1
|
Chen S, Liu Z, Wu H, Wang B, Ouyang Y, Liu J, Zheng X, Zhang H, Li X, Feng X, Li Y, Shen Y, Zhang H, Xiao B, Yu C, Deng W. Adipocyte‑rich microenvironment promotes chemoresistance via upregulation of peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor gamma/ABCG2 in epithelial ovarian cancer. Int J Mol Med 2024; 53:37. [PMID: 38426604 PMCID: PMC10914313 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2024.5361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The effects of adipocyte‑rich microenvironment (ARM) on chemoresistance have garnered increasing interest. Ovarian cancer (OVCA) is a representative adipocyte‑rich associated cancer. In the present study, epithelial OVCA (EOC) was used to investigate the influence of ARM on chemoresistance with the aim of identifying novel targets and developing novel strategies to reduce chemoresistance. Bioinformatics analysis was used to explore the effects of ARM‑associated mechanisms contributing to chemoresistance and treated EOC cells, primarily OVCAR3 cells, with human adipose tissue extracts (HATES) from the peritumoral adipose tissue of patients were used to mimic ARM in vitro. Specifically, the peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor γ (PPARγ) antagonist GW9662 and the ABC transporter G family member 2 (ABCG2) inhibitor KO143, were used to determine the underlying mechanisms. Next, the effect of HATES on the expression of PPARγ and ABCG2 in OVCAR3 cells treated with cisplatin (DDP) and paclitaxel (PTX) was determined. Additionally, the association between PPARγ, ABCG2 and chemoresistance in EOC specimens was assessed. To evaluate the effect of inhibiting PPARγ, using DDP, a nude mouse model injected with OVCAR3‑shPPARγ cells and a C57BL/6 model injected with ID8 cells treated with GW9662 were established. Finally, the factors within ARM that contributed to the mechanism were determined. It was found that HATES promoted chemoresistance by increasing ABCG2 expression via PPARγ. Expression of PPARγ/ABCG2 was related to chemoresistance in EOC clinical specimens. GW9662 or knockdown of PPARγ improved the efficacy of chemotherapy in mice. Finally, angiogenin and oleic acid played key roles in HATES in the upregulation of PPARγ. The present study showed that the introduction of ARM‑educated PPARγ attenuated chemoresistance in EOC, highlighting a potentially novel therapeutic adjuvant to chemotherapy and shedding light on a means of improving the efficacy of chemotherapy from the perspective of ARM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Chen
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Diseases and Microenvironment of Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Zixuan Liu
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Diseases and Microenvironment of Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Haixia Wu
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Central Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin 300100, P.R. China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Diseases and Microenvironment of Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Yuqing Ouyang
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Diseases and Microenvironment of Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Junru Liu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University Dezhou Hospital, Dezhou, Shandong 253000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Zheng
- Department of Laboratory, Shanxi Eye Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030002, P.R. China
| | - Haoke Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Diseases and Microenvironment of Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Xueying Li
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Diseases and Microenvironment of Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofan Feng
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Diseases and Microenvironment of Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Family Planning, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Yangyang Shen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Diseases and Microenvironment of Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Diseases and Microenvironment of Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Chunyan Yu
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Diseases and Microenvironment of Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Weimin Deng
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Diseases and Microenvironment of Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Geng T, Zheng M, Wang Y, Reseland JE, Samara A. An artificial intelligence prediction model based on extracellular matrix proteins for the prognostic prediction and immunotherapeutic evaluation of ovarian serous adenocarcinoma. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1200354. [PMID: 37388244 PMCID: PMC10301747 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1200354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Ovarian Serous Adenocarcinoma is a malignant tumor originating from epithelial cells and one of the most common causes of death from gynecological cancers. The objective of this study was to develop a prediction model based on extracellular matrix proteins, using artificial intelligence techniques. The model aimed to aid healthcare professionals to predict the overall survival of patients with ovarian cancer (OC) and determine the efficacy of immunotherapy. Methods: The Cancer Genome Atlas Ovarian Cancer (TCGA-OV) data collection was used as the study dataset, whereas the TCGA-Pancancer dataset was used for validation. The prognostic importance of 1068 known extracellular matrix proteins for OC were determined by the Random Forest algorithm and the Lasso algorithm establishing the ECM risk score. Based on the gene expression data, the differences in mRNA abundance, tumour mutation burden (TMB) and tumour microenvironment (TME) between the high- and low-risk groups were assessed. Results: Combining multiple artificial intelligence algorithms we were able to identify 15 key extracellular matrix genes, namely, AMBN, CXCL11, PI3, CSPG5, TGFBI, TLL1, HMCN2, ESM1, IL12A, MMP17, CLEC5A, FREM2, ANGPTL4, PRSS1, FGF23, and confirm the validity of this ECM risk score for overall survival prediction. Several other parameters were identified as independent prognostic factors for OC by multivariate COX analysis. The analysis showed that thyroglobulin (TG) targeted immunotherapy was more effective in the high ECM risk score group, while the low ECM risk score group was more sensitive to the RYR2 gene-related immunotherapy. Additionally, the patients with low ECM risk scores had higher immune checkpoint gene expression and immunophenoscore levels and responded better to immunotherapy. Conclusion: The ECM risk score is an accurate tool to assess the patient's sensitivity to immunotherapy and forecast OC prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiang Geng
- Department of Biomaterials, FUTURE, Center for Functional Tissue Reconstruction, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mengxue Zheng
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seventh People’s Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Janne Elin Reseland
- Department of Biomaterials, FUTURE, Center for Functional Tissue Reconstruction, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Athina Samara
- Department of Biomaterials, FUTURE, Center for Functional Tissue Reconstruction, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Eghtedari AR, Vaezi MA, Safizadeh B, Ghasempour G, Babaheidarian P, Salimi V, Tavakoli-Yaraki M. Evaluation of the expression pattern and diagnostic value of PPARγ in malignant and benign primary bone tumors. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2022; 23:746. [PMID: 35922782 PMCID: PMC9347110 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-022-05681-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The quantifiable description of PPARγ expression pattern beside mechanistic in-vitro evidence will provide insights into the involvement of this mediator in tumor pathogenesis. This study is focused on illuminating the PPARγ gene and protein expression pattern, its association with tumor deterioration and its diagnostic value in different types of primary bone tumors. METHODS The expression pattern of PPARγ was investigated in the 180 bone tissues including 90 bone tumor tissues and 90 non-cancerous bone tissues. The local PPARγ expression level was assessed using real-time qRT-PCR and the PPARγ protein expression pattern was measured using immunohistochemistry. The correlation of PPARγ expression level with patients' clinic-pathological features, also the value of the variables in predicting PPARγ expression level in tumors and the value of PPARγ to discriminate tumor subtypes were assessed. RESULTS The mean PPARγ mRNA expression was significantly higher in bone tumors compared to healthy bone tissues, also the malignant tumors including osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma had the elevated level of PPARγ mRNA compared to GCT tumors. Consistently, the protein expression of PPARγ in the tumor site was significantly higher in the bone tumors and malignant tumors compared to non-cancerous and benign tumors, respectively. The PPARγ protein could predict malignant tumor features including tumor grade, metastasis and recurrence significantly. Moreover, PPARγ could potentially discriminate the patients from the controls also malignant tumors from benign tumors with significant sensitivity and specificity. CONCLUSIONS PPARγ might be involved in primary bone tumor pathogenesis and determining its molecular mechanism regarding bone cancer pathogenesis is of grave importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Reza Eghtedari
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 1449614535, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Vaezi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 1449614535, Tehran, Iran
| | - Banafsheh Safizadeh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 1449614535, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Ghasempour
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 1449614535, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pegah Babaheidarian
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Vahid Salimi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Tavakoli-Yaraki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 1449614535, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tanaka S, Tokuhara Y, Hosokawa S, Ohsaki H, Morinishi T, Yamamoto T, Teramoto N, Hirakawa E. Overexpression of the PPAR-γ protein in primary Ta/T1 non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma. Mol Clin Oncol 2022; 16:36. [PMID: 34984103 PMCID: PMC8719252 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2021.2469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) is a well-known nuclear receptor that is activated in the nucleus to regulate several transcription factors. Its expression patterns have been examined in various types of cancer. The present study investigated the expression patterns of PPAR-γ in non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma. The expression rates of PPAR-γ, p53 and Ki-67 were compared to determine whether PPAR-γ may be considered as an immunobiomarker for bladder cancer. The intensity and extent of PPAR-γ expression were evaluated in 79 cases of non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma (30 cases of papillary carcinoma low-grade, 30 cases of high-grade and 19 cases of carcinoma in situ) and 30 non-malignant cases. The nuclear overexpression of PPAR-γ was frequently observed in non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma (63/79 cases) but was rarely detected in non-malignant cases (2/30 cases). The histological proliferation types of non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma revealed that PPAR-γ was more frequently overexpressed in papillary carcinoma (54/60 cases) than in carcinoma in situ (9/19 cases). Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that PPAR-γ was more useful as an immunobiomarker than p53 or Ki-67 (diagnostic odds ratios; 55.13, 16.82 and 11.13, respectively). In summary, this study demonstrated that the expression patterns of PPAR-γ were associated with histological proliferation type and that PPAR-γ was expressed in the nuclei of papillary carcinoma cells. These findings suggested that immunohistochemical staining for PPAR-γ may be used to comprehensively detect non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Tanaka
- Laboratory of Pathology, Department of Medical Technology, Kagawa Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0123, Japan
- Department of Medical Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0193, Japan
| | - Yasunori Tokuhara
- Laboratory of Pathology, Department of Medical Technology, Kagawa Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0123, Japan
| | - Sho Hosokawa
- Department of Medical Technology, Ehime Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Iyo, Ehime 791-2101, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohsaki
- Laboratory of Pathology, Department of Medical Technology, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo 654-0142, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Morinishi
- Laboratory of Pathology, Department of Medical Technology, Kagawa Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0123, Japan
| | - Tamami Yamamoto
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shikoku Cancer Center, Matsuyama, Ehime 791-0280, Japan
| | - Norihiro Teramoto
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shikoku Cancer Center, Matsuyama, Ehime 791-0280, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Hirakawa
- Laboratory of Pathology, Department of Medical Technology, Kagawa Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0123, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Peluso JJ, Pru JK. Progesterone Receptor Membrane Component (PGRMC)1 and PGRMC2 and Their Roles in Ovarian and Endometrial Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13235953. [PMID: 34885064 PMCID: PMC8656518 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13235953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancers of the female reproductive tract are both lethal and highly prevalent. For example, the five-year survival rate of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer is still less than 50%, and endometrial cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women with > 65,000 new cases in the United States in 2020. Among the many genes already established as key participants in ovarian and endometrial oncogenesis, progesterone receptor membrane component (PGRMC)1 and PGRMC2 have gained recent attention given that there is now solid correlative information supporting a role for at least PGRMC1 in enhancing tumor growth and chemoresistance. The expression of PGRMC1 is significantly increased in both ovarian and endometrial cancers, similar to that reported in other cancer types. Xenograft studies using human ovarian and endometrial cancer cell lines in immunocompromised mice demonstrate that reduced expression of PGRMC1 results in tumors that grow substantially slower. While the molecular underpinnings of PGRMCs' mechanisms of action are not clearly established, it is known that PGRMCs regulate survival pathways that attenuate stress-induced cell death. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of what is known about the roles that PGRMC1 and PGRMC2 play in ovarian and endometrial cancers, particularly as related to the mechanisms through which they regulate mitosis, apoptosis, chemoresistance, and cell migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John J. Peluso
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Correspondence: ; +1-860-679-2860
| | - James K. Pru
- Department of Animal Science, Program in Reproductive Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Combined COX-2/PPARγ Expression as Independent Negative Prognosticator for Vulvar Cancer Patients. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11030491. [PMID: 33802010 PMCID: PMC8001561 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11030491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vulvar cancer incidence numbers have been rising steadily over the past decades. Especially the number of young patients with vulvar cancer increased recently. Therefore, the need to identify new prognostic factors for vulvar carcinoma is more apparent. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) has long been an object of scientific interest in the context of carcinogenesis. This enzyme is involved in prostaglandin synthesis and the latter binds to nuclear receptors like PPARγ. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate COX-2- and PPARγ- expression in tissues of vulvar carcinomas and to analyze their relevance as prognostic factors. The cytoplasmatic expression of COX-2 as well as PPARγ is associated with a significantly reduced survival, whereas nuclear expression of PPARγ results in a better survival. Especially the combined expression of both COX-2 and PPARγ in the cytoplasm is an independent negative prognosticator for vulvar cancer patients.
Collapse
|
7
|
Unal I, Khiavi IR, Tasar GE, Goksuluk D, Boyraz G, Ozgul N, Usubutun A, Yuruker S, Zeybek ND. Tumor apelin immunoreactivity is correlated with body mass index in ovarian high grade serous carcinoma. Biotech Histochem 2019; 95:27-36. [PMID: 31264472 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2019.1627419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer has a high mortality rate. Serous carcinoma is the most common subtype and can be detected by distant or lymph node metastasis in advanced stages. Apelin, an adipokine associated with obesity, and its receptor, APJ, participate in lymphatic invasion. Angiogenesis also can affect lymph node involvement in serous ovarian carcinomas. We investigated apelin/APJ receptor immunoreactivity in stages III and IV ovarian cancer with or without lymph node involvement and correlated the results with body mass index (BMI) to determine whether the potential relation of the two affects the outcome of the cancer. We investigated 30 patients diagnosed between 2014 and 2016 with high grade serous ovarian cancer. Tumor:stroma ratio, indirect immunoperoxidase method, H-score and MATLAB analysis were performed. In obese and pre-obese patients, tumor apelin immunoreactivity was stronger than for patients with normal BMI. Tumor:stroma ratio was correlated with survival and lymph node involvement. Strong apelin and moderate APJ immunoreactivity was detected in both lymph node negative and positive patients. BMI was related to both survival outcome and apelin immunoreactivity. BMI, adipokines such as apelin, and the stromal compartment play critical roles in advanced stage serous carcinomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Unal
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.,Assisted Reproduction Unit, Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - I R Khiavi
- Department of Computer Engineering, Hacettepe University Faculty of Engineering, Ankara, Turkey
| | - G E Tasar
- Department of Pathology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - D Goksuluk
- Department of Biostatistics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - G Boyraz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.,Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Etlik Zubeyde Hanim Women's Health Teaching and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - N Ozgul
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - A Usubutun
- Department of Pathology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - S Yuruker
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Usak University Faculty of Medicine, Usak, Turkey
| | - N D Zeybek
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Konstorum A, Lynch ML, Torti SV, Torti FM, Laubenbacher RC. A Systems Biology Approach to Understanding the Pathophysiology of High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer: Focus on Iron and Fatty Acid Metabolism. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2019; 22:502-513. [PMID: 30004845 PMCID: PMC6059353 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2018.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OVC) is the most lethal of the gynecological malignancies, with diagnosis often occurring during advanced stages of the disease. Moreover, a majority of cases become refractory to chemotherapeutic approaches. Therefore, it is important to improve our understanding of the molecular dependencies underlying the disease to identify novel diagnostic and precision therapeutics for OVC. Cancer cells are known to sequester iron, which can potentiate cancer progression through mechanisms that have not yet been completely elucidated. We developed an algorithm to identify novel links between iron and pathways implicated in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), the most common and deadliest subtype of OVC, using microarray gene expression data from both clinical sources and an experimental model. Using our approach, we identified several links between fatty acid (FA) and iron metabolism, and subsequently developed a network for iron involvement in FA metabolism in HGSOC. FA import and synthesis pathways are upregulated in HGSOC and other cancers, but a link between these processes and iron-related genes has not yet been identified. We used the network to derive hypotheses of specific mechanisms by which iron and iron-related genes impact and interact with FA metabolic pathways to promote tumorigenesis. These results suggest a novel mechanism by which iron sequestration by cancer cells can potentiate cancer progression, and may provide novel targets for use in diagnosis and/or treatment of HGSOC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Konstorum
- 1 Center for Quantitative Medicine, UConn Health , Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Miranda L Lynch
- 2 Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center , Buffalo, New York
| | - Suzy V Torti
- 3 Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health , Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Frank M Torti
- 3 Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health , Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Reinhard C Laubenbacher
- 1 Center for Quantitative Medicine, UConn Health , Farmington, Connecticut.,4 Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine , Farmington, Connecticut
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Leung DTH, Nguyen T, Oliver EM, Matti J, Alexiadis M, Silke J, Jobling TW, Fuller PJ, Chu S. Combined PPARγ Activation and XIAP Inhibition as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy for Ovarian Granulosa Cell Tumors. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 18:364-375. [PMID: 30530769 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian granulosa cell tumors (GCT) are characterized by indolent growth and late relapse. No therapeutic modalities aside from surgery have proven effective. We previously reported overexpression of the nuclear receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ), and constitutive activity of the NFκB and AP1 signaling pathways in GCT. PPARγ presents as a potential therapeutic target as it impedes proliferation and promotes terminal differentiation of granulosa cells. However, resistance to the actions of PPARγ is caused by NFκB transrepression in GCT-derived cell lines, KGN and COV434. We showed that abrogation of NFκB signaling in GCT cells enables PPARγ agonists to initiate apoptosis. In addition, we observed overexpression of an NFκB-induced gene, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), in GCT and GCT-derived cells. XIAP is an attractive therapeutic target due to its role in inhibiting the apoptotic pathway. We investigated the antitumor effects of combined XIAP inhibition using Smac-mimetics and PPARγ activation using thiazolidinediones (TZD) in the GCT-derived cells. Transactivation assays revealed that NFκB transrepression of PPARγ can be relieved by NFκB or XIAP inhibition. Combined Smac-mimetic and TZD significantly induced apoptosis, reduced cell viability and proliferation in KGN cells in monolayer and 3D spheroid culture, and in GCT explant models. The Smac-mimetic and TZD cotreatment also delayed cell invasion, upregulated proapoptotic genes, and compromised cell metabolism in KGN cells. This study provides evidence that PPARγ and XIAP cotreatment has antineoplastic effects in GCT. As therapeutics that target these proteins are already in clinical or preclinical use, expedient translation to the clinic is possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dilys T H Leung
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research and the Monash University Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Trang Nguyen
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research and the Monash University Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Edwina May Oliver
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research and the Monash University Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Juliana Matti
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research and the Monash University Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maria Alexiadis
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research and the Monash University Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - John Silke
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas W Jobling
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter J Fuller
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research and the Monash University Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon Chu
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research and the Monash University Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bisphenol A and its derivatives decrease expression of chemerin, which reverses its stimulatory action in ovarian cancer cells. Toxicol Lett 2018; 291:61-69. [PMID: 29653259 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chemerin is an adipocyte-secreted protein that associates with obesity, inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and carcinogenesis. Previous studies have shown human granulosa cells to produce bioactive chemerin and its receptor CMKLR1. In the present study, we demonstrated that the mRNA level of chemerin receptor is higher in a granulosa cell tumor cell line than in epithelial cancer cells, whereas chemerin expression and secretion were lower. Various exogenous factors, such as bisphenol A and its halogenated derivatives tetrabromobisphenol A and tetrachlorobisphenol A, can affect adipokine expression. For this reason, we investigated the effects of bisphenol A and its derivatives on the expression of chemerin and its receptor. At low nanomolar concentrations, BPA, TBBPA, and TCBPA decreased chemerin expression and secretion only in granulosa cell tumor COV434 cells by both peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and estrogen receptor signaling pathways. Chemerin treatment had no effect on proliferation of ovarian non-cancer and cancer cell lines. However, we also found evidence to support the inhibition of BPA- and TBBPA-induced cell proliferation by chemerin. Taken together, our results indicate for the first time that BPA and its derivatives down-regulate chemerin expression, which can suppress the ability of BPA to induce proliferation. Moreover, both PPARγ and ERs were involved in the BPA-induced decrease in chemerin expression, and its ratio was crucial to exert these effects.
Collapse
|
11
|
Gou Q, Gong X, Jin J, Shi J, Hou Y. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are potential drug targets for cancer therapy. Oncotarget 2017; 8:60704-60709. [PMID: 28948004 PMCID: PMC5601172 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear hormone receptors including PPARα, PPARδ and PPARγ, which play an important role in regulating cancer cell proliferation, survival, apoptosis, and tumor growth. Activation of PPARs by endogenous or synthetic compounds regulates tumor progression in various tissues. Although each PPAR isotype suppresses or promotes tumor development depending on the specific tissues or ligands, the mechanism is still unclear. In this review, we summarized the regulative mechanism of PPARs on cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Gou
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Wujin People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Changzhou, 212017, PR China.,Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Xin Gong
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Jianhua Jin
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Wujin People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Changzhou, 212017, PR China
| | - Juanjuan Shi
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Yongzhong Hou
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Wujin People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Changzhou, 212017, PR China.,Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hoffmann M, Fiedor E, Ptak A. Bisphenol A and its derivatives tetrabromobisphenol A and tetrachlorobisphenol A induce apelin expression and secretion in ovarian cancer cells through a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-dependent mechanism. Toxicol Lett 2017; 269:15-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
13
|
Pioglitazone inhibits EGFR/MDM2 signaling-mediated PPARγ degradation. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 791:316-321. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
14
|
Wang ZQ, Faddaoui A, Bachvarova M, Plante M, Gregoire J, Renaud MC, Sebastianelli A, Guillemette C, Gobeil S, Macdonald E, Vanderhyden B, Bachvarov D. BCAT1 expression associates with ovarian cancer progression: possible implications in altered disease metabolism. Oncotarget 2016; 6:31522-43. [PMID: 26372729 PMCID: PMC4741622 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have identified the branched chain amino-acid transaminase 1 (BCAT1) gene as notably hypomethylated in low-malignant potential (LMP) and high-grade (HG) serous epithelial ovarian tumors, compared to normal ovarian tissues. Here we show that BCAT1 is strongly overexpressed in both LMP and HG serous epithelial ovarian tumors, which probably correlates with its hypomethylated status. Knockdown of the BCAT1 expression in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cells led to sharp decrease of cell proliferation, migration and invasion and inhibited cell cycle progression. BCAT1 silencing was associated with the suppression of numerous genes and pathways known previously to be implicated in ovarian tumorigenesis, and the induction of some tumor suppressor genes (TSGs). Moreover, BCAT1 suppression resulted in downregulation of numerous genes implicated in lipid production and protein synthesis, suggesting its important role in controlling EOC metabolism. Further metabolomic analyses were indicative for significant depletion of most amino acids and different phospho- and sphingolipids following BCAT1 knockdown. Finally, BCAT1 suppression led to significantly prolonged survival time in xenograft model of advanced peritoneal EOC. Taken together, our findings provide new insights about the functional role of BCAT1 in ovarian carcinogenesis and identify this transaminase as a novel EOC biomarker and putative EOC therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, Québec PQ, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec PQ, Canada
| | - Adnen Faddaoui
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, Québec PQ, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec PQ, Canada
| | | | - Marie Plante
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec PQ, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Laval University, Québec PQ, Canada
| | - Jean Gregoire
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec PQ, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Laval University, Québec PQ, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Renaud
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec PQ, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Laval University, Québec PQ, Canada
| | - Alexandra Sebastianelli
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec PQ, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Laval University, Québec PQ, Canada
| | - Chantal Guillemette
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Québec PQ, Canada.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec PQ, Canada
| | - Stéphane Gobeil
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, Québec PQ, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Québec PQ, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Macdonald
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Barbara Vanderhyden
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Dimcho Bachvarov
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, Québec PQ, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec PQ, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Takeuchi A, Yamamoto N, Shirai T, Hayashi K, Miwa S, Munesue S, Yamamoto Y, Tsuchiya H. Clinical relevance of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma expression in myxoid liposarcoma. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:442. [PMID: 27401457 PMCID: PMC4939636 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2524-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. PPARγ is essential in adipocyte differentiation from precursor cells. Its antitumorigenic effects are reported in certain malignancies; however, its effects in liposarcoma are unclear. Methods We analyzed PPARγ expression using immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 46 patients with myxoid liposarcoma [MLS; median age, 47 years (range, 14–90 years) and mean follow-up period, 91 months (range, 13–358 months)]. PPARγ mRNA expression levels were measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Further, we evaluated the correlation of PPARγ expression with clinical outcomes. Results We found that the metastasis-free survival rate was significantly higher in lower PPARγ expressers [34 patients with labeling index (LI) <50 %] than in higher expressers (12 patients with LI ≥50 %; p = 0.01). Cox multivariate analysis revealed that a higher PPARγ level was an independent predictor of metastasis (relative risk = 6.945, p = 0.026). Furthermore, using 28 fresh MLS specimens, we confirmed an increased PPARγ mRNA expression level in the higher LI group (p = 0.001). Conclusions In this study, higher PPARγ expression in MLS was a risk factor associated with distant metastasis; therefore, it would be a novel prognostic marker for MLS. Further analyses will help to understand the correlation between PPARγ expression and tumor malignancy in liposarcoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Takeuchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan.
| | - Norio Yamamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Shirai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Hayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Shinji Miwa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Seiichi Munesue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuchiya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Guo F, Ren X, Dong Y, Hu X, Xu D, Zhou H, Meng F, Tian W, Zhao Y. Constitutive expression of PPARγ inhibits proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cells and down-regulates Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway downstream target genes TERT and ENAH. Gene 2016; 584:31-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
17
|
The role of adiponectin in obesity-associated female-specific carcinogenesis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 31:37-48. [PMID: 27079372 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a highly vascularized endocrine organ, and its secretion profiles may vary with obesity. Adiponectin is secreted by adipocytes that make up adipose tissue. Worldwide, obesity has been designated a serious health problem among women and is associated with a variety of metabolic disorders and an increased risk of developing cancer of the cervix, ovaries, uterus (uterine/endometrial), and breast. In this review, the potential link between obesity and female-specific malignancies is comprehensively presented by discussing significant features of the intriguing and complex molecule, adiponectin, with a focus on recent findings highlighting its molecular mechanism of action in female-specific carcinogenesis.
Collapse
|
18
|
Herrera CL, Kim DY, Kumar SR, Bryan JN. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ protein expression is asymmetrically distributed in primary lung tumor and metastatic to lung osteosarcoma samples and does not correlate with gene methylation. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:230. [PMID: 26334880 PMCID: PMC4559327 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0547-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that plays important roles in cellular proliferation and differentiation. It has been implicated as a tumor suppressor in many solid tumors including human prostate, breast, colon, and lung cancer. The objective of this study was to determine the tissue distribution of PPAR-γ in normal canine lung, canine lung cancer, and metastatic to lung cancer, as well as determine the role, if any, of DNA methylation in epigenetic control of gene expression. The protein was studied using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and DNA methylation was studied using combined bisulfite restriction analysis (COBRA), and methylation-specific PCR (MSP). Results PPAR-γ is expressed in all large conducting airways, particularly in goblet cells and bronchial glands, in the canine lung. The protein is also expressed in interstitial macrophages. PPAR-γ is expressed in 33 % of canine non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cases and 66 % of metastatic osteosarcoma (OSA) cases. There is a significant loss of 5′ PPAR-γ methylation from normal lung to primary lung cancer and metastatic OSA (p = 0.0002), however altered PPAR-γ promoter methylation at the interrogated locus does not appear to be associated with changes in protein expression. Conclusions PPAR-γ protein is expressed in normal canine lung tissue, canine primary lung cancer, and metastatic OSA. Confirmation of PPAR-γ protein expression in tumor-bearing dogs supports the investigation of PPAR-γ agonists in this subset of veterinary patients. These results are the first to describe epigenetic marks and protein localization of PPAR-γ among different lung pathologies in the dog.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chamisa L Herrera
- Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA. .,Current Address: BluePearl Seattle, 11536 Lake City Way NE, Seattle, WA 98125, USA.
| | - Dae Young Kim
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Senthil R Kumar
- Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Jeffrey N Bryan
- Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Suppression of multidrug resistance by rosiglitazone treatment in human ovarian cancer cells through downregulation of FZD1 and MDR1 genes. Anticancer Drugs 2015; 26:706-15. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
20
|
The emerging role of the transcriptional coregulator RIP140 in solid tumors. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2015; 1856:144-50. [PMID: 26116758 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
RIP140 is a transcriptional coregulator (also known as NRIP1) which plays very important physiological roles by finely tuning the activity of a large number of transcription factors. Noticeably, the RIP140 gene has been shown to be involved in the regulation of energy expenditure, in mammary gland development and intestinal homeostasis as well as in behavior and cognition. RIP140 is also involved in the regulation of various oncogenic signaling pathways and participates in the development and progression of solid tumors. This short review aims to summarize the role of this transcription factor on nuclear estrogen receptors, E2F and Wnt signaling pathways based on recent observations focusing on breast, ovary, liver and colon tumors.
Collapse
|
21
|
Luo S, Wang J, Ma Y, Yao Z, Pan H. PPARγ inhibits ovarian cancer cells proliferation through upregulation of miR-125b. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 462:85-90. [PMID: 25944662 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
miR-125b has essential roles in coordinating tumor proliferation, angiogenesis, invasiveness, metastasis and chemotherapy recurrence. In ovarian cancer miR-125b has been shown to be downregulated and acts as a tumor suppressor by targeting proto-oncogene BCL3. PPARγ, a multiple functional transcription factor, has been reported to have anti-tumor effects through inhibition of proliferation and induction of differentiation and apoptosis by targeting the tumor related genes. However, it is unclear whether miR-125b is regulated by PPARγ in ovarian cancer. In this study, we demonstrated that the miR-125b downregulated in ovarian cancer tissues and cell lines. Ligands-activated PPARγ suppressed proliferation of ovarian cancer cells and this PPARγ-induced growth inhibition is mediated by the upregulation of miR-125b. PPARγ promoted the expression of miR-125b by directly binding to the responsive element in miR-125b gene promoter region. Thus, our results suggest that PPARγ can induce growth suppression of ovarian cancer by upregulating miR-125b which inhibition of proto-oncogene BCL3. These findings will extend our understanding of the function of PPARγ in tumorigenesis and miR-125b may be a therapeutic intervention of ovarian cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, China.
| | - Jidong Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obsterics, Jinan Central Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngolgy, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, China
| | - Zhenwei Yao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongjuan Pan
- Department of Gynecology and Obsterics, Zhongshan Hospital, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Al-Alem L, Curry TE. Ovarian cancer: involvement of the matrix metalloproteinases. Reproduction 2015; 150:R55-64. [PMID: 25918438 DOI: 10.1530/rep-14-0546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from gynecologic malignancies. One of the reasons for the high mortality rate associated with ovarian cancer is its late diagnosis, which often occurs after the cancer has metastasized throughout the peritoneal cavity. Cancer metastasis is facilitated by the remodeling of the extracellular tumor matrix by a family of proteolytic enzymes known as the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). There are 23 members of the MMP family, many of which have been reported to be associated with ovarian cancer. In the current paradigm, ovarian tumor cells and the surrounding stromal cells stimulate the synthesis and/or activation of various MMPs to aid in tumor growth, invasion, and eventual metastasis. The present review sheds light on the different MMPs in the various types of ovarian cancer and on their impact on the progression of this gynecologic malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linah Al-Alem
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Kentucky Medical Center, 800 Rose Street, Room C355, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0293, USA
| | - Thomas E Curry
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Kentucky Medical Center, 800 Rose Street, Room C355, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0293, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chemotherapy and chemoprevention by thiazolidinediones. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:845340. [PMID: 25866814 PMCID: PMC4383438 DOI: 10.1155/2015/845340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are synthetic ligands of Peroxisome-Proliferator-Activated Receptor gamma (PPARγ). Troglitazone, rosiglitazone, and pioglitazone have been approved for treatment of diabetes mellitus type II. All three compounds, together with the first TZD ciglitazone, also showed an antitumor effect in preclinical studies and a beneficial effect in some clinical trials. This review summarizes hypotheses on the role of PPARγ in tumors, on cellular targets of TZDs, antitumor effects of monotherapy and of TZDs in combination with other compounds, with a focus on their role in the treatment of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. The results of chemopreventive effects of TZDs are also considered. Existing data suggest that the action of TZDs is highly complex and that actions do not correlate with cellular PPARγ expression status. Effects are cell-, species-, and compound-specific and concentration-dependent. Data from human trials suggest the efficacy of TZDs as monotherapy in prostate cancer and glioma and as chemopreventive agent in colon, lung, and breast cancer. TZDs in combination with other therapies might increase antitumor effects in thyroid cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, and melanoma.
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang Y, Luo HY, Liu GL, Wang DS, Wang ZQ, Zeng ZL, Xu RH. Prognostic significance and therapeutic implications of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ overexpression in human pancreatic carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2015; 46:175-84. [PMID: 25333644 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a ligand-activated nuclear receptor which has been implicated in carcinogenesis and angiogenesis in a wide range of cancers, including pancreatic carcinoma (PC). We aimed to characterize the prognosis and potential therapeutic implications of PPARγ in PC. Real-time RT-PCR and western blotting were used to quantify PPARγ expression in immortalized pancreatic epithelial cells, PC cell lines and freshly isolated matched tumor and non-tumor tissues. PPARγ protein expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in archived tumor tissues from 101 PC patients. Furthermore, the effect of PPARγ on the cytotoxic action of gemcitabine (Gem) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in PC cell lines was investigated in vitro using RNA interference techniques. Both PPARγ protein and mRNA were expressed at markedly higher levels in all of the PC cell lines and freshly isolated PC tissues, compared to normal immortalized pancreatic epithelial cells and the matched adjacent non-tumor tissues. High levels of PPARγ expression correlated significantly with tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging (P<0.001) and poor overall survival (P<0.001), especially in patients with advanced disease who received postoperative chemotherapy. While silencing of PPARγ significantly inhibit the cytotoxic effects of both gemcitabine and 5-fluorouracil in PC cells in vitro. This study suggests that high levels of PPARγ expression are associated with poor overall survival in PC. Additionally, PPARγ promotes chemoresistance in PC cells, indicating that PPARγ may represent a novel therapeutic target for PC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Yan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Lin Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou 510120, P.R. China
| | - De-Shen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Zhao-Lei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Hua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Nikhil K, Sharan S, Singh AK, Chakraborty A, Roy P. Anticancer activities of pterostilbene-isothiocyanate conjugate in breast cancer cells: involvement of PPARγ. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104592. [PMID: 25119466 PMCID: PMC4131888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Trans-3,5-dimethoxy-4'-hydroxystilbene (PTER), a natural dimethylated analog of resveratrol, preferentially induces certain cancer cells to undergo apoptosis and could thus have a role in cancer chemoprevention. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is a ligand-dependent transcription factor whose activation results in growth arrest and/or apoptosis in a variety of cancer cells. Here we investigated the potential of PTER-isothiocyanate (ITC) conjugate, a novel class of hybrid compound (PTER-ITC) synthesized by appending an ITC moiety to the PTER backbone, to induce apoptotic cell death in hormone-dependent (MCF-7) and -independent (MDA-MB-231) breast cancer cell lines and to elucidate PPARγ involvement in PTER-ITC action. Our results showed that when pre-treated with PPARγ antagonists or PPARγ siRNA, both breast cancer cell lines suppressed PTER-ITC-induced apoptosis, as determined by annexin V/propidium iodide staining and cleaved caspase-9 expression. Furthermore, PTER-ITC significantly increased PPARγ mRNA and protein levels in a dose-dependent manner and modulated expression of PPARγ-related genes in both breast cancer cell lines. This increase in PPARγ activity was prevented by a PPARγ-specific inhibitor, in support of our hypothesis that PTER-ITC can act as a PPARγ activator. PTER-ITC-mediated upregulation of PPARγ was counteracted by co-incubation with p38 MAPK or JNK inhibitors, suggesting involvement of these pathways in PTER-ITC action. Molecular docking analysis further suggested that PTER-ITC interacted with 5 polar and 8 non-polar residues within the PPARγ ligand-binding pocket, which are reported to be critical for its activity. Collectively, our observations suggest potential applications for PTER-ITC in breast cancer prevention and treatment through modulation of the PPARγ activation pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Nikhil
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Shruti Sharan
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Abhimanyu K. Singh
- Department of Macromolecular Structures, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ajanta Chakraborty
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Partha Roy
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
FOROOTAN FARZADS, FOROOTAN SHIVAS, MALKI MOHAMMEDI, CHEN DANQING, LI GANDI, LIN KE, RUDLAND PHILIPS, FOSTER CHRISTOPHERS, KE YOUQIANG. The expression of C-FABP and PPARγ and their prognostic significance in prostate cancer. Int J Oncol 2013; 44:265-75. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
27
|
Ahmed N, Abubaker K, Findlay J, Quinn M. Cancerous ovarian stem cells: obscure targets for therapy but relevant to chemoresistance. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:21-34. [PMID: 22887554 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy with platinum and taxanes is the first line of treatment for all epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) patients after debulking surgery. Even though the treatment is initially effective in 80% of patients, recurrent cancer is inevitable in the vast majority of cases. Emerging evidence suggests that some tumor cells can survive chemotherapy by activating the self-renewal pathways resulting in tumor progression and clinical recurrence. These defined population of cells commonly termed as "cancer stem cells" (CSC) may generate the bulk of the tumor by using differentiating pathways. These cells have been shown to be resistant to chemotherapy and, to have enhanced tumor initiating abilities, suggesting CSCs as potential targets for treatment. Recent studies have introduced a new paradigm in ovarian carcinogenesis which proposes in situ carcinoma at the fimbrial end of the fallopian tube to generate high-grade serous ovarian carcinomas, in contrast to ovarian cortical inclusion cysts (CIC) which produce borderline and low grade serous, mucinous, endometrioid, and clear cell carcinomas. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the cellular origin of EOC and the molecular mechanisms defining the basis of CSC in EOC progression and chemoresistance. Using a model ovarian cancer cell line, we highlight the role of CSC in response to chemotherapy, and relate how CSCs may impact on chemoresistance and ultimately recurrence. We also propose the molecular targeting of CSCs and suggest ways that may improve the efficacy of current chemotherapeutic regimens needed for the management of this disease.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/therapy
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma in Situ/metabolism
- Carcinoma in Situ/pathology
- Carcinoma in Situ/therapy
- Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/metabolism
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/pathology
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/therapy
- Fallopian Tubes/drug effects
- Fallopian Tubes/metabolism
- Fallopian Tubes/pathology
- Female
- Humans
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/pathology
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/therapy
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/therapy
- Ovary/drug effects
- Ovary/metabolism
- Ovary/pathology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuzhat Ahmed
- Women's Cancer Research Centre, Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hoffman A, Ghadimi MPH, Demicco EG, Creighton CJ, Torres K, Colombo C, Peng T, Lusby K, Ingram D, Hornick JL, Wang WL, Ravi V, Lazar AJ, Lev D, Pollock RE. Localized and metastatic myxoid/round cell liposarcoma: clinical and molecular observations. Cancer 2013; 119:1868-77. [PMID: 23401071 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.27847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myxoid liposarcoma (MLPS), a disease especially of young adults with potential for local recurrence and metastasis, currently lacks solid prognostic factors and therapeutic targets. The authors of this report evaluated the natural history and outcome of patients with MLPS and commonly deregulated protein biomarkers. METHODS Medical records were retrospectively reviewed for patients who presented to the authors' institution with localized (n = 207) or metastatic (n = 61) MLPS (1990 to 2010). A tissue microarray of MLPS patient specimens (n = 169) was constructed for immunohistochemical analysis of molecular markers. RESULTS The 5-year and 10-year disease-specific survival rates among patients with localized disease were 93% and 87%, respectively; male gender, age >45 years, and recurrent tumor predicted poor outcome. The local recurrence rate was 7.4%, and the risk of local recurrence was associated with recurrent tumors and nonextremity disease location. Male gender was the main risk factor for metastatic disease, which occurred in 13% of patients. Forty percent of patients who had localized disease received chemotherapy, mostly in the neoadjuvant setting. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed significantly higher expression of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) and platelet-derived growth factor beta (PDGFR-β) in metastatic lesions versus localized lesions. Tumors with a round cell phenotype expressed increased levels of CXCR4, p53, adipophilin, PDGFR-α, PDGFR-β, and vascular endothelial growth factor relative to myxoid phenotype. Only the receptor tyrosine kinase encoded by the AXL gene (AXL) was identified as a prognosticator of disease-specific survival in univariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS In this study, the authors identified clinical and molecular outcome prognosticators for patients with MLPS as well as several potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aviad Hoffman
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhang Z, Xu Y, Xu Q, Hou Y. PPARγ against Tumors by Different Signaling Pathways. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 36:598-601. [DOI: 10.1159/000355328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
30
|
Samardzija C, Quinn M, Findlay JK, Ahmed N. Attributes of Oct4 in stem cell biology: perspectives on cancer stem cells of the ovary. J Ovarian Res 2012; 5:37. [PMID: 23171809 PMCID: PMC3536609 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-5-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) remains the most lethal of all the gynaecological malignancies with drug resistance and recurrence remaining the major therapeutic barrier in the management of the disease. Although several studies have been undertaken to understand the mechanisms responsible for chemoresistance and subsequent recurrence in EOC, the exact mechanisms associated with chemoresistance/recurrence continue to remain elusive. Recent studies have shown that the parallel characteristics commonly seen between embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) are also shared by a relatively rare population of cells within tumors that display stem cell-like features. These cells, termed 'cancer initiating cells' or 'cancer stem cells (CSCs)' have been shown not only to display increased self renewal and pluripotent abilities as seen in ESCs and iPSCs, but are also highly tumorigenic in in vivo mouse models. Additionally, these CSCs have been implicated in tumor recurrence and chemoresistance, and when isolated have consistently shown to express the master pluripotency and embryonic stem cell regulating gene Oct4. This article reviews the involvement of Oct4 in cancer progression and chemoresistance, with emphasis on ovarian cancer. Overall, we highlight why ovarian cancer patients, who initially respond to conventional chemotherapy subsequently relapse with recurrent chemoresistant disease that is essentially incurable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chantel Samardzija
- Women's Cancer Research Centre, Royal Women's Hospital, 20 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Giaginis C, Politi E, Alexandrou P, Sfiniadakis J, Kouraklis G, Theocharis S. Expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) in human non-small cell lung carcinoma: correlation with clinicopathological parameters, proliferation and apoptosis related molecules and patients' survival. Pathol Oncol Res 2012; 18:875-83. [PMID: 22426809 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-012-9517-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) has currently been considered as molecular target for the treatment of human metabolic disorders. PPAR-γ has also been implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of several types of cancer, being associated with cell differentiation, growth and apoptosis. The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical significance of PPAR-γ expression in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). PPAR-γ protein expression was assessed immunohistochemically in tumoral samples of 67 NSCLC patients and was statistically analyzed in relation to clinicopathological parameters, proliferation and apoptosis related molecules and patients' survival. Positive PPAR-γ expression was prominent in 30 (45 %) out of 67 NSCLC cases. PPAR-γ positivity was more frequently observed in squamous cell lung carcinoma cases compared to lung adenocarcinoma ones (p = 0.048). PPAR-γ positivity was significantly associated with bcl-2 positivity (p = 0.016) and borderline with c-myc positivity (p = 0.052), whereas non associations with grade of differentiation, TNM stage, Ki-67, p53, bax proteins' expression and patients' survival were noted. In the subgroup of squamous cell lung carcinoma cases, PPAR-γ positivity was significantly associated with tumor size (p = 0.038), while in lung adenocarcinoma ones with histopathological grade of differentiation (p = 0.026). The present study supported evidence for possible participation of PPAR-γ in the biological mechanisms underlying the carcinogenic evolution of the lung. Although the survival prediction using PPAR-γ expression as a marker seems uncertain, the observed correlation with apoptosis related proteins reinforces the potential utility of PPAR-γ ligands as cell cycle modulators in future therapeutic approaches in lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Costantinos Giaginis
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Medical School, University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Athens, 11527, Greece.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Nickkho-Amiry M, McVey R, Holland C. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors modulate proliferation and angiogenesis in human endometrial carcinoma. Mol Cancer Res 2011; 10:441-53. [PMID: 22205725 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-11-0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) and retinoid X receptors (RXR) are implicated in the development of several obesity-related cancers. Little is known of either the expression or function of PPARs and RXRs in endometrial cancer although this increasingly common disease is highly associated with both obesity and insulin resistance. We investigated the expression of PPAR and RXR subtypes in human endometrial cancers and normal endometrium with immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry and subsequently showed PPAR/RXR binding preferences by coimmunoprecipitation. To determine the functions of PPARs within the endometrium, we investigated proliferation, apoptosis, PTEN expression, and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in endometrial cell lines after reducing the expression of PPARα and PPARγ with antisense RNA. The functional effects of PPAR ligands were also investigated in vitro. We identified differential expression of PPAR and RXR subtypes in endometrial cancers and discovered that PPARγ expression correlated with expression of PTEN. PPARα activation influences endometrial cell growth and VEGF secretion. PPARγ activation reduces proliferation of endometrial cells via regulation of PTEN and appears to reduce VEGF secretion. We conclude that the PPAR/RXR pathway contribute to endometrial carcinogenesis by control of PTEN expression and modulation of VEGF secretion. We propose that PPAR ligands should be considered for clinical investigation in early phase studies of women with endometrial cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Nickkho-Amiry
- School of Cancer and Enabling Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, England, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
To Live or to Die: Prosurvival Activity of PPARgamma in Cancers. PPAR Res 2011; 2008:209629. [PMID: 18784849 PMCID: PMC2532487 DOI: 10.1155/2008/209629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of PPARγ in tumorigenesis is controversial. In this article, we review and analyze literature from the past decade that highlights the potential proneoplastic activity of PPARγ. We discuss the following five aspects of the nuclear hormone receptor and its agonists: (1) relative expression of PPARγ in human tumor versus normal tissues; (2) receptor-dependent proneoplastic effects; (3) impact of PPARγ and its agonists on tumors in animal models; (4) clinical trials of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) in human malignancies; (5) TZDs as chemopreventive agents in epidemiology studies. The focus is placed on the most relevant in vivo animal models and human data. In vitro cell line studies are included only when the effects are shown to be dependent on the PPARγ receptor.
Collapse
|
34
|
Activated PPARgamma Targets Surface and Intracellular Signals That Inhibit the Proliferation of Lung Carcinoma Cells. PPAR Res 2011; 2008:254108. [PMID: 18704200 PMCID: PMC2515882 DOI: 10.1155/2008/254108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors belonging to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. Their discovery in the 1990s provided insights into the cellular mechanisms involved in the control of energy homeostasis, the regulation of cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis, and the modulation of important biological and pathological processes related to inflammation and cancer biology, among others. Since then, PPARs have become an exciting target for the development of therapies directed at many disorders including cancer. PPARs are expressed in many tumors including lung cancer, and their function has been linked to the process of carcinogenesis. Consequently, intense research is being conducted in this area with the hope of discovering new PPAR-related therapeutic targets for the treatment of lung cancer. This review summarizes the research being conducted in this area, and focuses on the mechanisms by which a member of this family (PPARγ) is believed to affect lung tumor cell biology.
Collapse
|
35
|
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ in mobile tongue squamous cell carcinoma: associations with clinicopathological parameters and patients survival. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2011; 137:251-9. [PMID: 20390425 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-010-0882-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) is a ligand-activated transcription factor, implicated in various aspects of cancer biology, such as differentiation, proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis. The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical significance of PPAR-γ in mobile tongue squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). METHODS PPAR-γ protein expression was assessed immunohistochemically on 49 mobile tongue SCC tissue samples obtained from an equal number of patients. PPAR-γ expression and intensity of immunostaining were statistically analyzed in relation with clinicopathological characteristics, mitotic index and patients' survival. RESULTS Elevated PPAR-γ expression was more frequently observed in patients with reduced depth of invasion (P = 0.0111). Moderate/intense PPAR-γ staining intensity was more frequently observed in patients with no evidence of muscular infiltration (P = 0.0229) and reduced depth of invasion (P = 0.0176). Mobile tongue SCC patients presenting enhanced PPAR-γ expression had significantly longer overall and disease-free survival times compared to those with low PPAR-γ expression (log-rank test, P = 0.0162 and P = 0.0114, respectively). CONCLUSIONS PPAR-γ immunoreactivity in mobile tongue SCC was correlated with clinicopathological characteristics crucial for patients' management and prognosis. PPAR-γ may be considered as a useful prognostic marker in mobile tongue SCC and a potential therapeutic target for tongue cancer chemoprevention and treatment.
Collapse
|
36
|
Specific thiazolidinediones inhibit ovarian cancer cell line proliferation and cause cell cycle arrest in a PPARγ independent manner. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16179. [PMID: 21283708 PMCID: PMC3025024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonists, such as the thiazolinediones (TZDs), have been studied for their potential use as cancer therapeutic agents. We investigated the effect of four TZDs--Rosiglitazone (Rosi), Ciglitazone (CGZ), Troglitazone (TGZ), and Pioglitazone (Pio)--on ovarian cancer cell proliferation, PPARγ expression and PPAR luciferase reporter activity. We explored whether TZDs act in a PPARγ dependent or independent manner by utilizing molecular approaches to inhibit or overexpress PPARγ activity. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Treatment with CGZ or TGZ for 24 hours decreased proliferation in three ovarian cancer cell lines, Ovcar3, CaOv3, and Skov3, whereas Rosi and Pio had no effect. This decrease in Ovcar3 cell proliferation was due to a higher fraction of cells in the G(0)/G(1) stage of the cell cycle. CGZ and TGZ treatment increased apoptosis after 4 hours of treatment but not after 8 or 12 hours. Treatment with TGZ or CGZ increased PPARγ mRNA expression in Ovcar3 cells; however, protein levels were unchanged. Surprisingly, luciferase promoter assays revealed that none of the TZDs increased PPARγ activity. Overexpression of wild type PPARγ increased reporter activity. This was further augmented by TGZ, Rosi, and Pio indicating that these cells have the endogenous capacity to mediate PPARγ transactivation. To determine whether PPARγ mediates the TZD-induced decrease in proliferation, cells were treated with CGZ or TGZ in the absence or presence of a dominant negative (DN) or wild type overexpression PPARγ construct. Neither vector changed the TZD-mediated cell proliferation suggesting this effect of TZDs on ovarian cancer cells may be PPARγ independent. CONCLUSIONS CGZ and TGZ cause a decrease in ovarian cancer cell proliferation that is PPARγ independent. This concept is supported by the finding that a DN or overexpression of the wild type PPARγ did not affect the changes in cell proliferation and cell cycle.
Collapse
|
37
|
New frontiers in the treatment of liposarcoma, a therapeutically resistant malignant cohort. Drug Resist Updat 2010; 14:52-66. [PMID: 21169051 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The adipogenic origin-derived liposarcoma (LPS) family is the most common soft tissue sarcoma histological subtype. This group is composed of three categories as per the 2002 WHO guidelines: (1) well-differentiated and dedifferentiated liposarcoma (WDLPS/DDLPS); (2) myxoid and round cell liposarcoma (MLS and RCL); and (3) pleomorphic liposarcoma (PLS). While clustered together, these histological subtypes are widely diverse in their clinical, pathological, and molecular characteristics. In general, surgery still remains the mainstay of LPS therapy and the only approach offering the potential of cure. Effective therapeutic strategies for locally advanced and metastatic disease are currently lacking and are crucially needed. With the current gradually increasing knowledge of LPS genetic- and epigenetic-associated deregulations, the ultimate goal is to develop drugs that can specifically eliminate LPS cells while sparing normal tissues. This tumor-tailored target-orientated approach will hopefully result in a significant improvement in the outcome of patients suffering from these poor prognosis malignancies.
Collapse
|
38
|
Galli A, Ceni E, Mello T, Polvani S, Tarocchi M, Buccoliero F, Lisi F, Cioni L, Ottanelli B, Foresta V, Mastrobuoni G, Moneti G, Pieraccini G, Surrenti C, Milani S. Thiazolidinediones inhibit hepatocarcinogenesis in hepatitis B virus-transgenic mice by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-independent regulation of nucleophosmin. Hepatology 2010; 52:493-505. [PMID: 20683949 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Antidiabetic thiazolidinediones (TZD) have in vitro antiproliferative effect in epithelial cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The effective anticancer properties and the underlying molecular mechanisms of these drugs in vivo remain unclear. In addition, the primary biological target of TZD, the ligand-dependent transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), is up-regulated in HCC and seems to provide tumor-promoting responses. The aim of our study was to evaluate whether chronic administration of TZD may affect hepatic carcinogenesis in vivo in relation to PPARgamma expression and activity. The effect of TZD oral administration for 26 weeks was tested on tumor formation in PPARgamma-expressing and PPARgamma-deficient mouse models of hepatic carcinogenesis. Proteomic analysis was performed in freshly isolated hepatocytes by differential in gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry analysis. Identified TZD targets were confirmed in cultured PPARgamma-deficient hepatocytes. TZD administration in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-transgenic mice (TgN[Alb1HBV]44Bri) reduced tumor incidence in the liver, inhibiting hepatocyte proliferation and increasing apoptosis. PPARgamma deletion in hepatocytes of HBV-transgenic mice (Tg[HBV]CreKOgamma) did not modify hepatic carcinogenesis but increased the TZD antitumorigenic effect. Proteomic analysis identified nucleophosmin (NPM) as a TZD target in PPARgamma-deficient hepatocytes. TZD inhibited NPM expression at protein and messenger RNA levels and decreased NPM promoter activity. TZD inhibition of NPM was associated with the induction of p53 phosphorylation and p21 expression. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that chronic administration of TZD has anticancer activity in the liver via inhibition of NPM expression and indicate that these drugs might be useful for HCC chemoprevention and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Galli
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Han SW, Roman J. Anticancer actions of PPARγ ligands: Current state and future perspectives in human lung cancer. World J Biol Chem 2010; 1:31-40. [PMID: 21537367 PMCID: PMC3083946 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v1.i3.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-dependent nuclear transcription factors and members of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Of the three PPARs identified to date (PPARγ, PPARβ/δ, and PPARα), PPARγ has been studied the most, in part because of the availability of PPARγ agonists (also known as PPARγ ligands) and its significant effects on the management of several human diseases including type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease and cancers. PPARγ is expressed in many tumors including lung cancer, and its function has been linked to the process of lung cancer development, progression and metastasis. Studies performed in gynogenic and xenograft models of lung cancer showed decreased tumor growth and metastasis in animals treated with PPARγ ligands. Furthermore, data are emerging from retrospective clinical studies that suggest a protective role for PPARγ ligands on the incidence of lung cancer. This review summarizes the research being conducted in this area and focuses on the mechanisms and potential therapeutic effects of PPARγ ligands as a novel anti-lung cancer treatment strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shou Wei Han
- Shou Wei Han, Jesse Roman, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Disorders Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Tajima T, Morii T, Kikuchi F, Matsumine A, Murata H, Nobuto H, Mochizuki K. Significance of LRP and PPAR-gamma Expression in Lipomatous Soft Tissue Tumors. Open Orthop J 2010; 4:48-55. [PMID: 20224740 PMCID: PMC2835867 DOI: 10.2174/1874325001004010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2009] [Revised: 11/26/2009] [Accepted: 12/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Molecular mechanism of differentiation in lipogenic tumor is still unknown in detail. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), representative regulatory molecules of lipogenic differentiation, have been reported today as multi-functional molecules and to modulate tumorigenesis in various kind of cancer. To date, diagnostic and therapeutic significance of the expression of these molecules in lipogenic tumors are not defined. Methods: The immunohistochemical expression status of LRP and PPAR-γ in various grades of 54 lipogenic tumors was analyzed. Correlation between the expression levels and the differentiation of the tumors was confirmed. For statistical analyses, the Kruskal-Wallis test, the Steel-Dwass test and the Mann–Whitney U test were used. Results: LRP and PPAR-γ expression was detected in 50 (92.6%) and 44 (81.5%) cases, respectively. The expression level in LRP was significantly higher in cases with well differentiated liposarcoma, pleomorphic liposarcoma and dedifferentiated liposarcoma than in lipoma. Compared with lipoma or well differentiated liposarcoma, significant elevation in expression level of PPAR-γ was confirmed in myxoid liposarcoma, pleomorphic liposarcoma, dedifferentiated liposarcoma and the differentiated area of dedifferentiated liposarcoma. Conclusion: The up-regulation of LRP and PPAR-γ in higher grade cases, i.e. less differentiated tumors than in low grade cases was shown, suggesting the candidate role of these molecules as tumor progression modulators rather than regulatory molecules of differentiation in lipogenic tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tajima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Meyer S, Vogt T, Landthaler M, Berand A, Reichle A, Bataille F, Marx AH, Menz A, Hartmann A, Kunz-Schughart LA, Wild PJ. Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARG) Are Stage-Dependent Prognostic Markers of Malignant Melanoma. PPAR Res 2009; 2009:848645. [PMID: 19639032 PMCID: PMC2712952 DOI: 10.1155/2010/848645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Using tissue microarrays (TMAs) we studied COX2/PPARG immunoreactivity in a broad spectrum of tumors focussing on clinicopathological correlations and the outcome of patients with malignant melanoma (MM). TMA-1 contained normal and tumor tissues (n = 3448) from 47 organs including skin neoplasms (n = 323); TMA-2 88 primary MM, 101 metastases, and 161 benign nevi. Based on a biomodulatory approach combining COX/PPAR-targeting with metronomic low-dose chemotherapy metastases of 36 patients participating in a randomized trial with metastatic (stage IV) melanoma were investigated using TMA-3. COX2/PPARG immunoreactivity significantly increased from nevi to primary MM and metastases; COX2 positivity was associated with advanced Clark levels and shorter recurrence-free survival. Patients with PPARG-positive metastases and biomodulatory metronomic chemotherapy alone or combined with COX2/PPARG-targeting showed a significantly prolonged progression-free survival. Regarding primary MM, COX2 expression indicates an increased risk of tumor recurrence. In metastatic MM, PPARG expression may be a predicitive marker for response to biomodulatory stroma-targeted therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Meyer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Vogt
- Department of Dermatology, University of Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Landthaler
- Department of Dermatology, University of Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anna Berand
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Albrecht Reichle
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Frauke Bataille
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andreas H. Marx
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anne Menz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, University of Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Peter J. Wild
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Nakamura Y, Suzuki T, Sugawara A, Arai Y, Sasano H. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in human prostate carcinoma. Pathol Int 2009; 59:288-93. [PMID: 19432669 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2009.02367.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of transcription factors. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) plays an important role in the regulation of lipid homeostasis, adipogenesis, insulin resistance, and development of various organs. Agonists of PPARgamma have been also reported to inhibit proliferation of prostate carcinoma cells as in other human malignancies, and these synthetic ligands have been used in differentiation-mediated therapy of various human carcinomas associated with high levels of PPARgamma. The significance of PPARgamma expression, however, was unknown in human prostate carcinoma tissues. The purpose of the present study was therefore to examine the immunolocalization of PPARgamma in human prostate cancer tissues (40 cases) and correlate the findings with clinicopathological features of the patients in order to evaluate its possible biological significance. Twenty-nine patients were positive for PPARgamma immunoreactivity (73%) and a significant inverse correlation was detected between PPARgamma immunoreactivity, pT stage (P = 0.036), and serum concentration of prostate-specific antigen (P = 0.0004). In conclusion, PPARgamma immunoreactivity is considered to be a new clinicopathological parameter of human prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Davidson B, Hadar R, Stavnes HT, Trope' CG, Reich R. Expression of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-alpha, -beta, and -gamma in ovarian carcinoma effusions is associated with poor chemoresponse and shorter survival. Hum Pathol 2009; 40:705-13. [PMID: 19157507 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2008.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2008] [Revised: 09/06/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors regulate lipid metabolism, affecting inflammation and cancer. The present study analyzed the anatomical site-related expression and prognostic role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in ovarian carcinoma. Fresh-frozen effusions (n = 79), primary carcinomas (n = 44), and solid metastases (n = 16) were studied for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha, -beta, and -gamma messenger RNA expression using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma messenger RNA expression was further assessed in 60 tumors (30 effusions, 20 primary carcinomas, 10 metastases) using in situ hybridization. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma protein expression was immunohistochemically analyzed in 160 effusions. All peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors were expressed in most tumors at all anatomical sites using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, but peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (P = .004) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-beta (P = .002) messenger RNA levels were higher in effusions compared with primary carcinomas and solid metastases. In situ hybridization localized peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma messenger RNA to carcinoma cells in both effusions and solid lesions. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma protein was detected in carcinoma cells in 102 of 160 (64%) effusions. Higher effusion messenger RNA levels of all peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors were associated with less favorable response to chemotherapy at diagnosis (P = .009). In univariate survival analysis, higher messenger RNA expression of all peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors was associated with poor progression-free (P = .045) and overall (P = .014) survival. Higher peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma protein expression was similarly associated with poor overall survival for the entire cohort (P = .046) and for patients with disease recurrence effusions (P = .009). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors were not independent predictors of survival in Cox multivariate analysis. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor members are frequently expressed in ovarian carcinoma, with upregulated expression in effusions. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor expression in effusions is associated with poor response to chemotherapy at disease recurrence and poor survival, suggesting a role in tumor biology at this unique microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Davidson
- Division of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Rikshospitalet Medical Center, Montebello N-0310, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
[Role of the fatty acids in ovarian functions: involvement of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) and adipokines]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 36:1230-8. [PMID: 19013096 DOI: 10.1016/j.gyobfe.2008.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The impact of nutrition and energy reserves on the reproductive functions is known for a very long time. However, the metabolic factors involved in the interactions between nutrition and reproduction are still poorly understood. These factors may be hormones or nutrients (glucose, protein and fatty acids). However, it remains to determine whether these factors act directly or indirectly on the reproductive tissues. In this issue, we briefly summarize the impact of fatty acids on the development of ovarian follicles, oocyte and embryo. We then discuss the current hypotheses about the mechanisms of action of these fatty acids on the ovarian functions. We describe more particularly the role of some receptors of fatty acids, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPAR) and Liver X Receptors (LXR) and two adipokines, leptin and adiponectin on ovarian cells.
Collapse
|
45
|
An immunohistochemical perspective of PPAR beta and one of its putative targets PDK1 in normal ovaries, benign and malignant ovarian tumours. Br J Cancer 2008; 98:1415-24. [PMID: 18349831 PMCID: PMC2361706 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta (PPAR beta) is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor family and is a ligand-activated transcription factor with few known molecular targets including 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1(PDK1). In view of the association of PPAR beta and PDK1 with cancer, we have examined the expression of PPAR beta and PDK1 in normal ovaries and different histological grades of ovarian tumours. Normal ovaries, benign, borderline, grades 1, 2 and 3 ovarian tumours of serous, muciuous, endometrioid, clear cell and mixed subtypes were analysed by immunohistochemistry for PPAR beta and PDK1 expression. All normal ovarian tissues, benign, borderline and grade 1 tumours showed PPAR beta staining localised in the epithelium and stroma. Staining was predominantly nuclear, but some degree of cytoplasmic staining was also evident. Approximately 20% of grades 2 and 3 tumours lacked PPAR beta staining, whereas the rest displayed some degree of nuclear and cytoplasmic staining of the scattered epithelium and stroma. The extent of epithelial and stromal PPAR beta staining was significantly different among the normal and the histological grades of tumours (chi(2)=59.25, d.f.=25, P<0.001; chi(2)=64.48, d.f.=25, P<0.001). Significantly different staining of PPAR beta was observed in the epithelium and stroma of benign and borderline tumours compared with grades 1, 2 and 3 tumours (chi(2)=11.28, d.f.=4, P<0.05; chi(2)=16.15, d.f.=4, P<0.005). In contrast, PDK1 immunostaining was absent in 9 out of 10 normal ovaries. Weak staining for PDK1 was observed in one normal ovary and 40% of benign ovarian tumours. All borderline and malignant ovarian tumours showed positive cytoplasmic and membrane PDK1 staining. Staining of PDK1 was confined to the epithelium and the blood vessels, and no apparent staining of the stroma was evident. Significantly different PDK1 staining was observed between the benign/borderline and malignant ovarian tumours (chi(2)=22.45, d.f.=5, P<0.001). In some borderline and high-grade tumours, staining of the reactive stroma was also evident. Our results suggest that unlike the colon, the endometrial, head and neck carcinomas, overexpression of PPAR beta does not occur in ovarian tumours. However, overexpression of PDK1 was evident in borderline and low- to high-grade ovarian tumours and is consistent with its known role in tumorigenesis.
Collapse
|
46
|
Zhang Y, Ba Y, Liu C, Sun G, Ding L, Gao S, Hao J, Yu Z, Zhang J, Zen K, Tong Z, Xiang Y, Zhang CY. PGC-1alpha induces apoptosis in human epithelial ovarian cancer cells through a PPARgamma-dependent pathway. Cell Res 2007; 17:363-73. [PMID: 17372612 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2007.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1alpha) coactivates multiple transcription factors and regulates several metabolic processes. The current study investigated the role of PGC-1alpha in the induction of apoptosis in human epithelial ovarian cancer cells. The PGC-1alpha mRNA level between human ovaries and human ovarian epithelial tumors was examined by quantitative RT-PCR. Less PGC-1alpha expression was found in the surface epithelium of malignant tumors compared with normal ovaries. Overexpression of PGC-1alpha in human epithelial ovarian cancer cell line Ho-8910 induced cell apoptosis through the coordinated regulation of Bcl-2 and Bax expression. Microarray analyses confirmed that PGC-1alpha dramatically affected the apoptosis-related genes in Ho-8910 cells. Mitochondrial functional assay showed that the induction of apoptosis was through the terminal stage by the release of cytochrome c. Furthermore, PGC-1alpha-induced apoptosis was partially, but not completely, blocked by PPARgamma antagonist (GW9662), and suppression of PPARgamma expression by siRNA also inhibited PGC-1alpha-induced apoptosis in Ho-8910 cells. These data suggested that PGC-1alpha exerted its effect through a PPARgamma-dependent pathway. Our findings indicated that PGC-1alpha was involved in the apoptotic signal transduction pathways and downregulation of PGC-1alpha may be a key point in promoting epithelial ovarian cancer growth and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Delage B, Rullier A, Capdepont M, Rullier E, Cassand P. The effect of body weight on altered expression of nuclear receptors and cyclooxygenase-2 in human colorectal cancers. Nutr J 2007; 6:20. [PMID: 17767717 PMCID: PMC2018695 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-6-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Accepted: 09/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiological studies on risk factors for colorectal cancer (CRC) have mainly focused on diet, and being overweight is now recognized to contribute significantly to CRC risk. Overweight and obesity are defined as an excess of adipose tissue mass and are associated with disorders in lipid metabolism. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and retinoid-activated receptors (RARs and RXRs) are important modulators of lipid metabolism and cellular homeostasis. Alterations in expression and activity of these ligand-activated transcription factors might be involved in obesity-associated diseases, which include CRC. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) also plays a critical role in lipid metabolism and alterations in COX-2 expression have already been associated with unfavourable clinical outcomes in epithelial tumors. The objective of this study is to examine the hypothesis questioning the relationship between alterations in the expression of nuclear receptors and COX-2 and the weight status among male subjects with CRC. Method The mRNA expression of the different nuclear receptor subtypes and of COX-2 was measured in 20 resected samples of CRC and paired non-tumor tissues. The association between expression patterns and weight status defined as a body mass index (BMI) was statistically analyzed. Results No changes were observed in PPARγ mRNA expression while the expression of PPARδ, retinoid-activated receptors and COX-2 were significantly increased in cancer tissues compared to normal colon mucosa (P ≤ 0.001). The weight status appeared to be an independent factor, although we detected an increased level of COX-2 expression in the normal mucosa from overweight patients (BMI ≥ 25) compared to subjects with healthy BMI (P = 0.002). Conclusion Our findings show that alterations in the pattern of nuclear receptor expression observed in CRC do not appear to be correlated with patient weight status. However, the analysis of COX-2 expression in normal colon mucosa from subjects with a high BMI suggests that COX-2 deregulation might be driven by excess weight during the colon carcinogenesis process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Delage
- Laboratoire Alimentation et Cancerogenese Colique, Unite de Nutrition et Signalisation Cellulaire, Universite Bordeaux1, France
| | - Anne Rullier
- Departement de Pathologie, Hopital Pellegrin, Bordeaux, France
| | - Maylis Capdepont
- Departement de Chirurgie Digestive, Hopital Saint-André, Bordeaux, France
| | - Eric Rullier
- Departement de Chirurgie Digestive, Hopital Saint-André, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierrette Cassand
- Laboratoire Alimentation et Cancerogenese Colique, Unite de Nutrition et Signalisation Cellulaire, Universite Bordeaux1, France
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Theocharis S, Giaginis C, Parasi A, Margeli A, Kakisis J, Agapitos E, Kouraklis G. Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma in colon cancer: correlation with histopathological parameters, cell cycle-related molecules, and patients' survival. Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52:2305-11. [PMID: 17393321 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-007-9794-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2006] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma), a ligand-activated transcription factor, is a key regulator of adipogenic differentiation and glucose homeostasis. PPAR-gamma ligands have recently been demonstrated to affect proliferation and differentiation in cancer cells lines. The aim of the present work was to examine PPAR-gamma expression in colon cancer cases. PPAR-gamma expression was examined immunohistochemically in 86 colon cancer cases and was correlated with clinicopathological parameters, tumor proliferative capacity, cell cycle-related molecule expression, and patient survival. Positive PPAR-gamma immunostaining was prominent in 48 of 86 cases (56%). PPAR-gamma positivity was not correlated with Dukes' stage, histological grade of differentiation, lymph node and liver metastasis, venous invasion, tumor proliferative capacity, or patient survival. A statistically significant correlation was found between PPAR-gamma and the expression of cell cycle-related molecules pRb (P < 0.016), cyclin D1 (P <0.009), p16 (P<0.032), and p21 (P<0.033), while a positive trend for cyclin E was also noted (P<0.057). The pattern, intensity, and extent of PPAR-gamma expression in positive cases were not correlated with any of the examined variables. Our findings support evidence for participation of this protein in the biological mechanisms underlying carcinogenic evolution in the colon, also suggesting the importance of specific PPAR-gamma ligands as cell cycle modulators for a future therapeutic approach in colon cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stamatios Theocharis
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Medical School, University of Athens, 75 M. Asias str., Goudi, GR11527, Athens, Greece.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Han S, Roman J. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma: a novel target for cancer therapeutics? Anticancer Drugs 2007; 18:237-44. [PMID: 17264754 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e328011e67d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors are ligand-activated intracellular transcription factors that have been implicated in important biological processes such as inflammation, tissue remodeling and atherosclerosis. Emerging information also implicates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in oncogenesis. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, the best studied of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, modulates the proliferation and apoptosis of many cancer cell types, and it is expressed in many human tumors including lung, breast, colon, prostate and bladder. Natural and synthetic agents capable of activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma have been found to inhibit cancer cell growth in vitro and in animal models. These agents, however, are not specific and both peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-dependent and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-independent pathways involved in their effects have been identified. Together, these studies, coupled with a few clinical trials, suggest that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma is a novel target for the development of new and effective anticancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- ShouWei Han
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Yang YC, Tsao YP, Ho TC, Choung IP. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists cause growth arrest and apoptosis in human ovarian carcinoma cell lines. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007; 17:418-25. [PMID: 17316361 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1438.2006.00866.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors. PPARgamma agonists inhibit the growth of many types of cancers. To our knowledge, the effect of PPARgamma agonist on ovarian tumors is not reported. In this study, we used two human ovarian carcinoma cell lines (ES-2 and PA-1) to examine the effects of the PPARgamma agonists troglitazone (TGZ) and ciglitazone (CGZ) on cell survival. CGZ and TGZ inhibited viability in a dose-dependent manner in both types of ovarian cancer cells. The agonists also decreased cellular proliferation in association with an increase in the number of cells arrested in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. Moreover, they increased apoptosis while increasing caspase-3 activity. Incubation of both the cell lines with the PPARgamma agonists led to upregulated PPARgamma expression. This effect appeared to be PPARgamma independent because the PPARgamma antagonist GW9662 did not reverse it. Along with the induction of apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells, protein expression levels of p53 and Bax markedly increased in response to the PPARgamma agonists. Our results demonstrated that PPARgamma agonists inhibited the viability of human ovarian cancer cells, at least partly by inducing apoptosis. As a result, these agonists may serve as future drugs for the prevention and treatment of ovarian cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y-C Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|