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Lanave G, Camero M, Coppola C, Marchi S, Cascone G, Salina F, Coltraro M, Odigie AE, Montomoli E, Chiapponi C, Cicirelli V, Martella V, Trombetta CM. Serological Evidence for Circulation of Influenza D Virus in the Ovine Population in Italy. Pathogens 2024; 13:162. [PMID: 38392900 PMCID: PMC10892703 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) is a novel orthomyxovirus initially isolated from pigs exhibiting influenza-like disease in the USA. Since then, IDV has been detected worldwide in several host species, including livestock animals, whilst specific antibodies have been identified in humans, raising concerns about interspecies transmission and zoonotic risks. Few data regarding the seroprevalence of IDV in small ruminants have been available to date. In this study, we assessed the prevalence of antibodies against IDV in ovine serum samples in Sicily, Southern Italy. Six hundred serum samples, collected from dairy sheep herds located in Sicily in 2022, were tested by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and virus neutralization (VN) assays using reference strains, D/660 and D/OK, representative of two distinct IDV lineages circulating in Italy. Out of 600 tested samples, 168 (28.0%) tested positive to either IDV strain D/660 or D/OK or to both by HI whilst 378 (63.0%) tested positive to either IDV strain D/660 or D/OK or to both by VN. Overall, our findings demonstrate that IDV circulates in ovine dairy herds in Sicily. Since IDV seems to have a broad host range and it has zoonotic potential, it is important to collect epidemiological information on susceptible species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (M.C.); (A.E.O.); (V.C.); (V.M.)
| | - Michele Camero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (M.C.); (A.E.O.); (V.C.); (V.M.)
| | - Chiara Coppola
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (C.C.); (S.M.); (E.M.); (C.M.T.)
| | - Serena Marchi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (C.C.); (S.M.); (E.M.); (C.M.T.)
| | - Giuseppe Cascone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (G.C.); (F.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Felice Salina
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (G.C.); (F.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Miriana Coltraro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (G.C.); (F.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Amienwanlen E. Odigie
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (M.C.); (A.E.O.); (V.C.); (V.M.)
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (C.C.); (S.M.); (E.M.); (C.M.T.)
- VisMederi S.r.l., 53035 Monteriggioni, Italy
| | - Chiara Chiapponi
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Influenza, Sede Territoriale di Parma, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Cicirelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (M.C.); (A.E.O.); (V.C.); (V.M.)
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (M.C.); (A.E.O.); (V.C.); (V.M.)
| | - Claudia M. Trombetta
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (C.C.); (S.M.); (E.M.); (C.M.T.)
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Wang P, Jing T, Hu Y, Chen X. Research Progress on Antiviral Activity of Heparin. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:7-24. [PMID: 36740803 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230203124032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Heparin, as a glycosaminoglycan, is known for its anticoagulant and antithrombotic properties for several decades. Heparin is a life-saving drug and is widely used for anticoagulation in medical practice. In recent years, there have been extensive studies that heparin plays an important role in non-anticoagulant diseases, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-angiogenesis, anti-neoplastic, anti-metastatic effects, and so on. Clinical observation and in vitro experiments indicate that heparin displays a potential multitarget effect. In this brief review, we will summarize heparin and its derivative's recently studied progress for the treatment of various viral infections. The aim is to maximize the benefits of drugs through medically targeted development, to meet the unmet clinical needs of serious viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Chinese Materia Medica Pharmacology, Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yanqing Zhang
- Shandong VeriSign Test Detection Co., LTD, Jinan, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Chinese Materia Medica Pharmacology, Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Tianyuan Jing
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yanan Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiushan Chen
- Zhenjiang Runjing High Purity Chemical Technology Co., Ltd., Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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3
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Kwasnik M, Rola J, Rozek W. Influenza D in Domestic and Wild Animals. Viruses 2023; 15:2433. [PMID: 38140674 PMCID: PMC10748149 DOI: 10.3390/v15122433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) infections have been observed in animals worldwide, confirmed through both serological and molecular tests, as well as virus isolation. IDV possesses unique properties that distinguish it from other influenza viruses, primarily attributed to the hemagglutinin-esterase fusion (HEF) surface glycoprotein, which determines the virus' tropism and wide host range. Cattle are postulated to be the reservoir of IDV, and the virus is identified as one of the causative agents of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) syndrome. Animals associated with humans and susceptible to IDV infection include camels, pigs, small ruminants, and horses. Notably, high seroprevalence towards IDV, apart from cattle, is also observed in camels, potentially constituting a reservoir of the virus. Among wild and captive animals, IDV infections have been confirmed in feral pigs, wild boars, deer, hedgehogs, giraffes, wildebeests, kangaroos, wallabies, and llamas. The transmission potential and host range of IDV may contribute to future viral differentiation. It has been confirmed that influenza D may pose a threat to humans as a zoonosis, with seroprevalence noted in people with professional contact with cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wojciech Rozek
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (M.K.); (J.R.)
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Lim EH, Lim SI, Kim MJ, Kwon M, Kim MJ, Lee KB, Choe S, An DJ, Hyun BH, Park JY, Bae YC, Jeoung HY, Lee KK, Lee YH. First Detection of Influenza D Virus Infection in Cattle and Pigs in the Republic of Korea. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1751. [PMID: 37512923 PMCID: PMC10386134 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family, which also include the influenza A, B and C virus genera. IDV was first detected and isolated in 2011 in the United States from pigs with respiratory illness. IDV circulates in mammals, including pigs, cattle, camelids, horses and small ruminants. Despite the broad host range, cattle are thought to be the natural reservoir of IDV. This virus plays a role as a causative agent of the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC). IDV has been identified in North America, Europe, Asia and Africa. However, there has been no information on the presence of IDV in the Republic of Korea (ROK). In this study, we investigated the presence of viral RNA and seroprevalence to IDV among cattle and pigs in the ROK in 2022. Viral RNA was surveyed by the collection and testing of 999 cattle and 2391 pig nasal swabs and lung tissues using a real-time RT-PCR assay. IDV seroprevalence was investigated by testing 742 cattle and 1627 pig sera using a hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. The viral RNA positive rate was 1.4% in cattle, but no viral RNA was detected in pigs. Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion (HEF) gene was further conducted for a selection of samples. All sequences belonged to the D/Yamagata/2019 lineage. The seropositivity rates were 54.7% in cattle and 1.4% in pigs. The geometric mean of the antibody titer (GMT) was 68.3 in cattle and 48.5 in pigs. This is the first report on the detection of viral RNA and antibodies to IDV in the ROK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui Hyeon Lim
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-In Lim
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ji Kim
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - MiJung Kwon
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ji Kim
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan-Bok Lee
- Chungnam Veterinary Research Institute, 37 Gulpo-gil, Taean 32138, Republic of Korea
| | - SeEun Choe
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jun An
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Bang-Hun Hyun
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Yong Park
- Import Risk Assessment Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Chan Bae
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Young Jeoung
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ki Lee
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Hee Lee
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
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Gaudino M, Chiapponi C, Moreno A, Zohari S, O’Donovan T, Quinless E, Sausy A, Oliva J, Salem E, Fusade-Boyer M, Meyer G, Hübschen JM, Saegerman C, Ducatez MF, Snoeck CJ. Evolutionary and temporal dynamics of emerging influenza D virus in Europe (2009-22). Virus Evol 2022; 8:veac081. [PMID: 36533151 PMCID: PMC9752663 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veac081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) is an emerging influenza virus that was isolated for the first time in 2011 in the USA from swine with respiratory illness. Since then, IDV has been detected worldwide in different animal species, and it was also reported in humans. Molecular epidemiological studies revealed the circulation of two major clades, named D/OK and D/660. Additional divergent clades have been described but have been limited to specific geographic areas (i.e. Japan and California). In Europe, IDV was detected for the first time in France in 2012 and subsequently also in Italy, Luxembourg, Ireland, the UK, Switzerland, and Denmark. To understand the time of introduction and the evolutionary dynamics of IDV on the continent, molecular screening of bovine and swine clinical samples was carried out in different European countries, and phylogenetic analyses were performed on all available and newly generated sequences. Until recently, D/OK was the only clade detected in this area. Starting from 2019, an increase in D/660 clade detections was observed, accompanied by an increase in the overall viral genetic diversity and genetic reassortments. The time to the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) of all existing IDV sequences was estimated as 1995-16 years before its discovery, indicating that the virus could have started its global spread in this time frame. Despite the D/OK and D/660 clades having a similar mean tMRCA (2007), the mean tMRCA for European D/OK sequences was estimated as January 2013 compared to July 2014 for European D/660 sequences. This indicated that the two clades were likely introduced on the European continent at different time points, as confirmed by virological screening findings. The mean nucleotide substitution rate of the hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion (HEF) glycoprotein segment was estimated as 1.403 × 10-3 substitutions/site/year, which is significantly higher than the one of the HEF of human influenza C virus (P < 0.0001). IDV genetic drift, the introduction of new clades on the continent, and multiple reassortment patterns shape the increasing viral diversity observed in the last years. Its elevated substitution rate, diffusion in various animal species, and the growing evidence pointing towards zoonotic potential justify continuous surveillance of this emerging influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gaudino
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse 31076, France
| | - Chiara Chiapponi
- Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna ‘Bruno Ubertini’, Brescia 25124, Italy
| | - Ana Moreno
- Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna ‘Bruno Ubertini’, Brescia 25124, Italy
| | - Siamak Zohari
- Department of microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala SE-751 89, Sweden
| | - Tom O’Donovan
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Celbridge, Co. Kildare W23 X3PH, Ireland
| | - Emma Quinless
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Celbridge, Co. Kildare W23 X3PH, Ireland
| | - Aurélie Sausy
- Clinical and Applied Virology Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4354, Luxembourg
| | - Justine Oliva
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse 31076, France
| | - Elias Salem
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse 31076, France
| | | | - Gilles Meyer
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse 31076, France
| | - Judith M Hübschen
- Clinical and Applied Virology Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4354, Luxembourg
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Antiviral Activity and Mechanisms of Seaweeds Bioactive Compounds on Enveloped Viruses-A Review. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20060385. [PMID: 35736188 PMCID: PMC9228758 DOI: 10.3390/md20060385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, the interest in seaweed has significantly increased. Bioactive compounds from seaweed’s currently receive major attention from pharmaceutical companies as they express several interesting biological activities which are beneficial for humans. The structural diversity of seaweed metabolites provides diverse biological activities which are expressed through diverse mechanisms of actions. This review mainly focuses on the antiviral activity of seaweed’s extracts, highlighting the mechanisms of actions of some seaweed molecules against infection caused by different types of enveloped viruses: influenza, Lentivirus (HIV-1), Herpes viruses, and coronaviruses. Seaweed metabolites with antiviral properties can act trough different pathways by increasing the host’s defense system or through targeting and blocking virus replication before it enters host cells. Several studies have already established the large antiviral spectrum of seaweed’s bioactive compounds. Throughout this review, antiviral mechanisms and medical applications of seaweed’s bioactive compounds are analyzed, suggesting seaweed’s potential source of antiviral compounds for the formulation of novel and natural antiviral drugs.
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Time-Dependent Proinflammatory Responses Shape Virus Interference during Coinfections of Influenza A Virus and Influenza D Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020224. [PMID: 35215819 PMCID: PMC8878573 DOI: 10.3390/v14020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Both influenza A virus (IAV) and influenza D virus (IDV) are enzootic in pigs. IAV causes approximately 100% morbidity with low mortality, whereas IDV leads to only mild respiratory diseases in pigs. In this study, we performed a series of coinfection experiments in vitro and in vivo to understand how IAV and IDV interact and cause pathogenesis during coinfection. The results showed that IAV inhibited IDV replication when infecting swine tracheal epithelial cells (STECs) with IAV 24 or 48 h prior to IDV inoculation and that IDV suppressed IAV replication when IDV preceded IAV inoculation by 48 h. Virus interference was not identified during simultaneous IAV/IDV infections or with 6 h between the two viral infections, regardless of their order. The interference pattern at 24 and 48 h correlated with proinflammatory responses induced by the first infection, which, for IDV, was slower than for IAV by about 24 h. The viruses did not interfere with each other if both infected the cells before proinflammatory responses were induced. Coinfection in pigs further demonstrated that IAV interfered with both viral shedding and virus replication of IDV, especially in the upper respiratory tract. Clinically, coinfection of IDV and IAV did not show significant enhancement of disease pathogenesis, compared with the pigs infected with IAV alone. In summary, this study suggests that interference during coinfection of IAV and IDV is primarily due to the proinflammatory response; therefore, it is dependent on the time between infections and the order of infection. This study facilitates our understanding of virus epidemiology and pathogenesis associated with IAV and IDV coinfection.
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Chiem K, Nogales A, Martinez-Sobrido L. Generation, Characterization, and Applications of Influenza A Reporter Viruses. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2524:249-268. [PMID: 35821477 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2453-1_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Secondary experimental procedures such as immunostaining have been utilized to study wild-type influenza A viruses (IAV) but are inadequate to rapidly determine the virus in infected cells or for the high-throughput screening (HTS) of antivirals or neutralizing antibodies. Reverse genetics approaches have allowed the generation of recombinant IAV expressing bioluminescent (BL) reporters or fluorescent proteins (FPs). These approaches can easily track viral infections in cultured cells and in validated animal models of infection using in vivo imaging systems (IVIS). Here, we describe the experimental procedures to generate recombinant monomeric (m)Cherry-expressing influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8-mCherry) H1N1 by altering the non-structural (NS) vRNA segment and its use in mCherry-based microneutralization assays to assess antivirals and neutralizing antibodies. The experimental procedures could be used for the generation of other recombinant influenza virus types (e.g., influenza B) or IAV subtypes (e.g., H3N2) expressing mCherry or other BL reporters or FPs from the NS or other vRNA segment. These recombinant reporter-expressing viruses represent an excellent toolbox for the identification of prophylactics or therapeutics for the treatment of influenza viral infections in HTS settings as well as to study different aspects related with the biology of influenza viruses and/or its interaction with the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Chiem
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Aitor Nogales
- Center for Animal Health Research, INIA-CISA/CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis Martinez-Sobrido
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.
- Department of Internal Research, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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Nemanichvili N, Berends AJ, Tomris I, Barnard KN, Parrish CR, Gröne A, Rijks JM, Verheije MH, de Vries RP. Influenza D binding properties vary amongst the two major virus clades and wildlife species. Vet Microbiol 2021; 264:109298. [PMID: 34906835 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The influenza D virus (IDV) uses a trimeric hemagglutinin-esterase fusion protein (HEF) for attachment to 9-O-acetylated sialic acid receptors on the cell surface of host species. So far research has revealed that farm animals such as cattle, domestic pigs, goats, sheep and horses contain the necessary receptors on the epithelial surface of the respiratory tract to accommodate binding of the IDV HEF protein of both worldwide clades D/Oklahoma (D/OK) and D/Oklahoma/660 (D/660). More recently, seroprevalence studies have identified IDV-seropositive wildlife such as wild boar, deer, dromedaries, and small ruminants. However, no research has thus far been conducted in wildlife to reveal the distribution of acetylated sialic acid receptors that accommodate binding of IDV. Using our previously developed tissue microarray (TMA) system, we developed TMAs containing respiratory tissues of various wild and domestic species including wild boar, deer, dromedary, springbok, water buffalo, tiger, hedgehog, and Asian elephant. Protein histochemical staining of these TMAs with HEF proteins showed no receptor binding for wild Suidae, Cervidae and tiger. However, receptors were present in dromedary, springbok, water buffalo, Asian elephant, and hedgehog. In contrast to previously tested farm animals, a difference in host tropism was observed between the D/OK and D/660 clade HEF proteins in Asian elephant, and water buffalo. These results show that IDV can attach to the respiratory tract of wildlife which might facilitate transmission of IDV between wildlife and domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoloz Nemanichvili
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Alinda J Berends
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ilhan Tomris
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Karen N Barnard
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Colin R Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Andrea Gröne
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jolianne M Rijks
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Monique H Verheije
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Robert P de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Sreenivasan CC, Sheng Z, Wang D, Li F. Host Range, Biology, and Species Specificity of Seven-Segmented Influenza Viruses-A Comparative Review on Influenza C and D. Pathogens 2021; 10:1583. [PMID: 34959538 PMCID: PMC8704295 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Other than genome structure, influenza C (ICV), and D (IDV) viruses with seven-segmented genomes are biologically different from the eight-segmented influenza A (IAV), and B (IBV) viruses concerning the presence of hemagglutinin-esterase fusion protein, which combines the function of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase responsible for receptor-binding, fusion, and receptor-destroying enzymatic activities, respectively. Whereas ICV with humans as primary hosts emerged nearly 74 years ago, IDV, a distant relative of ICV, was isolated in 2011, with bovines as the primary host. Despite its initial emergence in swine, IDV has turned out to be a transboundary bovine pathogen and a broader host range, similar to influenza A viruses (IAV). The receptor specificities of ICV and IDV determine the host range and the species specificity. The recent findings of the presence of the IDV genome in the human respiratory sample, and high traffic human environments indicate its public health significance. Conversely, the presence of ICV in pigs and cattle also raises the possibility of gene segment interactions/virus reassortment between ICV and IDV where these viruses co-exist. This review is a holistic approach to discuss the ecology of seven-segmented influenza viruses by focusing on what is known so far on the host range, seroepidemiology, biology, receptor, phylodynamics, species specificity, and cross-species transmission of the ICV and IDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chithra C. Sreenivasan
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (C.C.S.); (D.W.)
| | - Zizhang Sheng
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Dan Wang
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (C.C.S.); (D.W.)
| | - Feng Li
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (C.C.S.); (D.W.)
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11
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Trombetta CM, Montomoli E, Di Bartolo I, Ostanello F, Chiapponi C, Marchi S. Detection of antibodies against influenza D virus in swine veterinarians in Italy in 2004. J Med Virol 2021; 94:2855-2859. [PMID: 34811769 PMCID: PMC9299042 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) was first isolated from a swine with respiratory disease symptoms in 2011 in the United States. Epidemiological and serological studies support the hypothesis that cattle represent the natural reservoir of IDV with periodical spillover events to other animal hosts. Little is known about the seroprevalence in humans and in specific target groups such as veterinarians in Italy. This study was designed to assess the prevalence of antibodies against two influenza D lineages (D/660 and D/OK) in Italy in archived serum samples from veterinarians working with swine collected in 2004. Serum samples were tested by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and virus neutralization (VN) assays. Results showed that 4.88% (4/82) of tested samples were positive for D/660 and 2.44% (2/82) for D/OK by HI assay. Three out of four samples showed positivity when tested by VN assay. Our data suggest undetected IDVs might have circulated and/or been introduced in Italy as early as 2004 at least in some animal species such as swine. In addition, it seems that the virus was circulating among veterinarians before the first isolation in 2011. This finding highlights the importance to continue monitoring the IDV spread in animals and humans for more detailed surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,VisMederi srl, Siena, Italy.,VisMederi Research srl, Siena, Italy
| | - Ilaria Di Bartolo
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Ostanello
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Chiapponi
- Sede territoriale di Parma, OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Influenza, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Serena Marchi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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12
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He WT, Lu M, Xing G, Shao Y, Zhang M, Yang Y, Li X, Zhang L, Li G, Cao Z, Su S, Veit M, He H. Emergence and adaptive evolution of influenza D virus. Microb Pathog 2021; 160:105193. [PMID: 34536503 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
As a novel member of the Orthomyxoviridae, influenza D virus (IDV) was firstly isolated from swine. However, cattle were found to serve as its primary reservoir. The study of IDV emergence can shed light into the dynamics of zoonotic infections and interspecies transmission. Although there is an increasing number of strains and sequenced IDV strains, their origin, epidemiology and evolutionary dynamics remain unclear. In this study, we reconstruct the diversity and evolutionary dynamics of IDVs. Molecular detection of swine tissue samples shows that six IDV positive samples were identified in the Eastern China. Phylogenetic analyses suggest three major IDV lineages designated as D/Japan, D/OK and D/660 as well as intermediate lineages. IDVs show strong association with geographical location indicating a high level of local transmission, which suggests IDVs tend to establish a local lineage of in situ evolution. In addition, the D/OK lineage widely circulates in swine in Eastern China, and all of the Chinese virus isolates form a distinct sub-clade (D/China sub-lineage). Furthermore, we identified important amino acids in the HEF gene under positive selection that might affect its receptor binding cavity relevant for its broader cell tropism. The combined results highlight that more attention should be paid to the potential threat of IDV to livestock and farming in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ting He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gang Xing
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuekun Shao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yichen Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Letian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gairu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zongxi Cao
- Hainan Academician Workstation, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571100, China
| | - Shuo Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; San-ya Research Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Hainan, Sanya, China.
| | - Michael Veit
- Institute for Virology, Center for Infection Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, Free University Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straße 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Haijian He
- Agricultural College, Jinhua Poletecnic, Jinhua, 321007, China.
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13
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Abstract
From its initial isolation in the USA in 2011 to the present, influenza D virus (IDV) has been detected in cattle and swine populations worldwide. IDV has exceptional thermal and acid stability and a broad host range. The virus utilizes cattle as its natural reservoir and amplification host with periodic spillover to other mammalian species, including swine. IDV infection can cause mild to moderate respiratory illnesses in cattle and has been implicated as a contributor to bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex, which is the most common and costly disease affecting the cattle industry. Bovine and swine IDV outbreaks continue to increase globally, and there is increasing evidence indicating that IDV may have the potential to infect humans. This review discusses recent advances in IDV biology and epidemiology, and summarizes our current understanding of IDV pathogenesis and zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieshi Yu
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA
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14
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Javanian M, Barary M, Ghebrehewet S, Koppolu V, Vasigala V, Ebrahimpour S. A brief review of influenza virus infection. J Med Virol 2021; 93:4638-4646. [PMID: 33792930 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Influenza is an acute viral respiratory infection that affects all age groups and is associated with high mortality during pandemics, epidemics, and sporadic outbreaks. Nearly 10% of the world's population is affected by influenza annually, with about half a million deaths each year. Influenza vaccination is the most effective method for preventing influenza infection and its complications. The influenza vaccine's efficacy varies each season based on the circulating influenza strains and vaccine uptake rates. Currently, three antiviral drugs targeting the influenza virus surface glycoprotein neuraminidase are available for treatment and prophylaxis of disease. Given the significant burden of influenza infection globally, this review is focused on the latest findings in the etiology, epidemiology, transmission, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Javanian
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mohammad Barary
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Sam Ghebrehewet
- Cheshire and Merseyside Health Protection Team, Public Health England North West, Liverpool, UK
| | - Veerendra Koppolu
- Scientist, Department of Analytical Biotechnology, MedImmune/AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20878, USA
| | - VeneelaKrishnaRekha Vasigala
- Department of General Medicine, Rangaraya Medical College, NTR University of Health Sciences, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Soheil Ebrahimpour
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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15
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Holwerda M, Laloli L, Wider M, Schönecker L, Becker J, Meylan M, Dijkman R. Establishment of a Reverse Genetic System from a Bovine Derived Influenza D Virus Isolate. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030502. [PMID: 33803792 PMCID: PMC8003313 DOI: 10.3390/v13030502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ruminant-associated influenza D virus (IDV) has a broad host tropism and was shown to have zoonotic potential. To identify and characterize molecular viral determinants influencing the host spectrum of IDV, a reverse genetic system is required. For this, we first performed 5′ and 3′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) of all seven genomic segments, followed by assessment of the 5′ and 3′ NCR activity prior to constructing the viral genomic segments of a contemporary Swiss bovine IDV isolate (D/CN286) into the bidirectional pHW2000 vector. The bidirectional plasmids were transfected in HRT-18G cells followed by viral rescue on the same cell type. Analysis of the segment specific 5′ and 3′ non-coding regions (NCR) highlighted that the terminal 3′ end of all segments harbours an uracil instead of a cytosine nucleotide, similar to other influenza viruses. Subsequent analysis on the functionality of the 5′ and 3′ NCR in a minireplicon assay revealed that these sequences were functional and that the variable sequence length of the 5′ and 3′ NCR influences reporter gene expression. Thereafter, we evaluated the replication efficiency of the reverse genetic clone on conventional cell lines of human, swine and bovine origin, as well as by using an in vitro model recapitulating the natural replication site of IDV in bovine and swine. This revealed that the reverse genetic clone D/CN286 replicates efficiently in all cell culture models. Combined, these results demonstrate the successful establishment of a reverse genetic system from a contemporary bovine IDV isolate that can be used for future identification and characterization of viral determinants influencing the broad host tropism of IDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melle Holwerda
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (L.L.); (M.W.)
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laura Laloli
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (L.L.); (M.W.)
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Manon Wider
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (L.L.); (M.W.)
| | - Lutz Schönecker
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (J.B.); (M.M.)
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jens Becker
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (J.B.); (M.M.)
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mireille Meylan
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (J.B.); (M.M.)
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ronald Dijkman
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (L.L.); (M.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-31-664-0783
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16
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Kaplan BS, Falkenberg S, Dassanayake R, Neill J, Velayudhan B, Li F, Vincent AL. Virus strain influenced the interspecies transmission of influenza D virus between calves and pigs. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:3396-3404. [PMID: 33259672 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Influenza D viruses (IDV) belong to a new genus in the family Orthomyxoviridae. IDV is the aetiologic agent of acute, mild respiratory disease in ungulate species with agricultural importance (cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, camels, etc.). Despite the initial isolate being of porcine origin, serological data suggest cattle to be the primary host of IDV. The study aims were twofold: elucidating species-specific replication kinetics of IDV in bovine and porcine hosts and defining the interspecies potential with two different IDV strains. Three calves and three pigs were intranasally inoculated with the prototypic strain D/swine/Oklahoma/1334/2017 or a genetically distinct cattle isolate, D/bovine/Texas/72/2017. Two days following infection, three naïve pigs and three naïve calves were co-housed with inoculated calves and pigs, respectively. The species of IDV origin had no effect on virus replication kinetics in the upper respiratory tract of inoculated calves and pigs; similar shedding profiles were observed for each species and virus. However, interspecies transmission was found to be associated with virus origin species; D/bovine/Texas/72/2017 and D/swine/Oklahoma/1334/2017 were directly transmitted only to contact calves or pigs, respectively. Even so, transmission efficiency was higher for calves compared to pigs. Together, these data show that cattle and pigs are permissive for IDV replication, but IDV transmission may be species dependent. Host-specific mutations likely influenced transmission efficiencies between agriculturally important mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan S Kaplan
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Shollie Falkenberg
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Rohana Dassanayake
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA
| | - John Neill
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Binu Velayudhan
- North Carolina Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory System, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Amy L Vincent
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA
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17
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Saegerman C, Bianchini J, Snoeck CJ, Moreno A, Chiapponi C, Zohari S, Ducatez MF. First expert elicitation of knowledge on drivers of emergence of influenza D in Europe. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:3349-3359. [PMID: 33249766 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The influenza D virus (IDV) was first identified and characterized in 2011. Considering the virus' zoonotic potential, its genome nature (segmented RNA virus), its worldwide circulation in livestock and its role in bovine respiratory disease, an increased interest is given to IDV. However, few data are available on drivers of emergence of IDV. We first listed fifty possible drivers of emergence of IDV in ruminants and swine. As recently carried out for COVID-19 in pets (Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 2020), a scoring system was developed per driver and scientific experts (N = 28) were elicited to (a) allocate a score to each driver, (b) weight the drivers' scores within each domain and (c) weight the different domains among themselves. An overall weighted score was calculated per driver, and drivers were ranked in decreasing order. Drivers with comparable likelihoods to play a role in the emergence of IDV in ruminants and swine in Europe were grouped using a regression tree analysis. Finally, the robustness of the expert elicitation was verified. Eight drivers were ranked with the highest probability to play a key role in the emergence of IDV: current species specificity of the causing agent of the disease; influence of (il)legal movements of live animals (ruminants, swine) from neighbouring/European Union member states and from third countries for the disease to (re-)emerge in a given country; detection of emergence; current knowledge of the pathogen; vaccine availability; animal density; and transport vehicles of live animals. As there is still limited scientific knowledge on the topic, expert elicitation of knowledge and multi-criteria decision analysis, in addition to clustering and sensitivity analyses, are very important to prioritize future studies, starting from the top eight drivers. The present methodology could be applied to other emerging animal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Saegerman
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Juana Bianchini
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Chantal J Snoeck
- Clinical and Applied Virology group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Ana Moreno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna 'Bruno Ubertini', Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Chiapponi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna 'Bruno Ubertini', Brescia, Italy
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18
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Liu R, Sheng Z, Huang C, Wang D, Li F. Influenza D virus. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 44:154-161. [PMID: 32932215 PMCID: PMC7755673 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Influenza D is the only type of influenza virus that mainly affects cattle with frequent spillover to other species. Since the initial description of influenza D virus (IDV) in 2011, the virus has been found to circulate among cattle and swine populations worldwide. Research conducted during the past several years has led to an increased understanding of this novel influenza virus with bovines as a reservoir. In this review, we describe the current knowledge of epidemiology and host range of IDV followed by discussion of infection biology and animal model development for IDV. Finally, we review progress towards understanding of the pathogenesis and host response of IDV as well as developing preventive vaccines for IDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runxia Liu
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Zizhang Sheng
- Zukerman Institute of Mind Brain Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA.
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19
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Gaudino M, Moreno A, Snoeck CJ, Zohari S, Saegerman C, O'Donovan T, Ryan E, Zanni I, Foni E, Sausy A, Hübschen JM, Meyer G, Chiapponi C, Ducatez MF. Emerging Influenza D virus infection in European livestock as determined in serology studies: Are we underestimating its spread over the continent? Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1125-1135. [PMID: 32871031 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) is a novel orthomyxovirus that was first isolated in 2011 in the United States from a swine exhibiting influenza-like disease. To date, its detection is extended to all continents and in a broad host range: IDV is circulating in cattle, swine, feral swine, camelids, small ruminants and horses. Evidence also suggests a possible species jump to humans, underlining the issue of zoonotic potential. In Europe, serological investigations in cattle have partially allowed the understanding of the virus diffusion in different countries such as Italy, France, Luxembourg and Ireland. The infection is widespread in cattle but limited in other investigated species, consolidating the assumption of cattle as IDV primary host. We hypothesize that commercial livestock trade could play a role in the observed differences in IDV seroprevalence among these areas. Indeed, the overall level of exposure in cattle and swine in destination countries (e.g. Italy) is higher than in origin countries (e.g. France), leading to the hypothesis of a viral shedding following the transportation of young cattle abroad and thus contributing to larger diffusion at countries of destination. IDV large geographic circulation in cattle from Northern to more Southern European countries also supports the hypothesis of a viral spread through livestock trade. This review summarizes available data on IDV seroprevalence in Europe collected so far and integrates unpublished data from IDV European surveillance framework of the last decade. In addition, the possible role of livestock trade and biosecurity measures in this pathogen's spread is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gaudino
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Ana Moreno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy
| | - Chantal J Snoeck
- Clinical and Applied Virology Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | | | - Claude Saegerman
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Tom O'Donovan
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Celbridge, Ireland
| | - Eoin Ryan
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Celbridge, Ireland
| | - Irene Zanni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Parma, Italy
| | - Emanuela Foni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Parma, Italy
| | - Aurelie Sausy
- Clinical and Applied Virology Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Judith M Hübschen
- Clinical and Applied Virology Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Gilles Meyer
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Chiara Chiapponi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Parma, Italy
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20
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Alvarez IJ, Fort M, Pasucci J, Moreno F, Gimenez H, Näslund K, Hägglund S, Zohari S, Valarcher JF. Seroprevalence of influenza D virus in bulls in Argentina. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:585-588. [PMID: 32552516 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720934056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) is considered a new agent involved in bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Based on seroprevalence studies or isolation from clinical samples, this virus has been detected on several continents and in several animal species, including cattle, pigs, camel, horses, and goats. We used an indirect in-house ELISA to detect anti-IDV antibodies in 165 serum samples from bulls on 116 farms in the province of La Pampa, Argentina. Eighty-five of 116 (73%) farms had at least 1 positive animal, and 112 of 165 (68%) of the analyzed samples were positive. There were no significant differences in the proportion of seropositive samples depending on the geographic region in which the samples were taken. Our results suggest that IDV infection is endemic in La Pampa; the clinical importance of IDV in Argentina remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio J Alvarez
- Laboratorio Alvarez, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Alvarez).,Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Anguil, La Pampa, Argentina (Fort, Gimenez).,Centro de Investigacion Veterinaria Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Pasucci).,Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Moreno).,Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (Näslund, Hägglund, Valarcher, Zohari).,Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden (Näslund, Zohari)
| | - Marcelo Fort
- Laboratorio Alvarez, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Alvarez).,Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Anguil, La Pampa, Argentina (Fort, Gimenez).,Centro de Investigacion Veterinaria Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Pasucci).,Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Moreno).,Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (Näslund, Hägglund, Valarcher, Zohari).,Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden (Näslund, Zohari)
| | - Juan Pasucci
- Laboratorio Alvarez, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Alvarez).,Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Anguil, La Pampa, Argentina (Fort, Gimenez).,Centro de Investigacion Veterinaria Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Pasucci).,Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Moreno).,Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (Näslund, Hägglund, Valarcher, Zohari).,Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden (Näslund, Zohari)
| | - Fabiana Moreno
- Laboratorio Alvarez, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Alvarez).,Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Anguil, La Pampa, Argentina (Fort, Gimenez).,Centro de Investigacion Veterinaria Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Pasucci).,Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Moreno).,Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (Näslund, Hägglund, Valarcher, Zohari).,Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden (Näslund, Zohari)
| | - Hugo Gimenez
- Laboratorio Alvarez, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Alvarez).,Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Anguil, La Pampa, Argentina (Fort, Gimenez).,Centro de Investigacion Veterinaria Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Pasucci).,Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Moreno).,Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (Näslund, Hägglund, Valarcher, Zohari).,Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden (Näslund, Zohari)
| | - Katarina Näslund
- Laboratorio Alvarez, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Alvarez).,Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Anguil, La Pampa, Argentina (Fort, Gimenez).,Centro de Investigacion Veterinaria Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Pasucci).,Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Moreno).,Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (Näslund, Hägglund, Valarcher, Zohari).,Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden (Näslund, Zohari)
| | - Sara Hägglund
- Laboratorio Alvarez, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Alvarez).,Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Anguil, La Pampa, Argentina (Fort, Gimenez).,Centro de Investigacion Veterinaria Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Pasucci).,Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Moreno).,Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (Näslund, Hägglund, Valarcher, Zohari).,Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden (Näslund, Zohari)
| | - Siamak Zohari
- Laboratorio Alvarez, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Alvarez).,Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Anguil, La Pampa, Argentina (Fort, Gimenez).,Centro de Investigacion Veterinaria Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Pasucci).,Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Moreno).,Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (Näslund, Hägglund, Valarcher, Zohari).,Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden (Näslund, Zohari)
| | - Jean François Valarcher
- Laboratorio Alvarez, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Alvarez).,Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Anguil, La Pampa, Argentina (Fort, Gimenez).,Centro de Investigacion Veterinaria Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Pasucci).,Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Moreno).,Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (Näslund, Hägglund, Valarcher, Zohari).,Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden (Näslund, Zohari)
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21
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Liu R, Sreenivasan C, Yu H, Sheng Z, Newkirk SJ, An W, Smith DF, Chen X, Wang D, Li F. Influenza D virus diverges from its related influenza C virus in the recognition of 9-O-acetylated N-acetyl- or N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid-containing glycan receptors. Virology 2020; 545:16-23. [PMID: 32174455 PMCID: PMC7174096 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) utilizes bovines as a primary reservoir with periodical spillover to other mammalian hosts. By using traditional hemagglutination assay coupled with sialoglycan microarray (SGM) platform and functional assays, we demonstrated that IDV is more efficient in recognizing both 9-O-acetylated N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5,9Ac2) and 9-O-acetylated N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc9Ac) than influenza C virus (ICV), a ubiquitous human pathogen. ICV seems to strongly prefer Neu5,9Ac2 over Neu5Gc9Ac. Since Neu5Gc9Ac is different from Neu5,9Ac2 only by an additional oxygen in the group at the C5 position, our results reveal that the hydroxyl group in Neu5Gc9Ac plays a critical role in determining receptor binding specificity, which as a result may discriminate IDV from ICV in communicating with 9-O-acetylated SAs. These findings shall provide a framework for further investigation towards better understanding of how newly discovered multiple-species-infecting IDV exploits natural 9-O-acetylated SA variations to expand its host range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runxia Liu
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Chithra Sreenivasan
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Zizhang Sheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Simon J Newkirk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Wenfeng An
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - David F Smith
- Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA; Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA; BioSNTR, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA; Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA; BioSNTR, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
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22
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Chiapponi C, Ducatez M, Faccini S, Foni E, Gaudino M, Hägglund S, Luppi A, Meyer G, Moreno A, Näslund K, Nemanichvili N, Oliva J, Prosperi A, Rosignoli C, Renault V, Saegerman C, Sausy A, Snoeck C, Valarcher J, Verheije H, Zohari S. Risk assessment for influenza D in Europe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [PMCID: PMC7300431 DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.en-1853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Chiapponi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” Italy
| | - Mariette Ducatez
- French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment France
| | - Silvia Faccini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” Italy
| | - Emmanuela Foni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” Italy
| | - Maria Gaudino
- French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment France
| | | | - Andrea Luppi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” Italy
| | - Gilles Meyer
- French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment France
| | - Ana Moreno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”
| | | | | | - Justine Oliva
- French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment France
| | - Alice Prosperi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” Italy
| | - Carlo Rosignoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” Italy
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23
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Mazzetto E, Bortolami A, Fusaro A, Mazzacan E, Maniero S, Vascellari M, Beato MS, Schiavon E, Chiapponi C, Terregino C, Monne I, Bonfante F. Replication of Influenza D Viruses of Bovine and Swine Origin in Ovine Respiratory Explants and Their Attachment to the Respiratory Tract of Bovine, Sheep, Goat, Horse, and Swine. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1136. [PMID: 32523585 PMCID: PMC7261881 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine is considered the main reservoir of influenza D virus (IDV), however, low levels of seropositivity in other farmed species suggest a wide range of potential hosts. Nevertheless, it is not clear whether this scenario is the result of rare spillover events upon contact with bovines, or a lack of adaptation of IDV to these hosts. Among these species, sheep represents a crucial component of the rural economy in many developing countries, but little is known about its role in the ecology of the disease. To evaluate the susceptibility of sheep to IDV viruses of different origin, we used ovine respiratory tissues as an ex vivo model and investigated the infective phenotype of two IDV strains isolated from either bovine (IDV-BOV) or swine (IDV-SW). For translatability purposes, we included a parainfluenza type 3 virus, as positive control, given its known respiratory tropism in sheep. We performed a timed evaluation of the viral infectivity, cell tropism and the associated histopathology, by means of tissue culture infectious dose assays on supernatants and histological/immunohistochemical analyses on explanted tissues, respectively. To further investigate differences in the phenotype of these two strains and to identify the potential targets of replication in the most commonly land-based farmed mammalian species, we carried out virus binding assays on histological sections of the respiratory tract of bovine, caprine, ovine, horse and swine. Our results demonstrated that IDV successfully replicates in nasal, tracheal and lung ovine tissues, suggesting a moderate susceptibility of this species to IDV infection. Interestingly, despite the high genetic identity of these strains, IDV- BOV consistently replicated to higher titers than IDV-SW in all respiratory tracts, suggesting IDV viruses might display considerable levels of variability in their phenotype when crossing the species barrier. Virus binding assays confirmed a superior affinity of the IDV viruses for the bovine upper respiratory tract, and a preference for the pharyngeal epithelium of small ruminants, indicating possible targets to improve the sensitivity of virological sampling for diagnostic and post-mortem purposes. Further pathogenesis and cross-species transmission studies will be necessary to elucidate the ecology of IDV and eventually allow the design of cost-effective surveillance strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mazzetto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alessio Bortolami
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alice Fusaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Italy
| | - Elisa Mazzacan
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Italy
| | - Silvia Maniero
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Italy
| | - Marta Vascellari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Italy
| | - Maria Serena Beato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Italy
| | - Eliana Schiavon
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Italy
| | - Chiara Chiapponi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini" (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Calogero Terregino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Italy
| | - Isabella Monne
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Bonfante
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Italy
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24
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Global Transmission, Spatial Segregation, and Recombination Determine the Long-Term Evolution and Epidemiology of Bovine Coronaviruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050534. [PMID: 32414076 PMCID: PMC7290379 DOI: 10.3390/v12050534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is widespread in cattle and wild ruminant populations throughout the world. The virus causes neonatal calf diarrhea and winter dysentery in adult cattle, as well as upper and lower respiratory tract infection in young cattle. We isolated and deep sequenced whole genomes of BCoV from calves with respiratory distress in the south–west of France and conducted a comparative genome analysis using globally collected BCoV sequences to provide insights into the genomic characteristics, evolutionary origins, and global diversity of BCoV. Molecular clock analyses allowed us to estimate that the BCoV ancestor emerged in the 1940s, and that two geographically distinct lineages diverged from the 1960s–1970s. A recombination event in the spike gene (breakpoint at nt 1100) may be at the origin of the genetic divergence sixty years ago. Little evidence of genetic mixing between the spatially segregated lineages was found, suggesting that BCoV genetic diversity is a result of a global transmission pathway that occurred during the last century. However, we found variation in evolution rates between the European and non-European lineages indicating differences in virus ecology.
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Chauhan RP, Gordon ML. A Systematic Review Analyzing the Prevalence and Circulation of Influenza Viruses in Swine Population Worldwide. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9050355. [PMID: 32397138 PMCID: PMC7281378 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The global anxiety and a significant threat to public health due to the current COVID-19 pandemic reiterate the need for active surveillance for the zoonotic virus diseases of pandemic potential. Influenza virus due to its wide host range and zoonotic potential poses such a significant threat to public health. Swine serve as a “mixing vessel” for influenza virus reassortment and evolution which as a result may facilitate the emergence of new strains or subtypes of zoonotic potential. In this context, the currently available scientific data hold a high significance to unravel influenza virus epidemiology and evolution. With this objective, the current systematic review summarizes the original research articles and case reports of all the four types of influenza viruses reported in swine populations worldwide. A total of 281 articles were found eligible through screening of PubMed and Google Scholar databases and hence were included in this systematic review. The highest number of research articles (n = 107) were reported from Asia, followed by Americas (n = 97), Europe (n = 55), Africa (n = 18), and Australia (n = 4). The H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, and A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses were the most common influenza A virus subtypes reported in swine in most countries across the globe, however, few strains of influenza B, C, and D viruses were also reported in certain countries. Multiple reports of the avian influenza virus strains documented in the last two decades in swine in China, the United States, Canada, South Korea, Nigeria, and Egypt provided the evidence of interspecies transmission of influenza viruses from birds to swine. Inter-species transmission of equine influenza virus H3N8 from horse to swine in China expanded the genetic diversity of swine influenza viruses. Additionally, numerous reports of the double and triple-reassortant strains which emerged due to reassortments among avian, human, and swine strains within swine further increased the genetic diversity of swine influenza viruses. These findings are alarming hence active surveillance should be in place to prevent future influenza pandemics.
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26
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Jung HE, Lee HK. Host Protective Immune Responses against Influenza A Virus Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050504. [PMID: 32375274 PMCID: PMC7291249 DOI: 10.3390/v12050504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses cause infectious respiratory disease characterized by fever, myalgia, and congestion, ranging in severity from mild to life-threating. Although enormous efforts have aimed to prevent and treat influenza infections, seasonal and pandemic influenza outbreaks remain a major public health concern. This is largely because influenza viruses rapidly undergo genetic mutations that restrict the long-lasting efficacy of vaccine-induced immune responses and therapeutic regimens. In this review, we discuss the virological features of influenza A viruses and provide an overview of current knowledge of the innate sensing of invading influenza viruses and the protective immune responses in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hi Eun Jung
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.E.J.); (H.K.L.); Tel.: +82-42-350-4281 (H.K.L.)
| | - Heung Kyu Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.E.J.); (H.K.L.); Tel.: +82-42-350-4281 (H.K.L.)
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27
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Silveira S, Falkenberg SM, Kaplan BS, Crossley B, Ridpath JF, Bauermann FB, Fossler CP, Dargatz DA, Dassanayake RP, Vincent AL, Canal CW, Neill JD. Serosurvey for Influenza D Virus Exposure in Cattle, United States, 2014-2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 25:2074-2080. [PMID: 31625836 PMCID: PMC6810200 DOI: 10.3201/eid2511.190253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza D virus has been detected predominantly in cattle from several countries. In the United States, regional and state seropositive rates for influenza D have previously been reported, but little information exists to evaluate national seroprevalence. We performed a serosurveillance study with 1,992 bovine serum samples collected across the country in 2014 and 2015. We found a high overall seropositive rate of 77.5% nationally; regional rates varied from 47.7% to 84.6%. Samples from the Upper Midwest and Mountain West regions showed the highest seropositive rates. In addition, seropositive samples were found in 41 of the 42 states from which cattle originated, demonstrating that influenza D virus circulated widely in cattle during this period. The distribution of influenza D virus in cattle from the United States highlights the need for greater understanding about pathogenesis, epidemiology, and the implications for animal health.
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28
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Bailey ES, Fieldhouse JK, Alarja NA, Chen DD, Kovalik ME, Zemke JN, Choi JY, Borkenhagen LK, Toh TH, Lee JSY, Chong KS, Gray GC. First sequence of influenza D virus identified in poultry farm bioaerosols in Sarawak, Malaysia. TROPICAL DISEASES TRAVEL MEDICINE AND VACCINES 2020; 6:5. [PMID: 32190346 PMCID: PMC7069008 DOI: 10.1186/s40794-020-0105-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In 2018, our team collected aerosols samples from five poultry farms in Malaysia. Influenza D virus was detected in 14% of samples. One sample had an 86.3% identity score similar to NCBI accession number MH785020.1. This is the first molecular sequence of influenza D virus detected in Southeast Asia from a bioaerosol sample. Our findings indicate that further study of role of IDV in poultry is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Bailey
- 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC Box 102359, Durham, NC 27710 USA.,2Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina USA.,3Julia Jones Matthews Department of Public Health, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX USA
| | - Jane K Fieldhouse
- 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC Box 102359, Durham, NC 27710 USA.,2Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina USA
| | - Natalie A Alarja
- 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC Box 102359, Durham, NC 27710 USA.,2Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina USA
| | - David D Chen
- 2Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina USA
| | - Maria E Kovalik
- 2Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina USA
| | - Juliana N Zemke
- 2Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina USA
| | - Jessica Y Choi
- 2Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina USA
| | - Laura K Borkenhagen
- 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC Box 102359, Durham, NC 27710 USA.,2Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina USA
| | - Teck-Hock Toh
- 4Clinical Research Center, Sibu Hospital, Sibu, Sarawak Malaysia.,5Faculty of Medicine, SEGi University, Kota Damansara, Selangor Malaysia
| | | | - Kuek-Sen Chong
- 5Faculty of Medicine, SEGi University, Kota Damansara, Selangor Malaysia.,Divisional Health Office, Sibu, Sarawak Malaysia
| | - Gregory C Gray
- 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC Box 102359, Durham, NC 27710 USA.,2Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina USA.,7Global Health Research Center, Duke-Kunshan University, Kunshan, China.,8Emerging Infectious Disease Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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29
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Delogu M, Cotti C, Lelli D, Sozzi E, Trogu T, Lavazza A, Garuti G, Castrucci MR, Vaccari G, De Marco MA, Moreno A. Eco-Virological Preliminary Study of Potentially Emerging Pathogens in Hedgehogs ( Erinaceus europaeus) Recovered at a Wildlife Treatment and Rehabilitation Center in Northern Italy. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10030407. [PMID: 32121543 PMCID: PMC7143230 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Most of the newly emerging infections arise from animal reservoirs, frequently represented by wildlife species. Western European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) are mammalian hibernators, mainly nocturnal and insectivorous, living in natural open and green spaces as well as artificial, rural and urban, areas. They are generalist predators of macro-invertebrates, but they may also eat meat, bird eggs and on occasion pet food. These ecological and feeding habits, along with their high population densities, notable synanthropic attitudes, frequent contacts with sympatric wild and domestic species, including humans, implicate the possibility of intra- and interspecies interactions accounting for the possible involvement of E. europaeus in the ecology of several potentially emerging pathogens, including coronaviruses. Using PCR-based and virus isolation methods, we found that 58.3% of 24 hedgehogs’ fecal samples were PCR-positive for Erinaceus coronaviruses (EriCoVs). We did not observe any clinical disease related to the EriCoV infection in hedgehogs. However, the high mutation rates characterizing members of the Coronaviridae family and their potential successful interspecies host jumps—as that likely occurred in the Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) emergence—should be considered in the management of hedgehogs admitted to multi-species wildlife rehabilitation centers, recommending their return back to the original recovery areas. Abstract The Western European Hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) is one of the four hedgehog species belonging to the genus Erinaceus. Among them, E. amurensis is extant in East Asia’s areas only, whereas E. europaeus, E. roumanicus and E. concolor are mainly found in Europe. E. europaeus is endemically distributed from western to central and southern Europe, including Italy. Western European hedgehogs’ ecological and feeding habits, along with their high population densities, notable synanthropic attitudes, frequent contacts with sympatric wild and domestic species, including humans, implicate the possible involvement of E. europaeus in the ecology of potentially emerging viruses, such as coronaviruses, influenza A and influenza D viruses, canine distemper virus, pestiviruses and Aujeszky’s disease virus. We examined 24 E. europaeus individuals found injured in urban and rural areas of Northern Italy. Of the 24 fecal samples collected and tested for the above-mentioned pathogens by both PCR-based and virus isolation methods, 14 were found PCR-positive for betacoronaviruses belonging to lineage C and related to the known Erinaceus coronaviruses (EriCoVs), as determined by partial sequencing of the virus genome. Our findings suggest that hedgehogs could be considered natural reservoirs of CoVs, and also act as chronic shedding carriers of these potentially emerging RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Delogu
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 50 Via Tolara di Sopra, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy; (M.D.); (C.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Claudia Cotti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 50 Via Tolara di Sopra, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy; (M.D.); (C.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Davide Lelli
- Virology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, 7/9 Via Bianchi, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (D.L.); (E.S.); (T.T.); (A.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Enrica Sozzi
- Virology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, 7/9 Via Bianchi, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (D.L.); (E.S.); (T.T.); (A.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Tiziana Trogu
- Virology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, 7/9 Via Bianchi, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (D.L.); (E.S.); (T.T.); (A.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Virology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, 7/9 Via Bianchi, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (D.L.); (E.S.); (T.T.); (A.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Giacomo Garuti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 50 Via Tolara di Sopra, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy; (M.D.); (C.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Maria Rita Castrucci
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 299 Viale Regina Elena, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Gabriele Vaccari
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 299 Viale Regina Elena, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Maria Alessandra De Marco
- Wildlife Service, Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), 9 Via Ca’ Fornacetta, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-051-651-2205
| | - Ana Moreno
- Virology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, 7/9 Via Bianchi, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (D.L.); (E.S.); (T.T.); (A.L.); (A.M.)
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Yilmaz A, Umar S, Turan N, Aydin O, Tali HE, Oguzoglu TC, Yilmaz H, Richt JA, Ducatez MF. First report of influenza D virus infection in Turkish cattle with respiratory disease. Res Vet Sci 2020; 130:98-102. [PMID: 32169811 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory infections are the most economically important diseases affecting the cattle industry worldwide including Turkey. Influenza D virus (IDV) could play an important role to trigger bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex. Since, there is no data about the presence and genotypes of IDV in Turkish cattle herds; this study was performed to investigate IDV in cattle in Turkey. Animals analyzed in this study were from commercial cattle farms having respiratory disease in calves with significant mortality. Nasal swabs and tissue samples from cattle in Marmara, Inner Anatolia and Aegean region of Turkey were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR assay to detect IDV. Among 76 samples form 12 cattle herds, IDV was detected in 3 cattle in a herd. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of partial hemagglutinin esterase fusion (HEF) gene showed that the Turkish strain is 95% identical to its European and US counterparts, which suggest intercontinental spread of the virus. These findings highlight the need for future continuous surveillance on larger scale to determine the distribution pattern and evolution of this novel emerging pathogen in Turkish cattle industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysun Yilmaz
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Büyükcekmece, 35500 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sajid Umar
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Büyükcekmece, 35500 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Veterinary Pathology, PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Nuri Turan
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Büyükcekmece, 35500 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozge Aydin
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Büyükcekmece, 35500 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - H Emre Tali
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Büyükcekmece, 35500 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tuba C Oguzoglu
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, Ankara University, Diskapi, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Yilmaz
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Büyükcekmece, 35500 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Juergen A Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, USA
| | - Mariette F Ducatez
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse, France
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Murine Model for the Study of Influenza D Virus. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01662-19. [PMID: 31776281 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01662-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel genus within the Orthomyxoviridae family was identified in the United States and named influenza D virus (IDV). Bovines have been proposed to be the primary host, and three main viral lineages (D/OK-like, D/660-like, and D/Japan-like) have been described. Experimental infections had previously been performed in swine, ferrets, calves, and guinea pigs in order to study IDV pathogenesis. We developed a murine experimental model to facilitate the study of IDV pathogenesis and the immune response. DBA/2 mice were inoculated with 105 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) of D/bovine/France/5920/2014 (D/OK-like). No clinical signs or weight loss were observed. Viral replication was observed mainly in the upper respiratory tract (nasal turbinates) but also in the lower respiratory tract of infected mice, with a peak at 4 days postinfection. Moreover, the virus was also detected in the intestines. All infected mice seroconverted by 14 days postinfection. Transcriptomic analyses demonstrated that IDV induced the activation of proinflammatory genes, such as gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and CCL2. Inoculation of NF-κB-luciferase and Ifnar1-/- mice demonstrated that IDV induced mild inflammation and that a type I interferon response was not necessary in IDV clearance. Adaptation of IDV by serial passages in mice was not sufficient to induce disease or increased pathogenesis. Taken together, present data and comparisons with the calf model show that our mouse model allows for the study of IDV replication and fitness (before selected viruses may be inoculated on calves) and also of the immune response.IMPORTANCE Influenza D virus (IDV), a new genus of Orthomyxoviridae family, presents a large host range and a worldwide circulation. The pathogenicity of this virus has been studied in the calf model. The mouse model is frequently used to enable a first assessment of a pathogen's fitness, replication, and pathogenesis for influenza A and B viruses. We showed that DBA/2 mice are a relevant in vivo model for the study of IDV replication. This model will allow for rapid IDV fitness and replication evaluation and will enable phenotypic comparisons between isolated viruses. It will also allow for a better understanding of the immune response induced after IDV infection.
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Fusade-Boyer M, Pato PS, Komlan M, Dogno K, Batawui K, Go-Maro E, McKenzie P, Guinat C, Secula A, Paul M, Webby RJ, Tran A, Waret-Szkuta A, Ducatez MF. Risk Mapping of Influenza D Virus Occurrence in Ruminants and Swine in Togo Using a Spatial Multicriteria Decision Analysis Approach. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020128. [PMID: 31973026 PMCID: PMC7077333 DOI: 10.3390/v12020128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) has been identified in several continents, with serological evidence for the virus in Africa. In order to improve the sensitivity and cost–benefit of IDV surveillance in Togo, risk maps were drawn using a spatial multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) and experts’ opinion to evaluate the relevance of sampling areas used so far. Areas at highest risk of IDV occurrence were the main cattle markets. The maps were evaluated with previous field surveillance data collected in Togo between 2017 and 2019: 1216 sera from cattle, small ruminants, and swine were screened for antibodies to IDV by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays. While further samples collections are needed to validate the maps, the risk maps resulting from the spatial MCDA approach generated here highlight several priority areas for IDV circulation assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Fusade-Boyer
- IHAP, UMR1225, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, 31076 Toulouse, France; (M.F.-B.); (C.G.); (A.S.); (M.P.); (A.W.-S.)
| | - Pidemnéwé S. Pato
- Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire de Lomé, 55788 Lomé, Togo; (P.S.P.); (M.K.); (K.D.); (K.B.); (E.G.-M.)
| | - Mathias Komlan
- Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire de Lomé, 55788 Lomé, Togo; (P.S.P.); (M.K.); (K.D.); (K.B.); (E.G.-M.)
| | - Koffi Dogno
- Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire de Lomé, 55788 Lomé, Togo; (P.S.P.); (M.K.); (K.D.); (K.B.); (E.G.-M.)
| | - Komla Batawui
- Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire de Lomé, 55788 Lomé, Togo; (P.S.P.); (M.K.); (K.D.); (K.B.); (E.G.-M.)
| | - Emilie Go-Maro
- Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire de Lomé, 55788 Lomé, Togo; (P.S.P.); (M.K.); (K.D.); (K.B.); (E.G.-M.)
| | - Pamela McKenzie
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (P.M.); (R.J.W.)
| | - Claire Guinat
- IHAP, UMR1225, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, 31076 Toulouse, France; (M.F.-B.); (C.G.); (A.S.); (M.P.); (A.W.-S.)
| | - Aurélie Secula
- IHAP, UMR1225, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, 31076 Toulouse, France; (M.F.-B.); (C.G.); (A.S.); (M.P.); (A.W.-S.)
| | - Mathilde Paul
- IHAP, UMR1225, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, 31076 Toulouse, France; (M.F.-B.); (C.G.); (A.S.); (M.P.); (A.W.-S.)
| | - Richard J. Webby
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (P.M.); (R.J.W.)
| | | | - Agnès Waret-Szkuta
- IHAP, UMR1225, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, 31076 Toulouse, France; (M.F.-B.); (C.G.); (A.S.); (M.P.); (A.W.-S.)
| | - Mariette F. Ducatez
- IHAP, UMR1225, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, 31076 Toulouse, France; (M.F.-B.); (C.G.); (A.S.); (M.P.); (A.W.-S.)
- Correspondence:
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Trombetta CM, Marchi S, Manini I, Kistner O, Li F, Piu P, Manenti A, Biuso F, Sreenivasan C, Druce J, Montomoli E. Influenza D Virus: Serological Evidence in the Italian Population from 2005 to 2017. Viruses 2019; 12:v12010030. [PMID: 31892120 PMCID: PMC7019439 DOI: 10.3390/v12010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza D virus is a novel influenza virus, which was first isolated from an ailing swine in 2011 and later detected in cattle, suggesting that these animals may be a primary natural reservoir. To date, few studies have been performed on human samples and there is no conclusive evidence on the ability of the virus to infect humans. The aim of this serological study was to assess the prevalence of antibodies against influenza D virus in human serum samples collected in Italy from 2005 to 2017. Serum samples were analysed by haemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralization assays. The results showed that the prevalence of antibodies against the virus increased in the human population in Italy from 2005 to 2017, with a trend characterized by a sharp increase in some years, followed by a decline in subsequent years. The virus showed the ability to infect and elicit an immune response in humans. However, prevalence peaks in humans appear to follow epidemics in animals and not to persist in the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M. Trombetta
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy; (S.M.); (I.M.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0577-232100
| | - Serena Marchi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy; (S.M.); (I.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Ilaria Manini
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy; (S.M.); (I.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Otfried Kistner
- VisMederi srl, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy; (O.K.); (P.P.)
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (F.L.); (C.S.)
| | - Pietro Piu
- VisMederi srl, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy; (O.K.); (P.P.)
| | - Alessandro Manenti
- VisMederi Research srl, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.M.); (F.B.)
| | - Fabrizio Biuso
- VisMederi Research srl, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.M.); (F.B.)
| | - Chithra Sreenivasan
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (F.L.); (C.S.)
| | - Julian Druce
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia;
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy; (S.M.); (I.M.); (E.M.)
- VisMederi srl, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy; (O.K.); (P.P.)
- VisMederi Research srl, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.M.); (F.B.)
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Gorin S, Fablet C, Quéguiner S, Barbier N, Paboeuf F, Hervé S, Rose N, Simon G. Assessment of Influenza D Virus in Domestic Pigs and Wild Boars in France: Apparent Limited Spread within Swine Populations Despite Serological Evidence of Breeding Sow Exposure. Viruses 2019; 12:v12010025. [PMID: 31878133 PMCID: PMC7019313 DOI: 10.3390/v12010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to assess influenza D virus (IDV) infections in swine in France, reference reagents were produced in specific pathogen free pigs to ensure serological and virological analyses. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays were carried out on 2090 domestic pig sera collected in 2012-2018 in 102 farms. Only 31 sera from breeding sows sampled in 2014-2015 in six farrow-to-finish herds with respiratory disorders contained IDV-specific antibodies. In two of them, within-herd percentage of positive samples (73.3% and 13.3%, respectively) and HI titers (20-160) suggested IDV infections, but virus persistence was not confirmed following new sampling in 2017. All growing pigs tested seronegative, whatever their age and the sampling year. Moreover, PB1-gene RT-qPCR performed on 452 nasal swabs taken in 2015-2018 on pigs with acute respiratory syndrome (137 farms) gave negative results. In Corse, a Mediterranean island where pigs are mainly bred free-range, 2.3% of sera (n = 177) sampled on adult pigs in 2013-2014 obtained low HI titers. Finally, 0.5% of sera from wild boars hunted in 2009-2016 (n = 644) tested positive with low HI titers. These results provide the first serological evidence that sows were exposed to IDV in France but with a limited spread within the swine population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Gorin
- Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (S.G.); (S.Q.); (N.B.); (S.H.)
| | - Christelle Fablet
- Epidemiology, Health and Welfare Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (C.F.); (N.R.)
| | - Stéphane Quéguiner
- Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (S.G.); (S.Q.); (N.B.); (S.H.)
| | - Nicolas Barbier
- Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (S.G.); (S.Q.); (N.B.); (S.H.)
| | - Frédéric Paboeuf
- SPF Pig Production and Experimentation, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France;
| | - Séverine Hervé
- Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (S.G.); (S.Q.); (N.B.); (S.H.)
| | - Nicolas Rose
- Epidemiology, Health and Welfare Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (C.F.); (N.R.)
| | - Gaëlle Simon
- Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (S.G.); (S.Q.); (N.B.); (S.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-296-010-163
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Nogales A, Aydillo T, Ávila-Pérez G, Escalera A, Chiem K, Cadagan R, DeDiego ML, Li F, García-Sastre A, Martínez-Sobrido L. Functional Characterization and Direct Comparison of Influenza A, B, C, and D NS1 Proteins in vitro and in vivo. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2862. [PMID: 31921042 PMCID: PMC6927920 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses are important pathogens that affect multiple animal species, including humans. There are four types of influenza viruses: A, B, C, and D (IAV, IBV, ICV, and IDV, respectively). IAV and IBV are currently circulating in humans and are responsible of seasonal epidemics (IAV and IBV) and occasional pandemics (IAV). ICV is known to cause mild infections in humans and pigs, while the recently identified IDV primarily affect cattle and pigs. Influenza non-structural protein 1 (NS1) is a multifunctional protein encoded by the NS segment in all influenza types. The main function of NS1 is to counteract the host antiviral defense, including the production of interferon (IFN) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), and therefore is considered an important viral pathogenic factor. Despite of homologous functions, the NS1 protein from the diverse influenza types share little amino acid sequence identity, suggesting possible differences in their mechanism(s) of action, interaction(s) with host factors, and contribution to viral replication and/or pathogenesis. In addition, although the NS1 protein of IAV, IBV and, to some extent ICV, have been previously studied, it is unclear if IDV NS1 has similar properties. Using an approach that allow us to express NS1 independently of the nuclear export protein from the viral NS segment, we have generated recombinant IAV expressing IAV, IBV, ICV, and IDV NS1 proteins. Although recombinant viruses expressing heterotypic (IBV, ICV, and IDV) NS1 proteins were able to replicate similarly in canine MDCK cells, their viral fitness was impaired in human A549 cells and they were highly attenuated in vivo. Our data suggest that despite the similarities to effectively counteract innate immune responses in vitro, the NS1 proteins of IBV, ICV, or IDV do not fully complement the functions of IAV NS1, resulting in deficient viral replication and pathogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Nogales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Aydillo
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gines Ávila-Pérez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Alba Escalera
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kevin Chiem
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Richard Cadagan
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Marta L. DeDiego
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
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Chiapponi C, Faccini S, Fusaro A, Moreno A, Prosperi A, Merenda M, Baioni L, Gabbi V, Rosignoli C, Alborali GL, Cavicchio L, Monne I, Torreggiani C, Luppi A, Foni E. Detection of a New Genetic Cluster of Influenza D Virus in Italian Cattle. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121110. [PMID: 31801277 PMCID: PMC6949953 DOI: 10.3390/v11121110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) has been increasingly reported all over the world. Cattle are considered the major viral reservoir. Based on the hemagglutinin-esterase (HEF) gene, three main genetic and antigenic clusters have been identified: D/OK distributed worldwide, D/660 detected only in the USA and D/Japan in Japan. Up to 2017, all the Italian IDV isolates belonged to the D/OK genetic cluster. From January 2018 to May 2019, we performed virological surveillance for IDV from respiratory outbreaks in 725 bovine farms in Northern Italy by RT-PCR. Seventy-four farms were positive for IDV. A full or partial genome sequence was obtained from 29 samples. Unexpectedly, a phylogenetic analysis of the HEF gene showed the presence of 12 strains belonging to the D/660 cluster, previously unreported in Europe. The earliest D/660 strain was collected in March 2018 from cattle imported from France. Moreover, we detected one viral strain with a reassortant genetic pattern (PB2, PB1, P42, HEF and NP segments in the D/660 cluster, whilst P3 and NS segments in the D/OK cluster). These results confirm the circulation of IDV in the Italian cattle population and highlight the need to monitor the development of the spreading of this influenza virus in order to get more information about the epidemiology and the ecology of IDV viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Chiapponi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia-Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.F.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (M.M.); (L.B.); (V.G.); (C.R.); (G.L.A.); (A.L.); (E.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0521-293733
| | - Silvia Faccini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia-Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.F.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (M.M.); (L.B.); (V.G.); (C.R.); (G.L.A.); (A.L.); (E.F.)
| | - Alice Fusaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35121 Padua, Italy; (A.F.); (L.C.); (I.M.)
| | - Ana Moreno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia-Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.F.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (M.M.); (L.B.); (V.G.); (C.R.); (G.L.A.); (A.L.); (E.F.)
| | - Alice Prosperi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia-Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.F.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (M.M.); (L.B.); (V.G.); (C.R.); (G.L.A.); (A.L.); (E.F.)
| | - Marianna Merenda
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia-Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.F.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (M.M.); (L.B.); (V.G.); (C.R.); (G.L.A.); (A.L.); (E.F.)
| | - Laura Baioni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia-Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.F.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (M.M.); (L.B.); (V.G.); (C.R.); (G.L.A.); (A.L.); (E.F.)
| | - Valentina Gabbi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia-Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.F.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (M.M.); (L.B.); (V.G.); (C.R.); (G.L.A.); (A.L.); (E.F.)
| | - Carlo Rosignoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia-Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.F.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (M.M.); (L.B.); (V.G.); (C.R.); (G.L.A.); (A.L.); (E.F.)
| | - Giovanni L. Alborali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia-Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.F.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (M.M.); (L.B.); (V.G.); (C.R.); (G.L.A.); (A.L.); (E.F.)
| | - Lara Cavicchio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35121 Padua, Italy; (A.F.); (L.C.); (I.M.)
| | - Isabella Monne
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35121 Padua, Italy; (A.F.); (L.C.); (I.M.)
| | - Camilla Torreggiani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia-Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.F.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (M.M.); (L.B.); (V.G.); (C.R.); (G.L.A.); (A.L.); (E.F.)
| | - Andrea Luppi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia-Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.F.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (M.M.); (L.B.); (V.G.); (C.R.); (G.L.A.); (A.L.); (E.F.)
| | - Emanuela Foni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia-Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.F.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (M.M.); (L.B.); (V.G.); (C.R.); (G.L.A.); (A.L.); (E.F.)
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O'Donovan T, Donohoe L, Ducatez MF, Meyer G, Ryan E. Seroprevalence of influenza D virus in selected sample groups of Irish cattle, sheep and pigs. Ir Vet J 2019; 72:11. [PMID: 31687130 PMCID: PMC6820949 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-019-0150-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) is a new member of the Orthomyxoviridae family. It was first reported in swine in 2011 and isolated from bovine samples received for routine respiratory disease diagnosis in Ireland during 2014–2016. The goal of this study was to determine the seroprevalence in selected populations of IDV in cattle, pigs and sheep. Results showed a high prevalence of IDV in cattle sampled at slaughter (94.6%) or for diagnostic reasons (64.9%), whereas prevelance in samples taken for diagnostic reasons from sheep (4.5%) and pigs (5.8%) was much lower. This study suggests that IDV is widespread in Irish cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom O'Donovan
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Celbridge, Co. Kildare Ireland
| | - Leah Donohoe
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Celbridge, Co. Kildare Ireland
| | | | | | - Eoin Ryan
- 3Ruminant Animal Health Division, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Celbridge, Ireland
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Development and Characterization of a Reverse-Genetics System for Influenza D Virus. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01186-19. [PMID: 31413133 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01186-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) of the Orthomyxoviridae family has a wide host range and a broad geographical distribution. Recent IDV outbreaks in swine along with serological and genetic evidence of IDV infection in humans have raised concerns regarding the zoonotic potential of this virus. To better study IDV at the molecular level, a reverse-genetics system (RGS) is urgently needed, but to date, no RGS had been described for IDV. In this study, we rescued the recombinant influenza D/swine/Oklahoma/1314/2011 (D/OK) virus by using a bidirectional seven-plasmid-based system and further characterized rescued viruses in terms of growth kinetics, replication stability, and receptor-binding capacity. Our results collectively demonstrated that RGS-derived viruses resembled the parental viruses for these properties, thereby supporting the utility of this RGS to study IDV infection biology. In addition, we developed an IDV minigenome replication assay and identified the E697K mutation in PB1 and the L462F mutation in PB2 that directly affected the activity of the IDV ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, resulting in either attenuated or replication-incompetent viruses. Finally, by using the minigenome replication assay, we demonstrated that a single nucleotide polymorphism at position 5 of the 3' conserved noncoding region in IDV and influenza C virus (ICV) resulted in the inefficient cross-recognition of the heterotypic promoter by the viral RNP complex. In conclusion, we successfully developed a minigenome replication assay and a robust reverse-genetics system that can be used to further study replication, tropism, and pathogenesis of IDV.IMPORTANCE Influenza D virus (IDV) is a new type of influenza virus that uses cattle as the primary reservoir and infects multiple agricultural animals. Increased outbreaks in pigs and serological and genetic evidence of human infection have raised concerns about potential IDV adaptation in humans. Here, we have developed a plasmid-based IDV reverse-genetics system that can generate infectious viruses with replication kinetics similar to those of wild-type viruses following transfection of cultured cells. Further characterization demonstrated that viruses rescued from the described RGS resembled the parental viruses in biological and receptor-binding properties. We also developed and validated an IDV minireplicon reporter system that specifically measures viral RNA polymerase activity. In summary, the reverse-genetics system and minireplicon reporter assay described in this study should be of value in identifying viral determinants of cross-species transmission and pathogenicity of novel influenza D viruses.
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Zhang H, Wang Y, Porter E, Lu N, Li Y, Yuan F, Lohman M, Noll L, Zheng W, Stoy C, Lang Y, Huber VC, Ma W, Peddireddi L, Fang Y, Shi J, Anderson G, Liu X, Bai J. Development of a multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay for simultaneous detection and differentiation of influenza A, B, C, and D viruses. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 95:59-66. [PMID: 31130238 PMCID: PMC6697560 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Influenza is a common and contagious respiratory disease caused by influenza A, B, C, and D viruses (IAV, IBV, ICV, and IDV). A multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay was developed for simultaneous detection of IAV, IBV, ICV, and IDV. The assay was designed to target unique sequences in the matrix gene of IBV and ICV, the RNA polymerase subunit PB1 of IDV, and combined with USDA and CDC IAV assays, both target the matrix gene. The host 18S rRNA gene was included as an internal control. In silico analyses indicated high strain coverages: 97.9% for IBV, 99.5% for ICV, and 100% for IDV. Transcribed RNA, viral isolates and clinical samples were used for validation. The assay specifically detected target viruses without cross-reactivity, nor detection of other common pathogens. The limit of detection was approximately 30 copies for each viral RNA template, which was equivalent to a threshold cycle value of ~37.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hewei Zhang
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA; College of Food and Drugs, Luoyang Polytechnic, Luo Yang, Henan, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Elizabeth Porter
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Nanyan Lu
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Yanhua Li
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Fangfeng Yuan
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Molly Lohman
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Lance Noll
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Wanglong Zheng
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Colin Stoy
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Yuekun Lang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Victor C Huber
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Lalitha Peddireddi
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA; Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Ying Fang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jishu Shi
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Gary Anderson
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA; Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Xuming Liu
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA; Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
| | - Jianfa Bai
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA; Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
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Oliva J, Eichenbaum A, Belin J, Gaudino M, Guillotin J, Alzieu JP, Nicollet P, Brugidou R, Gueneau E, Michel E, Meyer G, Ducatez MF. Serological Evidence of Influenza D Virus Circulation Among Cattle and Small Ruminants in France. Viruses 2019; 11:v11060516. [PMID: 31195597 PMCID: PMC6630579 DOI: 10.3390/v11060516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) has first been identified in 2011 in the USA and was shown to mainly circulate in cattle. While IDV is associated with mild respiratory signs, its prevalence is still unknown. In the present study we show that IDV has been circulating throughout France in cattle and small ruminants, with 47.2% and 1.5% seropositivity, respectively. The high prevalence and moderate pathogenicity of IDV in cattle suggest that it may play an initiating role in the bovine respiratory disease complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Oliva
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRA, UMR 1225, 31076 Toulouse, France.
| | - Amit Eichenbaum
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRA, UMR 1225, 31076 Toulouse, France.
| | - Jade Belin
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRA, UMR 1225, 31076 Toulouse, France.
| | - Maria Gaudino
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRA, UMR 1225, 31076 Toulouse, France.
| | - Jean Guillotin
- Laboratoire Départemental Public du Nord, 59651 Villeneuve-D'ascq, France.
| | | | - Philippe Nicollet
- Laboratoire de l'Environnement et de l'Alimentation, 85021 La Roche-sur-Yon, France.
| | | | - Eric Gueneau
- Laboratoire Départemental de la Côte d'Or, 21017 Dijon, France.
| | - Evelyne Michel
- Laboratoire Public Conseil, Expertise et Analyse en Bretagne, 35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Gilles Meyer
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRA, UMR 1225, 31076 Toulouse, France.
| | - Mariette F Ducatez
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRA, UMR 1225, 31076 Toulouse, France.
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Holwerda M, Kelly J, Laloli L, Stürmer I, Portmann J, Stalder H, Dijkman R. Determining the Replication Kinetics and Cellular Tropism of Influenza D Virus on Primary Well-Differentiated Human Airway Epithelial Cells. Viruses 2019; 11:v11040377. [PMID: 31022887 PMCID: PMC6521319 DOI: 10.3390/v11040377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses are notorious pathogens that frequently cross the species barrier with often severe consequences for both animal and human health. In 2011, a novel member of the Orthomyxoviridae family, Influenza D virus (IDV), was identified in the respiratory tract of swine. Epidemiological surveys revealed that IDV is distributed worldwide among livestock and that IDV-directed antibodies are detected in humans with occupational exposure to livestock. To identify the transmission capability of IDV to humans, we determined the viral replication kinetics and cell tropism using an in vitro respiratory epithelium model of humans. The inoculation of IDV revealed efficient replication kinetics and apical progeny virus release at different body temperatures. Intriguingly, the replication characteristics of IDV revealed higher replication kinetics compared to Influenza C virus, despite sharing the cell tropism preference for ciliated cells. Collectively, these results might indicate why IDV-directed antibodies are detected among humans with occupational exposure to livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melle Holwerda
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
- Department of Infectious diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Jenna Kelly
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
- Department of Infectious diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Laura Laloli
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
- Department of Infectious diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Isabel Stürmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
- Department of Infectious diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Jasmine Portmann
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
- Department of Infectious diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Hanspeter Stalder
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
- Department of Infectious diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Ronald Dijkman
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
- Department of Infectious diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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42
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Ferguson L, Luo K, Olivier AK, Cunningham FL, Blackmon S, Hanson-Dorr K, Sun H, Baroch J, Lutman MW, Quade B, Epperson W, Webby R, DeLiberto TJ, Wan XF. Influenza D Virus Infection in Feral Swine Populations, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:1020-1028. [PMID: 29774857 PMCID: PMC6004836 DOI: 10.3201/eid2406.172102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) has been identified in domestic cattle, swine, camelid, and small ruminant populations across North America, Europe, Asia, South America, and Africa. Our study investigated seroprevalence and transmissibility of IDV in feral swine. During 2012-2013, we evaluated feral swine populations in 4 US states; of 256 swine tested, 57 (19.1%) were IDV seropositive. Among 96 archived influenza A virus-seropositive feral swine samples collected from 16 US states during 2010-2013, 41 (42.7%) were IDV seropositive. Infection studies demonstrated that IDV-inoculated feral swine shed virus 3-5 days postinoculation and seroconverted at 21 days postinoculation; 50% of in-contact naive feral swine shed virus, seroconverted, or both. Immunohistochemical staining showed viral antigen within epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, including trachea, soft palate, and lungs. Our findings suggest that feral swine might serve an important role in the ecology of IDV.
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43
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Snoeck CJ, Oliva J, Pauly M, Losch S, Wildschutz F, Muller CP, Hübschen JM, Ducatez MF. Influenza D Virus Circulation in Cattle and Swine, Luxembourg, 2012-2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:1388-1389. [PMID: 29912692 PMCID: PMC6038750 DOI: 10.3201/eid2407.171937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We detected antibodies against influenza D in 80.2% of the cattle sampled in Luxembourg in 2016, suggesting widespread virus circulation throughout the country. In swine, seroprevalence of influenza D was low but increased from 0% to 5.9% from 2012 to 2014–2015.
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44
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Zhang X, Outlaw C, Olivier AK, Woolums A, Epperson W, Wan XF. Pathogenesis of co-infections of influenza D virus and Mannheimia haemolytica in cattle. Vet Microbiol 2019; 231:246-253. [PMID: 30955818 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is economically significant, and influenza D virus (IDV) is commonly identified in cattle with BRD. Mannheimia haemolytica (MHA) is an opportunistic bacterial contributor to BRD; surveillance data suggest that MHA and IDV co-infection occurs in cattle. The objective of this study was to evaluate the synergistic pathogenesis in cattle co-infected with IDV and MHA. Sixteen dairy calves were randomly assigned to four groups of four calves. The IDV + MHA + group received D/bovine/C00046 N/Mississippi/2014 (D/46 N) intranasally at 0 days post-inoculation (DPI) and Mannheimia haemolytica D153 (MHA D153) intratracheally at 5 DPI. The IDV + MHA- group received only D/46 N at 0 DPI; the IDV-MHA + group received only MHA D153 at 5 DPI; and the IDV-MHA- group received neither agent. Clinical scores were calculated twice daily. At 10 DPI, IDV + MHA+, IDV-MHA+, and IDV-MHA- calves were euthanized and evaluated for pathologic lesions. The IDV + groups seroconverted to IDV by 10 DPI. Clinical scores were higher in IDV + groups than IDV- groups on 2-5 DPI (p = 0.001). After MHA challenge on 5 DPI, clinical scores (6-10 DPI) were slightly lower in IDV+MHA+ group than IDV-MHA+ group (p < 0.05) but not significantly different between MHA+ groups and MHA- groups. The average gross pathology score was higher for IDV-MHA+ group than groups IDV-MHA- and IDV+MHA+; however, no significant differences were identified among groups. Under the conditions of this study, infection with IDV before MHA enhance neither clinical disease nor lung pathology, relative to calves infected with MHA alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Zhang
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, United States
| | - Caitlyn Outlaw
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, United States
| | - Alicia K Olivier
- Department of Population and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, United States
| | - Amelia Woolums
- Department of Population and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, United States
| | - William Epperson
- Department of Population and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, United States
| | - Xiu-Feng Wan
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, United States.
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45
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Pathogenesis, Host Innate Immune Response, and Aerosol Transmission of Influenza D Virus in Cattle. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01853-18. [PMID: 30674628 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01853-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently discovered influenza D virus (IDV) of the Orthomyxoviridae family has been detected in swine and ruminants with a worldwide distribution. Cattle are considered to be the primary host and reservoir, and previous studies suggested a tropism of IDV for the upper respiratory tract and a putative role in the bovine respiratory disease complex. This study aimed to characterize the pathogenicity of IDV in naive calves as well as the ability of this virus to transmit by air. Eight naive calves were infected by aerosol with a recent French isolate, D/bovine/France/5920/2014. Results show that IDV replicates not only in the upper respiratory tract but also in the lower respiratory tract (LRT), inducing moderate bronchopneumonia with restricted lesions of interstitial pneumonia. Inoculation was followed by IDV-specific IgG1 production as early as 10 days postchallenge and likely both Th1 and Th2 responses. Study of the innate immune response in the LRT of IDV-infected calves indicated the overexpression of pathogen recognition receptors and of chemokines CCL2, CCL3, and CCL4, but without overexpression of genes involved in the type I interferon pathway. Finally, virological examination of three aerosol-sentinel animals, housed 3 m apart from inoculated calves (and thus subject to infection by aerosol transmission), and IDV detection in air samples collected in different areas showed that IDV can be airborne transmitted and infect naive contact calves on short distances. This study suggests that IDV is a respiratory virus with moderate pathogenicity and probably a high level of transmission. It consequently can be considered predisposing to or a cofactor of respiratory disease.IMPORTANCE Influenza D virus (IDV), a new genus of the Orthomyxoviridae family, has a broad geographical distribution and can infect several animal species. Cattle are so far considered the primary host for IDV, but the pathogenicity and the prevalence of this virus are still unclear. We demonstrated that under experimental conditions (in a controlled environment and in the absence of coinfecting pathogens), IDV is able to cause mild to moderate disease and targets both the upper and lower respiratory tracts. The virus can transmit by direct as well as aerosol contacts. While this study evidenced overexpression of pathogen recognition receptors and chemokines in the lower respiratory tract, IDV-specific IgG1 production as early as 10 days postchallenge, and likely both Th1 and Th2 responses, further studies are warranted to better understand the immune responses triggered by IDV and its role as part of the bovine respiratory disease complex.
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Asha K, Kumar B. Emerging Influenza D Virus Threat: What We Know so Far! J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8020192. [PMID: 30764577 PMCID: PMC6406440 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8020192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses, since time immemorial, have been the major respiratory pathogen known to infect a wide variety of animals, birds and reptiles with established lineages. They belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae and cause acute respiratory illness often during local outbreaks or seasonal epidemics and occasionally during pandemics. Recent studies have identified a new genus within the Orthomyxoviridae family. This newly identified pathogen, D/swine/Oklahoma/1334/2011 (D/OK), first identified in pigs with influenza-like illness was classified as the influenza D virus (IDV) which is distantly related to the previously characterized human influenza C virus. Several other back-to-back studies soon suggested cattle as the natural reservoir and possible involvement of IDV in the bovine respiratory disease complex was established. Not much is known about its likelihood to cause disease in humans, but it definitely poses a potential threat as an emerging pathogen in cattle-workers. Here, we review the evolution, epidemiology, virology and pathobiology of influenza D virus and the possibility of transmission among various hosts and potential to cause human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Asha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
| | - Binod Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
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47
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Complete Genome Sequence of an Influenza D Virus Strain Identified in a Pig with Subclinical Infection in the United States. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:MRA01462-18. [PMID: 30701240 PMCID: PMC6346189 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01462-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza D virus was first described in 2011 from a pig with respiratory disease; however, recent evidence indicates that cattle are the major viral reservoir. Here, we describe the genome sequence of the eighth complete swine-origin influenza D virus deposited into GenBank, D/swine/Kentucky/17TOSU1262/2017, which was collected at a 2017 swine exhibition. Influenza D virus was first described in 2011 from a pig with respiratory disease; however, recent evidence indicates that cattle are the major viral reservoir. Here, we describe the genome sequence of the eighth complete swine-origin influenza D virus deposited into GenBank, D/swine/Kentucky/17TOSU1262/2017, which was collected at a 2017 swine exhibition.
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48
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The structure of the nucleoprotein of Influenza D shows that all Orthomyxoviridae nucleoproteins have a similar NP CORE, with or without a NP TAIL for nuclear transport. Sci Rep 2019; 9:600. [PMID: 30679709 PMCID: PMC6346101 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37306-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper focuses on the nucleoprotein (NP) of the newly identified member of the Orthomyxoviridae family, Influenza D virus. To date several X-ray structures of NP of Influenza A (A/NP) and B (B/NP) viruses and of infectious salmon anemia (ISA/NP) virus have been solved. Here we purified, characterized and solved the X-ray structure of the tetrameric D/NP at 2.4 Å resolution. The crystal structure of its core is similar to NP of other Influenza viruses. However, unlike A/NP and B/NP which possess a flexible amino-terminal tail containing nuclear localization signals (NLS) for their nuclear import, D/NP possesses a carboxy-terminal tail (D/NPTAIL). We show that D/NPTAIL harbors a bipartite NLS and designed C-terminal truncated mutants to demonstrate the role of D/NPTAIL for nuclear transport.
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49
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Henritzi D, Hoffmann B, Wacheck S, Pesch S, Herrler G, Beer M, Harder TC. A newly developed tetraplex real-time RT-PCR for simultaneous screening of influenza virus types A, B, C and D. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2019; 13:71-82. [PMID: 30264926 PMCID: PMC6304318 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human- or avian-to-swine transmissions have founded several autonomously circulating influenza A virus (IAV) lineages in swine populations that cause economically important respiratory disease. Little is known on other human influenza virus types, like B (IBV) and C (ICV) in European swine, and of the recently detected novel animal influenza virus type D (IDV). OBJECTIVES Development of a cost-effective diagnostic tool for large-scale surveillance programmes targeting all four influenza virus types. METHODS An influenza ABCD tetraplex real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) was developed in the frame of this study. A selection of reference virus strains and more than 4000 porcine samples from a passive IAV surveillance programme in European swine with acute respiratory disease were examined. RESULTS Two IBV, a single IDV but no ICV infections were identified by tetraplex RT-qPCR. IBV and IDV results were confirmed by conventional RT-PCR and partial sequence analysis. CONCLUSIONS The tetraplex RT-qPCR proved fit for purpose as a sensitive, specific and high-throughput tool to study influenza virus transmission at the human-animal interface. Complementing close-meshed active virological and serological surveillance is required to better understand the true incidence and prevalence of influenza virus type B, C and D infections in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinah Henritzi
- Institute of Diagnostic VirologyFriedrich‐Loeffler‐Institut (FLI)Greifswald‐Insel RiemsGermany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic VirologyFriedrich‐Loeffler‐Institut (FLI)Greifswald‐Insel RiemsGermany
| | | | | | - Georg Herrler
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, FoundationHannoverGermany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic VirologyFriedrich‐Loeffler‐Institut (FLI)Greifswald‐Insel RiemsGermany
| | - Timm C. Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic VirologyFriedrich‐Loeffler‐Institut (FLI)Greifswald‐Insel RiemsGermany
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Martínez-Sobrido L, Peersen O, Nogales A. Temperature Sensitive Mutations in Influenza A Viral Ribonucleoprotein Complex Responsible for the Attenuation of the Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine. Viruses 2018; 10:E560. [PMID: 30326610 PMCID: PMC6213772 DOI: 10.3390/v10100560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV) have prevented morbidity and mortality associated with influenza viral infections for many years and represent the best therapeutic option to protect against influenza viral infections in humans. However, the development of LAIV has traditionally relied on empirical methods, such as the adaptation of viruses to replicate at low temperatures. These approaches require an extensive investment of time and resources before identifying potential vaccine candidates that can be safely implemented as LAIV to protect humans. In addition, the mechanism of attenuation of these vaccines is poorly understood in some cases. Importantly, LAIV are more efficacious than inactivated vaccines because their ability to mount efficient innate and adaptive humoral and cellular immune responses. Therefore, the design of potential LAIV based on known properties of viral proteins appears to be a highly appropriate option for the treatment of influenza viral infections. For that, the viral RNA synthesis machinery has been a research focus to identify key amino acid substitutions that can lead to viral attenuation and their use in safe, immunogenic, and protective LAIV. In this review, we discuss the potential to manipulate the influenza viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) complex to generate attenuated forms of the virus that can be used as LAIV for the treatment of influenza viral infections, one of the current and most effective prophylactic options for the control of influenza in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Olve Peersen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Aitor Nogales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA.
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