID: PMC12003184 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-08697-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2025] [Indexed: 03/14/2025]
Abstract
In a subset of children and adolescents, SARS-CoV-2 infection induces a severe acute hyperinflammatory shock1 termed multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) at four to eight weeks after infection. MIS-C is characterized by a specific T cell expansion2 and systemic hyperinflammation3. The pathogenesis of MIS-C remains largely unknown. Here we show that acute MIS-C is characterized by impaired reactivation of virus-reactive memory T cells, which depends on increased serum levels of the cytokine TGFβ resembling those that occur during severe COVID-19 (refs. 4,5). This functional impairment in T cell reactivity is accompanied by the presence of TGFβ-response signatures in T cells, B cells and monocytes along with reduced antigen-presentation capabilities of monocytes, and can be reversed by blocking TGFβ. Furthermore, T cell receptor repertoires of patients with MIS-C exhibit expansion of T cells expressing TCRVβ21.3, resembling Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-reactive T cell clones capable of eliminating EBV-infected B cells. Additionally, serum TGFβ in patients with MIS-C can trigger EBV reactivation, which is reversible with TGFβ blockade. Clinically, the TGFβ-induced defect in T cell reactivity correlates with a higher EBV seroprevalence in patients with MIS-C compared with age-matched controls, along with the occurrence of EBV reactivation. Our findings establish a connection between SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 sequelae in children, in which impaired T cell cytotoxicity triggered by TGFβ overproduction leads to EBV reactivation and subsequent hyperinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Christoph Goetzke
- German Rheumatology Research Center, a Leibniz-Institute (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Center for Chronically Sick Children, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Mona Massoud
- German Rheumatology Research Center, a Leibniz-Institute (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Frischbutter
- Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Immunology and Allergology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Marta Ferreira-Gomes
- German Rheumatology Research Center, a Leibniz-Institute (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Frederik Heinrich
- German Rheumatology Research Center, a Leibniz-Institute (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Sae Lim von Stuckrad
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Chronically Sick Children, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wisniewski
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Robin Licha
- German Rheumatology Research Center, a Leibniz-Institute (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina Bondareva
- German Rheumatology Research Center, a Leibniz-Institute (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Lisa Ehlers
- German Rheumatology Research Center, a Leibniz-Institute (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Samira Khaldi-Plassart
- National Reference Center for Rheumatic, Autoimmune and Systemic Diseases in Children (RAISE), Pediatric Nephrology, Rheumatology, Dermatology Unit, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Clinical Investigation Center (CIC 1407), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Etienne Javouhey
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sylvie Pons
- Joint Research Unit, Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMérieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon Sud Hospital, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Sophie Trouillet-Assant
- Joint Research Unit, Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMérieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon Sud Hospital, Pierre-Bénite, France
- CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Université Jean Monnet de Saint-Etienne, Lyon, France
| | - Yasemin Ozsurekci
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yu Zhang
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maria Cecilia Poli
- Faculty of Medicine, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, Hospital de Niños Dr. Roberto del Río, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valentina Discepolo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Lo Vecchio
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Bengü Sahin
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Murielle Verboom
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Hallensleben
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Camila Astudillo
- Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, Hospital de Niños Dr. Roberto del Río, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yazmin Espinosa
- Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, Hospital de Niños Dr. Roberto del Río, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Kerry Dobbs
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ottavia M Delmonte
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gina A Montealegre Sanchez
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mary Magliocco
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Karyl Barron
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey Danielson
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lev Petrov
- Translational Immunology, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) and Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadine Unterwalder
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Labor Berlin, Charité-Vivantes, Berlin, Germany
| | - Birgit Sawitzki
- Translational Immunology, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) and Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mareen Matz
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Lehmann
- German Rheumatology Research Center, a Leibniz-Institute (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Gratopp
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Horst von Bernuth
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Labor Berlin, Charité-Vivantes, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH)-Center for Regenerative Therapies (B-CRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lisa-Marie Burkhardt
- Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Niklas Wiese
- Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lena Peter
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH)-Center for Regenerative Therapies (B-CRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Schmueck-Henneresse
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH)-Center for Regenerative Therapies (B-CRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leila Amini
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH)-Center for Regenerative Therapies (B-CRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Maurer
- Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Immunology and Allergology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jobst Fridolin Roehmel
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin E Gewurz
- Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Integrated Solutions for Infectious Diseases, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lael M Yonker
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mario Witkowski
- German Rheumatology Research Center, a Leibniz-Institute (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrey Kruglov
- German Rheumatology Research Center, a Leibniz-Institute (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marcus Alexander Mall
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Berlin, Germany
| | - Helen C Su
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Seza Ozen
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- German Rheumatology Research Center, a Leibniz-Institute (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandre Belot
- National Reference Center for Rheumatic, Autoimmune and Systemic Diseases in Children (RAISE), Pediatric Nephrology, Rheumatology, Dermatology Unit, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, University of Lyon, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, Le Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Lyon, France
| | - Pawel Durek
- German Rheumatology Research Center, a Leibniz-Institute (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Tilmann Kallinich
- German Rheumatology Research Center, a Leibniz-Institute (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Center for Chronically Sick Children, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Mir-Farzin Mashreghi
- German Rheumatology Research Center, a Leibniz-Institute (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany.
- German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), Berlin, Germany.
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4
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Kuijper LH, Kreher C, Elias G, Claireaux M, Kerster G, Bos AV, Duurland MC, Konijn VAL, Paul AGA, de Jong N, de Jongh R, Steenhuis M, Garcia-Vallejo JJ, van Gils MJ, Kuijpers TW, Eftimov F, Rispens T, van der Schoot CE, van Ham SM, ten Brinke A. Longevity of antibody responses is associated with distinct antigen-specific B cell subsets early after infection. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1505719. [PMID: 39742271 PMCID: PMC11686410 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1505719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2024] [Accepted: 11/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/03/2025] Open
Abstract
Introduction Upon infection, T cell-driven B cell responses in GC reactions induce memory B cells and antibody-secreting cells that secrete protective antibodies. How formation of specifically long-lived plasma cells is regulated via the interplay between specific B and CD4+ T cells is not well understood. Generally, antibody levels decline over time after clearance of the primary infection. Method In this study, convalescent individuals with stable RBD antibody levels (n=14, "sustainers") were compared with donors (n=13) with the greatest antibody decline from a cohort of 132. To investigate the role of the cellular immune compartment in the maintenance of antibody levels, SARS-CoV-2-specific responses at 4 to 6 weeks post-mild COVID-19 infection were characterized using deep immune profiling. Results Both groups had similar frequencies of total SARS-CoV-2-specific B and CD4+ T cells. Sustainers had fewer Spike-specific IgG+ memory B cells early after infection and increased neutralizing capacity of RBD antibodies over time, unlike the declining group. However, declining IgG titers correlated with lower frequency of Spike-specific CD4+ T cells. Conclusion These data suggest that "sustainers" have unique dynamics of GC reactions, yield different outputs of terminally differentiating cells, and improve the quality of protective antibodies over time. This study helps identify factors controlling formation of long-lived PC and sustained antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisan H. Kuijper
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Christine Kreher
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - George Elias
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Claireaux
- Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gius Kerster
- Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Amélie V. Bos
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mariël C. Duurland
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Veronique A. L. Konijn
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alberta G. A. Paul
- Cytek Biosciences, Inc., Fremont, CA, United States
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Free University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nina de Jong
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rivka de Jongh
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maurice Steenhuis
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Juan J. Garcia-Vallejo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Free University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marit J. van Gils
- Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Taco W. Kuijpers
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Filip Eftimov
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - C. Ellen van der Schoot
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - S. Marieke van Ham
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anja ten Brinke
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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