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Zhang L, Luo X, Tang R, Wu Y, Liang Z, Liu J, Pi J, Zhang H. MiR-106a-5p by Targeting MAP3K2 Promotes Repair of Oxidative Stress Damage to the Intestinal Barrier in Prelaying Ducks. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1037. [PMID: 38612276 PMCID: PMC11010895 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Under caged stress conditions, severe disruptions in duck intestinal barrier function, which adversely affect economic performance, have been observed. MiRNAs play a crucial role in cellular processes, but the mechanisms underlying their involvement in repairing oxidative stress-induced damage to duck intestinal barriers have not been elucidated. We performed miRNA-seq and protein tandem mass tagging (TMT) sequencing and identified differentially expressed miRNAs and proteins in oxidative stress-treated ducks. Dual-luciferase reporter vector experiments, RT-qPCR, and Western blotting revealed the regulatory role of apla-miR-106a-5p/MAP3K2 in intestinal barrier damage repair. The results showed that oxidative stress led to shortened villi and deepened crypts, impairing intestinal immune function. Significant downregulation of apla-miR-106a-5p was revealed by miRNA-seq, and the inhibition of its expression not only enhanced cell viability but also improved intestinal barrier function. TMT protein sequencing revealed MAP3K2 upregulation in caged-stressed duck intestines, and software analysis confirmed MAP3K2 as the target gene of apla-miR-106a-5p. Dual-fluorescence reporter gene experiments demonstrated direct targeting of MAP3K2 by apla-miR-106a-5p. RT-qPCR showed no effect on MAP3K2 expression, while Western blot analysis indicated that MAP3K2 protein expression was suppressed. In summary, apla-miR-106a-5p targets MAP3K2, regulating gene expression at the transcriptional level and facilitating effective repair of intestinal barrier damage. This discovery provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of physiological damage in ducks under caged stress, offering valuable guidance for related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (L.Z.); (X.L.); (R.T.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (J.P.)
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China;
| | - Xiang Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (L.Z.); (X.L.); (R.T.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (J.P.)
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China;
| | - Rui Tang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (L.Z.); (X.L.); (R.T.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (J.P.)
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China;
| | - Yan Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (L.Z.); (X.L.); (R.T.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Zhenhua Liang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (L.Z.); (X.L.); (R.T.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Jingbo Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China;
| | - Jinsong Pi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (L.Z.); (X.L.); (R.T.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Hao Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (L.Z.); (X.L.); (R.T.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (J.P.)
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2
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Guan J, Fan Y, Wang S, Zhou F. Functions of MAP3Ks in antiviral immunity. Immunol Res 2023; 71:814-832. [PMID: 37286768 PMCID: PMC10247270 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-023-09401-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Immune signal transduction is crucial to the body's defense against viral infection. Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) activates the transcription of interferon regulators and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB); this promotes the release of interferons and inflammatory factors. Efficient regulation of type I interferon and NF-κB signaling by members of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K) family plays an important role in antiviral immunity. Elucidating the specific roles of MAP3K activation during viral infection is essential to develop effective antiviral therapies. In this review, we outline the specific regulatory mechanisms of MAP3Ks in antiviral immunity and discuss the feasibility of targeting MAP3Ks for the treatment of virus-induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhong Guan
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yao Fan
- The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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3
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Souza-Costa LP, Andrade-Chaves JT, Andrade JM, Costa VV, Franco LH. Uncovering new insights into the role of the ubiquitin ligase Smurf1 on the regulation of innate immune signaling and resistance to infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1185741. [PMID: 37228615 PMCID: PMC10203584 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1185741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense against infections. Innate immune cells express pattern recognition receptors in distinct cellular compartments that are responsible to detect either pathogens-associated molecules or cellular components derived from damaged cells, to trigger intracellular signaling pathways that lead to the activation of inflammatory responses. Inflammation is essential to coordinate immune cell recruitment, pathogen elimination and to keep normal tissue homeostasis. However, uncontrolled, misplaced or aberrant inflammatory responses could lead to tissue damage and drive chronic inflammatory diseases and autoimmunity. In this context, molecular mechanisms that tightly regulate the expression of molecules required for the signaling of innate immune receptors are crucial to prevent pathological immune responses. In this review, we discuss the ubiquitination process and its importance in the regulation of innate immune signaling and inflammation. Then, we summarize the roles of Smurf1, a protein that works on ubiquitination, on the regulation of innate immune signaling and antimicrobial mechanisms, emphasizing its substrates and highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target for infectious and inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Pedro Souza-Costa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Josiane Teixeira Andrade-Chaves
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Juvana Moreira Andrade
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vivian Vasconcelos Costa
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luis Henrique Franco
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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4
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Han N, Geng WJ, Li J, Liu ST, Zhang J, Wen YJ, Xu HH, Li MY, Li YR, Han PP. Transcription level differences in Taxus wallichiana var. mairei elicited by Ce 3+, Ce 4+ and methyl jasmonate. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1040596. [PMID: 36438113 PMCID: PMC9685566 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1040596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Taxol is a precious and effective anticancer drug. Cerium and methyl jasmonate (MJ) have been shown to increase the yield of taxol in taxus cells. However, the mechanisms of cerium-mediated and MJ-mediated taxol biosynthesis remain unknown. RNA-Seq was applied to study the overall regulation mechanism of cerium and MJ on taxol biosynthesis and analyze the differences among T. mairei cells elicited by Ce3+, Ce4+ and MJ on transcriptional level . Using sequence homology, 179 unigenes were identified as taxol synthesis genes. Under the condition of 100 μM MJ, taxol synthesis genes were up-regulated. Notably, taxol synthesis genes were down-regulated expression at 1 mM Ce3+ and 1 mM Ce4+. Differential expression genes involved in some related functions were analyzed, such as MAPK signaling pathway and plant-pathogen interaction. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis of nine differentially expressed WRKYs in our data were carried out.
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5
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Li H, Wang N, Jiang Y, Wang H, Xin Z, An H, Pan H, Ma W, Zhang T, Wang X, Lin W. E3
ubiquitin ligase
NEDD4L
negatively regulates inflammation by promoting ubiquitination of
MEKK2. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54603. [PMID: 36161689 PMCID: PMC9638856 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202254603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of inflammation signaling triggered by tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐1 (IL‐1), and interleukin‐17 (IL‐17) is associated with immunopathology. Here, we identify neural precursor cells expressed developmentally down‐regulated gene 4‐like (NEDD4L), a HECT type E3 ligase, as a common negative regulator of signaling induced by TNF‐α, IL‐1, and IL‐17. NEDD4L modulates the degradation of mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase kinase 2 (MEKK2) via constitutively and directly binding to MEKK2 and promotes its poly‐ubiquitination. In interleukin‐17 receptor (IL‐17R) signaling, Nedd4l knockdown or deficiency enhances IL‐17‐induced p38 and NF‐κB activation and the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in a MEKK2‐dependent manner. We further show that IL‐17‐induced MEKK2 Ser520 phosphorylation is required not only for downstream p38 and NF‐κB activation but also for NEDD4L‐mediated MEKK2 degradation and the subsequent shutdown of IL‐17R signaling. Importantly, Nedd4l‐deficient mice show increased susceptibility to IL‐17‐induced inflammation and aggravated symptoms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in IL‐17R signaling‐dependent manner. These data suggest that NEDD4L acts as an inhibitor of IL‐17R signaling, which ameliorates the pathogenesis of IL‐17‐mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Institute of Immunology and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Zhejiang China
- Department of Medical Oncology The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital) Hangzhou China
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC) Chinese Academy of Sciences Hangzhou China
| | - Ning Wang
- Institute of Immunology and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Zhejiang China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Institute of Immunology and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Zhejiang China
| | - Haofei Wang
- Institute of Immunology and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Zhejiang China
| | - Zengfeng Xin
- Institute of Immunology and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Zhejiang China
| | - Huazhang An
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital Jinan China
| | - Hao Pan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Wangqian Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Xiaojian Wang
- Institute of Immunology and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Zhejiang China
| | - Wenlong Lin
- Institute of Immunology and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Zhejiang China
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6
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Qu F, Zeng X, Liu Z, Guo M, Zhang X, Cao S, Zhou Y, He Z, Tang J, Mao Z, Yang Y, Zhou Z, Liu Z. Functional characterization of MEKK3 in the intestinal immune response to bacterial challenges in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Front Immunol 2022; 13:981995. [PMID: 35990669 PMCID: PMC9388831 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.981995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 3 (MEKK3) is an evolutionarily conserved Ser/Thr protein kinase of the MEKK family that is essential for the host immune response to pathogen challenges in mammals. However, the immune function of MEKK3s in lower vertebrate species, especially in bony fish, remains largely unknown. In this study, a fish MEKK3 (designated CiMEKK3) gene was cloned and identified from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). The present CiMEKK3 cDNA encoded a 620 amino acid polypeptide containing a conserved S-TKc domain and a typical PB1 domain. Several potential immune-related transcription factor-binding sites, including activating protein 1 (AP-1), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activator of downstream transcription 3 (STAT3), were observed in the 5’ upstream DNA sequence of CiMEKK3. A phylogenetic tree showed that CiMEKK3 exhibits a close evolutionary relationship with MEKK3s from Cyprinus carpio and Carassius auratus. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that CiMEKK3 transcripts were widely distributed in all selected tissues of healthy grass carp, with a relatively high levels observed in the gill, head kidney and intestine. Upon in vitro challenge with bacterial pathogens (Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas veronii) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) (lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN), L-Ala-γ-D-Glu-mDAP (Tri-DAP) and muramyl dipeptide (MDP)), the expression levels of CiMEKK3 in the intestinal cells of grass carp were shown to be significantly upregulated in a time-dependent manner. In vivo injection experiments revealed that CiMEKK3 transcripts were significantly induced by MDP challenge in the intestine; however, these effects could be inhibited by the nutritional dipeptides carnosine and Ala-Gln. Moreover, subcellular localization analysis and luciferase reporter assays indicated that CiMEKK3 could act as a cytoplasmic signal-transducing activator involved in the regulation of NF-κB and MAPK/AP-1 signaling cascades in HEK293T cells. Taken together, these findings strongly suggest that CiMEKK3 plays vital roles in the intestinal immune response to bacterial challenges, which will aid in understanding the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease in bony fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fufa Qu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuan Zeng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Meixing Guo
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Shenping Cao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Yonghua Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhimin He
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianzhou Tang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhuangwen Mao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Yalin Yang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigang Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Zhen Liu,
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7
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Park HB, Baek KH. E3 ligases and deubiquitinating enzymes regulating the MAPK signaling pathway in cancers. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188736. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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8
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Yuan Q, Basit A, Liang W, Qu R, Luan Y, Ren C, Li A, Xu X, Liu X, Yang C, Kuo A, Pierce R, Zhang L, Turk B, Hu X, Li F, Cui W, Li R, Huang D, Mo L, Sessa WC, Lee PJ, Kluger Y, Su B, Tang W, He J, Wu D. Pazopanib ameliorates acute lung injuries via inhibition of MAP3K2 and MAP3K3. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/591/eabc2499. [PMID: 33910977 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abc2499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) causes high mortality and lacks any pharmacological intervention. Here, we found that pazopanib ameliorated ALI manifestations and reduced mortality in mouse ALI models and reduced edema in human lung transplantation recipients. Pazopanib inhibits mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 2 (MAP3K2)- and MAP3K3-mediated phosphorylation of NADPH oxidase 2 subunit p47phox at Ser208 to increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in myeloid cells. Genetic inactivation of MAP3K2 and MAP3K3 in myeloid cells or hematopoietic mutation of p47phox Ser208 to alanine attenuated ALI manifestations and abrogates anti-ALI effects of pazopanib. This myeloid MAP3K2/MAP3K3-p47phox pathway acted via paracrine H2O2 to enhance pulmonary vasculature integrity and promote lung epithelial cell survival and proliferation, leading to increased pulmonary barrier function and resistance to ALI. Thus, pazopanib has the potential to be effective for treating ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianying Yuan
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Abdul Basit
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Wenhua Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery/Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Rihao Qu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yi Luan
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Chunguang Ren
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ao Li
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery/Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery/Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery/Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Andrew Kuo
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Richard Pierce
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Longbo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Benjamin Turk
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Xin Hu
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Fangyong Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Weixue Cui
- Department of Thoracic Surgery/Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Run Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery/Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Danxia Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery/Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Lili Mo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery/Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - William C Sessa
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Patty J Lee
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yuval Kluger
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Bing Su
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Wenwen Tang
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jianxing He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery/Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou 510120, China.
| | - Dianqing Wu
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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9
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Li D, Kong L, Cui Z, Zhao F, Deng Y, Tan A, Jiang L. MEKK3 in hybrid snakehead (Channa maculate ♀ ×Channa argus ♂): Molecular characterization and immune response to infection with Nocardia seriolae and Aeromonas schubertii. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 256:110643. [PMID: 34186154 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2021.110643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase kinase 3 (MEKK3) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that acts as a key regulator and is widely involved in various innate and acquired immune signaling pathways. In this study, we first cloned the complete open reading frame (ORF) of the MEKK3 gene (named CcMEKK3) in a hybrid snakehead (Channa maculate ♀ × Channa argus ♂). The full-length ORF of CcMEKK3 is 1851 bp, and encodes a putative protein of 616 amino acids containing a serine/threonine kinase catalytic (S-TKc) domain and a Phox and Bem1p (PB1) domain. A sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis showed that CcMEKK3 is highly conserved relative to the MEKK3 proteins of other teleost species. CcMEKK3 was constitutively expressed in all the healthy hybrid snakehead tissues tested, with greatest expression in the immune tissues, such as the head kidney and spleen. The expression of CcMEKK3 was usually upregulated in the head kidney, spleen, and liver at different time points after infection with Nocardia seriolae or Aeromonas schubertii. Similarly, the dynamic expression levels of CcMEKK3 in head kidney leukocytes after stimulation revealed that CcMEKK3 was induced by LTA, LPS, and poly(I:C). In the subcellular localization analysis, CcMEKK3 was evenly distributed in the cytoplasm of HEK293T cells, and its overexpression significantly promoted the activities of NF-κB and AP-1. These results suggest that CcMEKK3 is involved in the immune defense against these two pathogens, and plays a crucial role in activating the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqi Li
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510380, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Lulu Kong
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510380, China
| | - Zhengwei Cui
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510380, China.
| | - Yuting Deng
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510380, China
| | - Aiping Tan
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510380, China
| | - Lan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510380, China
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10
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Wu N, Sun H, Zhao X, Zhang Y, Tan J, Qi Y, Wang Q, Ng M, Liu Z, He L, Niu X, Chen L, Liu Z, Li HB, Zeng YA, Roulis M, Liu D, Cheng J, Zhou B, Ng LG, Zou D, Ye Y, Flavell RA, Ginhoux F, Su B. MAP3K2-regulated intestinal stromal cells define a distinct stem cell niche. Nature 2021; 592:606-610. [PMID: 33658717 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03283-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal stromal cells are known to modulate the propagation and differentiation of intestinal stem cells1,2. However, the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms by which this diverse stromal cell population maintains tissue homeostasis and repair are poorly understood. Here we describe a subset of intestinal stromal cells, named MAP3K2-regulated intestinal stromal cells (MRISCs), and show that they are the primary cellular source of the WNT agonist R-spondin 1 following intestinal injury in mice. MRISCs, which are epigenetically and transcriptomically distinct from subsets of intestinal stromal cells that have previously been reported3-6, are strategically localized at the bases of colon crypts, and function to maintain LGR5+ intestinal stem cells and protect against acute intestinal damage through enhanced R-spondin 1 production. Mechanistically, this MAP3K2 specific function is mediated by a previously unknown reactive oxygen species (ROS)-MAP3K2-ERK5-KLF2 axis to enhance production of R-spondin 1. Our results identify MRISCs as a key component of an intestinal stem cell niche that specifically depends on MAP3K2 to augment WNT signalling for the regeneration of damaged intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningbo Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongxiang Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhao
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianmei Tan
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Qi
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Melissa Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhaoyuan Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingjuan He
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyin Niu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Center for Microbiota & Immunological Diseases, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiduo Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua-Bing Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-Yale Institute for Immune Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Arial Zeng
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Manolis Roulis
- Department of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dou Liu
- Department of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jinke Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lai Guan Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Duowu Zou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Youqiong Ye
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-Yale Institute for Immune Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-Yale Institute for Immune Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth/Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bing Su
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,The State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,Center for Microbiota & Immunological Diseases, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-Yale Institute for Immune Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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11
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MEKK2 and MEKK3 orchestrate multiple signals to regulate Hippo pathway. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100400. [PMID: 33571521 PMCID: PMC7948509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is an evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway that controls organ size in animals via the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis. It consists of a kinase cascade, in which MST1/2 and MAP4Ks phosphorylate and activate LATS1/2, which in turn phosphorylate and inhibit YAP/TAZ activity. A variety of signals can modulate LATS1/2 kinase activity to regulate Hippo pathway. However, the full mechanistic details of kinase-mediated regulation of Hippo pathway signaling remain elusive. Here, we report that TNF activates LATS1/2 and inhibits YAP/TAZ activity through MEKK2/3. Furthermore, MEKK2/3 act in parallel to MST1/2 and MAP4Ks to regulate LATS1/2 and YAP/TAZ in response to various signals, such as serum and actin dynamics. Mechanistically, we show that MEKK2/3 interact with LATS1/2 and YAP/TAZ and phosphorylate them. In addition, Striatin-interacting phosphatase and kinase (STRIPAK) complex associates with MEKK3 via CCM2 and CCM3 to inactivate MEKK3 kinase activity. Upstream signals of Hippo pathway trigger the dissociation of MEKK3 from STRIPAK complex to release MEKK3 activity. Our work has uncovered a previous unrecognized regulation of Hippo pathway via MEKK2/3 and provides new insights into molecular mechanisms for the interplay between Hippo-YAP and NF-κB signaling and the pathogenesis of cerebral cavernous malformations.
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12
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Khan MA, Khan ZA, Charles M, Pratap P, Naeem A, Siddiqui Z, Naqvi N, Srivastava S. Cytokine Storm and Mucus Hypersecretion in COVID-19: Review of Mechanisms. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:175-189. [PMID: 33519225 PMCID: PMC7838037 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s271292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucus is an integral part of the respiratory physiology. It protects the respiratory tract by acting as a physical barrier against inhaled particles and microbes. Excessive inflammation in conditions such as COVID-19 can result in over-production of mucus which obstructs the airway. Build-up of mucus can also contribute to recurrent airway infection, causing further obstruction. This article summarizes the current understanding and knowledge of respiratory mucus production and proposes the role of cytokine storm in inducing sudden mucus hypersecretion in COVID-19. Based on these cascades, the active constituents that inhibit or activate several potential targets are outlined for further research. These may be explored for the discovery and design of drugs to combat cytokine storm and its ensuing complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Ali Khan
- Reseach & Development Department, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Zaw Ali Khan
- Reseach & Development Department, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mark Charles
- Metabolic Research Unit, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pushpendra Pratap
- Metabolic Research Unit, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abdul Naeem
- Metabolic Research Unit, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Zainab Siddiqui
- Department of Pathology, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nigar Naqvi
- Department of Nutrition, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shikha Srivastava
- Department of Nutrition, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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13
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YAMAMOTO M, GOHDA J, AKIYAMA T, INOUE JI. TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) plays crucial roles in multiple biological systems through polyubiquitination-mediated NF-κB activation. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2021; 97:145-160. [PMID: 33840674 PMCID: PMC8062261 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.97.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
NF-κB was first identified in 1986 as a B cell-specific transcription factor inducing immunoglobulin κ light chain expression. Subsequent studies revealed that NF-κB plays important roles in development, organogenesis, immunity, inflammation, and neurological functions by spatiotemporally regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in several cell types. Furthermore, studies on the signal pathways that activate NF-κB led to the discovery of TRAF family proteins with E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, which function downstream of the receptor. This discovery led to the proposal of an entirely new signaling mechanism concept, wherein K63-ubiquitin chains act as a scaffold for the signaling complex to activate downstream kinases. This concept has revolutionized ubiquitin studies by revealing the importance of the nonproteolytic functions of ubiquitin not only in NF-κB signaling but also in a variety of other biological systems. TRAF6 is the most diverged among the TRAF family proteins, and our studies uncovered its notable physiological and pathological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki YAMAMOTO
- Research Center for Asian Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jin GOHDA
- Research Center for Asian Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taishin AKIYAMA
- Laboratory for Immune Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Jun-ichiro INOUE
- Research Platform Office, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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MEKK2 mediates aberrant ERK activation in neurofibromatosis type I. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5704. [PMID: 33177525 PMCID: PMC7658220 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19555-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type I (NF1) is characterized by prominent skeletal manifestations caused by NF1 loss. While inhibitors of the ERK activating kinases MEK1/2 are promising as a means to treat NF1, the broad blockade of the ERK pathway produced by this strategy is potentially associated with therapy limiting toxicities. Here, we have sought targets offering a more narrow inhibition of ERK activation downstream of NF1 loss in the skeleton, finding that MEKK2 is a novel component of a noncanonical ERK pathway in osteoblasts that mediates aberrant ERK activation after NF1 loss. Accordingly, despite mice with conditional deletion of Nf1 in mature osteoblasts (Nf1fl/fl;Dmp1-Cre) and Mekk2−/− each displaying skeletal defects, Nf1fl/fl;Mekk2−/−;Dmp1-Cre mice show an amelioration of NF1-associated phenotypes. We also provide proof-of-principle that FDA-approved inhibitors with activity against MEKK2 can ameliorate NF1 skeletal pathology. Thus, MEKK2 functions as a MAP3K in the ERK pathway in osteoblasts, offering a potential new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of NF1. Neurofibromatosis type I (NF1) is characterized by prominent skeletal abnormalities mediated in part by aberrant ERK pathway activation due to NF1 loss-of-function. Here, the authors report the MEKK2 is a key mediator of this aberrant ERK activation and that MEKK2 inhibitors, including ponatinib, ameliorate skeletal defects in a mouse model of NF1.
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15
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Wu N, Chen D, Sun H, Tan J, Zhang Y, Zhang T, Han Y, Liu H, Ouyang X, Yang XD, Niu X, Zhong J, Wang Z, Su B. MAP3K2 augments Th1 cell differentiation via IL-18 to promote T cell-mediated colitis. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 64:389-403. [PMID: 32737854 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1720-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
T cell-mediated immunity in the intestine is stringently controlled to ensure proper immunity against pathogenic microbes and to prevent autoimmunity, a known cause of inflammatory bowel disease. However, precisely how T cells regulate intestine immunity remains to be fully understood. In this study, we found that mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 2 (MAP3K2) is required for the CD4+ T cell-mediated inflammation in the intestine. Using a T cell transfer colitis model, we found that MAP3K2-deficient naïve CD4 T cells had a dramatically reduced ability to induce colitis compared to wild type T cells. In addition, significantly fewer IFN-γ- but more IL-17A-producing CD4+ T cells in the intestines of mice receiving MAP3K2-deficient T cells than in those from mice receiving wild type T cells was observed. Interestingly, under well-defined in vitro differentiation conditions, MAP3K2-deficient naïve T cells were not impaired in their ability to differentiate into Th1, Th17 and Treg. Furthermore, the MAP3K2-regulated colitis severity was mediated by Th1 but not Th17 cells in the intestine. At the molecular level, we showed that MAP3K2-mediated Th1 cell differentiation in the intestine was regulated by IL-18 and required specific JNK activation. Together, our study reveals a novel regulatory role of MAP3K2 in intestinal T cell immunity via the IL-18-MAP3K2-JNK axis and may provide a novel target for intervention in T cell-mediated colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningbo Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine-Yale Institute for Immune Metabolism, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Dongping Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine-Yale Institute for Immune Metabolism, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Hongxiang Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine-Yale Institute for Immune Metabolism, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jianmei Tan
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine-Yale Institute for Immune Metabolism, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yuheng Han
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine-Yale Institute for Immune Metabolism, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Hongzhi Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine-Yale Institute for Immune Metabolism, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xinxing Ouyang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine-Yale Institute for Immune Metabolism, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiaoyin Niu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jie Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zhengting Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Bing Su
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine-Yale Institute for Immune Metabolism, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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16
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Choi JP, Wang R, Yang X, Wang X, Wang L, Ting KK, Foley M, Cogger V, Yang Z, Liu F, Han Z, Liu R, Baell J, Zheng X. Ponatinib (AP24534) inhibits MEKK3-KLF signaling and prevents formation and progression of cerebral cavernous malformations. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaau0731. [PMID: 30417093 PMCID: PMC6221540 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau0731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) is a common cerebrovascular disease that can occur sporadically or be inherited. They are major causes of stroke, cerebral hemorrhage, and neurological deficits in the younger population. Loss-of-function mutations in three genes, CCM1, CCM2, and CCM3, have been identified as the cause of human CCMs. Currently, no drug is available to treat CCM disease. Hyperactive mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase Kinase 3 (MEKK3) kinase signaling as a consequence of loss of CCM genes is an underlying cause of CCM lesion development. Using a U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved kinase inhibitor library combined with virtual modeling and biochemical and cellular assays, we have identified a clinically approved small compound, ponatinib, that is capable of inhibiting MEKK3 activity and normalizing expression of downstream kruppel-like factor (KLF) target genes. Treatment with this compound in neonatal mouse models of CCM can prevent the formation of new CCM lesions and reduce the growth of already formed lesions. At the ultracellular level, ponatinib can normalize the flattening and disorganization of the endothelium caused by CCM deficiency. Collectively, our study demonstrates ponatinib as a novel compound that may prevent CCM initiation and progression in mouse models through inhibition of MEKK3-KLF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaesung P. Choi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Signaling, Centenary Institute, and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xian Wang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Signaling, Centenary Institute, and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Lu Wang
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ka Ka Ting
- Centre for the Endothelium, Centenary Institute, and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Matthew Foley
- Australian Centre for Microscopy & Microanalysis, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Victoria Cogger
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Zhuo Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiming Han
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Renjing Liu
- Agnes Ginges Laboratory for Diseases of the Aorta, Centenary Institute, and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Jonathan Baell
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Xiangjian Zheng
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Signaling, Centenary Institute, and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
- Corresponding author.
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17
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MEKK2 and MEKK3 suppress Hedgehog pathway-dependent medulloblastoma by inhibiting GLI1 function. Oncogene 2018; 37:3864-3878. [PMID: 29662197 PMCID: PMC6041257 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0249-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) pathway plays a pivotal role in diverse aspects of development and postnatal physiology. Perturbation of Hh signaling and activation of GLI1 (glioma-associated oncogene 1), a dedicated transcription factor for Hh pathway, are highly associated with several cancers, such as medulloblastoma and basal cell carcinoma. Dynamic and precise control of GLI1 activity is thus important to ensure proper homeostasis and tumorigenesis. Here we show that MEKK2 (MAP3K2) and MEKK3 (MAP3K3) inhibit GLI1 transcriptional activity and oncogenic function through phosphorylation on multiple Ser/Thr sites of GLI1, which reduces GLI1 protein stability, DNA-binding ability, and increases the association of GLI1 with SUFU. Interestingly, MEKK2 and MEKK3 are responsible for FGF2-mediated inhibition on Hh signaling. Moreover, expression of MEKK2 and MEKK3 inhibits medulloblastoma cell proliferation and negatively correlates with Hh pathway activity in medulloblastoma clinical samples. Together, these findings reveal a novel noncanonical GLI1 regulation and provide a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of cancers with aberrant Hh pathway activation, such as medulloblastoma.
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18
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Gao L, Wang L, Dai T, Jin K, Zhang Z, Wang S, Xie F, Fang P, Yang B, Huang H, van Dam H, Zhou F, Zhang L. Tumor-derived exosomes antagonize innate antiviral immunity. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:233-245. [DOI: 10.1038/s41590-017-0043-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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19
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Zhang X, Song H, Qiao S, Liu J, Xing T, Yan X, Li H, Wang N. MiR-17-5p and miR-20a promote chicken cell proliferation at least in part by upregulation of c-Myc via MAP3K2 targeting. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15852. [PMID: 29158522 PMCID: PMC5696470 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15626-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The miR-17-92 cluster has been well studied in mammals but less extensively studied in birds. Here, we demonstrated that miR-17-92 cluster overexpression promoted the proliferation of DF1 cells and immortalized chicken preadipocytes (ICPA-1), and miR-17-5p and miR-20a, members of the miR-17-92 cluster, targeted MAP3K2. Further analysis showed that MAP3K2 overexpression reduced the proliferation of DF1 and ICPA-1 cells and attenuated the promotive effect of the miR-17-92 cluster on cell proliferation. Downstream gene expression analysis of the MAPK signalling pathway showed that MAP3K2 overexpression decreased c-Myc expression; in contrast, MAP3K2 knockdown using RNA interference and miR-17-92 cluster overexpression increased c-Myc expression. Furthermore, c-Myc overexpression promoted miR-17-92 cluster expression and DF1 cell proliferation. Taken together, these data indicated that miR-17-92 promotes chicken cell proliferation at least in part by the upregulation of c-Myc via targeting MAP3K2, and the miR-17-92 cluster, c-Myc and E2F1 form a complex regulatory network in chicken cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - He Song
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shupei Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Tianyu Xing
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaohong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.
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20
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Cobbaut M, Derua R, Döppler H, Lou HJ, Vandoninck S, Storz P, Turk BE, Seufferlein T, Waelkens E, Janssens V, Van Lint J. Differential regulation of PKD isoforms in oxidative stress conditions through phosphorylation of a conserved Tyr in the P+1 loop. Sci Rep 2017; 7:887. [PMID: 28428613 PMCID: PMC5430542 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00800-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases are essential molecules in life and their crucial function requires tight regulation. Many kinases are regulated via phosphorylation within their activation loop. This loop is embedded in the activation segment, which additionally contains the Mg2+ binding loop and a P + 1 loop that is important in substrate binding. In this report, we identify Abl-mediated phosphorylation of a highly conserved Tyr residue in the P + 1 loop of protein kinase D2 (PKD2) during oxidative stress. Remarkably, we observed that the three human PKD isoforms display very different degrees of P + 1 loop Tyr phosphorylation and we identify one of the molecular determinants for this divergence. This is paralleled by a different activation mechanism of PKD1 and PKD2 during oxidative stress. Tyr phosphorylation in the P + 1 loop of PKD2 increases turnover for Syntide-2, while substrate specificity and the role of PKD2 in NF-κB signaling remain unaffected. Importantly, Tyr to Phe substitution renders the kinase inactive, jeopardizing its use as a non-phosphorylatable mutant. Since large-scale proteomics studies identified P + 1 loop Tyr phosphorylation in more than 70 Ser/Thr kinases in multiple conditions, our results do not only demonstrate differential regulation/function of PKD isoforms under oxidative stress, but also have implications for kinase regulation in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Cobbaut
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rita Derua
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Heike Döppler
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Hua Jane Lou
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sandy Vandoninck
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Storz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Benjamin E Turk
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Etienne Waelkens
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Janssens
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Van Lint
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. .,Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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21
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Zhu G, Qiu W, Li Y, Zhao C, He F, Zhou M, Wang L, Zhao D, Lu Y, Zhang J, Liu Y, Yu T, Wang Y. Sublytic C5b-9 Induces Glomerular Mesangial Cell Apoptosis through the Cascade Pathway of MEKK2-p38 MAPK-IRF-1-TRADD-Caspase 8 in Rat Thy-1 Nephritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:1104-1118. [PMID: 28039298 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The apoptosis of glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs) in the early phase of rat Thy-1 nephritis (Thy-1N), a model of human mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis (MsPGN), is primarily triggered by sublytic C5b-9. However, the mechanism of GMC apoptosis induced by sublytic C5b-9 remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that expressions of TNFR1-associated death domain-containing protein (TRADD) and IFN regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) were simultaneously upregulated in the renal tissue of Thy-1N rats (in vivo) and in GMCs under sublytic C5b-9 stimulation (in vitro). In vitro, TRADD was confirmed to be a downstream gene of IRF-1, because IRF-1 could bind to TRADD gene promoter to promote its transcription, leading to caspase 8 activation and GMC apoptosis. Increased phosphorylation of p38 MAPK was verified to contribute to IRF-1 and TRADD production and caspase 8 activation, as well as to GMC apoptosis induced by sublytic C5b-9. Furthermore, phosphorylation of MEK kinase 2 (MEKK2) mediated p38 MAPK activation. More importantly, three sites (Ser153/164/239) of MEKK2 phosphorylation were identified and demonstrated to be necessary for p38 MAPK activation. In addition, silencing of renal MEKK2, IRF-1, and TRADD genes or inhibition of p38 MAPK activation in vivo had obvious inhibitory effects on GMC apoptosis, secondary proliferation, and urinary protein secretion in rats with Thy-1N. Collectively, these findings indicate that the cascade axis of MEKK2-p38 MAPK-IRF-1-TRADD-caspase 8 may play an important role in GMC apoptosis following exposure to sublytic C5b-9 in rat Thy-1N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganqian Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Qiu
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongting Li
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenhui Zhao
- Department of Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Fengxia He
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengya Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lulu Wang
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanlai Lu
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyi Yu
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingwei Wang
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; .,Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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22
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MEKK2 mediates an alternative β-catenin pathway that promotes bone formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E1226-35. [PMID: 26884171 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1600813113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper tuning of β-catenin activity in osteoblasts is required for bone homeostasis, because both increased and decreased β-catenin activity have pathologic consequences. In the classical pathway for β-catenin activation, stimulation with WNT ligands suppresses constitutive phosphorylation of β-catenin by glycogen synthase kinase 3β, preventing β-catenin ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Here, we have found that mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 2 (MAP3K2 or MEKK2) mediates an alternative pathway for β-catenin activation in osteoblasts that is distinct from the canonical WNT pathway. FGF2 activates MEKK2 to phosphorylate β-catenin at serine 675, promoting recruitment of the deubiquitinating enzyme, ubiquitin-specific peptidase 15 (USP15). USP15 in turn prevents the basal turnover of β-catenin by inhibiting its ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation, thereby enhancing WNT signaling. Analysis of MEKK2-deficient mice and genetic interaction studies between Mekk2- and β-catenin-null alleles confirm that this pathway is an important physiologic regulator of bone mass in vivo. Thus, an FGF2/MEKK2 pathway mediates an alternative nonclassical pathway for β-catenin activation, and this pathway is a key regulator of bone formation by osteoblasts.
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23
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Lai S, Pelech S. Regulatory roles of conserved phosphorylation sites in the activation T-loop of the MAP kinase ERK1. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:1040-50. [PMID: 26823016 PMCID: PMC4791125 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-07-0527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The catalytic domains of most eukaryotic protein kinases are highly conserved in their primary structures. Their phosphorylation within the well-known activation T-loop, a variable region between protein kinase catalytic subdomains VII and VIII, is a common mechanism for stimulation of their phosphotransferase activities. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1), a member of the extensively studied mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, serves as a paradigm for regulation of protein kinases in signaling modules. In addition to the well-documented T202 and Y204 stimulatory phosphorylation sites in the activation T-loop of ERK1 and its closest relative, ERK2, three additional flanking phosphosites have been confirmed (T198, T207, and Y210 from ERK1) by high-throughput mass spectrometry. In vitro kinase assays revealed the functional importance of T207 and Y210, but not T198, in negatively regulating ERK1 catalytic activity. The Y210 site could be important for proper conformational arrangement of the active site, and a Y210F mutant could not be recognized by MEK1 for phosphorylation of T202 and Y204 in vitro. Autophosphorylation of T207 reduces the catalytic activity and stability of activated ERK1. We propose that after the activation of ERK1 by MEK1, subsequent slower phosphorylation of the flanking sites results in inhibition of the kinase. Because the T207 and Y210 phosphosites of ERK1 are highly conserved within the eukaryotic protein kinase family, hyperphosphorylation within the kinase activation T-loop may serve as a general mechanism for protein kinase down-regulation after initial activation by their upstream kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenshen Lai
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Steven Pelech
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada Kinexus Bioinformatics Corporation, Vancouver, BC V6P 6T3, Canada
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24
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Fisher OS, Deng H, Liu D, Zhang Y, Wei R, Deng Y, Zhang F, Louvi A, Turk BE, Boggon TJ, Su B. Structure and vascular function of MEKK3-cerebral cavernous malformations 2 complex. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7937. [PMID: 26235885 PMCID: PMC4526114 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations 2 (CCM2) loss is associated with the familial form of CCM disease. The protein kinase MEKK3 (MAP3K3) is essential for embryonic angiogenesis in mice and interacts physically with CCM2, but how this interaction is mediated and its relevance to cerebral vasculature are unknown. Here we report that Mekk3 plays an intrinsic role in embryonic vascular development. Inducible endothelial Mekk3 knockout in neonatal mice is lethal due to multiple intracranial haemorrhages and brain blood vessels leakage. We discover direct interaction between CCM2 harmonin homology domain (HHD) and the N terminus of MEKK3, and determine a 2.35 Å cocrystal structure. We find Mekk3 deficiency impairs neurovascular integrity, which is partially dependent on Rho-ROCK signalling, and that disruption of MEKK3:CCM2 interaction leads to similar neurovascular leakage. We conclude that CCM2:MEKK3-mediated regulation of Rho signalling is required for maintenance of neurovascular integrity, unravelling a mechanism by which CCM2 loss leads to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriana S. Fisher
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Hanqiang Deng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Dou Liu
- Department of Immunobiology and the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Ya Zhang
- Department of Immunobiology and the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Departments of Hematology and Dermotology, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Rong Wei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
- Department of Immunobiology and the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Departments of Hematology and Dermotology, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yong Deng
- Department of Immunobiology and the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Immunobiology and the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Departments of Hematology and Dermotology, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Angeliki Louvi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Benjamin E. Turk
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Titus J. Boggon
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Bing Su
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
- Department of Immunobiology and the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Departments of Hematology and Dermotology, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
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25
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Stk38 protein kinase preferentially inhibits TLR9-activated inflammatory responses by promoting MEKK2 ubiquitination in macrophages. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7167. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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26
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O’Halloran S, O’Leary A, Kuijper T, Downer EJ. MyD88 acts as an adaptor protein for inflammatory signalling induced by amyloid-β in macrophages. Immunol Lett 2014; 162:109-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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27
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Matitau AE, Gabor TV, Gill RM, Scheid MP. MEKK2 kinase association with 14-3-3 protein regulates activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:28293-302. [PMID: 23963453 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.511352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MEKK2 (MAP/ERK kinase kinase-2) is a serine/threonine kinase that belongs to the MEKK/STE11 family of MAP kinase kinase kinases (MAP(3)Ks). MEKK2 integrates stress and mitogenic signals to the activation of NF-κB, JNK1/2, p38, and ERK5 pathways. We have found that MEKK2 is regulated through a phosphorylation-dependent association with 14-3-3, a group of adapters that modulate dimerization and association between proteins. We found that MEKK2 was phosphorylated at Thr-283, which resulted in decreased activation loop phosphorylation at Ser-519 and consequently reduced activity. Mechanistically, we found that MEKK2 associated with inactive MEKK2 in the absence of 14-3-3 binding, which led to trans-autophosphorylation of Ser-519. Enforced binding with 14-3-3 reduced Ser-519 trans-autophosphorylation. Expression of T283A MEKK2 within a MEKK2(-/-) background enhanced stress-activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase activity while elevating IL-6 expression, but also reduced ERK activation with a corresponding reduced proliferation rate. These results indicate that Thr-283 phosphorylation is an important regulatory mechanism for MEKK2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi E Matitau
- From the Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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28
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Humphrey RK, Yu SMA, Bellary A, Gonuguntla S, Yebra M, Jhala US. Lysine 63-linked ubiquitination modulates mixed lineage kinase-3 interaction with JIP1 scaffold protein in cytokine-induced pancreatic β cell death. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:2428-40. [PMID: 23172226 PMCID: PMC3554912 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.425884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mixed lineage kinase MLK3 plays a crucial role in compromising mitochondrial integrity and functions as a proapoptotic competence factor in the early stages of cytokine-induced pancreatic β cell death. In an effort to identify mechanisms that regulate MLK3 activity in β cells, we discovered that IL-1β stimulates Lys-63-linked ubiquitination of MLK3 via a conserved, TRAF6-binding peptapeptide motif in the catalytic domain of the kinase. TRAF6-mediated ubiquitination was required for dissociation of inactive monomeric MLK3 from the scaffold protein IB1/JIP1, facilitating the subsequent dimerization, autophosphorylation, and catalytic activation of MLK3. Inability to ubiquitinate MLK3, or the presence of A20, an upstream Lys-63-linked deubiquitinase, strongly curtailed the ability of MLK3 to affect the proapoptotic translocation of BAX in cytokine-stimulated pancreatic β cells, an early step in the progression toward β cell death. These studies suggest a novel mechanism for MLK3 activation and provide new clues for therapeutic intervention in promoting β cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan K. Humphrey
- From the Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Shu Mei A. Yu
- From the Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Aditi Bellary
- From the Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Sumati Gonuguntla
- From the Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Myra Yebra
- From the Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Ulupi S. Jhala
- From the Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92037
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29
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Wang X, Zhang F, Chen F, Liu D, Zheng Y, Zhang Y, Dong C, Su B. MEKK3 regulates IFN-gamma production in T cells through the Rac1/2-dependent MAPK cascades. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2011; 186:5791-800. [PMID: 21471448 PMCID: PMC3833674 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
MEKK3 is a conserved Ser/Thr protein kinase belonging to the MAPK kinase kinase (MAP3K) family. MEKK3 is constitutively expressed in T cells, but its function in T cell immunity has not been fully elucidated. Using Mekk3 T cell conditional knockout (T-cKO) mice, we show that MEKK3 is required for T cell immunity in vivo. Mekk3 T-cKO mice had reduced T cell response to bacterial infection and were defective in clearing bacterial infections. The Ag-induced cytokine production, especially IFN-γ production, was impaired in Mekk3-deficient CD4 T cells. The TCR-induced ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPKs activation was also defective in Mekk3-deficient CD4 T cells. In vitro, MEKK3 is not required for Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation. Notably, under a nonpolarizing condition (Th0), Mekk3 deficiency led to a significant reduction of IFN-γ production in CD4 T cells. Furthermore, the IL-12/IL-18-driven IFN-γ production and MAPK activation in Mekk3-deficient T cells was not affected suggesting that MEKK3 may selectively mediate the TCR-induced MAPK signals for IFN-γ production. Finally, we found that MEKK3 activation by TCR stimulation requires Rac1/2. Taken together, our study reveals a specific role of MEKK3 in mediating the TCR signals for IFN-γ production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Wang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutic Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutic Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
- Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Fanping Chen
- Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Dou Liu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutic Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Yi Zheng
- Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Chen Dong
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Bing Su
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutic Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
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30
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Chang X, Liu F, Wang X, Lin A, Zhao H, Su B. The kinases MEKK2 and MEKK3 regulate transforming growth factor-β-mediated helper T cell differentiation. Immunity 2011; 34:201-12. [PMID: 21333552 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 11/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are key mediators of the T cell receptor (TCR) signals but their roles in T helper (Th) cell differentiation are unclear. Here we showed that the MAPK kinase kinases MEKK2 (encoded by Map3k2) and MEKK3 (encoded by Map3k3) negatively regulated transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-mediated Th cell differentiation. Map3k2(-/-)Map3k3(Lck-Cre/-) mice showed an abnormal accumulation of regulatory T (Treg) and Th17 cells in the periphery, consistent with Map3k2(-/-)Map3k3(Lck-Cre/-) naive CD4(+) T cells' differentiation into Treg and Th17 cells with a higher frequency than wild-type (WT) cells after TGF-β stimulation in vitro. In addition, Map3k2(-/-)Map3k3(Lck-Cre/-) mice developed more severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Map3k2(-/-)Map3k3(Lck-Cre/-) T cells exhibited impaired phosphorylation of SMAD2 and SMAD3 proteins at their linker regions, which negatively regulated the TGF-β responses in T cells. Thus, the crosstalk between TCR-induced MAPK and the TGF-β signaling pathways is important in regulating Th cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Chang
- Department of Immunobiology and Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
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31
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Zhang J, Zhu N, Wang Q, Wang J, Ma Y, Qiao C, Li Y, Li X, Su B, Shen B. MEKK3 Overexpression Contributes to the Hyperresponsiveness of IL-12–Overproducing Cells and CD4+ T Conventional Cells in Nonobese Diabetic Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:3554-63. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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32
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Craig EA, Austin AF, Vaillancourt RR, Barnett JV, Camenisch TD. TGFβ2-mediated production of hyaluronan is important for the induction of epicardial cell differentiation and invasion. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:3397-405. [PMID: 20633555 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Revised: 06/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In the developing heart, the epicardium is a major source of progenitor cells that contribute to the formation of the coronary vessel system. These epicardial progenitors give rise to the different cellular components of the coronary vasculature by undergoing a number of morphological and physiological changes collectively known as epithelial to mesenchymal transformation (EMT). However, the specific signaling mechanisms that regulate epicardial EMT are yet to be delineated. In this study we investigated the role of TGFβ2 and hyaluronan (HA) during epicardial EMT and how signals from these two molecules are integrated during this important process. Here we show that TGFβ2 induces MEKK3 activation, which in turn promotes ERK1/2 and ERK5 phosphorylation. TGFβ2 also increases Has2 expression and subsequent HA production. Nevertheless, inhibition of MEKK3 kinase activity, silencing of ERK5 or pharmacological disruption of ERK1/2 activation significantly abrogates this response. Thus, TGFβ2 promotes Has2 expression and HA production through a MEKK3/ERK1/2/5-dependent cascade. Furthermore, TGFβ2 is able to induce epicardial cell invasion and differentiation but not proliferation. However, inhibition of MEKK3-dependent pathways, degradation of HA by hyaluronidases or blockade of CD44, significantly impairs the biological response to TGFβ2. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that TGFβ2 activation of MEKK3/ERK1/2/5 signaling modulates Has2 expression and HA production leading to the induction of EMT events. This is an important and novel mechanism showing how TGFβ2 and HA signals are integrated to regulate changes in epicardial cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evisabel A Craig
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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33
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Maruyama T, Kadowaki H, Okamoto N, Nagai A, Naguro I, Matsuzawa A, Shibuya H, Tanaka K, Murata S, Takeda K, Nishitoh H, Ichijo H. CHIP-dependent termination of MEKK2 regulates temporal ERK activation required for proper hyperosmotic response. EMBO J 2010; 29:2501-14. [PMID: 20588253 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2010.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway is an important signalling pathway that regulates a large number of cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation and gene expression. Hyperosmotic stress activates the ERK pathway, whereas little is known about the regulatory mechanisms and physiological functions of ERK activation in hyperosmotic response. Here, we show that MAPK/ERK kinase kinase 2 (MEKK2), a member of the MAPKKK family, mediated the specific and transient activation of ERK, which was required for the induction of aquaporin 1 (AQP1) and AQP5 gene expression in response to hyperosmotic stress. Moreover, we identified the E3 ubiquitin ligase carboxyl terminus of Hsc70-interacting protein (CHIP) as a binding partner of MEKK2. Depletion of CHIP by small-interference RNA or gene targeting attenuated the degradation of MEKK2 and prolonged the ERK activity. Interestingly, hyperosmolality-induced gene expression of AQP1 and AQP5 was suppressed by CHIP depletion and was reversed by inhibition of the prolonged phase of ERK activity. These findings show that transient activation of the ERK pathway, which depends not only on MEKK2 activation, but also on CHIP-dependent MEKK2 degradation, is crucial for proper gene expression in hyperosmotic stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Maruyama
- Department of Medical Pharmaceutics, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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34
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Sun W, Wang H, Zhao X, Yu Y, Fan Y, Wang H, Wang X, Lu X, Zhang G, Fu S, Yang J. Protein phosphatase 2A acts as a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 3 (MEKK3) phosphatase to inhibit lysophosphatidic acid-induced IkappaB kinase beta/nuclear factor-kappaB activation. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:21341-8. [PMID: 20448038 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.104224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
MEKK3 is a central intermediate signaling component in lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-induced activation of the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). However, the precise mechanism for the termination of MEKK3 kinase activity is not fully understood. Using a functional genomic approach, we have identified a protein serine/threonine phosphatase, protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), as a MEKK3 phosphatase. Overexpression of PP2A catalytic subunit (PP2Ac) beta-isoform results in dephosphorylation of MEKK3 at Thr-516 and Ser-520 and termination of MEKK3-mediated NF-kappaB activation. PP2Ac associates with the phosphorylated form of MEKK3 and the interaction between PP2Ac and MEKK3 is induced by LPA in a transient fashion in the cells. Furthermore, knockdown of PP2Ac expression enhances LPA-induced MEKK3-mediated IkappaB kinase beta (IKKbeta) phosphorylation and NF-kappaB activation. These data suggest that PP2A plays an important role in the termination of LPA-mediated NF-kappaB activation through dephosphorylating and inactivating MEKK3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Sun
- Texas Children's Cancer Center Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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35
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Abstract
Investigation of the signaling events that lead to the activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) has been a hotbed for the discovery of previously uncharacterized signaling mechanisms. The important role that nondegradative polyubiquitin chains play in these processes is now well recognized; however, precisely how they orchestrate NF-kappaB signaling is still a matter of much controversy. A recent study has challenged the dogmatic view by demonstrating that interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), a major proinflammatory cytokine, activates two consecutive pathways, the "RING" and "zinc" pathways, to coordinate early and late activation of NF-kappaB, respectively. This study introduces a paradigm shift in the still-evolving mechanism of regulation of NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly M Wuerzberger-Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6159 Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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36
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Sun W, Ge N, Yu Y, Burlingame S, Li X, Zhang M, Ye S, Fu S, Yang J. Phosphorylation of Thr-516 and Ser-520 in the kinase activation loop of MEKK3 is required for lysophosphatidic acid-mediated optimal IkappaB kinase beta (IKKbeta)/nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:7911-8. [PMID: 20068038 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.051219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
MEKK3 serves as a critical intermediate signaling molecule in lysophosphatidic acid-mediated nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation. However, the precise regulation for MEKK3 activation at the molecular level is still not fully understood. Here we report the identification of two regulatory phosphorylation sites at Thr-516 and Ser-520 within the kinase activation loop that is essential for MEKK3-mediated IkappaB kinase beta (IKKbeta)/NF-kappaB activation. Substitution of these two residues with alanine abolished the ability of MEKK3 to activate IKKbeta/NF-kappaB, whereas replacement with acidic residues rendered MEKK3 constitutively active. Furthermore, substitution of these two residues with alanine abolished the ability of MEKK3 to mediate lysophosphatidic acid-induced optimal IKKbeta/NF-kappaB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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37
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Yamazaki K, Gohda J, Kanayama A, Miyamoto Y, Sakurai H, Yamamoto M, Akira S, Hayashi H, Su B, Inoue JI. Two mechanistically and temporally distinct NF-kappaB activation pathways in IL-1 signaling. Sci Signal 2009; 2:ra66. [PMID: 19843958 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2000387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1) mediates immune and inflammatory responses by activating the transcription factor nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB). Although transforming growth factor-beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase kinase 3 (MEKK3) are both crucial for IL-1-dependent activation of NF-kappaB, their potential functional and physical interactions remain unclear. Here, we showed that TAK1-mediated activation of NF-kappaB required the transient formation of a signaling complex that included tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), MEKK3, and TAK1. Site-specific, lysine 63-linked polyubiquitination of TAK1 at lysine 209, likely catalyzed by TRAF6 and Ubc13, was required for the formation of this complex. After TAK1-mediated activation of NF-kappaB, TRAF6 subsequently activated NF-kappaB through MEKK3 independently of TAK1, thereby establishing continuous activation of NF-kappaB, which was required for the production of sufficient cytokines. Therefore, we propose that the cooperative activation of NF-kappaB by two mechanistically and temporally distinct MEKK3-dependent pathways that diverge at TRAF6 critically contributes to immune and inflammatory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohsuke Yamazaki
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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38
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Li X, Jiang S, Tapping RI. Toll-like receptor signaling in cell proliferation and survival. Cytokine 2009; 49:1-9. [PMID: 19775907 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2009.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important sensors of foreign microbial components as well as products of damaged or inflamed self tissues. Upon sensing these molecules, TLRs initiate a series of downstream signaling events that drive cellular responses including the production of cytokines, chemokines, and other inflammatory mediators. This outcome results from the intracellular assembly of protein complexes that drive phosphorylation and other signaling cascades ultimately leading to chromatin remodeling and transcription factor activation. In addition to driving inflammatory responses, TLRs also regulate cell proliferation and survival which serves to expand useful immune cells and integrate inflammatory responses and tissue repair processes. In this context, central TLR signaling molecules, such as the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), play key roles. In addition, four major groups of transcription factors which are targets of TLR activation also control cell fate. This review focuses on the role of TLR signaling as it relates to cell proliferation and survival. This topic not only has important implications for understanding host defense and tissue repair, but also cancer which is often associated with conditions of chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Li
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
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39
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Huang G, Shi LZ, Chi H. Regulation of JNK and p38 MAPK in the immune system: signal integration, propagation and termination. Cytokine 2009; 48:161-9. [PMID: 19740675 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Stress-activated MAP kinases (MAPKs), comprised of JNK and p38, play prominent roles in the innate and adaptive immune systems. Activation of MAPKs is mediated by a three-tiered kinase module comprised of MAPK kinase kinases (MAP3Ks), MAPK kinases (MAP2Ks) and MAPKs through sequential protein phosphorylation. Activated MAPKs, in turn, phosphorylate transcription factors and other targets to regulate gene transcription and immune responses. Recent studies have provided new insight into the upstream and downstream components of the MAPK pathway that facilitate the activation and propagation of MAPK signaling in immune responses. Moreover, MAPK activity is negatively regulated by MAPK phosphatases (MKPs), a group of dual-specificity phosphatases that dephosphorylate and inactivate the MAPKs. Here we discuss the recent advances in our understanding of these regulatory processes in MAPK signaling with a focus on their impacts on immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonghua Huang
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
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40
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Wang X, Chang X, Facchinetti V, Zhuang Y, Su B. MEKK3 is essential for lymphopenia-induced T cell proliferation and survival. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:3597-608. [PMID: 19265138 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
T cell homeostasis is crucial for maintaining an efficient and balanced T cell immunity. The interaction between TCR and self peptide (sp) MHC ligands is known to be the key driving force in this process, and it is believed to be functionally and mechanistically different from that initiated by the antigenic TCR stimulation. Yet, very little is known about the downstream signaling events triggered by this TCR-spMHC interaction and how they differ from those triggered by antigenic TCR stimulation. In this study, we show that T cell conditional ablation of MEKK3, a Ser/Thr kinase in the MAPK cascade, causes a significant reduction in peripheral T cell numbers in the conditional knockout mice, but does not perturb thymic T cell development and maturation. Using an adoptive mixed transfer method, we show that MEKK3-deficient T cells are severely impaired in lymphopenia-induced cell proliferation and survival. Interestingly, the Ag-induced T cell proliferation proceeds normally in the absence of MEKK3. Finally, we found that the activity of ERK1/2, but not p38 MAPK, was attenuated during the lymphopenia-driven response in MEKK3-deficient T cells. Together, these data suggest that MEKK3 may play a crucial selective role for spMHC-mediated T cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Wang
- Department of Immunobiology and Vascular Biology and Therapeutic Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
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41
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Wenink MH, Han W, Toes REM, Radstake TRDJ. Dendritic cells and their potential implication in pathology and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2008:81-98. [PMID: 19031022 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-71029-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are the professional antigen presenting cells that protect us against invading organisms. On the other hand, they uphold tolerance thereby avoiding the initiation of autoimmunity. In performing these contrasting but essential tasks DC are unique and divide these processes in time and space. It is often thought that a loss of separation of these tasks underlies the breakthrough of tolerance leading to autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. In this review, we will focus on the evidence which points towards the implication of DC in the inflammatory process observed in RA and in experimental models of arthritis. Finally, we will conclude on future programs exploiting the capacity of DC to cure conditions such as RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Wenink
- Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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42
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Son MY, Kim J, Han HW, Woo SM, Cho YS, Kang YK, Han YM. Expression profiles of protein tyrosine kinase genes in human embryonic stem cells. Reproduction 2008; 136:423-32. [PMID: 18583472 DOI: 10.1530/rep-08-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Complex signaling pathways operate in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and are coordinated to maintain self-renewal and stem cell characteristics in them. Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) participate in diverse signaling pathways in various types of cells. Because of their functions as key molecules in various cellular processes, PTKs are anticipated to have important roles also in hESCs. In this study, we investigated the roles of PTKs in undifferentiated and differentiated hESCs. To establish comprehensive PTK expression profiles in hESCs, we performed reverse transcriptase PCR using degenerate primers according to the conserved catalytic PTK motifs in both undifferentiated and differentiated hESCs. Here, we identified 42 different kinases in two hESC lines, including 5 non-receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), 24 RTKs, and 13 dual and other kinases, and compared the protein kinase expression profiles of hESCs and retinoic acid-treated hESCs. Significantly, up- and downregulated kinases in undifferentiated hESCs were confirmed by real-time PCR and western blotting. MAP3K3, ERBB2, FGFR4, and EPHB2 were predominantly upregulated, while CSF1R, TYRO3, SRC, and GSK3A were consistently downregulated in two hESC lines. Western blot analysis showed that the transcriptional levels of these kinases were consistent with the translational levels. The obstruction of upregulated kinases' activities using specific inhibitors disturbed the undifferentiated status and induced the differentiation of hESCs. Our results support the dynamic expression of PTKs during hESC maintenance and suggest that specific PTKs that are consistently up- and downregulated play important roles in the maintenance of stemness and the direction of differentiation of hESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Young Son
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Center for Regenerative Medicine, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-806, South Korea
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43
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Matitau AE, Scheid MP. Phosphorylation of MEKK3 at threonine 294 promotes 14-3-3 association to inhibit nuclear factor kappaB activation. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:13261-8. [PMID: 18308725 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m801474200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase MEKK3 is essential for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha)- and lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of nuclear factor kappaB, although the mechanism by which TNF receptor 1 and Toll-like receptors regulate MEKK3 is largely unknown. In this study we have identified MEKK3 Thr(294) as a novel site of phosphorylation that regulates MEKK3 binding with 14-3-3. Phosphorylation of MEKK3 at Thr(294) was observed for both endogenous and ectopically expressed MEKK3. Mutation of Thr(294) to alanine abolished 14-3-3-MEKK3 association and incubation with phosphorylated peptides mimicking Thr(P)(294) competed for 14-3-3 binding. Mutation of Thr(294) did not alter Ser(526) phosphorylation within the activation loop. However, expression of T294A MEKK3 elevated TNFalpha-stimulated NF-kappaB transcriptional activity, suggesting that Thr(294) phosphorylation and 14-3-3 binding negatively regulate MEKK3. Stimulation with TNFalpha or lipopolysaccharide caused a rapid decrease in Thr(294) phosphorylation of endogenous MEKK3 and subsequent loss of 14-3-3 association. Thus, this study identifies a potentially important regulatory step in MEKK3 signaling via dephosphorylation of Thr(294), which reduces 14-3-3 binding correlating with MEKK3 pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi E Matitau
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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44
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Di Y, Li S, Wang L, Zhang Y, Dorf ME. Homeostatic interactions between MEKK3 and TAK1 involved in NF-kappaB signaling. Cell Signal 2008; 20:705-13. [PMID: 18206350 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Revised: 12/09/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Several members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K) family including MEKK3 and TGFbeta-activating kinase (TAK1) play nonredundant roles in activation of the NF-kappaB transcription factor. However, the mechanism by which MEKK3 mediates NF-kappaB signaling is not fully understood. In this report we investigate the association of murine MEKK3 with other proteins and their roles in NF-kappaB activation. Using tandem affinity purification TAK1 was identified as an endogenous protein that interacts with MEKK3. MEKK3-TAK1 interactions were confirmed by fluorescence resonance energy transfer and coimmunoprecipitation. MEKK3-TAK1 complexes contain non-phosphorylated forms of both molecules. Expression of non-phosphorylated TAK1 interferes with MEKK3 phosphorylation and NF-kappaB reporter activity induced by transient MEKK3 expression or TNFalpha stimulation. Addition of TAB1 facilitates TAK1 autophosphorylation and reverses the inhibitory effects of TAK1 on MEKK3 phosphorylation and NF-kappaB signal transduction in human 293 cells and TAK1 deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts. The data provide insights into the homeostatic interactions that maintain basal NF-kappaB levels by holding the enzymes MEKK3 and TAK1 in their inactive state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Di
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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45
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Deng Y, Yang J, McCarty M, Su B. MEKK3 is required for endothelium function but is not essential for tumor growth and angiogenesis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007; 293:C1404-11. [PMID: 17687003 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00058.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 3 (MEKK3) plays an essential role in embryonic angiogenesis, but its role in tumor growth and angiogenesis is unknown. In this study, we further investigated the role of MEKK3 in embryonic angiogenesis, tumor angiogenesis, and angiogenic factor production. We found that endothelial cells from Mekk3-deficient embryos showed defects in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and interactions with myocardium in the heart. We also found that MEKK3 is required for angiopoietin-1 (Ang1)-induced p38 and ERK5 activation. To study the role of MEKK3 in tumor growth and angiogenesis, we established both wild-type and Mekk3-deficient tumor-like embryonic stem cell lines and transplanted them subcutaneously into nude mice to assess their ability to grow and induce tumor angiogenesis. Mekk3-deficient tumors developed and grew similarly as control Mekk3 wild-type tumors and were also capable of inducing tumor angiogenesis. In addition, we found no differences in the production of VEGF in Mekk3-deficient tumors or embryos. Taken together, our results suggest that MEKK3 plays a critical role in Ang1/Tie2 signaling to control endothelial cell proliferation and survival and is required for endothelial cells to interact with the myocardium during early embryonic development. However, MEKK3 is not essential for tumor growth and angiogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Angiopoietin-1/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aorta/metabolism
- Aorta/pathology
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Cell Proliferation
- Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism
- Embryo, Mammalian/pathology
- Endocardium/metabolism
- Endocardium/pathology
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiology
- Female
- MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 3/deficiency
- MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 3/genetics
- MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 3/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Nude
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Myocardium/pathology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/blood supply
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Receptor, TIE-2/metabolism
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Deng
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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46
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Enomoto A, Kido N, Ito M, Morita A, Matsumoto Y, Takamatsu N, Hosoi Y, Miyagawa K. Negative regulation of MEKK1/2 signaling by serine-threonine kinase 38 (STK38). Oncogene 2007; 27:1930-8. [PMID: 17906693 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are activated through the kinase cascades of MAPK, MAPK kinase (MAPKK) and MAPKK kinase (MAPKKK). MAPKKKs phosphorylate and activate their downstream MAPKKs, which in turn phosphorylate and activate their downstream MAPKs. MAPKKK proteins relay upstream signals through the MAPK cascades to induce cellular responses. However, the molecular mechanisms by which given MAPKKKs are regulated remain largely unknown. Here, we found that serine-threonine protein kinase 38, STK38, physically interacts with the MAPKKKs MEKK1 and MEKK2 (MEKK1/2). The carboxy terminus, including the catalytic domain, but not the amino terminus of MEKK1/2 was necessary for the interaction with STK38. STK38 inhibited MEKK1/2 activation without preventing MEKK1/2 binding to its substrate, SEK1. Importantly, STK38 suppressed the autophosphorylation of MEKK2 without interfering with MEKK2 dimer formation, and converted MEKK2 from its phosphorylated to its nonphosphorylated form. The negative regulation of MEKK1/2 was not due to its phosphorylation by STK38. On the other hand, stk38 short hairpin RNA enhanced sorbitol-induced activation of MEKK2 and phosphorylation of the downstream MAPKKs, MKK3/6. Taken together, our results indicate that STK38 negatively regulates the activation of MEKK1/2 by direct interaction with the catalytic domain of MEKK1/2, suggesting a novel mechanism of MEKK1/2 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Enomoto
- Section of Radiation Biology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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47
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Mattison CP, Old WM, Steiner E, Huneycutt BJ, Resing KA, Ahn NG, Winey M. Mps1 Activation Loop Autophosphorylation Enhances Kinase Activity. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:30553-61. [PMID: 17728254 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m707063200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mps1 protein kinase is required for proper assembly of the mitotic spindle, checkpoint signaling, and several other aspects of cell growth and differentiation. Mps1 regulation is mediated by cell cycle-dependent changes in transcription and protein level. There is also a strong correlation between hyperphosphorylated mitotic forms of Mps1 and increased kinase activity. We investigated the role that autophosphorylation plays in regulating human Mps1 (hMps1) protein kinase activity. Here we report that hyperphosphorylated hMps1 forms are not the only active forms of the kinase. However, autophosphorylation of hMps1 within the activation loop is required for full activity in vitro. Mass spectrometry analysis of de novo synthesized enzyme in Escherichia coli identified autophosphorylation sites at residues Thr(675), Thr(676), and Thr(686), but phosphatase-treated and reactivated enzyme was only phosphorylated on Thr(676). Mutation of Thr(676) in hMps1 or the corresponding Thr(591) residue within yeast Mps1 reduces kinase activity in vitro. We find that overexpression of an hMps1-T676A mutation inhibits centrosome duplication in RPE1 cells. Likewise, yeast cells harboring mps1-T591A as the sole MPS1 allele are not viable. Our data strongly support the conclusion that site-specific Mps1 autophosphorylation within the activation loop is required for full activity in vitro and function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Mattison
- Molecular Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Colorado 80309, USA
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Nakamura K, Johnson GL. Noncanonical function of MEKK2 and MEK5 PB1 domains for coordinated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:4566-77. [PMID: 17452462 PMCID: PMC1900063 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00125-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
MEKK2 and MEK5 encode Phox/Bem1p (PB1) domains that heterodimerize with one another. MEKK2, MEK5, and extracellular signal-related kinase 5 (ERK5) form a ternary complex through interactions involving the MEKK2 and MEK5 PB1 domains and a 34-amino-acid C-terminal extension of the MEK5 PB1 domain. This C-terminal extension encodes an ERK5 docking site required for MEK5 activation of ERK5. The PB1 domains bind in a front-to-back arrangement, with a cluster of basic amino acids in the front of the MEKK2 PB1 domain binding to the back-end acidic clusters of the MEK5 PB1 domain. The C-terminal moiety, including the acidic cluster of the MEKK2 PB1 domain, is not required for MEK5 binding and binds MKK7. Quiescent MEKK2 preferentially binds MEK5, and MEKK2 activation results in ERK5 activation. Activated MEKK2 binds and activates MKK7, leading to JNK activation. The findings define how the MEKK2 and MEK5 PB1 domains are uniquely used for differential binding of two mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases, MEK5 and MKK7, for the coordinated control of ERK5 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Pharmacology, 1108 Mary Ellen Jones Building, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7365, USA
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Miyake Z, Takekawa M, Ge Q, Saito H. Activation of MTK1/MEKK4 by GADD45 through induced N-C dissociation and dimerization-mediated trans autophosphorylation of the MTK1 kinase domain. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:2765-76. [PMID: 17242196 PMCID: PMC1899887 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01435-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Revised: 10/03/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) module, composed of a MAPK, a MAPK kinase (MAPKK), and a MAPKK kinase (MAPKKK), is a cellular signaling device that is conserved throughout the eukaryotic world. In mammalian cells, various extracellular stresses activate two major subfamilies of MAPKs, namely, the Jun N-terminal kinases and the p38/stress-activated MAPK (SAPK). MTK1 (also called MEKK4) is a stress-responsive MAPKKK that is bound to and activated by the stress-inducible GADD45 family of proteins (GADD45alpha/beta/gamma). Here, we dissected the molecular mechanism of MTK1 activation by GADD45 proteins. The MTK1 N terminus bound to its C-terminal segment, thereby inhibiting the C-terminal kinase domain. This N-C interaction was disrupted by the binding of GADD45 to the MTK1 N-terminal GADD45-binding site. GADD45 binding also induced MTK1 dimerization via a dimerization domain containing a coiled-coil motif, which is essential for the trans autophosphorylation of MTK1 at Thr-1493 in the kinase activation loop. An MTK1 alanine substitution mutant at Thr-1493 has a severely reduced activity. Thus, we conclude that GADD45 binding induces MTK1 N-C dissociation, dimerization, and autophosphorylation at Thr-1493, leading to the activation of the kinase catalytic domain. Constitutively active MTK1 mutants induced the same events, but in the absence of GADD45.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenshi Miyake
- Institute of Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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Jacinto E, Facchinetti V, Liu D, Soto N, Wei S, Jung SY, Huang Q, Qin J, Su B. SIN1/MIP1 maintains rictor-mTOR complex integrity and regulates Akt phosphorylation and substrate specificity. Cell 2006; 127:125-37. [PMID: 16962653 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1076] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2006] [Revised: 07/23/2006] [Accepted: 08/29/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) controls cell growth and proliferation via the raptor-mTOR (TORC1) and rictor-mTOR (TORC2) protein complexes. Recent biochemical studies suggested that TORC2 is the elusive PDK2 for Akt/PKB Ser473 phosphorylation in the hydrophobic motif. Phosphorylation at Ser473, along with Thr308 of its activation loop, is deemed necessary for Akt function, although the regulatory mechanisms and physiological importance of each phosphorylation site remain to be fully understood. Here, we report that SIN1/MIP1 is an essential TORC2/PDK2 subunit. Genetic ablation of sin1 abolished Akt-Ser473 phosphorylation and disrupted rictor-mTOR interaction but maintained Thr308 phosphorylation. Surprisingly, defective Ser473 phosphorylation affected only a subset of Akt targets in vivo, including FoxO1/3a, while other Akt targets, TSC2 and GSK3, and the TORC1 effectors, S6K and 4E-BP1, were unaffected. Our findings reveal that the SIN1-rictor-mTOR function in Akt-Ser473 phosphorylation is required for TORC2 function in cell survival but is dispensable for TORC1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Jacinto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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