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Wang J, Ochiai Y, Wu N, Adachi K, Inoue D, Hashizume D, Kong D, Matsuhisa N, Yokota T, Wu Q, Ma W, Sun L, Xiong S, Du B, Wang W, Shih CJ, Tajima K, Aida T, Fukuda K, Someya T. Intrinsically stretchable organic photovoltaics by redistributing strain to PEDOT:PSS with enhanced stretchability and interfacial adhesion. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4902. [PMID: 38851770 PMCID: PMC11162488 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49352-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Intrinsically stretchable organic photovoltaics have emerged as a prominent candidate for the next-generation wearable power generators regarding their structural design flexibility, omnidirectional stretchability, and in-plane deformability. However, formulating strategies to fabricate intrinsically stretchable organic photovoltaics that exhibit mechanical robustness under both repetitive strain cycles and high tensile strains remains challenging. Herein, we demonstrate high-performance intrinsically stretchable organic photovoltaics with an initial power conversion efficiency of 14.2%, exceptional stretchability (80% of the initial power conversion efficiency maintained at 52% tensile strain), and cyclic mechanical durability (95% of the initial power conversion efficiency retained after 100 strain cycles at 10%). The stretchability is primarily realised by delocalising and redistributing the strain in the active layer to a highly stretchable PEDOT:PSS electrode developed with a straightforward incorporation of ION E, which simultaneously enhances the stretchability of PEDOT:PSS itself and meanwhile reinforces the interfacial adhesion with the polyurethane substrate. Both enhancements are pivotal factors ensuring the excellent mechanical durability of the PEDOT:PSS electrode, which further effectively delays the crack initiation and propagation in the top active layer, and enables the limited performance degradation under high tensile strains and repetitive strain cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Yuto Ochiai
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Niannian Wu
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kiyohiro Adachi
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Daishi Inoue
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hashizume
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Desheng Kong
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Naoji Matsuhisa
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yokota
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Qiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Lulu Sun
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory, RIKEN, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Sixing Xiong
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Baocai Du
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Wenqing Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Chih-Jen Shih
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Keisuke Tajima
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takuzo Aida
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Fukuda
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory, RIKEN, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Takao Someya
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory, RIKEN, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
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2
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Gan N, Zou X, Qian Z, Lv A, Wang L, Ma H, Qian HJ, Gu L, An Z, Huang W. Stretchable phosphorescent polymers by multiphase engineering. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4113. [PMID: 38750029 PMCID: PMC11096371 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47673-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Stretchable phosphorescence materials potentially enable applications in diverse advanced fields in wearable electronics. However, achieving room-temperature phosphorescence materials simultaneously featuring long-lived emission and good stretchability is challenging because it is hard to balance the rigidity and flexibility in the same polymer. Here we present a multiphase engineering for obtaining stretchable phosphorescent materials by combining stiffness and softness simultaneously in well-designed block copolymers. Due to the microphase separation, copolymers demonstrate an intrinsic stretchability of 712%, maintaining an ultralong phosphorescence lifetime of up to 981.11 ms. This multiphase engineering is generally applicable to a series of binary and ternary initiator systems with color-tunable phosphorescence in the visible range. Moreover, these copolymers enable multi-level volumetric data encryption and stretchable afterglow display. This work provides a fundamental understanding of the nanostructures and material properties for designing stretchable materials and extends the potential of phosphorescence polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Gan
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Xin Zou
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Zhao Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Anqi Lv
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Huili Ma
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Hu-Jun Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Long Gu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China.
- Research and Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
| | - Zhongfu An
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China.
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China.
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3
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Laysandra L, Rusli RA, Chen YW, Chen SJ, Yeh YW, Tsai TL, Huang JH, Chuang KS, Njotoprajitno A, Chiu YC. Elastic and Self-Healing Copolymer Coatings with Antimicrobial Function. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:25194-25209. [PMID: 38684227 PMCID: PMC11103657 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The revolutionary self-healing function for long-term and safe service processes has inspired researchers to implement them in various fields, including in the application of antimicrobial protective coatings. Despite the great advances that have been made in the field of fabricating self-healing and antimicrobial polymers, their poor transparency and the trade-off between the mechanical and self-healing properties limit the utility of the materials as transparent antimicrobial protective coatings for wearable optical and display devices. Considering the compatibility in the blending process, our group proposed a self-healing, self-cross-linkable poly{(n-butyl acrylate)-co-[N-(hydroxymethyl)acrylamide]} copolymer (AP)-based protective coating combined with two types of commercial cationic antimicrobial agents (i.e., dimethyl octadecyl (3-trimethoxysilylpropyl) ammonium chloride (DTSACL) and chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG)), leading to the fabrication of a multifunctional modified compound film of (AP/b%CHG)-grafted-a%DTSACL. The first highlight of this research is that the reactivity of the hydroxyl group in the N-(hydroxymethyl)acrylamide of the copolymer side chains under thermal conditions facilitates the "grafting to" process with the trimethoxysilane groups of DTSACL to form AP-grafted-DTSACL, yielding favorable thermal stability, improvement in hydrophobicity, and enhancement of mechanical strength. Second, we highlight that the addition of CHG can generate covalent and noncovalent interactions in a complex manner between the two biguanide groups of CHG with the AP and DTSACL via a thermal-triggered cross-linking reaction. The noncovalent interactions synergistically serve as diverse dynamic hydrogen bonds, leading to complete healing upon scratches and even showing over 80% self-healing efficiency on full-cut, while covalent bonding can effectively improve elasticity and mechanical strength. The soft nature of CHG also takes part in improving the self-healing of the copolymer. Moreover, it was discovered that the addition of CHG can enhance antimicrobial effectiveness, as demonstrated by the long-term superior antibacterial activity (100%) against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria and the antifouling function on a glass substrate and/or a silica wafer coated by the modified polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livy Laysandra
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan
University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Randy Arthur Rusli
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan
University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wei Chen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan
University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Ju Chen
- Taipei
Municipal Zhongshan Girls High School, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Wei Yeh
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Lin Tsai
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Department
of Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hsiung Huang
- Department
of Green Material Technology, Green Technology
Research Institute, CPC Corporation, Kaohsiung City 811, Taiwan
| | - Kao-Shu Chuang
- Department
of Green Material Technology, Green Technology
Research Institute, CPC Corporation, Kaohsiung City 811, Taiwan
| | - Andreas Njotoprajitno
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan
University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Chiu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan
University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
- Advanced
Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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4
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Nagaoka Y, Schneider J, Jin N, Cai T, Liu Y, Wang Z, Li R, Kim KS, Chen O. Dynamic Transformation of High-Architectural Nanocrystal Superlattices upon Solvent Molecule Exposure. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13093-13104. [PMID: 38690763 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The cluster-based body-centered-cubic superlattice (cBCC SL) represents one of the most complicated structures among reported nanocrystal assemblies, comprised of 72 truncated tetrahedral quantum dots per unit cell. Our previous report revealed that truncated tetrahedral quantum dots within cBCC SLs possessed highly controlled translational and orientational order owing to an unusual energetic landscape based on the balancing of entropic and enthalpic contributions during the assembly process. However, the cBCC SL's structural transformability and mechanical properties, uniquely originating from such complicated nanostructures, have yet to be investigated. Herein, we report that cBCC SLs can undergo dynamic transformation to face-centered-cubic SLs in response to post-assembly molecular exposure. We monitored the dynamic transformation process using in situ synchrotron-based small-angle X-ray scattering, revealing a dynamic transformation involving multiple steps underpinned by interactions between incoming molecules and TTQDs' surface ligands. Furthermore, our mechanistic study demonstrated that the precise configuration of TTQDs' ligand molecules in cBCC SLs was key to their high structural transformability and unique jelly-like soft mechanical properties. While ligand molecular configurations in nanocrystal SLs are often considered minor features, our findings emphasize their significance in controlling weak van der Waals interactions between nanocrystals within assembled SLs, leading to previously unremarked superstructural transformability and unique mechanical properties. Our findings promote a facile route toward further creation of soft materials, nanorobotics, and out-of-equilibrium assemblies based on nanocrystal building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutaka Nagaoka
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Jeremy Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Na Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Tong Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Yuzi Liu
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Zhongwu Wang
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ruipeng Li
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Kyung-Suk Kim
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Ou Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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5
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Kim SH, Basir A, Avila R, Lim J, Hong SW, Choe G, Shin JH, Hwang JH, Park SY, Joo J, Lee C, Choi J, Lee B, Choi KS, Jung S, Kim TI, Yoo H, Jung YH. Strain-invariant stretchable radio-frequency electronics. Nature 2024; 629:1047-1054. [PMID: 38778108 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07383-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Wireless modules that provide telecommunications and power-harvesting capabilities enabled by radio-frequency (RF) electronics are vital components of skin-interfaced stretchable electronics1-7. However, recent studies on stretchable RF components have demonstrated that substantial changes in electrical properties, such as a shift in the antenna resonance frequency, occur even under relatively low elastic strains8-15. Such changes lead directly to greatly reduced wireless signal strength or power-transfer efficiency in stretchable systems, particularly in physically dynamic environments such as the surface of the skin. Here we present strain-invariant stretchable RF electronics capable of completely maintaining the original RF properties under various elastic strains using a 'dielectro-elastic' material as the substrate. Dielectro-elastic materials have physically tunable dielectric properties that effectively avert frequency shifts arising in interfacing RF electronics. Compared with conventional stretchable substrate materials, our material has superior electrical, mechanical and thermal properties that are suitable for high-performance stretchable RF electronics. In this paper, we describe the materials, fabrication and design strategies that serve as the foundation for enabling the strain-invariant behaviour of key RF components based on experimental and computational studies. Finally, we present a set of skin-interfaced wireless healthcare monitors based on strain-invariant stretchable RF electronics with a wireless operational distance of up to 30 m under strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Hong Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Abdul Basir
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Raudel Avila
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jaeman Lim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Woo Hong
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Geonoh Choe
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hwan Shin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Hwang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Park
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiho Joo
- Superintelligence Creative Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanmi Lee
- Superintelligence Creative Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehoon Choi
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byunghun Lee
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Seong Choi
- Superintelligence Creative Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmook Jung
- Division of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Il Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoungsuk Yoo
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yei Hwan Jung
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Bian Y, Shi H, Yuan Q, Zhu Y, Lin Z, Zhuang L, Han X, Wang P, Chen M, Wang X. Patterning Techniques Based on Metallized Electrospun Nanofibers for Advanced Stretchable Electronics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2309735. [PMID: 38687841 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202309735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Stretchable electronics have experienced remarkable progress, especially in sensors and wireless communication systems, attributed to their ability to conformably contact with rough or uneven surfaces. However, the development of complex, multifunctional, and high-precision stretchable electronics faces substantial challenges, including instability at rigid-soft interfaces and incompatibility with traditional high-precision patterning technologies. Metallized electrospun nanofibers emerge as a promising conductive filler, offering exceptional stretchability, electrical conductivity, transparency, and compatibility with existing patterning technologies. Here, this review focuses on the fundamental properties, preparation processes, patterning technologies, and application scenarios of conductive stretchable composites based on metallized nanofibers. Initially, it introduces the fabrication processes of metallized electrospun nanofibers and their advantages over alternative materials. It then highlights recent progress in patterning technologies, including collector collection, vapor deposition with masks, and lithography, emphasizing their role in enhancing precision and integration. Furthermore, the review shows the broad applicability and potential influence of metallized electrospun nanofibers in various fields through their use in sensors, wireless systems, semiconductor devices, and intelligent healthcare solutions. Ultimately, this review seeks to spark further innovation and address the prevailing challenges in stretchable electronics, paving the way for future breakthroughs in this dynamic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Bian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Haozhou Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Qunchen Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yuxuan Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Zhengzi Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Liujing Zhuang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Xun Han
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center School of Micro-Nano Electronics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311200, P. R. China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Mengxiao Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- Research Center for Humanoid Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Xiandi Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
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7
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Kong L, Li W, Zhang T, Ma H, Cao Y, Wang K, Zhou Y, Shamim A, Zheng L, Wang X, Huang W. Wireless Technologies in Flexible and Wearable Sensing: From Materials Design, System Integration to Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2400333. [PMID: 38652082 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Wireless and wearable sensors attract considerable interest in personalized healthcare by providing a unique approach for remote, noncontact, and continuous monitoring of various health-related signals without interference with daily life. Recent advances in wireless technologies and wearable sensors have promoted practical applications due to their significantly improved characteristics, such as reduction in size and thickness, enhancement in flexibility and stretchability, and improved conformability to the human body. Currently, most researches focus on active materials and structural designs for wearable sensors, with just a few exceptions reflecting on the technologies for wireless data transmission. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art wireless technologies and related studies on empowering wearable sensors. The emerging functional nanomaterials utilized for designing unique wireless modules are highlighted, which include metals, carbons, and MXenes. Additionally, the review outlines the system-level integration of wireless modules with flexible sensors, spanning from novel design strategies for enhanced conformability to efficient transmitting data wirelessly. Furthermore, the review introduces representative applications for remote and noninvasive monitoring of physiological signals through on-skin and implantable wireless flexible sensing systems. Finally, the challenges, perspectives, and unprecedented opportunities for wireless and wearable sensors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Kong
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Tinghao Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Huihui Ma
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Yunqiang Cao
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Kexin Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Yilin Zhou
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Atif Shamim
- IMPACT Lab, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Lu Zheng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics(KLoFE)and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211800, China
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8
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Serrage HJ, O’ Neill CA, Uzunbajakava NE. Illuminating microflora: shedding light on the potential of blue light to modulate the cutaneous microbiome. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1307374. [PMID: 38660491 PMCID: PMC11039841 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1307374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous diseases (such as atopic dermatitis, acne, psoriasis, alopecia and chronic wounds) rank as the fourth most prevalent human disease, affecting nearly one-third of the world's population. Skin diseases contribute to significant non-fatal disability globally, impacting individuals, partners, and society at large. Recent evidence suggests that specific microbes colonising our skin and its appendages are often overrepresented in disease. Therefore, manipulating interactions of the microbiome in a non-invasive and safe way presents an attractive approach for management of skin and hair follicle conditions. Due to its proven anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory effects, blue light (380 - 495nm) has received considerable attention as a possible 'magic bullet' for management of skin dysbiosis. As humans, we have evolved under the influence of sun exposure, which comprise a significant portion of blue light. A growing body of evidence indicates that our resident skin microbiome possesses the ability to detect and respond to blue light through expression of chromophores. This can modulate physiological responses, ranging from cytotoxicity to proliferation. In this review we first present evidence of the diverse blue light-sensitive chromophores expressed by members of the skin microbiome. Subsequently, we discuss how blue light may impact the dialog between the host and its skin microbiome in prevalent skin and hair follicle conditions. Finally, we examine the constraints of this non-invasive treatment strategy and outline prospective avenues for further research. Collectively, these findings present a comprehensive body of evidence regarding the potential utility of blue light as a restorative tool for managing prevalent skin conditions. Furthermore, they underscore the critical unmet need for a whole systems approach to comprehend the ramifications of blue light on both host and microbial behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J. Serrage
- Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine A. O’ Neill
- Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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9
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Zhang D, Zhang F, Du H, Liu F, Yi X, Chen J, Hu BL. U-shaped stereoscopic design strategy toward N-doped nanographene segment. RSC Adv 2024; 14:11771-11774. [PMID: 38617572 PMCID: PMC11009840 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00788c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
There have been scarce reports about stereoscopic design of N-heteroacenes (NHAs), especially for the electron-deficient π-building blocks. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of a U-shaped bis(pyrene-quinoxaline) (BPQ). Single crystal X-ray diffraction reveals the herringbone stacking pattern and the presence of regular and incompletely closed pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Power Batteries and Materials, Jiangxi University of Sciences and Technology Ganzhou 341000 China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China
| | - Fengyuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China
| | - Hanyun Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University Ningbo 315211 China
| | - Fei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China
| | - Xiaohui Yi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China
| | - Jun Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Power Batteries and Materials, Jiangxi University of Sciences and Technology Ganzhou 341000 China
| | - Ben-Lin Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China
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10
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Zhao Y, Zhao S, Pang X, Zhang A, Li C, Lin Y, Du X, Cui L, Yang Z, Hao T, Wang C, Yin J, Xie W, Zhu J. Biomimetic wafer-scale alignment of tellurium nanowires for high-mobility flexible and stretchable electronics. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadm9322. [PMID: 38578997 PMCID: PMC10997201 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adm9322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Flexible and stretchable thin-film transistors (TFTs) are crucial in skin-like electronics for wearable and implantable applications. Such electronics are usually constrained in performance owing to a lack of high-mobility and stretchable semiconducting channels. Tellurium, a rising semiconductor with superior charge carrier mobilities, has been limited by its intrinsic brittleness and anisotropy. Here, we achieve highly oriented arrays of tellurium nanowires (TeNWs) on various substrates with wafer-scale scalability by a facile lock-and-shear strategy. Such an assembly approach mimics the alignment process of the trailing tentacles of a swimming jellyfish. We further apply these TeNW arrays in high-mobility TFTs and logic gates with improved flexibility and stretchability. More specifically, mobilities over 100 square centimeters per volt per second and on/off ratios of ~104 are achieved in TeNW-TFTs. The TeNW-TFTs on polyethylene terephthalate can sustain an omnidirectional bending strain of 1.3% for more than 1000 cycles. Furthermore, TeNW-TFTs on an elastomeric substrate can withstand a unidirectional strain of 40% with no performance degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingtao Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Sanchuan Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Xixi Pang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Anni Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Chenning Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yuxuan Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomeng Du
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Lei Cui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Tailang Hao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Chaopeng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Wei Xie
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
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11
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Wang F, Li H, Hu P, Wang Y, Guan F, Su X, Iqbal MI, Sun F. Industrially Scalable Textile Sensing Interfaces for Extended Artificial Tactile and Human Motion Monitoring without Compromising Comfort. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:16788-16799. [PMID: 38520339 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Smart wearables with the capability for continuous monitoring, perceiving, and understanding human tactile and motion signals, while ensuring comfort, are highly sought after for intelligent healthcare and smart life systems. However, concurrently achieving high-performance tactile sensing, long-lasting wearing comfort, and industrialized fabrication by a low-cost strategy remains a great challenge. This is primarily due to critical research gaps in novel textile structure design for seamless integration with sensing elements. Here, an all-in-one biaxial insertion knit architecture is reported to topologically integrate sensing units within double-knit loops for the fabrication of a large-scale tactile sensing textile by using low-cost industrial manufacturing routes. High sensitivity, stability, and low hysteresis of arrayed sensing units are achieved through engineering of fractal structures of hierarchically patterned piezoresistive yarns via blistering and twisting processing. The as-prepared tactile sensing textiles show desirable sensing performance and robust mechanical property, while ensuring excellent conformability, tailorability, breathability (288 mm s-1), and moisture permeability (3591 g m-2 per day) for minimizing the effect on wearing comfort. The multifunctional applications of tactile sensing textiles are demonstrated in continuously monitoring human motions, tactile interactions with the environment, and recognizing biometric gait. Moreover, we also demonstrate that machine learning-assisted sensing textiles can accurately predict body postures, which holds great promise in advancing the development of personalized healthcare robotics, prosthetics, and intelligent interaction devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fameng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Haoyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Pengpeng Hu
- Centre for Computer Science and Mathematical Modelling, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, U.K
| | - Yudong Wang
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Science & Technology, Liuzhou 545006, China
| | - Fuwang Guan
- College of Textiles and Apparel, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Xuzhong Su
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Mohammad Irfan Iqbal
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Fengxin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Laboratory of Soft FibrousMaterials, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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12
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Zhang C, Liu C, Li B, Ma C, Li X, Niu S, Song H, Fan J, Zhang T, Han Z, Ren L. Flexible Multimodal Sensing System Based on a Vertical Stacking Strategy for Efficiently Decoupling Multiple Signals. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:3186-3195. [PMID: 38411393 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Multisensory integration enables the simultaneous perception of multiple environmental stimuli while minimizing size and energy consumption. However, conventional multifunctional integration in flexible electronics typically requires large-scale horizontal sensing arrays (such as flexible printed circuit boards), posing decoupling complexities, tensile strain limitation, and spatial constraints. Herein, a fully flexible multimodal sensing system (FMSS) is developed by coupling biomimetic stretchable conductive films (BSCFs) and strain-insensitive communication interfaces using a vertical stacking integration strategy. The FMSS achieves vertical integration without additional adhesives, and it can incorporate individual sensing layers and stretchable interconnects without any essential constraint on their deformations. Accordingly, the temperature and pressure are precisely decoupled simultaneously, and tensile stress can be accurately discerned in different directions. This vertical stacking integration strategy is expected to offer a new approach to significantly streamline the design and fabrication of multimodal sensing systems and enhance their decoupling capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Orthopaedic and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, London HA7 4LP, United Kingdom
| | - Chaozong Liu
- Institute of Orthopaedic and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, London HA7 4LP, United Kingdom
| | - Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Structured and Architected Materials, Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang, Liaoning 110167, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Shichao Niu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Structured and Architected Materials, Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang, Liaoning 110167, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglie Song
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Structured and Architected Materials, Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang, Liaoning 110167, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Fan
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Communication Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwu Han
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Structured and Architected Materials, Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang, Liaoning 110167, People's Republic of China
| | - Luquan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Structured and Architected Materials, Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang, Liaoning 110167, People's Republic of China
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13
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Liu JN, Du K, Guo JH, Wang D, Gong CB, Tang Q. Visual Sensor with Host-Guest Specific Recognition and Light-Electrical Co-Controlled Switch. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2311823. [PMID: 38456380 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Perception of UV radiation has important applications in medical health, industrial production, electronic communication, etc. In numerous application scenarios, there is an increasing demand for the intuitive and low-cost detection of UV radiation through colorimetric visual behavior, as well as the efficient and multi-functional utilization of UV radiation. However, photodetectors based on photoconductive modes or photosensitive colorimetric materials are not conducive to portable or multi-scene applications owing to their complex and expensive photosensitive components, potential photobleaching, and single-stimulus response behavior. Here, a multifunctional visual sensor based on the "host-guest photo-controlled permutation" strategy and the "lock and key" model is developed. The host-guest specific molecular recognition and electrochromic sensing platform is integrated at the micro-molecular scale, enabling multi-functional and multi-scene applications in the convenient and fast perception of UV radiation, military camouflage, and information erasure at the macro level of human-computer interaction through light-electrical co-controlled visual switching characteristics. This light-electrical co-controlled visual sensor based on an optoelectronic multi-mode sensing system is expected to provide new ideas and paradigms for healthcare, microelectronics manufacturing, and wearable electronic devices owing to its advantages of signal visualization, low energy consumption, low cost, and versatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ning Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Kui Du
- The Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Hao Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Dan Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Bin Gong
- The Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Qian Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
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14
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Zhong D, Wu C, Jiang Y, Yuan Y, Kim MG, Nishio Y, Shih CC, Wang W, Lai JC, Ji X, Gao TZ, Wang YX, Xu C, Zheng Y, Yu Z, Gong H, Matsuhisa N, Zhao C, Lei Y, Liu D, Zhang S, Ochiai Y, Liu S, Wei S, Tok JBH, Bao Z. High-speed and large-scale intrinsically stretchable integrated circuits. Nature 2024; 627:313-320. [PMID: 38480964 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07096-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Intrinsically stretchable electronics with skin-like mechanical properties have been identified as a promising platform for emerging applications ranging from continuous physiological monitoring to real-time analysis of health conditions, to closed-loop delivery of autonomous medical treatment1-7. However, current technologies could only reach electrical performance at amorphous-silicon level (that is, charge-carrier mobility of about 1 cm2 V-1 s-1), low integration scale (for example, 54 transistors per circuit) and limited functionalities8-11. Here we report high-density, intrinsically stretchable transistors and integrated circuits with high driving ability, high operation speed and large-scale integration. They were enabled by a combination of innovations in materials, fabrication process design, device engineering and circuit design. Our intrinsically stretchable transistors exhibit an average field-effect mobility of more than 20 cm2 V-1 s-1 under 100% strain, a device density of 100,000 transistors per cm2, including interconnects and a high drive current of around 2 μA μm-1 at a supply voltage of 5 V. Notably, these achieved parameters are on par with state-of-the-art flexible transistors based on metal-oxide, carbon nanotube and polycrystalline silicon materials on plastic substrates12-14. Furthermore, we realize a large-scale integrated circuit with more than 1,000 transistors and a stage-switching frequency greater than 1 MHz, for the first time, to our knowledge, in intrinsically stretchable electronics. Moreover, we demonstrate a high-throughput braille recognition system that surpasses human skin sensing ability, enabled by an active-matrix tactile sensor array with a record-high density of 2,500 units per cm2, and a light-emitting diode display with a high refreshing speed of 60 Hz and excellent mechanical robustness. The above advancements in device performance have substantially enhanced the abilities of skin-like electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglai Zhong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Can Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yuanwen Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yujia Yuan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Min-Gu Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuya Nishio
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chien-Chung Shih
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Weichen Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jian-Cheng Lai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xiaozhou Ji
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Theodore Z Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yi-Xuan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chengyi Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yu Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zhiao Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Huaxin Gong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Naoji Matsuhisa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chuanzhen Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yusheng Lei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Deyu Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Song Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yuto Ochiai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shuhan Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shiyuan Wei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey B-H Tok
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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15
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Hua Q, Shen G. Low-dimensional nanostructures for monolithic 3D-integrated flexible and stretchable electronics. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:1316-1353. [PMID: 38196334 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00918a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Flexible/stretchable electronics, which are characterized by their ultrathin design, lightweight structure, and excellent mechanical robustness and conformability, have garnered significant attention due to their unprecedented potential in healthcare, advanced robotics, and human-machine interface technologies. An increasing number of low-dimensional nanostructures with exceptional mechanical, electronic, and/or optical properties are being developed for flexible/stretchable electronics to fulfill the functional and application requirements of information sensing, processing, and interactive loops. Compared to the traditional single-layer format, which has a restricted design space, a monolithic three-dimensional (M3D) integrated device architecture offers greater flexibility and stretchability for electronic devices, achieving a high-level of integration to accommodate the state-of-the-art design targets, such as skin-comfort, miniaturization, and multi-functionality. Low-dimensional nanostructures possess small size, unique characteristics, flexible/elastic adaptability, and effective vertical stacking capability, boosting the advancement of M3D-integrated flexible/stretchable systems. In this review, we provide a summary of the typical low-dimensional nanostructures found in semiconductor, interconnect, and substrate materials, and discuss the design rules of flexible/stretchable devices for intelligent sensing and data processing. Furthermore, artificial sensory systems in 3D integration have been reviewed, highlighting the advancements in flexible/stretchable electronics that are deployed with high-density, energy-efficiency, and multi-functionalities. Finally, we discuss the technical challenges and advanced methodologies involved in the design and optimization of low-dimensional nanostructures, to achieve monolithic 3D-integrated flexible/stretchable multi-sensory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilin Hua
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
- Institute of Flexible Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Guozhen Shen
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
- Institute of Flexible Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
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16
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Lee J, Kim E, Cho J, Seok H, Woo G, Yu D, Jung G, Hwangbo H, Na J, Im I, Kim T. Remote-Controllable Interfacial Electron Tunneling at Heterogeneous Molecular Junctions via Tip-Induced Optoelectrical Engineering. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305512. [PMID: 38057140 PMCID: PMC10837351 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular electronics enables functional electronic behavior via single molecules or molecular self-assembled monolayers, providing versatile opportunities for hybrid molecular-scale electronic devices. Although various molecular junction structures are constructed to investigate charge transfer dynamics, significant challenges remain in terms of interfacial charging effects and far-field background signals, which dominantly block the optoelectrical observation of interfacial charge transfer dynamics. Here, tip-induced optoelectrical engineering is presented that synergistically correlates photo-induced force microscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy to remotely control and probe the interfacial charge transfer dynamics with sub-10 nm spatial resolution. Based on this approach, the optoelectrical origin of metal-molecule interfaces is clearly revealed by the nanoscale heterogeneity of the tip-sample interaction and optoelectrical reactivity, which theoretically aligned with density functional theory calculations. For a practical device-scale demonstration of tip-induced optoelectrical engineering, interfacial tunneling is remotely controlled at a 4-inch wafer-scale metal-insulator-metal capacitor, facilitating a 5.211-fold current amplification with the tip-induced electrical field. In conclusion, tip-induced optoelectrical engineering provides a novel strategy to comprehensively understand interfacial charge transfer dynamics and a non-destructive tunneling control platform that enables real-time and real-space investigation of ultrathin hybrid molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhyoung Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Eungchul Kim
- AVP process development team, Samsung Electronics, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 31086, South Korea
| | - Jinill Cho
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunho Seok
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Gunhoo Woo
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dayoung Yu
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Gooeun Jung
- Park Systems Corp, R&D Center, Suwon, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Hwangbo
- Park Systems Corp, R&D Center, Suwon, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Na
- Park Systems Corp, R&D Center, Suwon, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Inseob Im
- Park Systems Corp, R&D Center, Suwon, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesung Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
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17
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He K, Cai P, Ji S, Tang Z, Fang Z, Li W, Yu J, Su J, Luo Y, Zhang F, Wang T, Wang M, Wan C, Pan L, Ji B, Li D, Chen X. An Antidehydration Hydrogel Based on Zwitterionic Oligomers for Bioelectronic Interfacing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311255. [PMID: 38030137 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are ideal interfacing materials for on-skin healthcare devices, yet their susceptibility to dehydration hinders their practical use. While incorporating hygroscopic metal salts can prevent dehydration and maintain ionic conductivity, concerns arise regarding metal toxicity due to the passage of small ions through the skin barrier. Herein, an antidehydration hydrogel enabled by the incorporation of zwitterionic oligomers into its network is reported. This hydrogel exhibits exceptional water retention properties, maintaining ≈88% of its weight at 40% relative humidity, 25 °C for 50 days and about 84% after being heated at 50 °C for 3 h. Crucially, the molecular weight design of the embedded oligomers prevents their penetration into the epidermis, as evidenced by experimental and molecular simulation results. The hydrogel allows stable signal acquisition in electrophysiological monitoring of humans and plants under low-humidity conditions. This research provides a promising strategy for the development of epidermis-safe and biocompatible antidehydration hydrogel interfaces for on-skin devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke He
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Pingqiang Cai
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Shaobo Ji
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zihan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Zhou Fang
- Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Wenlong Li
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Jing Yu
- Institute for Digital Molecular Analytics and Science (IDMxS), Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
| | - Jiangtao Su
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yifei Luo
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Feilong Zhang
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ting Wang
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ming Wang
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Changjin Wan
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Liang Pan
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Baohua Ji
- Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Dechang Li
- Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Institute for Digital Molecular Analytics and Science (IDMxS), Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
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18
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Xue X, Li C, Shangguan Z, Gao C, Chenchai K, Liao J, Zhang X, Zhang G, Zhang D. Intrinsically Stretchable and Healable Polymer Semiconductors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305800. [PMID: 38115748 PMCID: PMC10885676 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, polymer semiconductors, extensively employed as charge transport layers in devices like organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), have undergone thorough investigation due to their capacity for large-area solution processing, making them promising for mass production. Research efforts have been twofold: enhancing the charge mobilities of polymer semiconductors and augmenting their mechanical properties to meet the demands of flexible devices. Significant progress has been made in both realms, propelling the practical application of polymer semiconductors in flexible electronics. However, integrating excellent semiconducting and mechanical properties into a single polymer still remains a significant challenge. This review intends to introduce the design strategies and discuss the properties of high-charge mobility stretchable conjugated polymers. In addition, another key challenge faced in this cutting-edge field is maintaining stable semiconducting performance during long-term mechanical deformations. Therefore, this review also discusses the development of healable polymer semiconductors as a promising avenue to improve the lifetime of stretchable device. In conclusion, challenges and outline future research perspectives in this interdisciplinary field are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Xue
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory for Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory for Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhichun Shangguan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory for Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Chenying Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory for Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kaiyuan Chenchai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory for Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Junchao Liao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory for Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xisha Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory for Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guanxin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory for Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Deqing Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory for Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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19
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Song M, Ma BS, Oh SJ, Kim TS. Plane Stress Fracture Toughness Testing of Freestanding Ultra-Thin Nanocrystalline Gold Films on Water Surface. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2301220. [PMID: 38279567 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Fracture toughness, which is the resistance of a material to crack propagation, is a critical material property for ensuring the mechanical reliability of damage-tolerant design. Recently, damage-tolerant design is introduced to flexible electronics by adopting micro-cracked ultra-thin nanocrystalline (NC) gold films as stretchable electrodes in a plane stress state. However, experimental investigation of the plane stress fracture toughness of those films remains challenging due to the intrinsic fragility from their sub-100 nm thicknesses. Here, a quantitative method for systematically evaluating the plane stress fracture toughness of freestanding ultra-thin NC gold film on water surface platform is presented. After effectively fabricating single-edge-notched-tension samples with femtosecond laser, mode I stress intensity factors are measured in the plane stress state on water surface. Moreover, investigation regarding the effect of notch length, notch sharpness, and notch tip plasticity validates this method based on linear elastic fracture mechanics theory. As a demonstration, the thickness-dependent plane stress fracture toughness of ultra-thin NC gold films is qualitatively unveiled. It is revealed that the thickness confinement effect on grain boundary sliding induces a transition in fracture behavior. This method is expected to further clarify the fracture-related properties of various ultra-thin films for next-generation electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung Song
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Boo Soo Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jin Oh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Soo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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20
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Park H, Kim DC. Structural and Material-Based Approaches for the Fabrication of Stretchable Light-Emitting Diodes. MICROMACHINES 2023; 15:66. [PMID: 38258185 PMCID: PMC10821428 DOI: 10.3390/mi15010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Stretchable displays, capable of freely transforming their shapes, have received significant attention as alternatives to conventional rigid displays, and they are anticipated to provide new opportunities in various human-friendly electronics applications. As a core component of stretchable displays, high-performance stretchable light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have recently emerged. The approaches to fabricate stretchable LEDs are broadly categorized into two groups, namely "structural" and "material-based" approaches, based on the mechanisms to tolerate strain. While structural approaches rely on specially designed geometries to dissipate applied strain, material-based approaches mainly focus on replacing conventional rigid components of LEDs to soft and stretchable materials. Here, we review the latest studies on the fabrication of stretchable LEDs, which is accomplished through these distinctive strategies. First, we introduce representative device designs for efficient strain distribution, encompassing island-bridge structures, wavy buckling, and kirigami-/origami-based structures. For the material-based approaches, we discuss the latest studies for intrinsically stretchable (is-) electronic/optoelectronic materials, including the formation of conductive nanocomposite and polymeric blending with various additives. The review also provides examples of is-LEDs, focusing on their luminous performance and stretchability. We conclude this review with a brief outlook on future technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamin Park
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20, Gwangun-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Chan Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea
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21
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Wu HC, Nikzad S, Zhu C, Yan H, Li Y, Niu W, Matthews JR, Xu J, Matsuhisa N, Arunachala PK, Rastak R, Linder C, Zheng YQ, Toney MF, He M, Bao Z. Highly stretchable polymer semiconductor thin films with multi-modal energy dissipation and high relative stretchability. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8382. [PMID: 38104194 PMCID: PMC10725446 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44099-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Stretchable polymer semiconductors (PSCs) have seen great advancements alongside the development of soft electronics. But it remains a challenge to simultaneously achieve high charge carrier mobility and stretchability. Herein, we report the finding that stretchable PSC thin films (<100-nm-thick) with high stretchability tend to exhibit multi-modal energy dissipation mechanisms and have a large relative stretchability (rS) defined by the ratio of the entropic energy dissipation to the enthalpic energy dissipation under strain. They effectively recovered the original molecular ordering, as well as electrical performance, after strain was released. The highest rS value with a model polymer (P4) exhibited an average charge carrier mobility of 0.2 cm2V-1s-1 under 100% biaxial strain, while PSCs with low rS values showed irreversible morphology changes and rapid degradation of electrical performance under strain. These results suggest rS can be used as a parameter to compare the reliability and reversibility of stretchable PSC thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chin Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, US
| | - Shayla Nikzad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, US
| | - Chenxin Zhu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, US
| | - Hongping Yan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, US
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, US
| | - Yang Li
- Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY, 14831, US
| | - Weijun Niu
- Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY, 14831, US
| | | | - Jie Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, US
- Nanoscience and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, US
| | - Naoji Matsuhisa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, US
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | | | - Reza Rastak
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, US
| | - Christian Linder
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, US
| | - Yu-Qing Zheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, US
| | - Michael F Toney
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, US
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, US
| | - Mingqian He
- Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY, 14831, US.
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, US.
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22
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Xiao Y, Bai P, Zhang Z, Guo Y. Direct measurement and modeling of viscoelastic-viscoplastic properties of freely standing thin polystyrene films. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:214903. [PMID: 38054519 DOI: 10.1063/5.0176115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The demand for applications, such as coatings, separation filters, and electronic packaging, has greatly driven the research of polymer films. At nanometer scale, mechanical properties of thin polymer films can significantly deviate from bulk. Despite outstanding progresses, there still lack deep discussions on nonlinear viscoelastic-viscoplastic response and their interactions under nanoconfinement. In this work, by conducting measurements via the bubble inflation method and modelling using Schapery and Perzyna equations, we demonstrate nonlinear viscoelastic-viscoplastic properties of freely standing thin polystyrene (PS) films. The results show the unchanged glassy compliance and the rubbery stiffening phenomenon for thin PS films, where the lower rubbery plateau in rubbery stiffening may originate from the induced molecular orientation by plastic deformation. With decreasing film thickness, viscosity and yield stress in viscoplasticity increase in an exponential and a linear trend, respectively, indicating the significant role of nanoconfinement effect on viscoplastic properties. These findings may reveal that there are many properties from linear viscoelasticity to nonlinear viscoelasticity-viscoplasticity that need to be explored and unveiled for sufficient understanding of the nanoconfinement effect on altering mechanical behavior of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Xiao
- University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Pei Bai
- University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhengyang Zhang
- University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yunlong Guo
- University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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23
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Li X, Lin Y, Cui L, Li C, Yang Z, Zhao S, Hao T, Wang G, Heo JY, Yu JC, Chang YW, Zhu J. Stretchable and Lithography-Compatible Interconnects Enabled by Self-Assembled Nanofilms with Interlocking Interfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:56233-56241. [PMID: 37988740 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable interconnects with miniature widths are vital for the high-density integration of deformable electronic components on a single substrate for targeted data logic or storage functions. However, it is still challenging to attain high-resolution patternability of stretchable conductors with robust circuit fabrication capability. Here, we report a self-assembled silver nanofilm firmly interlocked by an elastomeric nanodielectric that can be photolithographically patterned into microscale features while preserving high stretchability and conductivity. Both silver and dielectric nanofilms are fabricated by layer-by-layer assembly, ensuring wafer-scale uniformity and meticulous control of thicknesses. Without any thermal annealing, the as-fabricated nanofilms from silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) exhibit conductivity of 1.54 × 106 S m-1 and stretchability of ∼200%, which is due to the impeded crack propagation by the underlying PU nanodielectrics. Furthermore, it is revealed that AgNP microstrips defined by photolithography show higher stretchability when their widths are downscaled to 100 μm owing to confined cracks. However, further scaling restricts the stretchability, following the early development of cracks cutting across the strip. In addition, the resistance change of these silver interconnects can be decreased using serpentine architectures. As a demonstration, these self-assembled interconnects are used as stretchable circuit boards to power LEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yuxuan Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Lei Cui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Chenning Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Sanchuan Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Tailang Hao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Guoqi Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Jae-Young Heo
- Department of Materials and Chemical Engineering, BK21 FOUR ERICA-ACE Center, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi 15588, Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Yu
- Department of Materials and Chemical Engineering, BK21 FOUR ERICA-ACE Center, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi 15588, Korea
- R&D Center, Hepce Chem Co., Ltd., Siheung, Gyeonggi 15588, Korea
| | - Young-Wook Chang
- Department of Materials and Chemical Engineering, BK21 FOUR ERICA-ACE Center, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi 15588, Korea
| | - Jian Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, and Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
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24
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Song S, Hong H, Kim KY, Kim KK, Kim J, Won D, Yun S, Choi J, Ryu YI, Lee K, Park J, Kang J, Bang J, Seo H, Kim YC, Lee D, Lee H, Lee J, Hwang SW, Ko SH, Jeon H, Lee W. Photothermal Lithography for Realizing a Stretchable Multilayer Electronic Circuit Using a Laser. ACS NANO 2023; 17:21443-21454. [PMID: 37857269 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Photolithography is a well-established fabrication method for realizing multilayer electronic circuits. However, it is challenging to adopt photolithography to fabricate intrinsically stretchable multilayer electronic circuits fully composed of an elastomeric matrix, due to the opacity of thick stretchable nanocomposite conductors. Here, we present photothermal lithography that can pattern elastomeric conductors and via holes using pulsed lasers. The photothermal-patterned stretchable nanocomposite conductor exhibits 3 times higher conductivity (5940 S cm-1) and 5 orders of magnitude lower resistance change (R/R0 = 40) under a 30% strained 5000th cyclic stretch, compared to those of a screen-printed conductor, based on the percolation network formed by spatial heating of the laser. In addition, a 50 μm sized stretchable via holes can be patterned on the passivation without material ablation and electrical degradation of the bottom conductor. By repeatedly patterning the conductor and via holes, highly conductive and durable multilayer circuits can be stacked with layer-by-layer material integration. Finally, a stretchable wireless pressure sensor and passive matrix LED array are demonstrated, thus showing the potential for a stretchable multilayer electronic circuit with durability, high density, and multifunctionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangmin Song
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejun Hong
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Yeun Kim
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyun Kyu Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jaewoo Kim
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeyeon Won
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Yun
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonhwa Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-In Ryu
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungwoo Lee
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeho Park
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohyuk Kang
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhyuk Bang
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunseon Seo
- School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Chan Kim
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeho Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Haechang Lee
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoo Lee
- Department of Mechanical, Robotics, and Energy Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Won Hwang
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojeong Jeon
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonryung Lee
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, University of Science & Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
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25
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Chang TW, Weng YC, Tsai YT, Jiang Y, Matsuhisa N, Shih CC. Chain-Kinked Design: Improving Stretchability of Polymer Semiconductors through Nonlinear Conjugated Linkers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37897812 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
The manipulation of the polymer backbone structure has a profound influence on the crystalline behavior and charge transport characteristics of polymers. These strategies are commonly employed to optimize the performance of stretchable polymer semiconductors. However, a universal method that can be applied to conjugated polymers with different donor-acceptor combinations is still lacking. In this study, we propose a universal strategy to boost the stretchability of polymers by incorporating the nonlinear conjugated linker (NCL) into the main chain. Specifically, we incorporate meta-dibromobenzene (MB), characterized by its asymmetric linkage sites, as the NCL into the backbone of diketopyrrolopyrrole-thiophene-based (DPP-based) polymers. Our research demonstrates that the introduction of MB prompts chain-kinking, thereby disrupting the linearity and central symmetry of the DPP conjugated backbone. This modification reshapes the polymer conformation, decreasing the radius of gyration and broadening the free volume, which consequently adjusts the level of crystallinity, leading to a considerable increase in the stretchability of the polymer. Importantly, this method increases stretchability without compromising mobility and exhibits broad applicability across a wide range of donor-acceptor pair polymers. Leveraging this strategy, fully stretchable transistors were fabricated using a DPP polymer that incorporates 10 mol % of MB. These transistors display a mobility of approximately 0.5 cm2 V-1 s-1 and prove remarkably durable, maintaining 90% of this mobility even after enduring 1000 cycles at 25% strain. Overall, we propose a method to systematically control the main-chain conformation, thereby enhancing the stretchability of conjugated polymers in a widely applicable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Wei Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Weng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Tsai
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan
| | - Yuanwen Jiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Naoji Matsuhisa
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Chien-Chung Shih
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan
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26
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Chen F, Li Y, Chen Y, Wang YX, Hu W. Supramolecular interface decoration on a polymer conductor for an intrinsically stretchable near-infrared photodiode. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:11975-11978. [PMID: 37724429 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04189a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable photodiodes with near-infrared (NIR) response face the challenge of material deficiency. A supramolecular cathode with excellent optical, tensile and electrical properties was proposed. Together with a stretchable organic heterojunction, we developed an intrinsically stretchable NIR photodiode with high detectivity over 1011 Jones and that remained functional under 100% strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
| | - Yiming Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
| | - Yan Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
| | - Yi-Xuan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, P. R. China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, P. R. China
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27
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Xiao J, Wang Y, Yuan L, Long Y, Jiang Z, Liu Q, Gu D, Li W, Tai H, Jiang Y. Stabilizing Non-Fullerene Organic Photodiodes through Interface Engineering Enabled by a Tin Ion-Chelated Polymer. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302976. [PMID: 37541299 PMCID: PMC10558641 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
The recent emergence of non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) has energized the field of organic photodiodes (OPDs) and made major breakthroughs in their critical photoelectric characteristics. Yet, stabilizing inverted NF-OPDs remains challenging because of the intrinsic degradation induced by improper interfaces. Herein, a tin ion-chelated polyethyleneimine ethoxylated (denoted as PEIE-Sn) is proposed as a generic cathode interfacial layer (CIL) of NF-OPDs. The chelation between tin ions and nitrogen/oxygen atoms in PEIE-Sn contributes to the interface compatibility with efficient NFAs. The PEIE-Sn can effectively endow the devices with optimized cascade alignment and reduced interface defects. Consequently, the PEIE-Sn-OPD exhibits properties of anti-environmental interference, suppressed dark current, and accelerated interfacial electron extraction and transmission. As a result, the unencapsulated PEIE-Sn-OPD delivers high specific detection and fast response speed and shows only slight attenuation in photoelectric performance after exposure to air, light, and heat. Its superior performance outperforms the incumbent typical counterparts (ZnO, SnO2 , and PEIE as the CILs) from metrics of both stability and photoelectric characteristics. This finding suggests a promising strategy for stabilizing NF-OPDs by designing appropriate interface layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated DevicesSchool of Optoelectronic Science and EngineeringUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu610054China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated DevicesSchool of Optoelectronic Science and EngineeringUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu610054China
| | - Liu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated DevicesSchool of Optoelectronic Science and EngineeringUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu610054China
| | - Yin Long
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated DevicesSchool of Optoelectronic Science and EngineeringUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu610054China
| | - Zhi Jiang
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX)School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
| | - Qingxia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated DevicesSchool of Optoelectronic Science and EngineeringUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu610054China
| | - Deen Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated DevicesSchool of Optoelectronic Science and EngineeringUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu610054China
| | - Weizhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated DevicesSchool of Optoelectronic Science and EngineeringUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu610054China
| | - Huiling Tai
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated DevicesSchool of Optoelectronic Science and EngineeringUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu610054China
| | - Yadong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated DevicesSchool of Optoelectronic Science and EngineeringUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu610054China
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28
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Zheng Y, Michalek L, Liu Q, Wu Y, Kim H, Sayavong P, Yu W, Zhong D, Zhao C, Yu Z, Chiong JA, Gong H, Ji X, Liu D, Zhang S, Prine N, Zhang Z, Wang W, Tok JBH, Gu X, Cui Y, Kang J, Bao Z. Environmentally stable and stretchable polymer electronics enabled by surface-tethered nanostructured molecular-level protection. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:1175-1184. [PMID: 37322142 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01418-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable polymer semiconductors (PSCs) are essential for soft stretchable electronics. However, their environmental stability remains a longstanding concern. Here we report a surface-tethered stretchable molecular protecting layer to realize stretchable polymer electronics that are stable in direct contact with physiological fluids, containing water, ions and biofluids. This is achieved through the covalent functionalization of fluoroalkyl chains onto a stretchable PSC film surface to form densely packed nanostructures. The nanostructured fluorinated molecular protection layer (FMPL) improves the PSC operational stability over an extended period of 82 days and maintains its protection under mechanical deformation. We attribute the ability of FMPL to block water absorption and diffusion to its hydrophobicity and high fluorination surface density. The protection effect of the FMPL (~6 nm thickness) outperforms various micrometre-thick stretchable polymer encapsulants, leading to a stable PSC charge carrier mobility of ~1 cm2 V-1 s-1 in harsh environments such as in 85-90%-humidity air for 56 days or in water or artificial sweat for 42 days (as a benchmark, the unprotected PSC mobility degraded to 10-6 cm2 V-1 s-1 in the same period). The FMPL also improved the PSC stability against photo-oxidative degradation in air. Overall, we believe that our surface tethering of the nanostructured FMPL is a promising approach to achieve highly environmentally stable and stretchable polymer electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lukas Michalek
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Qianhe Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yilei Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hyunjun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Philaphon Sayavong
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Weilai Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Donglai Zhong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chuanzhen Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zhiao Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jerika A Chiong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Huaxin Gong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xiaozhou Ji
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Deyu Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Song Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nathaniel Prine
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Zhitao Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Weichen Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey B-H Tok
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Yi Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jiheong Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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29
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Yan T, Ge J, Su L, Liu X, Fang X. Designing Ordered Organic Small-Molecule Domains for Ultraviolet Detection and Micrometer-Sized Flexible Imaging. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:8295-8302. [PMID: 37638790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Photodetectors displaying an ultraviolet (UV) spectral response window are typically based on wide-bandgap semiconductors that have long been dominated by inorganic materials that suffer from bottlenecks of low flexibility and a limited material family. Here, we synthesized a novel organic small molecule and controlled its crystallization to suppress leakage currents and facilitate separation of the carriers, and the relationship between the nanoscale phase separation morphology and the optoelectrical performance of the photodetectors is disclosed. Our optimized organic photodetector (OPD) presents a UV spectral response window, with superior self-powered responsivities of 45 mA/W (under 250 nm light) and 70 mA/W (under 300 nm light), outperforming the Si photodiode and rivaling other reported UV self-powered photodetectors. Finally, an imaging system was constructed to demonstrate the application potential of the OPD in UV flexible imaging with high-resolution arrays of 400 pixels × 400 pixels (5 μm × 5 μm per pixel), which could work in bent states and successfully output images of micrometer-sized objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yan
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Institute of Optoelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Jinfeng Ge
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | - Li Su
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Institute of Optoelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Xinya Liu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Institute of Optoelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Xiaosheng Fang
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Institute of Optoelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
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30
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Wang H, Wang W, Kim JJ, Wang C, Wang Y, Wang B, Lee S, Yokota T, Someya T. An optical-based multipoint 3-axis pressure sensor with a flexible thin-film form. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi2445. [PMID: 37683001 PMCID: PMC10491291 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi2445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Multipoint 3-axis tactile pressure sensing by a high-resolution and sensitive optical system provides rich information on surface pressure distribution and plays an important role in a variety of human interaction-related and robotics applications. However, the optical system usually has a bulky profile, which brings difficulties to sensor mounting and system integration. Here, we show a construction of thin-film and flexible multipoint 3-axis pressure sensor by optical methods. The sensor can detect the distribution of 3-axis pressure on an area of 3 centimeter by 4 centimeter, with a high-accuracy normal and tangential pressure sensing up to 360 and 100 kilopascal, respectively. A porous rubber is used as a 3-axis pressure-sensitive optical modulator to omit the thick and rigid focusing system without sacrificing the sensitivity. In addition, by integrating thin and flexible backlight and imager, the sensor has a total thickness of 1.5 milimeter, making it function properly even when bent to a radius of 18 milimeter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8656, Japan
| | - Wenqing Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8656, Japan
| | - Jae Joon Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8656, Japan
| | - Chunya Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8656, Japan
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8656, Japan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion–Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT), Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Binghao Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8656, Japan
| | - Sunghoon Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8656, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yokota
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8656, Japan
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8656, Japan
| | - Takao Someya
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8656, Japan
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31
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Bai Y, Li W, Tie Y, Kou Y, Wang YX, Hu W. A Stretchable Polymer Conductor Through the Mutual Plasticization Effect. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2303245. [PMID: 37318149 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsically stretchable conductors play key roles in the dynamic interfacing of electronic devices with soft human tissues. However, it is difficult to simultaneously achieve high electrical conductivity and mechanical stretchability. Here, highly stretchable and conductive thin film electrodes are prepared by combining PEDOT:PSS and a mutually plasticized polymer dopant. Notably, harsh acid treatment for conductivity enhancement is avoided, and good solvent tolerance and high optical transparency are realized, all of which are essential to device fabrication. A transparent electrochromic display is further developed that can bear stretching up to 80% strain, demonstrating its promising application in next-generation optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Bai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Weizhen Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Tie
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yan Kou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Xuan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, P. R. China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, P. R. China
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32
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Wei C, Lin W, Wang L, Cao Z, Huang Z, Liao Q, Guo Z, Su Y, Zheng Y, Liao X, Chen Z. Conformal Human-Machine Integration Using Highly Bending-Insensitive, Unpixelated, and Waterproof Epidermal Electronics Toward Metaverse. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:199. [PMID: 37582974 PMCID: PMC10427580 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01176-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Efficient and flexible interactions require precisely converting human intentions into computer-recognizable signals, which is critical to the breakthrough development of metaverse. Interactive electronics face common dilemmas, which realize high-precision and stable touch detection but are rigid, bulky, and thick or achieve high flexibility to wear but lose precision. Here, we construct highly bending-insensitive, unpixelated, and waterproof epidermal interfaces (BUW epidermal interfaces) and demonstrate their interactive applications of conformal human-machine integration. The BUW epidermal interface based on the addressable electrical contact structure exhibits high-precision and stable touch detection, high flexibility, rapid response time, excellent stability, and versatile "cut-and-paste" character. Regardless of whether being flat or bent, the BUW epidermal interface can be conformally attached to the human skin for real-time, comfortable, and unrestrained interactions. This research provides promising insight into the functional composite and structural design strategies for developing epidermal electronics, which offers a new technology route and may further broaden human-machine interactions toward metaverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wei
- Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Wansheng Lin
- Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhicheng Cao
- Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijian Huang
- Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingliang Liao
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziquan Guo
- Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhan Su
- Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanjin Zheng
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xinqin Liao
- Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China.
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33
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Lin Q, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Li D, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Li F, Huang W. Flexible Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Device for Emerging Multifunctional and Smart Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2210385. [PMID: 36880739 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs), owing to their exceptional performances in device efficiency, color purity/tunability in the visible region and solution-processing ability on various substrates, become a potential candidate for flexible and ultrathin electroluminescent (EL) lighting and display. Moreover, beyond the lighting and display, flexible QLEDs are enabled with endless possibilities in the era of the internet of things and artificial intelligence by acting as input/output ports in wearable integrated systems. Challenges remain in the development of flexible QLEDs with the goals for high performance, excellent flexibility/even stretchability, and emerging applications. In this paper, the recent developments of QLEDs including quantum dot materials, working mechanism, flexible/stretchable strategies and patterning strategies, and highlight its emerging multifunctional integrations and smart applications covering wearable optical medical devices, pressure-sensing EL devices, and neural smart EL devices, are reviewed. The remaining challenges are also summarized and an outlook on the future development of flexible QLEDs made. The review is expected to offer a systematic understanding and valuable inspiration for flexible QLEDs to simultaneously satisfy optoelectronic and flexible properties for emerging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghong Lin
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350117, P. R. China
- Strait Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (SLoFE), Fuzhou, Fujian, 350117, P. R. China
| | - Yangbin Zhu
- School of Intelligent Manufacturing and Electronic Engineering, Wenzhou University of Technology, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Yue Wang
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350117, P. R. China
- Strait Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (SLoFE), Fuzhou, Fujian, 350117, P. R. China
| | - Deli Li
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350117, P. R. China
- Strait Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (SLoFE), Fuzhou, Fujian, 350117, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350117, P. R. China
- Strait Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (SLoFE), Fuzhou, Fujian, 350117, P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350117, P. R. China
- Strait Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (SLoFE), Fuzhou, Fujian, 350117, P. R. China
| | - Fushan Li
- Institute of Optoelectronic Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350117, P. R. China
- Strait Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (SLoFE), Fuzhou, Fujian, 350117, P. R. China
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
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Li Y, Li N, Liu W, Prominski A, Kang S, Dai Y, Liu Y, Hu H, Wai S, Dai S, Cheng Z, Su Q, Cheng P, Wei C, Jin L, Hubbell JA, Tian B, Wang S. Achieving tissue-level softness on stretchable electronics through a generalizable soft interlayer design. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4488. [PMID: 37495580 PMCID: PMC10372055 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40191-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft and stretchable electronics have emerged as highly promising tools for biomedical diagnosis and biological studies, as they interface intimately with the human body and other biological systems. Most stretchable electronic materials and devices, however, still have Young's moduli orders of magnitude higher than soft bio-tissues, which limit their conformability and long-term biocompatibility. Here, we present a design strategy of soft interlayer for allowing the use of existing stretchable materials of relatively high moduli to versatilely realize stretchable devices with ultralow tissue-level moduli. We have demonstrated stretchable transistor arrays and active-matrix circuits with moduli below 10 kPa-over two orders of magnitude lower than the current state of the art. Benefiting from the increased conformability to irregular and dynamic surfaces, the ultrasoft device created with the soft interlayer design realizes electrophysiological recording on an isolated heart with high adaptability, spatial stability, and minimal influence on ventricle pressure. In vivo biocompatibility tests also demonstrate the benefit of suppressing foreign-body responses for long-term implantation. With its general applicability to diverse materials and devices, this soft-interlayer design overcomes the material-level limitation for imparting tissue-level softness to a variety of bioelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Nan Li
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | | | - Seounghun Kang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Yahao Dai
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Youdi Liu
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Huawei Hu
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Shinya Wai
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Shilei Dai
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Zhe Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Qi Su
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Ping Cheng
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Chen Wei
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Lihua Jin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Hubbell
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Bozhi Tian
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Sihong Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Nanoscience and Technology Division and Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.
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Dong J, Peng Y, Zhang Y, Chai Y, Long J, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Huang Y, Liu T. Superelastic Radiative Cooling Metafabric for Comfortable Epidermal Electrophysiological Monitoring. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:181. [PMID: 37439918 PMCID: PMC10344855 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01156-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal electronics with superb passive-cooling capabilities are of great value for both daytime outdoor dressing comfort and low-carbon economy. Herein, a multifunctional and skin-attachable electronic is rationally developed on a porous all-elastomer metafabric for efficient passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) and human electrophysiological monitoring. The cooling characteristics are realized through the homogeneous impregnation of polytetrafluoroethylene microparticles in the styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene fibers, and the rational regulation of microporosity in SEBS/PTFE metafabrics, thus synergistically backscatter ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared light (maximum reflectance over 98.0%) to minimize heat absorption while efficiently emit human-body midinfrared radiation to the sky. As a result, the developed PDRC metafabric achieves approximately 17 °C cooling effects in an outdoor daytime environment and completely retains its passive cooling performance even under 50% stretching. Further, high-fidelity electrophysiological monitoring capability is also implemented in the breathable and skin-conformal metafabric through liquid metal printing, enabling the accurate acquisition of human electrocardiograph, surface electromyogram, and electroencephalograph signals for comfortable and lengthy health regulation. Hence, the fabricated superelastic PDRC metafabric opens a new avenue for the development of body-comfortable electronics and low-carbon wearing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Dong
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yidong Peng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujia Chai
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayan Long
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Energy Material and Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunpeng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tianxi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
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Preston C, Dobashi Y, Nguyen NT, Sarwar MS, Jun D, Plesse C, Sallenave X, Vidal F, Aubert PH, Madden JDW. Intrinsically Stretchable Integrated Passive Matrix Electrochromic Display Using PEDOT:PSS Ionic Liquid Composite. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37276196 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The low power consumption of electrochromism makes it widely used in actively shaded windows and mirrors, while flexible versions are attractive for use in wearable devices. Initial demonstration of stretchable electrochromic elements promises good conformability to complex surfaces. Here, fully integrated intrinsically stretchable electrochromic devices are demonstrated as single elements and 3 × 3 displays. Conductive and electrochromic ionic liquid-doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate is combined with poly(vinyl alcohol)-based electrolyte to form complete cells. A transmission change of 15% is demonstrated, along with a reflectance change of 25% for opaque reflective devices, with <7 s switching time, even under 30% strain. Stability under both electrochemical and mechanical strain cycling is demonstrated. A passive matrix display exhibits addressability and low cross-talk under strain. Comparable optical performance to flexible electrochromics and higher deformability provide attractive qualities for use in wearable, biometric monitoring, and robotic skin devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Preston
- Advanced Materials and Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yuta Dobashi
- Advanced Materials and Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ngoc Tan Nguyen
- Advanced Materials and Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Mirza Saquib Sarwar
- Advanced Materials and Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Daniel Jun
- Advanced Materials and Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Cédric Plesse
- , CY Cergy Paris Université, CY Advanced Studies, LPPI, F-95000 Cergy, France
| | - Xavier Sallenave
- , CY Cergy Paris Université, CY Advanced Studies, LPPI, F-95000 Cergy, France
| | - Frédéric Vidal
- , CY Cergy Paris Université, CY Advanced Studies, LPPI, F-95000 Cergy, France
| | - Pierre-Henri Aubert
- , CY Cergy Paris Université, CY Advanced Studies, LPPI, F-95000 Cergy, France
| | - John D W Madden
- Advanced Materials and Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Greco F, Bandodkar AJ, Menciassi A. Emerging technologies in wearable sensors. APL Bioeng 2023; 7:020401. [PMID: 37274629 PMCID: PMC10234674 DOI: 10.1063/5.0153940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This Editorial highlights some current challenges and emerging solutions in wearable sensors, a maturing field where interdisciplinary crosstalk is of paramount importance. Currently, investigation efforts are aimed at expanding the application scenarios and at translating early developments from basic research to widespread adoption in personal health monitoring for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. This translation requires addressing several old and new challenges that are summarized in this editorial. The special issue "Emerging technologies in wearable sensors" includes four selected contributions from leading researchers, exploring the topic from different perspectives. The aim is to provide the APL Bioengineering readers with a solid and timely overall vision of the field and with some recent examples of wearable sensors, exploring new research avenues.
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Zou D, He Z, Chen M, Yan L, Guo Y, Gao G, Li C, Piao Y, Cheng X, Chan PKL. Dry Lithography Patterning of Monolayer Flexible Field Effect Transistors by 2D Mica Stamping. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2211600. [PMID: 36841244 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) based on 2D monolayer organic semiconductors (OSC) have demonstrated promising potentials for various applications, such as light emitting diode (LED) display drivers, logic circuits, and wearable electrocardiography (ECG) sensors. To date, the fabrications of this class of highly crystallized 2D organic semiconductors (OSC) are dominated by solution shearing. As these organic active layers are only a few molecular layers thick, their compatibilities with conventional thermal evaporated top electrodes or sophisticated photolithography patterning are very limited, which also restricts their device density. Here, an electrode transfer stamp and a semiconductor patterning stamp are developed to fabricate OFETs with channel lengths down to 3 µm over a large area without using any chemicals or causing any damage to the active layer. 2D 2,9-didecyldinaphtho[2,3-b:2',3'-f]thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (C10 -DNTT) monolayer OFETs developed by this new approach shows decent performance properties with a low threshold voltage (VTH ) less than 0.5 V, intrinsic mobility higher than 10 cm2 V-1 s-1 and a subthreshold swing (SS) less than 100 mV dec-1 . The proposed patterning approach is completely comparable with ultraflexible parylene substrate less than 2 µm thick. By further reducing the channel length down to 2 µm and using the monolayer OFET in an AC/DC rectifying circuit, the measured cutoff frequency is up to 17.3 MHz with an input voltage of 4 V. The newly proposed electrode transfer and patterning stamps have addressed the long-lasting compatibility problem of depositing electrodes onto 2D organic monolayer and the semiconductor patterning. It opens a new path to reduce the fabrication cost and simplify the manufacturing process of high-density OFETs for more advanced electronic or biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng Zou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Zhenfei He
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Lizhi Yan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Guo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Guoyun Gao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Can Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Yingzhe Piao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xing Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Paddy K L Chan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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Tian H, Gu W, Li XS, Ren TL. Stretchable Ink Printed Graphene Device with Weft-Knitted Fabric Substrate Based on Thermal-Acoustic Effect. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:20334-20345. [PMID: 37040205 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Thermal-acoustic devices have great potential as flexible ultrathin sound sources. However, stretchable sound sources based on a thermal-acoustic mechanism remain elusive, as realizing stable resistance in a reasonable range is challenging. In this study, a stretchable thermal-acoustic device based on graphene ink is fabricated on a weft-knitted fabric. After optimization of the graphene ink concentration, the device resistance changes by 8.94% during 4000 cycles of operation in the unstretchable state. After multiple cycles of bending, folding, prodding, and washing, the sound pressure level (SPL) change of the device is within 10%. Moreover, the SPL has an increase with the strain in a specific range, showing a phenomenon similar to the negative differential resistance (NDR) effect. This study sheds light on the use of stretchable thermal-acoustic devices for e-skin and wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Tian
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wen Gu
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiao-Shi Li
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Sunwoo SH, Han SI, Jung D, Kim M, Nam S, Lee H, Choi S, Kang H, Cho YS, Yeom DH, Cha MJ, Lee S, Lee SP, Hyeon T, Kim DH. Stretchable Low-Impedance Conductor with Ag-Au-Pt Core-Shell-Shell Nanowires and in Situ Formed Pt Nanoparticles for Wearable and Implantable Device. ACS NANO 2023; 17:7550-7561. [PMID: 37039606 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Mechanically soft metallic nanocomposites have gained much attention as a key material for intrinsically stretchable biointegrated devices. However, it has been challenging to develop a stretchable conductive nanocomposite with all the desired material characteristics including high conductivity, high stretchability, low cytotoxicity, and low impedance. Here, we present a material strategy for the stretchable conductive nanocomposite, particularly emphasizing low impedance, by combining silver-gold-platinum core-shell-shell nanowires and homogeneously dispersed in situ synthesized platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs). The highly embossed structure of the outermost Pt shell, together with the intrinsic electrical property of Pt, contributes to minimizing the impedance. The gold-platinum double-layer sheath prevents leaching of cytotoxic Ag ions, thus improving biocompatibility. Homogeneously dispersed Pt NPs, synthesized in situ during fabrication of the nanocomposite, simultaneously enhance conductivity, reduce impedance, and improve stretchability by supporting the percolation network formation. This intrinsically stretchable nanocomposite conductor can be applied to wearable and implantable bioelectronics for recording biosignals and delivering electrical stimulations in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hyuk Sunwoo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ihn Han
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongjun Jung
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghyeon Nam
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Suji Choi
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Disease Biophysics Group, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02134, United States
| | - Hyejeong Kang
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Seul Cho
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Hae Yeom
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Jin Cha
- Department of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghwan Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Pyo Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Luo Z, Yao Y, Liang M, Tian F, Sun H, Xu Y, Zhao Q, Yu Z. Molecular layer modulation of two-dimensional organic ferroelectric transistors. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:27LT01. [PMID: 37015219 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acca28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Ferroelectric transistors hold great potential in low consumption devices. Due to the high film quality and clean system, two dimensional organic semiconductors are widely employed to fabricate high performance organic electronic devices and explore the modulation mechanism of the molecular packing on device performance. Here, we combine the ferroelectric hafnium oxide HfZrOxand two-dimensional molecular crystal 2,9-didecyldinaphtho[2,3-b:2',3'-f]thieno[3,2b]thiophene (C10-DNTT) with controllable layers to study the molecular layer modulation of ferroelectric organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs). The contact resistance, driving current and transconductance are directly affected by the additional access resistance across the upper molecular layers at the source/drain contact region. Simultaneously, the capacitance of Schottky junction related to the molecular layer thickness could effectively adjust the gate potential acting on the organic channel, further controlling the devices' subthreshold swing and transconductance efficiency. This work would promote the development of low voltage and high performance OTFTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongzhong Luo
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingshan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuguo Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Huabin Sun
- College of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Greater Bay Area Institute of Integrated Circuit and System, Guangzhou 510535, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Xu
- College of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Greater Bay Area Institute of Integrated Circuit and System, Guangzhou 510535, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihao Yu
- College of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Greater Bay Area Institute of Integrated Circuit and System, Guangzhou 510535, People's Republic of China
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Wang Z, Lin H, Zhang M, Yu W, Zhu C, Wang P, Huang Y, Lv F, Bai H, Wang S. Water-soluble conjugated polymers for bioelectronic systems. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:1210-1233. [PMID: 36752220 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01520j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectronics is an interdisciplinary field of research that aims to establish a synergy between electronics and biology. Contributing to a deeper understanding of bioelectronic processes and the built bioelectronic systems, a variety of new phenomena, mechanisms and concepts have been derived in the field of biology, medicine, energy, artificial intelligence science, etc. Organic semiconductors can promote the applications of bioelectronics in improving original performance and creating new features for organisms due to their excellent photoelectric and electrical properties. Recently, water-soluble conjugated polymers (WSCPs) have been employed as a class of ideal interface materials to regulate bioelectronic processes between biological systems and electronic systems, relying on their satisfying ionic conductivity, water-solubility, good biocompatibility and the additional mechanical and electrical properties. In this review, we summarize the prominent contributions of WSCPs in the aspect of the regulation of bioelectronic processes and highlight the latest advances in WSCPs for bioelectronic applications, involving biosynthetic systems, photosynthetic systems, biophotovoltaic systems, and bioelectronic devices. The challenges and outlooks of WSCPs in designing high-performance bioelectronic systems are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenghao Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- College of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hongrui Lin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- College of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Wen Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- College of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chuanwei Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- College of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Yiming Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Fengting Lv
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Haotian Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Shu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- College of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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43
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Luo Y, Abidian MR, Ahn JH, Akinwande D, Andrews AM, Antonietti M, Bao Z, Berggren M, Berkey CA, Bettinger CJ, Chen J, Chen P, Cheng W, Cheng X, Choi SJ, Chortos A, Dagdeviren C, Dauskardt RH, Di CA, Dickey MD, Duan X, Facchetti A, Fan Z, Fang Y, Feng J, Feng X, Gao H, Gao W, Gong X, Guo CF, Guo X, Hartel MC, He Z, Ho JS, Hu Y, Huang Q, Huang Y, Huo F, Hussain MM, Javey A, Jeong U, Jiang C, Jiang X, Kang J, Karnaushenko D, Khademhosseini A, Kim DH, Kim ID, Kireev D, Kong L, Lee C, Lee NE, Lee PS, Lee TW, Li F, Li J, Liang C, Lim CT, Lin Y, Lipomi DJ, Liu J, Liu K, Liu N, Liu R, Liu Y, Liu Y, Liu Z, Liu Z, Loh XJ, Lu N, Lv Z, Magdassi S, Malliaras GG, Matsuhisa N, Nathan A, Niu S, Pan J, Pang C, Pei Q, Peng H, Qi D, Ren H, Rogers JA, Rowe A, Schmidt OG, Sekitani T, Seo DG, Shen G, Sheng X, Shi Q, Someya T, Song Y, Stavrinidou E, Su M, Sun X, Takei K, Tao XM, Tee BCK, Thean AVY, Trung TQ, Wan C, Wang H, Wang J, Wang M, Wang S, Wang T, Wang ZL, Weiss PS, Wen H, Xu S, Xu T, Yan H, Yan X, Yang H, Yang L, Yang S, Yin L, Yu C, Yu G, Yu J, Yu SH, Yu X, Zamburg E, Zhang H, Zhang X, Zhang X, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao S, Zhao X, Zheng Y, Zheng YQ, Zheng Z, Zhou T, Zhu B, Zhu M, Zhu R, Zhu Y, Zhu Y, Zou G, Chen X. Technology Roadmap for Flexible Sensors. ACS NANO 2023; 17:5211-5295. [PMID: 36892156 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 155.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Humans rely increasingly on sensors to address grand challenges and to improve quality of life in the era of digitalization and big data. For ubiquitous sensing, flexible sensors are developed to overcome the limitations of conventional rigid counterparts. Despite rapid advancement in bench-side research over the last decade, the market adoption of flexible sensors remains limited. To ease and to expedite their deployment, here, we identify bottlenecks hindering the maturation of flexible sensors and propose promising solutions. We first analyze challenges in achieving satisfactory sensing performance for real-world applications and then summarize issues in compatible sensor-biology interfaces, followed by brief discussions on powering and connecting sensor networks. Issues en route to commercialization and for sustainable growth of the sector are also analyzed, highlighting environmental concerns and emphasizing nontechnical issues such as business, regulatory, and ethical considerations. Additionally, we look at future intelligent flexible sensors. In proposing a comprehensive roadmap, we hope to steer research efforts towards common goals and to guide coordinated development strategies from disparate communities. Through such collaborative efforts, scientific breakthroughs can be made sooner and capitalized for the betterment of humanity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Luo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Mohammad Reza Abidian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77024, United States
| | - Jong-Hyun Ahn
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Deji Akinwande
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78758, United States
| | - Anne M Andrews
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California NanoSystems Institute, and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, and Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Colloid Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, 83 Linköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability (WISE) and Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC), SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher A Berkey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94301, United States
| | - Christopher John Bettinger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Peng Chen
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore
| | - Wenlong Cheng
- Nanobionics Group, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Australia, 3800
- Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Australia3800
| | - Xu Cheng
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Seon-Jin Choi
- Division of Materials of Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Alex Chortos
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Canan Dagdeviren
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Reinhold H Dauskardt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94301, United States
| | - Chong-An Di
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Xiangfeng Duan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zhiyong Fan
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yin Fang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore
| | - Jianyou Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PR China
| | - Xue Feng
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huajian Gao
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore 138632, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wei Gao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, United States
| | - Xiwen Gong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Applied Physics Program, and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109 United States
| | - Chuan Fei Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaojun Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Martin C Hartel
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Zihan He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - John S Ho
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Youfan Hu
- School of Electronics and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qiyao Huang
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Fengwei Huo
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Muhammad M Hussain
- mmh Labs, Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Ali Javey
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Unyong Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Engineering (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeong-buk 37673, Korea
| | - Chen Jiang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No 1088, Xueyuan Road, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, PR China
| | - Jiheong Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniil Karnaushenko
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz 09126, Germany
| | | | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Doo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dmitry Kireev
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78758, United States
| | - Lingxuan Kong
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore
- National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI), Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
- NUS Graduate School-Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Nae-Eung Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Kyunggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Pooi See Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Tae-Woo Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Engineering Research, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Soft Foundry, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Fengyu Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Jinxing Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Neuroscience Program, BioMolecular Science Program, and Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, United States
| | - Cuiyuan Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119276, Singapore
| | - Yuanjing Lin
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Darren J Lipomi
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Jia Liu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02134, United States
| | - Kai Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Nan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Ren Liu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02134, United States
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, N.1 Institute for Health, Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Yuxuan Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Neural Engineering Centre, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China 518055
| | - Zhuangjian Liu
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore 138632, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Nanshu Lu
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zhisheng Lv
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Shlomo Magdassi
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - George G Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge CB3 0FA, Cambridge United Kingdom
| | - Naoji Matsuhisa
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Arokia Nathan
- Darwin College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 9EU, United Kingdom
| | - Simiao Niu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Jieming Pan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Changhyun Pang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Qibing Pei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Huisheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PR China
| | - Dianpeng Qi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Huaying Ren
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
| | - John A Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Chemistry, and Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Aaron Rowe
- Becton, Dickinson and Company, 1268 N. Lakeview Avenue, Anaheim, California 92807, United States
- Ready, Set, Food! 15821 Ventura Blvd #450, Encino, California 91436, United States
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz 09126, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz 09107, Germany
- Nanophysics, Faculty of Physics, TU Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Tsuyoshi Sekitani
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan 5670047
| | - Dae-Gyo Seo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Guozhen Shen
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xing Sheng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Institute for Precision Medicine, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qiongfeng Shi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore
- National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI), Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Takao Someya
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yanlin Song
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrkoping, Sweden
| | - Meng Su
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xuemei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PR China
| | - Kuniharu Takei
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Xiao-Ming Tao
- Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, School of Fashion and Textiles, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Benjamin C K Tee
- Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
- iHealthtech, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119276, Singapore
| | - Aaron Voon-Yew Thean
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Singapore Hybrid-Integrated Next-Generation μ-Electronics Centre (SHINE), Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Tran Quang Trung
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Kyunggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Changjin Wan
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huiliang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Ming Wang
- Frontier Institute of Chip and System, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chip and Systems, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- the Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, 41th Floor, AI Tower, No.701 Yunjin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200232, China
| | - Sihong Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, United States
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Paul S Weiss
- California NanoSystems Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Hanqi Wen
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore
- Institute of Flexible Electronics Technology of THU, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China 314000
| | - Sheng Xu
- Department of Nanoengineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering Program, and Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, United States
| | - Tailin Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China
| | - Hongping Yan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Xuzhou Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Hui Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China, 300072
| | - Le Yang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore (NUS), 9 Engineering Drive 1, #03-09 EA, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Shuaijian Yang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Lan Yin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, and Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Cunjiang Yu
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, United States
| | - Guihua Yu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, United States
| | - Jing Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Shu-Hong Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials and Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Science at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xinge Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Evgeny Zamburg
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Singapore Hybrid-Integrated Next-Generation μ-Electronics Centre (SHINE), Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Haixia Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Singapore Hybrid-Integrated Next-Generation μ-Electronics Centre (SHINE), Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Xiaosheng Zhang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, PR China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics; Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Singapore Hybrid-Integrated Next-Generation μ-Electronics Centre (SHINE), Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Siyuan Zhao
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02134, United States
| | - Xuanhe Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States
| | - Yuanjin Zheng
- Center for Integrated Circuits and Systems, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yu-Qing Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication; School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Center for Neural Engineering, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Bowen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Ming Zhu
- Institute for Digital Molecular Analytics and Science (IDMxS), Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Rong Zhu
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yangzhi Zhu
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California, 90064, United States
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Guijin Zou
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore 138632, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Laboratory for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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Qiao Y, Luo J, Cui T, Liu H, Tang H, Zeng Y, Liu C, Li Y, Jian J, Wu J, Tian H, Yang Y, Ren TL, Zhou J. Soft Electronics for Health Monitoring Assisted by Machine Learning. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:66. [PMID: 36918452 PMCID: PMC10014415 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Due to the development of the novel materials, the past two decades have witnessed the rapid advances of soft electronics. The soft electronics have huge potential in the physical sign monitoring and health care. One of the important advantages of soft electronics is forming good interface with skin, which can increase the user scale and improve the signal quality. Therefore, it is easy to build the specific dataset, which is important to improve the performance of machine learning algorithm. At the same time, with the assistance of machine learning algorithm, the soft electronics have become more and more intelligent to realize real-time analysis and diagnosis. The soft electronics and machining learning algorithms complement each other very well. It is indubitable that the soft electronics will bring us to a healthier and more intelligent world in the near future. Therefore, in this review, we will give a careful introduction about the new soft material, physiological signal detected by soft devices, and the soft devices assisted by machine learning algorithm. Some soft materials will be discussed such as two-dimensional material, carbon nanotube, nanowire, nanomesh, and hydrogel. Then, soft sensors will be discussed according to the physiological signal types (pulse, respiration, human motion, intraocular pressure, phonation, etc.). After that, the soft electronics assisted by various algorithms will be reviewed, including some classical algorithms and powerful neural network algorithms. Especially, the soft device assisted by neural network will be introduced carefully. Finally, the outlook, challenge, and conclusion of soft system powered by machine learning algorithm will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yancong Qiao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinan Luo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianrui Cui
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Haidong Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Tang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingfen Zeng
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanfang Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinming Jian
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingzhi Wu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - He Tian
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China.
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45
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Zhang Z, Li GY, Jiang Y, Zheng Y, Gower AL, Destrade M, Cao Y. Noninvasive measurement of local stress inside soft materials with programmed shear waves. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd4082. [PMID: 36888699 PMCID: PMC9995030 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add4082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical stresses across different length scales play a fundamental role in understanding biological systems' functions and engineering soft machines and devices. However, it is challenging to noninvasively probe local mechanical stresses in situ, particularly when the mechanical properties are unknown. We propose an acoustoelastic imaging-based method to infer the local stresses in soft materials by measuring the speeds of shear waves induced by custom-programmed acoustic radiation force. Using an ultrasound transducer to excite and track the shear waves remotely, we demonstrate the application of the method by imaging uniaxial and bending stresses in an isotropic hydrogel and the passive uniaxial stress in a skeletal muscle. These measurements were all done without the knowledge of the constitutive parameters of the materials. The experiments indicate that our method will find broad applications, ranging from health monitoring of soft structures and machines to diagnosing diseases that alter stresses in soft tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyi Zhang
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Yang Li
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yuxuan Jiang
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Artur L. Gower
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Michel Destrade
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province and Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Yanping Cao
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
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46
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Tang P, Tan W, Li F, Xue S, Ma Y, Jing P, Liu Y, Zhu J, Yan X. A Pseudocapacitor Diode Based on Ion-Selective Surface Redox Effect. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209186. [PMID: 36564639 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Supercapacitor diode (CAPode) is a novel device that integrates ion diode functionality into a conventional electrical double-layer capacitor and is expected to have great applications in emerging fields such as signal propagation, microcircuit rectification, logic operations, and neuromorphology. Here, a brand new pseudocapacitor diode is reported that has both high charge storage (50.2 C g-1 at 20 mV s-1 ) and high rectification (the rectification ratio of 0.79 at 200 mV s-1 ) properties, which is realized by the ion-selective surface redox reaction of spinel ZnCo2 O4 in aqueous alkaline electrolyte. Furthermore, an application of the integrated device is demonstrated in the logic gate of circuit system to realize the logic operations of "AND" and "OR". This work not only expands the types of CAPodes, but also provides a train of thought for constructing high-performance capacitive ionic diodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Tang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Wuyang Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Fangzhou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
- School of Materials, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Shan Xue
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yihui Ma
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Pengwei Jing
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yanghui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
- School of Materials, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xingbin Yan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
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47
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Shi L, Li Z, Chen M, Zhu T, Wu L. Ultrasensitive and Ultraprecise Pressure Sensors for Soft Systems. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2210091. [PMID: 36625165 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Highly sensitive soft pressure sensors have attracted tremendous attention in recent years due to their great promise in robotics, healthcare, smart wearables, etc. Although high sensitivities can be realized by existing sensing mechanisms, they usually cause large random errors owing to inhomogeneous sensing layers, thus considerably reducing the sensing precision for practical applications. Herein, a pure-polymer and field emission bilayer structure (PFEBS)-based transduction mechanism is presented to successfully design an ultrasensitive and ultraprecise soft pressure sensor for the first time. This unique structure enables numerous tunneling electrons generated by field emission to be transmitted through the homogeneous sensing layer, which undergoes uniform deformation under subtle pressures, simultaneously achieving a sensing precision with variation <1.62% and a sensitivity of 372.2 kPa-1 . This study offers a new design strategy to develop next-generation high-performance flexible pressure sensors for soft systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Shi
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Tianyu Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Limin Wu
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
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48
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Zhu Y, Haghniaz R, Hartel MC, Guan S, Bahari J, Li Z, Baidya A, Cao K, Gao X, Li J, Wu Z, Cheng X, Li B, Emaminejad S, Weiss PS, Khademhosseini A. A Breathable, Passive-Cooling, Non-Inflammatory, and Biodegradable Aerogel Electronic Skin for Wearable Physical-Electrophysiological-Chemical Analysis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209300. [PMID: 36576895 PMCID: PMC10006339 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Real-time monitoring of human health can be significantly improved by designing novel electronic skin (E-skin) platforms that mimic the characteristics and sensitivity of human skin. A high-quality E-skin platform that can simultaneously monitor multiple physiological and metabolic biomarkers without introducing skin discomfort or irritation is an unmet medical need. Conventional E-skins are either monofunctional or made from elastomeric films that do not include key synergistic features of natural skin, such as multi-sensing, breathability, and thermal management capabilities in a single patch. Herein, a biocompatible and biodegradable E-skin patch based on flexible gelatin methacryloyl aerogel (FGA) for non-invasive and continuous monitoring of multiple biomarkers of interest is engineered and demonstrated. Taking advantage of cryogenic temperature treatment and slow polymerization, FGA is fabricated with a highly interconnected porous structure that displays good flexibility, passive-cooling capabilities, and ultra-lightweight properties that make it comfortable to wear for long periods of time. It also provides numerous permeable capillary channels for thermal-moisture transfer, ensuring its excellent breathability. Therefore, the engineered FGA-based E-skin can simultaneously monitor body temperature, hydration, and biopotentials via electrophysiological sensors and detect glucose, lactate, and alcohol levels via electrochemical sensors. This work offers a previously unexplored materials strategy for next-generation E-skin platforms with superior practicality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzhi Zhu
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Reihaneh Haghniaz
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Martin C Hartel
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Shenghan Guan
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA
| | - Jamal Bahari
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Zijie Li
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA
| | - Avijit Baidya
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ke Cao
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Xiaoxiang Gao
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jinghang Li
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Zhuohong Wu
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Xuanbing Cheng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Bingbing Li
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
- Department of Manufacturing Systems Engineering and Management, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA, 91330, USA
| | - Sam Emaminejad
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Paul S Weiss
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
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49
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Hu H, Guo X, Zhang Y, Chen Z, Wang L, Gao Y, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Wang W, Rong M, Liu G, Huang Q, Zhu Y, Zheng Z. Elasto-Plastic Design of Ultrathin Interlayer for Enhancing Strain Tolerance of Flexible Electronics. ACS NANO 2023; 17:3921-3930. [PMID: 36762695 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The ability to tolerate large strains during various degrees of deformation is a core issue in the development of flexible electronics. Commonly used strategies nowadays to enhance the strain tolerance of thin film devices focus on the optimization of the device architecture and the increase of bonding at the materials interface. In this paper, we propose a strategy, namely elasto-plastic design of an ultrathin interlayer, to boost the strain tolerance of flexible electronics. We demonstrate that insertion of an ultrathin, stiff (high Young's modulus) and elastic (high yield strain) interlayer between an upper rigid film/device and a soft substrate, regardless of the substrate thickness or the interfacial bonding, can significantly reduce the actual strain applied on the film/device when the substrate is bent. Being independent of existing strategies, the elasto-plastic design strategy offers an effective method to enhance the device flexibility without redesigning the device structure or altering the material interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Hu
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuyun Guo
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaokang Zhang
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijian Chen
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziran Wang
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenshuo Wang
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingming Rong
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Liu
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiyao Huang
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Zhu
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
- Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems (RI-IWEAR), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
- Research Institute for Smart Energy (RISE), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
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50
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Lu D, Liu T, Meng X, Luo B, Yuan J, Liu Y, Zhang S, Cai C, Gao C, Wang J, Wang S, Nie S. Wearable Triboelectric Visual Sensors for Tactile Perception. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209117. [PMID: 36427265 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tactile sensors with visible light feedback functions, such as wearable displays and electronic skin and biomedical devices, are becoming increasingly important in various fields. However, existing methods cannot meet the application requirements for the tactile perception of intensity feedback and extended intersection due to their limited light-mapping performance and insufficient portability. Herein, a freely constructible self-powered visual tactile sensor is proposed, which consists of a high-output triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) and a visual light source. The transferred charge of the TENG is enhanced to 746 nC by the structural design of the triboelectric material and device, which can easily drive the light source to generate a light signal with a brightness of 9.8 cd m-2 . Notably, the application of the TENG enables to realization visual sensing of the palm-grasp state and strength feedback without an external power supply. This visual feedback and power-free tactile sensors are expected to have potential application in the field of artificial intelligence as a new interactive medium for smart protective clothing and robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengjun Lu
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Tao Liu
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Xiangjiang Meng
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Bin Luo
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Jinxia Yuan
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Yanhua Liu
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Song Zhang
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Chenchen Cai
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Cong Gao
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Jinlong Wang
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Shuangfei Wang
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Shuangxi Nie
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
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