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Lindroos AK, Hallström E, Moraeus L, Strid A, Winkvist A. Dietary Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Diet Quality in a Cross-Sectional Study of Swedish Adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 118:956-965. [PMID: 37678640 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interventions to improve dietary intake and reduce dietary greenhouse gas emissions (dGHGE) are urgently needed. Adolescence presents a unique time in life to promote sustainable diets. Detailed dietary data are needed to inform public health strategies aiming at improving adolescents' diet quality and reducing dGHGE. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to describe dGHGE in Swedish adolescents' diets by socio-demographic characteristics, evaluate how food groups contribute to dGHGE, and examine dGHGE in relation to diet quality. METHODS Data come from the national, school-based, cross-sectional dietary survey Riksmaten Adolescents 2016-17 of 3099 females and males attending school grades 5 (11-12 y old), 8 (14-15 y old) and 11 (17-18 y old). Participants completed 2 web-based 24-h recalls and questionnaires on lifestyle factors. dGHGE was estimated based on life cycle assessment data. Diet quality was estimated using NRF11.3 (Nutrient Rich Food Index) and SHEIA15 (Swedish Healthy Eating Index for Adolescents 2015). RESULTS dGHGE were higher in males than females (medians 4.2 versus 3.8 kg CO2e/10 MJ, P < 0.001). In females, dGHGE were highest in grade 5 (4.0 kg CO2e/10MJ), whereas in males, emissions were highest in grade 11 (4.4 kg CO2e/10MJ), P < 0.001 for the sex/grade interaction. Overweight/obesity was positively associated with CO2e/10MJ, but parental education, birthplace, and degree of urbanization were not. In females, the proportion of dGHGE from animal-based foods was lowest in grade 11, whereas the proportions from plant-based foods and sweet foods/beverages were highest. In males, these proportions were similar across grades. NRF11.3 was not associated with CO2e/10MJ, whereas healthier eating, according to SHEIA15, was inversely associated with CO2e/10MJ. CONCLUSIONS Food choices and dGHGE per calorie differ by sex in adolescents. Thus, intervention strategies to improve dietary sustainability need to be tailored differently to females and males. Diet quality should also be considered when promoting reduced GHGE diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Karin Lindroos
- Department of Risk Benefit Assessment, Swedish Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Elinor Hallström
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Research Institutes of Sweden (RISE), Department of Food and Agriculture, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lotta Moraeus
- Department of Risk Benefit Assessment, Swedish Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Strid
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Winkvist
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Sustainable Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
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de Vlieger N, Riley N, Miller A, Collins C, Bucher T. Development and Reliability Testing of a Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire for Australian Children (the CNK-AU). JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR 2022; 54:335-345. [PMID: 35065892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To adapt and test an existing questionnaire to assess Australian children's level of nutrition knowledge. DESIGN The child nutrition knowledge questionnaire for Australian children consists of 8 nutrition-related categories: healthy choices, portion and serving sizes, balanced meals, nutrition labels, nutrient functions, and food sources, safety, and categories. Participants completed the questionnaire at 2 time points, with 1 week in between. SETTING The questionnaire was completed online in a primary school classroom using an Android tablet. PARTICIPANTS Fifth- and sixth-year students (n = 94; aged 10.9 years; SD, 0.76) at a primary school in New South Wales, Australia. VARIABLES MEASURED Item difficulty, item discrimination, and reliability. ANALYSIS Item analysis, interrater reliability, and test-retests. RESULTS The intrarater reliability per item between the first visit and 1 week later was moderate to substantial for the majority of items (mean κ = 0.50; SD, 0.21). Test-retest found a significant correlation for total score (r = 0.756), with all categories except portion and serving sizes showing significant correlations above r = 0.502. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The child nutrition knowledge questionnaire for Australian children has the potential to be a reliable and practical questionnaire for measuring Australian children's nutrition knowledge. The questionnaire may be useful for future work evaluating the effectiveness of nutrition education interventions and would potentially be adapted to other cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke de Vlieger
- College of Engineering, Science and Environment, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, New South Wales, Australia; Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Nicholas Riley
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia; College of Human and Social Futures, School of Education, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew Miller
- College of Human and Social Futures, School of Education, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia; Teachers and Teaching Research Centre, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Clare Collins
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia; College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, School of Health Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tamara Bucher
- College of Engineering, Science and Environment, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, New South Wales, Australia; Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
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Australian adolescents’ beliefs and perceptions towards healthy eating from a symbolic and moral perspective: A qualitative study. Appetite 2022; 171:105913. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.105913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Prahalathan SV, Baird D, Hendrie GA, Rebuli MA, Cox DN. Sensory swap: Modelling the impact of swapping discretionary choices for similar tasting core foods on the energy, nutrients and sensory properties of Australian diets. Appetite 2021; 169:105866. [PMID: 34915107 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Food choice is strongly driven by the sensory characteristics of foods with sweet, salty and fatty mouthfeel considered highly palatable and rewarding. Attempts to improve diet quality have not addressed sensory characteristics of diets before. This report describes a data modelling exercise that could underpin a dietary strategy to help support consumption of higher quality diets without compromising sensory preferences. This study used the Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey data (in 9341 adults) and the CSIRO sensory-diet database. A method was developed to find core food swaps which had a similar sensory profile as discretionary foods. This study investigated the impact of such swaps on energy and nutrient intake and the impact of the swaps on servings of food groups. The modelling resulted in a similar sensory profile of core foods to that of discretionary foods with hardness, sweetness and fatty mouthfeel all within 1-3% but the saltiness approached a 4% change. There was a small (3.6%) increase in energy intake. This swap strategy decreased the intake of risk nutrients such as saturated fat and added sugars, but not sodium, while increasing the intake of beneficial nutrients like calcium, zinc and vitamin C. Results also show that there was an increase in the intake of servings of core food groups such as fruits, grains, and dairy products but little change in vegetables. In conclusion, similar sensory swaps are possible and could underpin a diet strategy, that could be further refined through food appropriateness, to improve quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanju V Prahalathan
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, PO Box 10041, Adelaide, 5001, Australia; Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708PB, the Netherlands.
| | - Danielle Baird
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, PO Box 10041, Adelaide, 5001, Australia.
| | - Gilly A Hendrie
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, PO Box 10041, Adelaide, 5001, Australia.
| | - Megan A Rebuli
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, PO Box 10041, Adelaide, 5001, Australia.
| | - David N Cox
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, PO Box 10041, Adelaide, 5001, Australia.
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5
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Qiu N, Moore JB, Wang Y, Fu J, Ding K, Li R. Perceived Parental Attitudes Are Indirectly Associated with Consumption of Junk Foods and Sugar-Sweetened Beverages among Chinese Adolescents through Home Food Environment and Autonomous Motivation: A Path Analysis. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103403. [PMID: 34684401 PMCID: PMC8541436 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to use path analysis to determine the association between perceived parental attitudes toward restricting junk food (JF)/sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake and JF/SSB consumption among Chinese adolescents, and whether JF/SSB availability in the home environment and autonomous motivation of adolescents mediated the association. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using questionnaires adapted from the Family Life, Activity, Sun, Health, and Eating (FLASHE) Study to collect data on 3819 participants with an average age of 14.7 years (SD = 1.7). Spearman correlations and path analysis were performed. It was found that perceived parental attitudes were not directly associated with adolescents’ JF/SSB consumption frequency, but indirectly related to them through JF/SSB availability in the home environment and autonomous motivation of adolescents. When parents held a less positive attitude toward JF/SSB consumption and kept less JFs/SSBs at home, youth displayed more autonomous motivation for restricting JF/SSB intake and consumed fewer JFs/SSBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Qiu
- Department of Healthcare Management, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; (N.Q.); (Y.W.); (J.F.); (K.D.)
| | - Justin B. Moore
- Department of Implementation Science, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA;
| | - Yechuang Wang
- Department of Healthcare Management, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; (N.Q.); (Y.W.); (J.F.); (K.D.)
| | - Jialin Fu
- Department of Healthcare Management, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; (N.Q.); (Y.W.); (J.F.); (K.D.)
| | - Kai Ding
- Department of Healthcare Management, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; (N.Q.); (Y.W.); (J.F.); (K.D.)
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Healthcare Management, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; (N.Q.); (Y.W.); (J.F.); (K.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-27-68759901; Fax: +86-27-68758648
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The Contribution of Foods and Beverages of Low Nutritional Value to the Diets of Swedish Adolescents, by Food Group, Time and Place. A Nationally Representative Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072450. [PMID: 34371960 PMCID: PMC8308806 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a time in life when lifestyle behaviours are acquired. One indicator of poor diet quality is the intake of foods and beverages with a relatively low nutritional value. Using the Australian classification of such foods, termed "discretionary", we classified the intakes of Swedish adolescents who participated in the Riksmaten Adolescent 2016-17 national dietary survey. From selected schools, 3099 adolescents in age groups 11-12, 14-15 and 17-18 years provided two 24-h recalls. Intakes and healthy dietary scores were calculated. Plasma ferritin, folate and 25(OH)D were available for a third. Almost 40% of total energy came from discretionary foods/beverages. Adolescents with higher intakes were more likely to be female, older, from a low socioeconomic position-household and born in Sweden. Most discretionary foods/beverages were consumed on weekend days and during in-between meals, outside of the home and at school. Percent energy from discretionary intake was associated with healthy dietary scores but not nutritional status. A substantial amount of energy was obtained from discretionary foods/beverages, and we found that consumption is pervasive across sociodemographic factors, time and place. Addressing this pattern will require a comprehensive approach to food environments and behaviours to reach all adolescents in an equitable manner.
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Chen X, Hu X, Fang J, Sun X, Zhu F, Sun Y, Wang Y. Association of oral microbiota profile with sugar-sweetened beverages consumption in school-aged children. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2021; 73:82-92. [PMID: 34000955 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2021.1913102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Evidence that common beverage consumption is associated with oral ecosystem. However, little is known about the effect of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) on composition and functional potential of childhood oral microbiota. We aim to examine associations between SSBs consumption with oral microbiota diversity and function among school-aged children. Oral microbiota in buccal swab samples was collected from 180 children (11.3 ± 0.6 years) from an ongoing child growth and development cohort established in 2016, using 16S rDNA gene sequencing. Higher SSBs consumption (≥1 serving/day) was associated with lower oral microbiota richness and diversity. Children with higher SSBs consumption showed decreased abundance of genus Fusobacterium, Lachnoanaerobaculum, Soonwooa, Tannerella and Moraxella (p < 0.05). However, more SSBs intake selectively increases the dominance of aciduric bacteria (Neisseria and Streptococcus), which can lead to dental caries and other oral problems. Furthermore, PICRUSt analysis illustrated that oral microbiota was more conducive to the pathway activated of protein export (p = 0.020), D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism (p = 0.013), and pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis (p = 0.004), indicating vigorous microbial metabolism in oral bacterial community in higher SSBs intake groups. Overall, our finding suggests that higher SSBs consumption may disturb oral microecology and reduce diversity of microbiota during childhood, stimulating an increase in cariogenic genera, which contributes to increased susceptibility of SSBs-related oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Stomatologic Hospital & College, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoyan Hu
- Stomatologic Hospital & College, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiao Fang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoyu Sun
- Stomatologic Hospital & College, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fangfang Zhu
- Stomatologic Hospital & College, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Hefei, China
| | - Yuanyin Wang
- Stomatologic Hospital & College, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Haynes A, Bayly M, Dixon H, McAleese A, Martin J, Chen YJM, Wakefield M. Sugary drink advertising expenditure across Australian media channels 2016-2018. Aust N Z J Public Health 2021; 45:270-276. [PMID: 33818863 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.13103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to describe advertising expenditure for sugary drinks compared with alternative cold non-alcoholic beverages (artificially sweetened beverages, plain water, plain milk) between 2016 and 2018 across Australian media channels. METHODS Monthly estimates of advertising expenditure for non-alcoholic beverages were obtained from Nielsen Media and aggregated by product type and media. RESULTS Total sugary drink advertising expenditure between 2016 and 2018 ($129.5M) significantly exceeded expenditure on artificially sweetened drinks ($23.26M), plain water ($14.27M), and plain milk ($31.30M). Television and out-of-home advertising accounted for the largest share of sugary drink advertising (45%, 35%). Expenditure on out-of-home advertising was more heavily dominated by sugary drinks (75%) than advertising in all media combined (65%). Sugary drink advertising peaked in warmer months and was lowest in August. Soft drinks (26%), flavoured milks (24%) and energy drinks (21%) accounted for the majority of sugary drink advertising. CONCLUSIONS Cold non-alcoholic beverage advertising in Australian media is dominated by the advertising of sugary drinks. Implications for public health: Restricting unhealthy beverage advertising on television and out-of-home media may be most effective initially. However, comprehensive restrictions capturing a broader range of media and settings would be optimal to prevent displacement and limit advertising reach and exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh Haynes
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria
| | - Megan Bayly
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria
| | - Helen Dixon
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria.,Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria
| | | | - Jane Martin
- Obesity Policy Coalition, Cancer Council Victoria
| | | | - Melanie Wakefield
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria.,Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria
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Cartoon Characters in Children’s Series: Gender Disparities in Body Weight and Food Consumption. SEXES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sexes2010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Media play a significant role in forming audience perceptions about physical external appearance and food consumption patterns. It has been reported that children’s cartoons project slimness, and concomitantly consumption of poor nutritional quality food. However, data on the role of gender in this respect are lacking; thus, this was the aim of the present study. (2) Methods: 100 episodes of the 10 most popular cartoon series were analyzed. Characters’ body weight status was classified into underweight, normal weight and overweight, and foods consumed as core (e.g., fruit, vegetables) and non-core (e.g., sweets, snacks). Messages about characters’ attractiveness were recorded and classified according to their body weight status and gender. (3) Results: Out of 37 protagonists, 12 were female figures (32%), while out of the 10 thin protagonists, 7 were females (70%) and only 3 males (30%). Thin heroines were the recipients of the majority of the messages connotative to physical attractiveness (36 out of 58 messages). However, consumption of core and non-core foods did not differ within genders (core: z = −1.526, p = 0.127, non-core: z = −0.417, p = 0.667). (4) Conclusions: Females seem to be underrepresented in cartoon series but receive the majority of the comments related to physical appearance, with most of them addressing the attractiveness of a thin figure.
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10
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Saraf S, Grobler A, Liu RS, Liu M, Wake M, Olds T, Lycett K, Juonala M, Ranganathan S, Burgner D, Kerr JA. Takeaway food, sugar-sweetened beverages and preclinical cardiometabolic phenotypes in children and adults. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2020; 28:1784-1794. [PMID: 33624030 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwaa070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate relationships between takeaway food and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption with cardiometabolic phenotypes during childhood and mid-adulthood. METHOD Design: Cross-sectional Child Health CheckPoint within the national population-representative Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Participants: 1838 children (mean age 11.5 years; 49.1% female) and 1846 adults (mean age 43.7 years; 87.6% female). Exposures: Self-reported takeaway food and SSB consumption ('frequent': ≥ weekly). Outcomes: Functional (pulse wave velocity (PWV), blood pressure (BP)) and structural (carotid intima-media thickness, retinal microvascular calibre) preclinical cardiovascular phenotypes; lipids (total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides). Analysis: Linear regression (exposure: takeaway or SSB consumption, individually or together) adjusted for age, sex and socio-economic position; and mediation analysis for body mass index (BMI). RESULTS Associations were small among children (standardized mean difference (SMD) ≤0.15). In adults, associations were stronger with functional, but not structural, cardiovascular phenotypes and lipids, particularly for frequent takeaway food consumption (e.g. PWV (0.20 m/s; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.03 to 0.37); systolic (3.3 mmHg; 95% CI 1.3 to 5.3) and diastolic BP (1.4 mmHg; 95% CI 0.2 to 2.6); LDL (0.10 mmol/L; 95% CI 0.02 to 0.18); HDL (-0.14 mmol/L; 95% CI -0.19 to -0.10) and triglycerides (0.30 mmol/L; 95% CI 0.12 to 0.48)]. BMI mediated associations between takeaway food consumption and PWV, BP, HDL and TG (proportion of mediation 34% to 75%), while mediation effects were smaller for SSB consumption. CONCLUSIONS Frequent takeaway food consumption in adults was associated with adverse blood lipids and vascular function (mainly via BMI). Lack of strong associations in children highlights opportunities for prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Saraf
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anneke Grobler
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard S Liu
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mengjiao Liu
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa Wake
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tim Olds
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kate Lycett
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Markus Juonala
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turku, Finland.,Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Sarath Ranganathan
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David Burgner
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jessica A Kerr
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Clark DC, Cifelli CJ, Pikosky MA. Growth and Development of Preschool Children (12-60 Months): A Review of the Effect of Dairy Intake. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3556. [PMID: 33233555 PMCID: PMC7699766 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Undernutrition in young children is a global health issue. The ability to meet energy and nutrient needs during this critical stage of development is necessary, not only to achieve physical and mental potential but also socio-economic achievement later in life. Given ongoing discussions regarding optimization of dietary patterns to support achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations, it is important to identify foods/food groups that have shown efficacy in reducing the negative impacts of undernutrition in young children. This narrative review addresses the impact of dairy intake, with a focus on linear growth, cognitive development and weight gain in early childhood (12-60 months). The impact of country economic status is also examined, to help elucidate regional specific recommendations and/or future research needs. Overall, the body of research addressing this age group is somewhat limited. Based on the data available, there is a positive association between dairy intake and linear growth. The impact of milk or dairy products on cognitive development is less clear due to a lack of evidence and is a gap in the literature that should be addressed. Regarding the impact on body weight, the majority of evidence suggests there is either no association or an inverse association between milk intake by preschool children on overweight and obesity later in life. This evidence is exclusively in high income countries, however, so additional work in lower income countries may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Clark
- Bovina Mountain Consulting LLC, Englewood, FL 34223, USA;
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12
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Tzoutzou M, Bathrellou E, Matalas AL. Body Weight of Cartoon Characters in Children Series Is Associated to Food Consumption, Attractiveness, and Physical Activity Engagement. Int J Behav Med 2020; 27:707-716. [PMID: 32488794 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-020-09911-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research is lacking regarding the eating habits of cartoon characters in relation to their body weight. The present study explored the context of food consumption and the cartoon characters' traits, according to body weight. Studies show that slim cartoon characters are usually considered as attractive; however, little is known regarding the type of messages projected about their physical appearance. METHOD One hundred episodes of ten series with high TV audience rates were reviewed. Characters' body weight status was classified into underweight, normal weight, and overweight, and food consumed as processed and less processed. Characters' traits such as physical activity and attractiveness were classified as positive, negative, or neutral. Comments made by the characters themselves regarding their proper physical appearance or the appearance of partner characters were recorded and classified as positive or negative. RESULTS Results show that characters' body weight was related to both type and quantity of foods consumed, as 58% of the non-core and 48% of all foods were actually eaten by oversized characters. Positive characters' traits, as defined by attractiveness and physical activity engagement, referred consistently to slim characters, with nine out of ten shown as good-looking and physically active. In addition, the majority (51 out of 58) of the positive comments on physical appearance were recorded for slim and attractive characters, either expressed by fellow actors or the characters themselves. CONCLUSION Body weight of cartoon characters seems to follow stereotypic perceptions which value slimness and relate unhealthy food consumption with overweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milia Tzoutzou
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Dietetics, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Elefteriou Venizelou 70, 176 76, Kallithea, Athens, Greece.
| | - Eirini Bathrellou
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Dietetics, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Elefteriou Venizelou 70, 176 76, Kallithea, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonia-Leda Matalas
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Dietetics, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Elefteriou Venizelou 70, 176 76, Kallithea, Athens, Greece
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Nucci D, Rabica F, Dallagiacoma G, Fatigoni C, Gianfredi V. Are the Italian Children Exposed to Advertisements of Nutritionally Appropriate Foods? Foods 2020; 9:foods9111632. [PMID: 33171612 PMCID: PMC7695182 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Unhealthy eating habits are one of the main risk factors for overweight/obesity, and food marketing plays a major role in their development. The aim of this study was to monitor the amount and the characteristics of food marketing directed to Italian children broadcasted on television (TV). The WHO tool to assess food and beverage multimedia marketing aimed at children was used to analyze TV recordings. Type of product branded, viewing time, channel’s target, and broadcasting company were the exposure variables analyzed. The power of persuasive techniques was also assessed. Food products were categorized as either core or non-core products on the basis of their nutritional profile. A total of 320 h of TV broadcasting was analyzed, including 51.7 h of commercials. Food and beverages were the second most frequently advertised products, with an average of 6 food advertisements per hour during peak viewing time. A total of 23.8% of food advertisements were recorded during the time slot of 3:00 p.m. Considering food and beverage commercials, “humor” was the most frequently used primary persuasive technique, while the “image of the product/packaging” was the most commonly used secondary persuasive technique. Products specifically targeted to children were 94.3% non-core. Our findings indicate that core foods are highly underrepresented in TV commercials, especially during children TV programs and peak viewing time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Nucci
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Via Gattamelata 64, 35128 Padua, Italy;
| | - Filippo Rabica
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto 2, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (F.R.); (C.F.)
| | - Giulia Dallagiacoma
- Post-Graduate School of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Cristina Fatigoni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto 2, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (F.R.); (C.F.)
| | - Vincenza Gianfredi
- Post-Graduate School of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, P.le L. Severi 1, 06122 Perugia, Italy
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
- CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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Damen FW, Steenbekkers BL, de Vaal MT, Kampen JK, Fogliano V, Luning PA. General parenting and mothers’ snack giving behavior to their children aged 2–7. Food Qual Prefer 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.103961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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de Vlieger N, van Rossum J, Riley N, Miller A, Collins C, Bucher T. Nutrition Education in the Australian New South Wales Primary School Curriculum: Knowledge and Attitudes of Students and Parents. CHILDREN-BASEL 2020; 7:children7040024. [PMID: 32230736 PMCID: PMC7231028 DOI: 10.3390/children7040024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In NSW, Australia, the views of primary-school aged children and their parents in regard to the importance of nutrition education at school are unclear. The aim of the current study was to explore children’s knowledge of nutrition and eating habits and to identify gaps that future school nutrition education programs could target. Students aged 9 to 12 years and their parents (n = 21 dyads) were invited to participate in semi-structured interviews, complete a nutrition knowledge questionnaire, and perform a “healthy-unhealthy” food sorting task in a University food laboratory. Among the children, nutrition knowledge scores concerning “serves & portions” of common foods were lowest, identifying a gap in knowledge related to portion size. All children categorized fruits, vegetables, cola, and water correctly as “healthy” or “unhealthy” in the sorting task, but not for the sausage and muesli bar, suggesting that further support categorising processed foods may be needed. The interviews indicated that parents do actively try to teach their children about nutrition, although they reported feeling uncertain about their own level of nutrition knowledge. Children and parents indicated that there is very little nutrition education in school and more is needed. This research could be used to inform future curriculum components related to nutrition education for primary school children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke de Vlieger
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, NSW, Australia; (N.d.V.); (C.C.)
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, NSW, Australia
| | - Jolien van Rossum
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, NSW, Australia; (N.d.V.); (C.C.)
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicholas Riley
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, NSW, Australia
- School of Education, Faculty of Education and Arts, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Miller
- School of Education, Faculty of Education and Arts, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, NSW, Australia
- Teachers and Teaching Research Centre, School of Education, Faculty of Education and Arts, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, NSW, Australia
| | - Clare Collins
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, NSW, Australia; (N.d.V.); (C.C.)
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, NSW, Australia
| | - Tamara Bucher
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, NSW, Australia
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences (SELS), The University of Newcastle, Ourimbah 2258, NSW, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Manohar N, Hayen A, Bhole S, Arora A. Predictors of Early Introduction of Core and Discretionary Foods in Australian Infants-Results from HSHK Birth Cohort Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:E258. [PMID: 31963864 PMCID: PMC7019241 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Early introduction of complementary foods can have a detrimental impact on children's long-term health. This study examined the timing and determinants of early introduction of core and discretionary foods among infants in Sydney, Australia. Mothers (n = 1035) from an ongoing population-based birth cohort study were interviewed at 8, 17, 34 and 52 weeks postpartum. The outcome was 'age at which particular core and discretionary food items were first introduced'. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to investigate family and infant-related determinants of early introduction of core (<17 weeks of age) and discretionary foods (<52 weeks of age). Of the 934 mother-infant dyads interviewed, 12% (n = 113) of infants were introduced core foods before 17 weeks of age (median: 22). Mothers working part-time (adjusted odds ratio (OR): 3.42, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.54-7.62) and those exclusively formula-feeding their babies at four-weeks postpartum (adjusted OR 3.26, 95% CI: 1.99-5.33) were most likely to introduce core foods early. Ninety-five percent (n = 858) of infants were introduced discretionary foods before 52 weeks of age (median: 28). Low socio-economic status was significantly associated with early introduction of discretionary foods (adjusted OR: 3.72, 95% CI: 1.17-11.78). Compliance with infant feeding guidelines related to core foods was better; however, discretionary foods were introduced early in most infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendar Manohar
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2571, Australia;
| | - Andrew Hayen
- Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia;
| | - Sameer Bhole
- Oral Health Services, Sydney Local Health District and Sydney Dental Hospital, Surry Hills, NSW 2010, Australia;
- Sydney Dental School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Surry Hills, NSW 2010, Australia
- Oral Health Alliance, Oral Health Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Metro North Oral Health Services, Stafford, QLD 4053, Australia
| | - Amit Arora
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2571, Australia;
- Oral Health Services, Sydney Local Health District and Sydney Dental Hospital, Surry Hills, NSW 2010, Australia;
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2571, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead, NSW 2050, Australia
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Nutrient composition of Australian fast-food and fast-casual children's meals available in 2016 and changes in fast-food meals between 2010 and 2016. Public Health Nutr 2019; 22:2981-2988. [PMID: 31514763 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980019001897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A quarter of Australian children are overweight or obese. Research conducted in 2010 found that fast-food children's meals were energy-dense and nutrient-poor. Since then, menu labelling and self-regulation of marketing have been introduced in Australia. The present study aimed to: (i) investigate the nutrient composition of children's meals offered at fast-food chains; (ii) compare these with children's daily requirements and recommendations and the food industry's own criteria for healthier children's meals; and (iii) determine whether results have changed since last investigated in 2010. DESIGN An audit of nutrition information for fast-food children's meals was conducted. Meals were compared with 30 % (recommended contribution for a meal) and 100 % of children's daily recommendations and requirements. A comparative analysis was conducted to determine if the proportion of meals that exceeded meal requirements and recommendations, and compliance with the food industry's own criteria, changed between 2010 and 2016. SETTING Large Australian fast-food chains. PARTICIPANTS All possible children's meal combinations. RESULTS Overall, 289 children's meals were included. Most exceeded 30 % of daily recommendations and requirements for a 4-year-old's energy, saturated fat, sugars and Na. Results were also substantial for 8- and 13-year-olds, particularly for Na. When compared with mean energy and nutrient contents from 2010, there were minimal changes overall. CONCLUSIONS Children's meals can provide excess energy, saturated fat, sugar and Na to children's diets. Systematic reformulation of energy, saturated fat, sugars and Na would improve the nutrient composition of the meals.
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Child and adult snack food intake in response to manipulated pre-packaged snack item quantity/variety and snack box size: a population-based randomized trial. Int J Obes (Lond) 2019; 43:1891-1902. [PMID: 31320694 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-019-0407-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Snacks contribute to overconsumption of energy-dense foods and thence obesity. Previous studies in this area are limited by self-reported data and small samples. In a large population-based cohort of parent-child dyads, we investigated how modification of pre-packaged snack food, i.e. (a) item quantity and variety, and (b) dishware (boxed container) size affected intake. METHODS Design: Randomized trial nested within the cross-sectional Child Health CheckPoint of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children, clustered by day of visit. SAMPLE 1299 11-12 year olds, 1274 parents. EXPOSURE 2 × 2 manipulation of snack box container size and item quantity/variety: (1) small box, few items, (2) large box, few items, (3) small box, more items, (4) large box, more items. PROCEDURE Participants received a snack box during a 15 min break within their 3.5 h visit; any snacks remaining were weighed. OUTCOMES Consumed quantity (grams) and energy intake (kilojoules). ANALYSES Unadjusted linear regression. RESULTS Children who were offered a greater quantity and variety of snack items consumed considerably more energy and a slightly higher food mass (main effect for energy intake: 349 kJ, 95% CI 282-416, standardized mean difference (effect size) 0.66; main effect for mass: 10 g, 95% CI 3-17, effect size 0.17). In contrast, manipulating box size had little effect on child consumption, and neither box size nor quantity/variety of items consistently affected adults' consumption. CONCLUSION In children, reducing the number and variety of snack food items available may be a more fruitful intervention than focusing on container or dishware size. Effects observed among adults were small, although we could not exclude social desirability bias in adults aware of observation.
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Vivarini P, Kerr JA, Clifford SA, Grobler AC, Jansen PW, Mensah FK, Baur LA, Gibbons K, Wake M. Food choices: concordance in Australian children aged 11-12 years and their parents. BMJ Open 2019; 9:147-156. [PMID: 31273025 PMCID: PMC6624032 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Snack foods-typically high in salt, sugar, fat and/or energy-are likely important to the obesity epidemic. In the context of a population-based health assessment involving parent-child dyads at child age 11-12 years, we report cross-generational concordance in intake at a controlled snack food observation. DESIGN Cross-sectional study (Child Health CheckPoint), nested within the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. SETTING Assessment centres in seven Australian cities, February 2015-March 2016. PARTICIPANTS Of all participating CheckPoint families (n=1874), 1299 children (50.3% girls) and 1274 parents (85.9% mothers) with snack data were included. Survey weights and methods were applied to account for the clustered multistage sample design. OUTCOME MEASURES Partway through the 3.5-hour assessment, parents and children attended Food Stop separately for a timed 15 min 'snack break'. One of four standardised box size/content combinations was randomly provided to all participants on any given day. Total food mass, energy, nutrients and sodium consumed was measured to the nearest 1 g. Pearson's correlation coefficients and adjusted multivariable linear regression models assessed parent-child concordance in each variable. RESULTS Children consumed less grams (151 g [SD 80] vs 165 g [SD 79]) but more energy (1393 kJ [SD 537] vs 1290 kJ [SD 658]) than parents. Parent-child concordance coefficients were small, ranging from 0.07 for sodium intake to 0.17 for carbohydrate intake. Compared with children with parents' energy intake on the 10th centile, children whose parents were on the 90th centile ate on average 227 kJ more. If extrapolated to one similar unsupervised snack on a daily basis, this equates to an additional 83 050 kJ per year, which could have a cumulative impact on additional body fat. CONCLUSIONS Although modest at an individual level, this measured parent-child concordance in unsupervised daily snack situations could account for substantial annual population differences in energy, fat and sodium intake for children aged 11-12 years. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN12538380.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prudence Vivarini
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jessica A Kerr
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Susan A Clifford
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anneke C Grobler
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pauline W Jansen
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fiona K Mensah
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise A Baur
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kay Gibbons
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Institute of Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melissa Wake
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics and Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Myers J, Riggs E, Lee JL, Gibbons K, Naughton G. Confident and Understanding Parents (CUPs) - a child nutrition and active play pilot intervention for disadvantaged families attending Supported Playgroups in Victoria, Australia. Health Promot J Austr 2019; 30 Suppl 1:43-51. [PMID: 30623503 DOI: 10.1002/hpja.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
ISSUE ADDRESSED Health and nutrition inequalities are prevalent among families from socio-economically disadvantaged backgrounds. However, there is limited evidence of targeted early childhood nutrition and active play approaches due to the methodological challenges in engaging vulnerable families in research. METHODS The aim of this paper was to report findings from a pilot intervention called Confident and Understanding Parents (CUPs). CUPs aims to improve child nutrition and active play-related outcomes for children in vulnerable families. The intervention was delivered in six Supported Playgroups (SPs) in two disadvantaged locations in Victoria. Surveys incorporated knowledge and confidence measures and were administered pre- and post-training of SP facilitators along with pre-, immediately post and and 3 months postintervention to SP facilitators and parents. Qualitative data were collected via debriefing discussions with SP facilitators and ethnographic observations during SP sessions. Thematic analyses of qualitative data and statistical quantitative analyses were conducted. RESULTS Nine SP facilitators completed training, of whom six delivered CUPs in SPs with 64 parents of children aged 0 to 4 years from socially disadvantaged backgrounds. Forty-three parents (66%) attended a minimum of 50% of SP sessions with CUPs delivery. SP facilitators and parents demonstrated improved knowledge and confidence following the pilot. Learnings for implementation were identified. CONCLUSION Overall, the CUPs intervention reached and engaged vulnerable families. A strength of the intervention is the flexibility offered to SP facilitators in selecting key messages and the strong focus on "local" translation of key child nutrition and active play messages within existing early childhood settings. A further strength was the adaptation of evaluation methodology to optimise the engagement of vulnerable families. SO WHAT?: This pilot study provides insights about engaging vulnerable families in a nutrition and active play intervention to promote child health. These promising findings warrant further implementation and rigorous evaluation of CUPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Myers
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Policy and Equity Research Group, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, St Albans, Vic., Australia
| | - Elisha Riggs
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Intergenerational Health Research Group, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Ju-Lin Lee
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Policy and Equity Research Group, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Kay Gibbons
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Policy and Equity Research Group, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, St Albans, Vic., Australia.,Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Vic., Australia
| | - Geraldine Naughton
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Policy and Equity Research Group, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Vic., Australia
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Sim AY, Cheon BK. Influence of impending healthy food consumption on snacking: Nudging vs. compensatory behaviour. Physiol Behav 2019; 198:48-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Cox DN, Hendrie GA, Lease HJ, Rebuli MA, Barnes M. How does fatty mouthfeel, saltiness or sweetness of diets contribute to dietary energy intake? Appetite 2018; 131:36-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Morrison H, Meloncelli N, Pelly FE. Nutritional quality and reformulation of a selection of children's packaged foods available in Australian supermarkets: Has the Health Star Rating had an impact? Nutr Diet 2018; 76:296-304. [PMID: 30426624 DOI: 10.1111/1747-0080.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM To examine whether the nutritional quality of children's packaged food products available in Australian supermarkets improved between 2013 and 2016, and whether any change could be detected in product reformulation since the introduction of the Health Star Rating (HSR) labelling scheme. METHODS Packaged food products marketed towards children were purchased from three Australian supermarkets in July 2013 (for a previous study) and July 2016. Nutritional quality was assessed using the Food Standards Australian New Zealand Nutrient Profiling Scoring Criterion. Comparisons were made between the nutrient composition and formulation of products (a) available in 2013 and 2016; and (b) with and without HSR graphics. RESULTS Of the 252 children's packaged products analysed, 53.6% were classified as 'less healthy'. HSR-labelled products had a significantly higher proportion classified as 'healthy' than those without the HSR (χ2 = 26.5; P < 0.0001; 73.8% and 59.0%, respectively). Overall, 28.5% displayed the HSR; the majority (81.5%) having a rating of ≥3.0 stars. Cereal-based products had the greatest uptake of the scheme, with HSR-labelled products having significantly lower mean energy and saturated fat content (P < 0.01) and higher mean protein and fibre content (P < 0.001) than non-HSR products. Reformulation of products that were available in 2013 had occurred in 100% of HSR-labelled products in comparison to 61.3% of non-HSR labelled products. CONCLUSIONS Despite the introduction of the HSR, more than half of children's packaged foods sampled are 'less healthy'. However, early indications suggest that the HSR may stimulate healthier product reformulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Morrison
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nina Meloncelli
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fiona E Pelly
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
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High-risk environments for eating foods surplus to requirements: a multilevel analysis of adolescents' non-core food intake in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS). Public Health Nutr 2018; 22:74-84. [PMID: 30404666 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980018002860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interventions to reduce adolescents' non-core food intake (i.e. foods high in fat and sugar) could target specific people or specific environments, but the relative importance of environmental contexts v. individual characteristics is unknown. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Data from 4d food diaries in the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) 2008-2012 were analysed. NDNS food items were classified as 'non-core' based on fat and sugar cut-off points per 100g of food. Linear multilevel models investigated associations between 'where' (home, school, etc.) and 'with whom' (parents, friends, etc.) eating contexts and non-core food energy (kcal) per eating occasion (EO), adjusting for variables at the EO (e.g. time of day) and adolescent level (e.g. gender).ParticipantsAdolescents (n 884) aged 11-18 years. RESULTS Only 11 % of variation in non-core energy intake was attributed to differences between adolescents. In adjusted models, non-core food intake was 151 % higher (ratio; 95 % CI) in EO at 'Eateries' (2·51; 2·14, 2·95) and 88 % higher at 'School' (1·88; 1·65, 2·13) compared with 'Home'. EO with 'Friends' (1·16; CI 1·03, 1·31) and 'Family & friends' (1·21; 1·07, 1·37) contained 16-21 % more non-core food compared with eating 'Alone'. At the individual level, total energy intake and BMI, but not social class, gender or age, were weakly associated with more non-core energy intake. CONCLUSIONS Regardless of individual characteristics, adolescents' non-core food consumption was higher outside the home, especially at eateries. Targeting specific eating contexts, not individuals, may contribute to more effective public health interventions.
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Childhood dietary trajectories and adolescent cardiovascular phenotypes: Australian community-based longitudinal study. Public Health Nutr 2018; 21:2642-2653. [PMID: 29947308 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980018001398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE With the intention to inform future public health initiatives, we aimed to determine the extent to which typical childhood dietary trajectories predict adolescent cardiovascular phenotypes. DESIGN Longitudinal study. Exposure was determined by a 4 d food diary repeated over eight waves (ages 4-15 years), coded by Australian Dietary Guidelines and summed into a continuous diet score (0-14). Outcomes were adolescent (Wave 8, age 15 years) blood pressure, resting heart rate, pulse wave velocity, carotid intima-media thickness, retinal arteriole-to-venule ratio. Latent class analysis identified 'typical' dietary trajectories from childhood to adolescence. Adjusted linear regression models assessed relationships between trajectories and cardiovascular outcomes, adjusted for a priori potential confounders. SETTING Community sample, Melbourne, Australia. SUBJECTS Children (n 188) followed from age 4 to 15 years. RESULTS Four dietary trajectories were identified: unhealthy (8 %); moderately unhealthy (25 %); moderately healthy (46 %); healthy (21 %). There was little evidence that vascular phenotypes associated with the trajectories. However, resting heart rate (beats/min) increased (β; 95 % CI) across the healthy (reference), moderately healthy (4·1; -0·6, 8·9; P=0·08), moderately unhealthy (4·5; -0·7, 9·7; P=0·09) and unhealthy (10·5; 2·9, 18·0; P=0·01) trajectories. CONCLUSIONS Decade-long dietary trajectories did not appear to influence macro- or microvascular structure or stiffness by mid-adolescence, but were associated with resting heart rate, suggesting an early-life window for prevention. Larger studies are needed to confirm these findings, the threshold of diet quality associated with these physiological changes and whether functional changes in heart rate are followed by phenotypic change.
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Holmes KL, Rollo ME, Collins CE. Do the contemporary dietary patterns of children align with national food and nutrient recommendations? J Hum Nutr Diet 2018; 31:670-682. [DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K.-L. Holmes
- Faculty of Health and Medicine; School of Health Sciences; Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition; University of Newcastle; Callaghan NSW Australia
| | - M. E. Rollo
- Faculty of Health and Medicine; School of Health Sciences; Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition; University of Newcastle; Callaghan NSW Australia
| | - C. E. Collins
- Faculty of Health and Medicine; School of Health Sciences; Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition; University of Newcastle; Callaghan NSW Australia
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Association of parental investment of time and cost in food provisioning with adherence to dietary guidelines for the consumption of fruits, vegetables and non-core foods in pre-schoolers. Public Health Nutr 2018; 21:2434-2442. [PMID: 29852887 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980018001465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether parent-reported time and cost for provision of food is associated with consumption of fruits, vegetables and non-core foods in pre-schoolers. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from the Healthy Habits randomised controlled trial. Two subscales of the Children's Dietary Questionnaire (CDQ) were used to assess fruit and vegetable, and non-core food consumption. SETTING Thirty pre-schools in the Hunter Region of New South Wales, Australia. SUBJECTS Parents (n 396) with a child aged 3-5 years attending a participating pre-school were recruited. Parents needed to reside with that child for at least four days per week and have primary responsibility for providing meals and snacks to their child. RESULTS Sixty-three per cent of children had a parent-reported subscale score indicating adherence to dietary guidelines for fruit and vegetable intake, while 64% of children had a subscale score indicating they were exceeding dietary guidelines for non-core foods. Regression models revealed significant positive associations between higher CDQ scores for non-core foods (indicating higher consumption levels) and minutes that parents spent preparing food (P=0·032 and 0·025) and amount spent on purchasing food (P=0·043 and 0·020). The magnitude of the effects was small (estimate=0·003 and 0·001). CONCLUSIONS Time and cost spent by parents on provision of food was not significantly associated with child fruit and vegetable consumption. Further explorations into time spent on food preparation and cost of food procurement are warranted to help address the increased consumption of non-core foods by pre-school children.
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Dietary intake of energy-dense, nutrient-poor and nutrient-dense food sources in children with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2018; 17:804-810. [PMID: 29724576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prescription of a high-energy, high-fat diet is a mainstay of nutrition management in cystic fibrosis (CF). However, families may be relying on energy-dense, nutrient-poor (EDNP) foods rather than nutrient-dense (ND) foods to meet dietary targets. We aimed to evaluate the relative contribution of EDNP and ND foods to the usual diets of children with CF and identify sociodemographic factors associated with higher EDNP intakes. METHODS This is a cross-sectional comparison of children with CF aged 2-18 years and age- and gender-matched controls. Dietary intake was assessed using the Australian Child and Adolescent Eating Survey (ACAES) food frequency questionnaire. RESULTS Children with CF (n = 80: 37 males; mean age 9.3 years) consumed significantly more EDNP foods than controls (mean age 9.8 years) in terms of both total energy (median [IQR]: 1301 kcal/day (843-1860) vs. 686 kcal/day (480-1032); p < 0.0001), and as a proportion of energy intake (median [IQR]: 44% (34-51) vs. 31% (24-43); p < 0.0001). Although children with CF met their estimated energy requirements (median [IQR]: 158% (124-187) vs. 112% (90-137); p < 0.0001) and their diets were high in fat (median [IQR]: 38% (35-41) vs. 34% (32-36); p < 0.0001), this was largely attributable to EDNP foods. High EDNP intakes (≥10 serves/day) were associated with socioeconomic disadvantage (p = 0.01) and rural residential location (p = 0.03). DISCUSSION The energy- and fat-dense CF diet is primarily achieved by overconsumption of EDNP foods, rather than ND sources. This dietary pattern may not be optimal for the future health of children with CF, who are now expected to survive well into adulthood.
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Williams A, de Vlieger N, Young M, Jensen ME, Burrows TL, Morgan PJ, Collins CE. Dietary outcomes of overweight fathers and their children in the Healthy Dads, Healthy Kids community randomised controlled trial. J Hum Nutr Diet 2018; 31:523-532. [PMID: 29473237 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have examined dietary intake changes following a weight loss intervention in fathers and the association between father-child dietary intakes. The present study aimed to: (i) evaluate the change in dietary intake in overweight fathers randomised to a family-based lifestyle intervention [Healthy Dads Healthy Kids (HDHK)] versus controls and (ii) investigate whether an association exists between father-child dietary intakes. METHODS A secondary analysis was conducted of father-child baseline and 3-month post-intervention data (n = 93) collected in the HDHK community randomised controlled trial. Intention-to-treat linear mixed models were used to assess dietary changes by group, time (baseline and 3-month) and the group-by-time interaction. Cohens d was used to determine effect sizes. RESULTS Significant group-by-time effects (all P < 0.05) favouring fathers in the intervention group were identified for total daily energy intake (-1956 kJ, d = 0.74), total sugars (-45 g, d = 0.63), sodium (-414 mg, d = 0.58) and % energy from nutrient-dense, core foods (+10.1%, d = 0.86), fruit (+2.4%, d = 0.71), vegetarian protein sources (+1.2%, d = 0.57), pre-packed snacks (+1.7%, d = 0.58) and sugar-sweetened beverages (-4.1%, d = 0.58). At baseline, positive correlations were observed between father-child intakes for a number of dietary variables, and significant correlations were observed between father-child change scores for % energy carbohydrate (r = 0.35, P = 0.023), % energy from fruit (r = 0.47, P = 0.002), vegetarian protein sources (r = 0.46, P = 0.002) and frequency of consuming meals with vegetables (r = 0.38, P = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS The HDHK intervention successfully improved some aspects of father's dietary intakes compared to controls. The fathers' eating patterns also correlated with those of their children for several dietary variables. These novel data suggest that fathers can be targeted as agents of dietary change within obesity prevention and treatment programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Williams
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - N de Vlieger
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,School of Education, Faculty of Education and Arts, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - M Young
- School of Education, Faculty of Education and Arts, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - M E Jensen
- Priority Research Centre Grow Up Well, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - T L Burrows
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,School of Education, Faculty of Education and Arts, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - P J Morgan
- School of Education, Faculty of Education and Arts, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - C E Collins
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,School of Education, Faculty of Education and Arts, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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Mok A, Ahmad R, Rangan A, Louie JCY. Intake of free sugars and micronutrient dilution in Australian adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 107:94-104. [PMID: 29381794 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqx008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The negative health effect of excessive intake of free sugars has been gaining increasing public awareness. Objective This secondary analysis aimed to evaluate the impact of free-sugar intake on micronutrient dilution, and estimate a threshold level of free-sugar intake at which a decrease in micronutrient intake becomes evident, based on data from the Australian Health Survey 2011-2012. Design Dietary data from adult respondents (weighted n = 6150) who had completed two 24-h recalls were analyzed. A published 10-step methodology was adopted and used to estimate the free-sugar intake of the respondents. Six modified cut-offs for percentage of energy of free sugars (%EFS) were created based on recommendations from the WHO and the Institute of Medicine to examine the association between %EFS on micronutrient intakes. Estimated marginal means and SEs were calculated using ANCOVA. Logistic regression was used to calculate the ORs of not meeting the nutrient reference values for Australia and New Zealand for each micronutrient with an increase in free-sugar intake. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic status, country of birth, whether dieting, smoking status, and remoteness of living area. Results Peak intake for most micronutrients was observed at %EFS between 5% and <15%. A significant reduction in most micronutrient intakes was observed at >25%EFS. At <5%EFS, some micronutrient intakes were reduced. Only small variations in micronutrient consumptions were observed when %EFS was between 5% and 25%. Core food intake decreased and discretionary food increased with an increase in free-sugar intake. Conclusion A high free-sugar intake, particularly >25%EFS, was found to have a significant diluting effect on most nutrients. However, a free-sugar intake <5%EFS may increase the risk of undesirably low micronutrient consumption related to inadequate total energy intake. This secondary analysis was registered at anzctr.org.au as ACTRN12617000917336.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique Mok
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Rabia Ahmad
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Anna Rangan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Jimmy Chun Yu Louie
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- Discipline of Food and Nutritional Science, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
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Kunaratnam K, Halaki M, Wen LM, Baur LA, Flood VM. Reliability and comparative validity of a Diet Quality Index for assessing dietary patterns of preschool-aged children in Sydney, Australia. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017; 72:464-468. [PMID: 29249825 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-017-0020-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES To report on the reliability and validity of a Diet Quality Index (DQI) to assess preschoolers dietary patterns using a short food frequency questionnaire (sFFQ) and 3-day food records (3d-FR). SUBJECTS/METHODS Seventy-seven preschool carers/parents completed a telephone interview on preschoolers (2-5-year olds) dietary habits in metropolitan Sydney. Agreement in scores was assessed using intraclass correlation (ICC) and paired t-tests for repeated sFFQ-DQI scores and Bland-Altman methods and paired t-tests for sFFQ-DQI and 3d-FR-DQI scores. RESULTS Mean-total sFFQ-DQI ICC scores was high = 0.89, 95% CI (0.81, 0.93). There was weak agreement between sFFQ-DQI and 3d-FR-DQI scores (r = 0.36, p < 0.01). The 3d-FR-DQI scores were positively associated with carbohydrate, folate, ß-carotene, magnesium, calcium, protein, total fat and negatively associated with sugar, starch, niacin, vitamin C, phosphorus, polyunsaturated fat, and monounsaturated fat. CONCLUSIONS The sFFQ-DQI demonstrated good reliability but weak validity. Associations between nutrients and 3d-FR-DQI scores indicate promising usability and warrants further investigation. Further research is needed to establish its validity in accurately scoring children's diet quality using sFFQ compared to 3d-FR before the tool can be implemented for use in population settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanita Kunaratnam
- Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Mark Halaki
- Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Li Ming Wen
- Health Promotion Service, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Louise A Baur
- School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Discipline of Pediatrics and Child Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Victoria M Flood
- Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia. .,Westmead Hospital (Western Sydney Local Health District), Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia.
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Diet and anthropometry at 2 years of age following an oral health promotion programme for Australian Aboriginal children and their carers: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr 2017; 118:1061-1069. [PMID: 29198191 DOI: 10.1017/s000711451700318x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There are marked disparities between indigenous and non-indigenous children's diets and oral health. Both diet and oral health are linked to longer-term health problems. We aimed to investigate whether a culturally appropriate multi-faceted oral health promotion intervention reduced Aboriginal children's intake of sugars from discretionary foods at 2 years of age. We conducted a single-blind, parallel-arm randomised controlled trial involving women who were pregnant or had given birth to an Aboriginal child in the previous 6 weeks. The treatment group received anticipatory guidance, Motivational Interviewing, health and dental care for mothers during pregnancy and children at 6, 12 and 18 months. The control group received usual care. The key dietary outcome was the percent energy intake from sugars in discretionary foods (%EI), collected from up to three 24-h dietary recalls by trained research officers who were blind to intervention group. Secondary outcomes included intake of macronutrients, food groups, anthropometric z scores (weight, height, BMI and mid-upper arm circumference) and blood pressure. We enrolled 224 children to the treatment group and 230 to the control group. Intention-to-treat analyses showed that the %EI of sugars in discretionary foods was 1·6 % lower in the treatment group compared with control (95 % CI -3·4, 0·2). This culturally appropriate intervention at four time-points from pregnancy to 18 months resulted in small changes to 2-year-old Aboriginal children's diets, which was insufficient to warrant broader implementation of the intervention. Further consultation with Aboriginal communities is necessary for understanding how to improve the diet and diet-related health outcomes of young Aboriginal children.
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Hardy LL, Bell J, Bauman A, Mihrshahi S. Association between adolescents' consumption of total and different types of sugar-sweetened beverages with oral health impacts and weight status. Aust N Z J Public Health 2017; 42:22-26. [PMID: 29165908 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the associations between adolescents' intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) with oral health impacts (OHI) and weight status. METHODS Cross-sectional health survey with anthropometry and self-report OHI (toothache and avoiding some foods because of oral problems) and SSB intake (fruit juice, flavoured water, soft, diet, sports and energy drinks) collected in 2015. RESULTS A total of 3,671 adolescents participated (50% girls; mean age 13.2 years ±1.7). Drinking ≥1cup/day of SSBs was consistently associated with higher odds of OHI compared with drinking <1cup/day: diet soft drinks (AOR, 5.21 95%CI 2.67, 10.18); sports drinks (AOR 3.60 95%CI 1.93, 6.73); flavoured water (AOR 3.07 95%CI 1.55, 6.06); and energy drinks (AOR 2.14 95%CI 1.44, 3.19). Daily SSB intake was not consistently associated with weight status. The odds of overweight/obesity (AOR 1.27 95%CI 1.01, 1.59) and obesity (AOR 1.61 95%CI 1.01, 2.57) were higher for energy drink consumption, compared with not drinking energy drinks; and the odds of abdominal obesity were twice as high among adolescents who drank ≥1cup/day of sports drinks, compared with <1cup/day intake. CONCLUSIONS Daily consumption of SSBs is prevalent among adolescents and is consistently associated with higher odds of OHI. The most popular SSBs among adolescents were energy drinks. Different types of SSB were differentially associated with OHI and weight status. Implications for public health: Different types of SSBs were differentially associated with OHI and weight status in adolescents. Diet soft drinks and new generation SSBs such as energy and sport drinks and flavoured water had a greater impact on adolescents' OHI compared with soft drinks and fruit juice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise L Hardy
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales
| | - Jane Bell
- MenziesKids, Menzies Centre for Health Policy, University of Sydney, New South Wales
| | - Adrian Bauman
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales
| | - Seema Mihrshahi
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales
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Belski R, Staley K, Keenan S, Skiadopoulos A, Randle E, Donaldson A, O'Halloran P, Kappelides P, O'Neil S, Nicholson M. The impact of coaches providing healthy snacks at junior sport training. Aust N Z J Public Health 2017; 41:561-566. [PMID: 29044878 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sports clubs provide an opportunity to tackle childhood obesity rates through targeted interventions. Our study aimed to investigate if coaches providing healthy snacks to participants before junior netball sessions at five clubs in Melbourne, Australia, increased consumption of healthy foods and influenced coach perceptions of participants' attention/participation levels. METHODS Coaches provided healthy snacks to participants before each netball session for one school term. Children's food consumption was observed at one session before, during and after the intervention. Parents attending the observed session completed pre- and post-intervention questionnaires. Coaches rated participants' attention/participation at the observed sessions before and during the intervention, and completed a questionnaire post-intervention. RESULTS Baseline: Ice cream and cake were the most frequently consumed snacks. During intervention: Fruit, cheese and crackers and vegetables were the most frequently consumed snacks. Coaches ratings of participants' attention/participation increased significantly (baseline: 6.4 ± 0.17, intervention: 7.5 ± 0.36; p=0.02) where the same coach undertook ratings at both time points. CONCLUSIONS Coaches providing healthy snacks before sessions at sports clubs increased consumption of nutrient-dense foods at the session, and may have positively affected participants' attention/participation. Implications for public health: This study highlights how a simple intervention could improve the diet of Australian children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Belski
- Department of Health Professions, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria.,Centre for Sport and Social Impact, La Trobe University, Victoria
| | - Kiera Staley
- Centre for Sport and Social Impact, La Trobe University, Victoria
| | - Stephen Keenan
- Centre for Sport and Social Impact, La Trobe University, Victoria
| | | | - Erica Randle
- Centre for Sport and Social Impact, La Trobe University, Victoria
| | - Alex Donaldson
- Centre for Sport and Social Impact, La Trobe University, Victoria
| | - Paul O'Halloran
- Centre for Sport and Social Impact, La Trobe University, Victoria
| | - Pam Kappelides
- Centre for Sport and Social Impact, La Trobe University, Victoria
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Lycett K, Miller A, Knox A, Dunn S, Kerr JA, Sung V, Wake M. ‘Nudge’ interventions for improving children's dietary behaviors in the home: A systematic review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obmed.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Food and Beverage Marketing in Schools: A Review of the Evidence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14091054. [PMID: 28895921 PMCID: PMC5615591 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14091054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite growing interest from government agencies, non-governmental organizations and school boards in restricting or regulating unhealthy food and beverage marketing to children, limited research has examined the emerging knowledge base regarding school-based food and beverage marketing in high-income countries. This review examined current approaches for measuring school food and beverage marketing practices, and evidence regarding the extent of exposure and hypothesized associations with children's diet-related outcomes. Five databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science, CINAHL, Embase, and PsycINFO) and six grey literature sources were searched for papers that explicitly examined school-based food and beverage marketing policies or practices. Twenty-seven papers, across four high-income countries including Canada (n = 2), Ireland (n = 1), Poland (n = 1) and United States (n = 23) were identified and reviewed. Results showed that three main methodological approaches have been used: direct observation, self-report surveys, and in-person/telephone interviews, but few studies reported on the validity or reliability of measures. Findings suggest that students in the U.S. are commonly exposed to a broad array of food and beverage marketing approaches including direct and indirect advertising, although the extent of exposure varies widely across studies. More pervasive marketing exposure was found among secondary or high schools compared with elementary/middle schools and among schools with lower compared with higher socio-economic status. Three of five studies examining diet-related outcomes found that exposure to school-based food and beverage marketing was associated with food purchasing or consumption, particularly for minimally nutritious items. There remains a need for a core set of standard and universal measures that are sufficiently rigorous and comprehensive to assess the totality of school food and beverage marketing practices that can be used to compare exposure between study contexts and over time. Future research should examine the validity of school food and beverage marketing assessments and the impacts of exposure (and emerging policies that reduce exposure) on children's purchasing and diet-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviors in school settings.
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Rathi N, Riddell L, Worsley A. Food consumption patterns of adolescents aged 14-16 years in Kolkata, India. Nutr J 2017; 16:50. [PMID: 28836982 PMCID: PMC5571590 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-017-0272-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The nutrition transition has brought about rapid changes in the structure of the Indian diet. The replacement of traditional home-cooked meals with ready-to-eat, processed foods has contributed to an increased risk of chronic diseases in urban Indians. Improving the nutrition of Indians by promoting healthy food consumption in early life and in adolescence would help to reduce these health risks. However, little is known about the quality and quantity of foods and beverages consumed by urban Indian adolescents. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the food consumption patterns in a sample of urban Indian adolescents. Methods A self-administered, semi-quantitative, 59-item meal-based food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was developed to assess the dietary intake of adolescents over the previous day. A total of 1026 students (aged 14–16 years) attending private, English-speaking schools in Kolkata, India completed the survey. Results Overall, the adolescents reported poor dietary intakes; over one quarter (30%) reported no consumption of vegetables and 70% reported eating three or more servings of energy-dense snacks, on the previous day. Nearly half of the respondents (45%) did not consume any servings of fruits and 47% reported drinking three or more servings of energy-dense beverages. The mean consumption of food groups in serves/day varied from 0.88 (SD = 1.36) for pulses and legumes to 6.25 (SD = 7.22) for energy-dense snacks. In general, girls had more nutritious dietary intakes than boys. Conclusions The Indian adolescents reported poor food consumption patterns, and these findings highlight the need to design effective nutrition promotion strategies to encourage healthy eating in adolescence and targeting food supply and availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Rathi
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Lynn Riddell
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Anthony Worsley
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia.
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Thongprasert C, Hutchinson C, Satheannoppakao W, Tipayamongkholgul M. Dietary iron intake and availability are related to maternal education level in overweight/obese adolescents. Eur J Nutr 2017; 57:2249-2260. [PMID: 28702719 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1501-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare intakes of dietary iron and enhancers and inhibitors of iron absorption between overweight/obese (OW/OB) adolescents and their normal weight (NW) peers, and between parental education levels stratified by weight status. METHODS This was a comparative cross-sectional study of adolescents (n 121 OW/OB and n 102 NW) aged 12-14 years, attending a secondary school in Nonthaburi province, Thailand. Socio-demographic data were obtained from participants' parents using a questionnaire. Participants recorded their intakes for 3 non-consecutive days, using a prospective food record. RESULTS Compared with NW adolescents, OW/OB adolescents consumed more total protein and animal protein after adjustment for energy intake (both p = 0.047). OW/OB adolescents whose mothers were less educated consumed more total iron and available iron after adjustment for energy intake, compared with their OW/OB peers whose mothers were more educated (p = 0.045 and p = 0.040). NW adolescents with more highly educated mothers had higher absolute and energy-adjusted fibre intakes (both p = 0.047). However, NW adolescents of mothers with a high-intermediate level of education consumed less calcium, after adjustment for energy intake (p = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS OW/OB adolescents with less educated mothers had higher energy-adjusted intakes of iron and available iron. Dietary differences in OW/OB adolescents relative to maternal education, and other socioeconomic indicators, should be explored in a nationally representative data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaleelak Thongprasert
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvithi Road, Rachathewi District, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Carol Hutchinson
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvithi Road, Rachathewi District, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Warapone Satheannoppakao
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvithi Road, Rachathewi District, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Mathuros Tipayamongkholgul
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvithi Road, Rachathewi District, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
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Burrows T, Goldman S, Olson RK, Byrne B, Coventry WL. Associations between selected dietary behaviours and academic achievement: A study of Australian school aged children. Appetite 2017; 116:372-380. [PMID: 28487248 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research investigating the effects of dietary behaviours on children's academic achievement has predominately focused on breakfast consumption. The aim of this study was to conduct secondary analysis to examine associations between a range of dietary behaviours and children's academic achievement. METHODOLOGY Data on five dietary variables (fruit intake; vegetable intake; consumption of takeaway; sugar sweetened beverages; and breakfast) and scores in the five domains of a standardised academic achievement test known as NAPLAN (reading, writing, grammar/punctuation, spelling and numeracy) were obtained for Australian children aged 8-15 years in school grades three (n = 1185), five (n = 1147), seven (n = 1053) and nine (n = 860). Mixed linear models adjusted for socioeconomic status and gender were used to examine associations between dietary behaviours and academic scores. RESULTS Greater consumption of vegetables with the evening meal (7 nights/week) was associated with higher test scores in the domains of spelling and writing (p=<0.01), with the greatest effect observed for spelling with a mean score difference of 86 ± 26.5 NAPLAN points between the highest and lowest levels of consumption (95% CI: 34.0-138.1; p=<0.01). Increased consumption of sugar sweetened beverages was associated with significantly lower test scores in reading, writing, grammar/punctuation and numeracy (<0.01). PRINCIPLE CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study demonstrate dietary behaviours are associated with higher academic achievement. Future research should further explore relationships between a wide range of dietary behaviours and children's academic achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Burrows
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308, Australia.
| | - Sharni Goldman
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308, Australia
| | - Richard K Olson
- Institute of Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - Brian Byrne
- School of Behavioural, Cognitive and Social Sciences The University of New England, Armidale, 2351, Australia
| | - William L Coventry
- School of Behavioural, Cognitive and Social Sciences The University of New England, Armidale, 2351, Australia
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Comparing the Nutritional Impact of Dietary Strategies to Reduce Discretionary Choice Intake in the Australian Adult Population: A Simulation Modelling Study. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9050442. [PMID: 28467387 PMCID: PMC5452172 DOI: 10.3390/nu9050442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary strategies to reduce discretionary choice intake are commonly utilized in practice, but evidence on their relative efficacy is lacking. The aim was to compare the potential impact on nutritional intake of three strategies to reducing discretionary choices intake in the Australian adult (19-90 years) population. Dietary simulation modelling using data from the National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey 2011-2012 was conducted (n = 9341; one 24 h dietary recall). Strategies modelled were: moderation (reduce discretionary choices by 50%, with 0%, 25% or 75% energy compensation); substitution (replace 50% of discretionary choices with core choices); reformulation (replace 50% SFA with unsaturated fats, reduce added sugars by 25%, and reduce sodium by 20%). Compared to the base case (observed) intake, modelled intakes in the moderation scenario showed: -17.3% lower energy (sensitivity analyses, 25% energy compensation -14.2%; 75% energy compensation -8.0%), -20.9% lower SFA (-17.4%; -10.5%), -43.3% lower added sugars (-41.1%; -36.7%) and 17.7% lower sodium (-14.3%; -7.5%). Substitution with a range of core items, or with fruits, vegetables and core beverages only, resulted in similar changes in energy intake (-13.5% and -15.4%), SFA (-17.7% and -20.1%), added sugars (-42.6% and -43%) and sodium (-13.7% and -16.5%), respectively. Reformulating discretionary choices had minimal impact on reducing energy intake but reduced SFA (-10.3% to -30.9%), added sugars (-9.3% to -52.9%), and alcohol (-25.0% to -49.9%) and sodium (-3.3% to -13.2%). The substitution and reformulation scenarios minimized negative changes in fiber, protein and micronutrient intakes. While each strategy has strengths and limitations, substitution of discretionary choices with core foods and beverages may optimize the nutritional impact.
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Boylan S, Hardy LL, Drayton BA, Grunseit A, Mihrshahi S. Assessing junk food consumption among Australian children: trends and associated characteristics from a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:299. [PMID: 28381213 PMCID: PMC5382385 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4207-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The ubiquitous supply of junk foods in our food environment has been partly blamed for the increased rates in overweight and obesity. However, consumption of these foods has generally been examined individually perhaps obscuring the true extent of their combined consumption and impact on health. An overall measure of children’s junk food consumption may prove useful in the development of child obesity prevention strategies. We describe the development of a children’s Junk Food Intake Measure (JFIM) to summarise temporal change in junk food consumption and examine the association between the JFIM and health-related behaviours. Methods Cross-sectional population surveillance survey of Australian children age 5–16 years collected in 2010 and 2015. Data were collected by questionnaire with parent’s proxy reporting for children in years K, 2 and 4 and children in years 6, 8 and 10 by self-report. Information on diet, screen-time and physical activity was collected using validated questionnaires. The JFIM comprised consumption of fried potato products, potato crisps/salty snacks, sweet and savoury biscuits/cakes/doughnuts, confectionary and, ice cream/ice blocks. Results A total of 7565 (missing = 493, 6.1%) and 6944 (missing n = 611, 8.1%) children had complete data on consumption of junk foods, in 2010 and 2015, respectively. The 2015 survey data showed that among students from high socio-economic status neighbourhoods, there were fewer high junk food consumers than low junk food consumers. Children from Middle Eastern cultural backgrounds had higher junk food consumption. High junk food consumers were more likely to consume take-away ≥3/week, eat dinner in front of the television, receive sweet rewards, be allowed to consume snacks anytime, have soft drinks available at home and a TV in their bedroom. There was a lower proportion of high junk food consumers in 2015 compared to 2010. Conclusion This is the first study to provide and examine a summary measure of overall junk food consumption among Australian children. The results indicate that junk food consumption among Australian children is lower in 2015, compared with 2010. Still, the public health workforce must continue their efforts as levels of junk food consumption remain of concern among Australian children.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Boylan
- Prevention Research Collaboration, School of Public Health, The Hub, The University of Sydney, Charles Perkins Centre D17, Level 6, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - L L Hardy
- Prevention Research Collaboration, School of Public Health, The Hub, The University of Sydney, Charles Perkins Centre D17, Level 6, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - B A Drayton
- NSW Biostatistics Training Program, NSW Ministry of Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - A Grunseit
- Prevention Research Collaboration, School of Public Health, The Hub, The University of Sydney, Charles Perkins Centre D17, Level 6, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - S Mihrshahi
- Prevention Research Collaboration, School of Public Health, The Hub, The University of Sydney, Charles Perkins Centre D17, Level 6, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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Durão C, Severo M, Oliveira A, Moreira P, Guerra A, Barros H, Lopes C. Association of maternal characteristics and behaviours with 4-year-old children's dietary patterns. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2017; 13:e12278. [PMID: 27040460 PMCID: PMC6866190 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the association of family and maternal characteristics with preschool children's dietary patterns. Trained interviewers evaluated subsample 3422 mothers and children enrolled in the population-based birth cohort Generation XXI (Porto, Portugal, 2005-2006). Maternal characteristics and behaviours (exercise, smoking habits, diet and child-feeding practices) and family characteristics were evaluated. Maternal diet was classified by a dietary score, and children's dietary patterns were identified by latent class analysis. Odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated by multinomial regression models. The analysis was based on a framework with four conceptual levels: maternal socio-economic position (SEP) at 12 years, maternal socio-economic and demographic characteristics at child's delivery, family characteristics and maternal behaviours at child's 4 years. Three dietary patterns were identified in children: high in energy-dense foods (EDF); low in foods typically consumed at main meals and intermediate in snacks (Snacking); higher in healthy foods; and lower in unhealthy ones (Healthier, reference). Lower maternal SEP had an overall effect on children's diet (low vs. high SEP; EDF, OR = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.42-2.18; Snacking, OR = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.27-2.35), while maternal education was directly associated with it (≤9 vs. >12 schooling years, EDF, OR = 2.19, 95% CI: 1.70-2.81; Snacking, OR = 2.22, 95% CI: 1.82-3.55). Children whose mothers had worse dietary score were significantly more likely to follow unhealthier patterns (first vs. fourth quartile; EDF, OR = 9.94, 95% CI: 7.35-13.44, P-trend < 0.001; Snacking, OR = 4.21, 95% CI: 2.94-6.05, P-trend < 0.001). Maternal diet was the key factor associated with children's diet, above and beyond socio-economic and demographic characteristics, accounting for one-third of the determination coefficient of the fully adjusted model. At preschool age, interventions should give a particular focus on maternal diet and low SEP groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Durão
- EPIUnit – Institute of Public HealthUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Milton Severo
- EPIUnit – Institute of Public HealthUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Predictive Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of Porto Medical SchoolPortoPortugal
| | - Andreia Oliveira
- EPIUnit – Institute of Public HealthUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Predictive Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of Porto Medical SchoolPortoPortugal
| | - Pedro Moreira
- EPIUnit – Institute of Public HealthUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food SciencesUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
| | - António Guerra
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Porto Medical SchoolPortoPortugal
| | - Henrique Barros
- EPIUnit – Institute of Public HealthUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Predictive Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of Porto Medical SchoolPortoPortugal
| | - Carla Lopes
- EPIUnit – Institute of Public HealthUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Predictive Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of Porto Medical SchoolPortoPortugal
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Jacquier EF, Gatrell A, Bingley A. “We don't snack”: Attitudes and perceptions about eating in-between meals amongst caregivers of young children. Appetite 2017; 108:483-490. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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The Diet Quality of Competitive Adolescent Male Rugby Union Players with Energy Balance Estimated Using Different Physical Activity Coefficients. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8090548. [PMID: 27618089 PMCID: PMC5037533 DOI: 10.3390/nu8090548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The aims of the current study were to comprehensively assess the dietary intakes and diet quality of a sample of Australian competitive adolescent rugby union players and compare these intakes with National and Sports Dietitians Association (SDA) Recommendations for adolescent athletes. A secondary aim investigated applying different physical activity level (PAL) coefficients to determine total energy expenditure (TEE) in order to more effectively evaluate the adequacy of energy intakes. Design: Cross-sectional. Methods: Anthropometrics and dietary intakes were assessed in 25 competitive adolescent male rugby union players (14 to 18 years old). Diet was assessed using the validated Australian Eating Survey (AES) food frequency questionnaire and diet quality was assessed through the Australian Recommended Food Score. Results: The median dietary intakes of participants met national recommendations for percent energy (% E) from carbohydrate, protein and total fat, but not carbohydrate intake when evaluated as g/day as proposed in SDA guidelines. Median intakes of fibre and micronutrients including calcium and iron also met national recommendations. Overall diet quality was classified as ‘good’ with a median diet quality score of 34 (out of a possible 73); however, there was a lack of variety within key food groups including carbohydrates and proteins. Non-core food consumption exceeded recommended levels at 38% of the daily total energy intake, with substantial contributions from takeaway foods and sweetened beverages. A PAL coefficient of 1.2–1.4 was found to best balance the energy intakes of these players in their pre-season. Conclusions: Adolescent rugby players met the percent energy recommendations for macronutrients and attained an overall ‘good’ diet quality score. However, it was identified that when compared to specific recommendations for athletes, carbohydrate intakes were below recommendations and these players in their pre-season reported high consumption of non-core foods, particularly sugar sweetened drinks and low intakes of vegetables.
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Discretionary food and beverage consumption and its association with demographic characteristics, weight status, and fruit and vegetable intakes in Australian adults. Public Health Nutr 2016; 20:274-281. [PMID: 27572276 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980016002305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Excessive consumption of discretionary foods/beverages in the Australian population has been identified, increasing the risk of obesity and chronic disease. The present study aimed to examine the associations between demographic, anthropometric and dietary factors and the consumption of discretionary foods, discretionary beverages and discretionary foods/beverages combined. DESIGN Discretionary food/beverage consumption reported in two 24 h recalls was analysed, stratified by gender, age, socio-economic status, country of birth, BMI, waist circumference, and fruit and vegetable intakes. SETTING 2011-12 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey. SUBJECTS Australian adults (n 7873) aged 19 years or above. RESULTS Mean discretionary food and beverage consumption was 631 g (28 % by weight from foods; 72 % from beverages), providing 2721 kJ of energy intake (72 % from foods; 28 % from beverages). Total discretionary food/beverage consumption was higher in younger age groups (P<0·001), those in lower socio-economic categories (P<0·001), those born in Australia (P<0·001), those with higher BMI (P<0·001) and those with lower fruit (P<0·001) or vegetable intake (P<0·001). Discretionary beverage consumption (β=6·6, P<0·001) was more strongly associated with BMI than discretionary food consumption (β=0·5, P=0·01). CONCLUSIONS Total discretionary food/beverage consumption as well as discretionary foods alone and discretionary beverages alone were associated with BMI in Australian adults. In addition, high intakes were associated with younger age, lower socio-economic status, and lower consumption of fruit and vegetables.
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Positive influences of home food environment on primary-school children’s diet and weight status: a structural equation model approach. Public Health Nutr 2016; 19:2525-34. [DOI: 10.1017/s1368980016000999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AbstractObjectivesThe mechanism by which the home food environment (HFE) influences childhood obesity is unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between HFE and childhood obesity as mediated by diet in primary-school children.DesignCross-sectional data collected from parents and primary-school children participating in the Obesity Prevention and Lifestyle Evaluation Project. Only children aged 9–11 years participated in the study. Matched parent/child data (n3323) were analysed. Exploratory factor analysis underlined components of twenty-one HFE items; these were linked to child diet (meeting guidelines for fruit, vegetable and non-core food intakes) and measured child BMI, in structural equation modelling, adjusting for confounders.SettingTwenty geographically bounded metropolitan and regional South Australian communities.SubjectsSchool children and their parents from primary schools in selected communities.ResultsIn the initial exploratory factor analysis, nineteen items remaining extracted eight factors with eigenvalues >1·0 (72·4 % of total variance). A five-factor structure incorporating ten items described HFE. After adjusting for age, gender, socio-economic status and physical activity all associations in the model were significant (P<0·05), explaining 9·3 % and 4·5 % of the variance in child diet and BMI, respectively. A more positive HFE was directly and indirectly associated with a lower BMI in children through child diet.ConclusionsThe robust statistical methodology used in the present study provides support for a model of direct and indirect dynamics between the HFE and childhood obesity. The model can be tested in future longitudinal and intervention studies to identify the most effective components of the HFE to target in childhood obesity prevention efforts.
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Grieger JA, Wycherley TP, Johnson BJ, Golley RK. Discrete strategies to reduce intake of discretionary food choices: a scoping review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2016; 13:57. [PMID: 27151280 PMCID: PMC4858928 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-016-0380-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
On a population level, dietary improvement strategies have had limited success in preventing the surge in overweight and obesity or reducing risk factors for chronic disease. While numerous multi-component studies have examined whole-of-diet strategies, and single component (i.e. discrete) dietary intervention strategies have targeted an increase in core foods (e.g. fruits, vegetables, dairy), there is a paucity of evidence on the effectiveness of dietary intervention strategies targeting a decrease in discretionary choices. The aim of this review was to identify dietary intervention strategies that are potentially relevant to reducing intake of discretionary choices in 2–65 year olds. A scoping review was carried out to map the literature on key discrete dietary intervention strategies that are potentially applicable to reducing discretionary choices, and to identify the targeted health/nutrition effects (e.g. improve nutrient intake, decrease sugar intake, and reduce body weight) of these strategies. Studies conducted in participants aged 2–65 years and published in English by July 20, 2015, were located through electronic searches including the Cochrane Library, Medline, Embase, CINAHL, and Scopus. Three thousand two hundred and eighty three studies were identified from the search, of which 44 met the selection criteria. The dietary intervention strategies included reformulation (n = 13), substitution (n = 5), restriction/elimination (n = 9), supplementation (n = 13), and nutrition education/messages (n = 4). The key findings of the review were: restricting portion size was consistently beneficial for reducing energy intake in the acute setting; reformulating foods from higher fat to lower fat could be useful to reduce saturated fat intake; substituting discretionary choices for high fibre snacks, fruit, or low/no-calorie beverages may be an effective strategy for reducing energy intake; supplementing nutrient dense foods such as nuts and wholegrain cereals supports an improved overall diet quality; and, a combination of permissive and restrictive nutrition messages may effectively modify behavior to reduce discretionary choices intake. Longer-term, well-controlled studies are required to assess the effectiveness of the identified dietary strategies as interventions to reduce discretionary choices intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Grieger
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Thomas P Wycherley
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Brittany J Johnson
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Rebecca K Golley
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research (Public Health Concentration), University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
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Lu Q, Tao F, Hou F, Zhang Z, Ren LL. Emotion regulation, emotional eating and the energy-rich dietary pattern. A population-based study in Chinese adolescents. Appetite 2016; 99:149-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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