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Zhang S, Wu S, Hou Q, Zhao J, Fang C, An X, Wan X. Fatty acid de novo biosynthesis in plastids: Key enzymes and their critical roles for male reproduction and other processes in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 210:108654. [PMID: 38663264 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Fatty acid de novo biosynthesis in plant plastids is initiated from acetyl-CoA and catalyzed by a series of enzymes, which is required for the vegetative growth, reproductive growth, seed development, stress response, chloroplast development and other biological processes. In this review, we systematically summarized the fatty acid de novo biosynthesis-related genes/enzymes and their critical roles in various plant developmental processes. Based on bioinformatic analysis, we identified fatty acid synthase encoding genes and predicted their potential functions in maize growth and development, especially in anther and pollen development. Finally, we highlighted the potential applications of these fatty acid synthases in male-sterility hybrid breeding, seed oil content improvement, herbicide and abiotic stress resistance, which provides new insights into future molecular crop breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simiao Zhang
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Suowei Wu
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing, 100192, China; Shandong Shouxin Seed Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Zhucheng City, Shandong Province, 262200, China
| | - Quancan Hou
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Junfeng Zhao
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chaowei Fang
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xueli An
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing, 100192, China
| | - Xiangyuan Wan
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing, 100192, China.
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2
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Weerasooriya HN, DiMario RJ, Rosati VC, Rai AK, LaPlace LM, Filloon VD, Longstreth DJ, Moroney JV. Arabidopsis plastid carbonic anhydrase βCA5 is important for normal plant growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:2173-2186. [PMID: 36149291 PMCID: PMC9706431 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are zinc-metalloenzymes that catalyze the interconversion of CO2 and HCO3-. In heterotrophic organisms, CAs provide HCO3- for metabolic pathways requiring a carboxylation step. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) has 14 α- and β-type CAs, two of which are plastid CAs designated as βCA1 and βCA5. To study their physiological properties, we obtained knock-out (KO) lines for βCA1 (SALK_106570) and βCA5 (SALK_121932). These mutant lines were confirmed by genomic PCR, RT-PCR, and immunoblotting. While βca1 KO plants grew normally, growth of βca5 KO plants was stunted under ambient CO2 conditions of 400 µL L-1; high CO2 conditions (30,000 µL L-1) partially rescued their growth. These results were surprising, as βCA1 is more abundant than βCA5 in leaves. However, tissue expression patterns of these genes indicated that βCA1 is expressed only in shoot tissue, while βCA5 is expressed throughout the plant. We hypothesize that βCA5 compensates for loss of βCA1 but, owing to its expression being limited to leaves, βCA1 cannot compensate for loss of βCA5. We also demonstrate that βCA5 supplies HCO3- required for anaplerotic pathways that take place in plastids, such as fatty acid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiruni N Weerasooriya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Robert J DiMario
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Viviana C Rosati
- Department of Biology, Centre for Novel Agricultural Products (CNAP), University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Ashwani K Rai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Lillian M LaPlace
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Victoria D Filloon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - David J Longstreth
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - James V Moroney
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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3
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Hussain A, Ding X, Alariqi M, Manghwar H, Hui F, Li Y, Cheng J, Wu C, Cao J, Jin S. Herbicide Resistance: Another Hot Agronomic Trait for Plant Genome Editing. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:621. [PMID: 33805182 PMCID: PMC8064318 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Weeds have continually interrupted crop plants since their domestication, leading to a greater yield loss compared to diseases and pests that necessitated the practice of weed control measures. The control of weeds is crucial to ensuring the availability of sufficient food for a rapidly increasing human population. Chemical weed control (herbicides) along with integrated weed management (IWM) practices can be the most effective and reliable method of weed management programs. The application of herbicides for weed control practices calls for the urgency to develop herbicide-resistant (HR) crops. Recently, genome editing tools, especially CRISPR-Cas9, have brought innovation in genome editing technology that opens up new possibilities to provide sustainable farming in modern agricultural industry. To date, several non-genetically modified (GM) HR crops have been developed through genome editing that can present a leading role to combat weed problems along with increasing crop productivity to meet increasing food demand around the world. Here, we present the chemical method of weed control, approaches for herbicide resistance development, and possible advantages and limitations of genome editing in herbicide resistance. We also discuss how genome editing would be effective in combating intensive weed problems and what would be the impact of genome-edited HR crops in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Hussain
- Tobacco Research Institute of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, China; (A.H.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (C.W.)
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.D.); (M.A.); (F.H.)
| | - Xiao Ding
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.D.); (M.A.); (F.H.)
| | - Muna Alariqi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.D.); (M.A.); (F.H.)
| | - Hakim Manghwar
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Fengjiao Hui
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.D.); (M.A.); (F.H.)
| | - Yapei Li
- Tobacco Research Institute of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, China; (A.H.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (C.W.)
| | - Junqi Cheng
- Tobacco Research Institute of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, China; (A.H.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (C.W.)
| | - Chenglin Wu
- Tobacco Research Institute of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, China; (A.H.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (C.W.)
| | - Jinlin Cao
- Tobacco Research Institute of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, China; (A.H.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (C.W.)
| | - Shuangxia Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.D.); (M.A.); (F.H.)
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4
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Liu X, Qin R, Li J, Liao S, Shan T, Xu R, Wu D, Wei P. A CRISPR-Cas9-mediated domain-specific base-editing screen enables functional assessment of ACCase variants in rice. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:1845-1847. [PMID: 31985873 PMCID: PMC7415777 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuang Liu
- College of AgronomyAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
- Key Laboratory of Rice Genetic Breeding of Anhui ProvinceRice Research InstituteAnhui Academy of Agricultural SciencesHefeiChina
| | - Ruiying Qin
- Key Laboratory of Rice Genetic Breeding of Anhui ProvinceRice Research InstituteAnhui Academy of Agricultural SciencesHefeiChina
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Rice Genetic Breeding of Anhui ProvinceRice Research InstituteAnhui Academy of Agricultural SciencesHefeiChina
| | - Shengxiang Liao
- Key Laboratory of Rice Genetic Breeding of Anhui ProvinceRice Research InstituteAnhui Academy of Agricultural SciencesHefeiChina
| | - Tiaofeng Shan
- College of AgronomyAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
- Key Laboratory of Rice Genetic Breeding of Anhui ProvinceRice Research InstituteAnhui Academy of Agricultural SciencesHefeiChina
| | - Rongfang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Rice Genetic Breeding of Anhui ProvinceRice Research InstituteAnhui Academy of Agricultural SciencesHefeiChina
| | - Dexiang Wu
- College of AgronomyAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Pengcheng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Rice Genetic Breeding of Anhui ProvinceRice Research InstituteAnhui Academy of Agricultural SciencesHefeiChina
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Dos Reis MV, Rouhana LV, Sadeque A, Koga L, Clough SJ, Calla B, Paiva PDDO, Korban SS. Genome-wide expression of low temperature response genes in Rosa hybrida L. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 146:238-248. [PMID: 31765955 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to low temperature stress during cold acclimation, a complex process involving changes in physiological and biochemical modifications. The rose serves as a good model to investigate low temperature responses in perennial ornamentals. In this study, a heterologous apple microarray is used to investigate genome-wide expression profiles in Rosa hybrida subjected to low temperature dark treatment. Transcriptome profiles are determined in floral buds at 0h, 2h, and 12h of low temperature treatment (4 °C). It is observed that a total of 134 transcripts are up-regulated and 169 transcripts are down-regulated in response to low temperature. Interestingly, a total of eight up-regulated genes, including those coding for two cytochrome P450 proteins, two ankyrin repeat family proteins, two metal ion binding proteins, and two zinc finger protein-related transcription factors, along with a single down-regulated gene, coding for a dynamin-like protein, are detected. Transcript profiles of 12 genes known to be involved in cold stress response are also validated using qRT-PCR. Furthermore, expression patterns of the AP2/ERF gene family of transcription factors are investigated in both floral buds and leaves. Overall, AP2/ERFs genes are more rapidly induced in leaves than in floral buds. Moreover, differential expression of several AP2/ERF genes are detected earlier in vegetative rather than in reproductive tissues. These findings highlight important roles of various low temperature response genes in mediating cold acclimation, thereby allowing roses to adapt to low temperatures, but without adversely affecting flower bud development and subsequent flowering, while vegetative tissues undergo early adaptation to low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Valquíria Dos Reis
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Department of Agriculture, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Laura Vaughn Rouhana
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Ahmed Sadeque
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Lucimara Koga
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Steven J Clough
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; USDA-ARS, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Bernanda Calla
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | | | - Schuyler S Korban
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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Kawade K, Li Y, Koga H, Sawada Y, Okamoto M, Kuwahara A, Tsukaya H, Hirai MY. The cytochrome P450 CYP77A4 is involved in auxin-mediated patterning of the Arabidopsis thaliana embryo. Development 2018; 145:145/17/dev168369. [PMID: 30213790 DOI: 10.1242/dev.168369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism often plays an important role in developmental control, in addition to supporting basal physiological requirements. However, our understanding of this interaction remains limited. Here, we performed quantitative phenome analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana cytochrome P450 mutants to identify a novel interaction between development and metabolism. We found that cyp77a4 mutants exhibit specific defects in cotyledon development, including asymmetric positioning and cup-shaped morphology, which could be rescued by introducing the CYP77A4 gene. Microscopy revealed that the abnormal patterning was detected at least from the 8-cell stage of the cyp77a4 embryos. We next analysed auxin distribution in mutant embryos, as the phenotypes resembled those of auxin-related mutants. We found that the auxin response pattern was severely perturbed in the cyp77a4 embryos owing to an aberrant distribution of the auxin efflux carrier PIN1. CYP77A4 intracellularly localised to the endoplasmic reticulum, which is consistent with the notion that this enzyme acts as an epoxidase of unsaturated fatty acids in the microsomal fraction. We propose that the CYP77A4-dependent metabolic pathway is an essential element for the establishment of polarity in plant embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Kawade
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, 5-1, Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan .,National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yimeng Li
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Koga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuji Sawada
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mami Okamoto
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ayuko Kuwahara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, 5-1, Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masami Yokota Hirai
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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Li Q, Shen W, Zheng Q, Tan Y, Gao J, Shen J, Wei Y, Kunst L, Zou J. Effects of eIFiso4G1 mutation on seed oil biosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:966-978. [PMID: 28244172 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid biosynthesis is a primary metabolic pathway that occurs in plastids, whereas the formation of glycerolipid molecules for the majority of cellular membrane systems and the deposition of storage lipid in seeds takes place in the cytosolic compartment. In this report, we present a study of an Arabidopsis mutant, ar21, with a novel seed fatty acid phenotype showing higher contents of eicosanoic acid (20:1) and oleic acid (18:1) and a reduced level of α-linolenic acid (18:3). A combination of map-based cloning and whole-genome sequencing identified the genetic basis underlying the fatty acid phenotype as a lesion in the plant-specific eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIFiso4G1. Transcriptome analysis on developing seeds revealed a reduced level of plastid-encoded genes. Specifically, decreases in both transcript and protein levels of an enzyme involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, the β-subunit of the plastidic heteromeric acetyl-CoA carboxylase (htACCase) encoded by accD, were evident in the mutant. Biochemical assays showed that the developing seeds of the mutant possessed a decreased htACCase activity in the plastid but an elevated activity of homomeric acetyl-CoA carboxylase (hmACCase). These results suggested that the increased 20:1 was attributable at least in part to the enhanced cytosolic hmACCase activity. We also detected a significant repression of FATTY ACID DESATURASE 3 (FAD3) during seed development, which correlated with a decreased 18:3 level in seed oil. Together, our study on a mutant of eIFiso4G1 uncovered multifaceted interactions between the cytosolic and plastidic compartments in seed lipid biosynthesis that impact major seed oil traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0W9, Canada
- Department of Plant Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Wenyun Shen
- National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Qian Zheng
- National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Yifang Tan
- National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Jie Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizi Shan Street, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Jinxiong Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizi Shan Street, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yangdou Wei
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Ljerka Kunst
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jitao Zou
- National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0W9, Canada
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8
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Domżalska L, Kędracka-Krok S, Jankowska U, Grzyb M, Sobczak M, Rybczyński JJ, Mikuła A. Proteomic analysis of stipe explants reveals differentially expressed proteins involved in early direct somatic embryogenesis of the tree fern Cyathea delgadii Sternb. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 258:61-76. [PMID: 28330564 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Using cyto-morphological analysis of somatic embryogenesis (SE) in the tree fern Cyathea delgadii as a guide, we performed a comparative proteomic analysis in stipe explants undergoing direct SE. Plant material was cultured on hormone-free medium supplemented with 2% sucrose. Phenol extracted proteins were separated using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometry was performed for protein identification. A total number of 114 differentially regulated proteins was identified during early SE, i.e. when the first cell divisions started and several-cell pro-embryos were formed. Proteins were assigned to seven functional categories: carbohydrate metabolism, protein metabolism, cell organization, defense and stress responses, amino acid metabolism, purine metabolism, and fatty acid metabolism. Carbohydrate and protein metabolism were found to be the most sensitive SE functions with the greatest number of alterations in the intensity of spots in gel. Differences, especially in non-enzymatic and structural protein abundance, are indicative for cell organization, including cytoskeleton rearrangement and changes in cell wall components. The highest induced changes concern those enzymes related to fatty acid metabolism. Global analysis of the proteome reveals several proteins that can represent markers for the first 16days of SE induction and expression in fern. The findings of this research improve the understanding of molecular processes involved in direct SE in C. delgadii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucyna Domżalska
- Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden, Center for Biological Diversity Conservation in Powsin, Prawdziwka 2, 02-973 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwia Kędracka-Krok
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Urszula Jankowska
- Department of Structural Biology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Grzyb
- Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden, Center for Biological Diversity Conservation in Powsin, Prawdziwka 2, 02-973 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mirosław Sobczak
- Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan J Rybczyński
- Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden, Center for Biological Diversity Conservation in Powsin, Prawdziwka 2, 02-973 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Mikuła
- Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden, Center for Biological Diversity Conservation in Powsin, Prawdziwka 2, 02-973 Warsaw, Poland.
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9
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Parker N, Wang Y, Meinke D. Analysis of Arabidopsis Accessions Hypersensitive to a Loss of Chloroplast Translation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:1862-1875. [PMID: 27707889 PMCID: PMC5100756 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Natural accessions of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) differ in their ability to tolerate a loss of chloroplast translation. These differences can be attributed in part to variation in a duplicated nuclear gene (ACC2) that targets homomeric acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) to plastids. This functional redundancy allows limited fatty acid biosynthesis to occur in the absence of heteromeric ACCase, which is encoded in part by the plastid genome. In the presence of functional ACC2, tolerant alleles of several nuclear genes, not yet identified, enhance the growth of seedlings and embryos disrupted in chloroplast translation. ACC2 knockout mutants, by contrast, are hypersensitive. Here we describe an expanded search for hypersensitive accessions of Arabidopsis, evaluate whether all of these accessions are defective in ACC2, and characterize genotype-to-phenotype relationships for homomeric ACCase variants identified among 855 accessions with sequenced genomes. Null alleles with ACC2 nonsense mutations, frameshift mutations, small deletions, genomic rearrangements, and defects in RNA splicing are included among the most sensitive accessions examined. By contrast, most missense mutations affecting highly conserved residues failed to eliminate ACC2 function. Several accessions were identified where sensitivity could not be attributed to a defect in either ACC2 or Tic20-IV, the chloroplast membrane channel required for ACC2 uptake. Overall, these results underscore the central role of ACC2 in mediating Arabidopsis response to a loss of chloroplast translation, highlight future applications of this system to analyzing chloroplast protein import, and provide valuable insights into the mutational landscape of an important metabolic enzyme that is highly conserved throughout eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Parker
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078
| | - Yixing Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078
| | - David Meinke
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078
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10
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Howles PA, Gebbie LK, Collings DA, Varsani A, Broad RC, Ohms S, Birch RJ, Cork AH, Arioli T, Williamson RE. A temperature-sensitive allele of a putative mRNA splicing helicase down-regulates many cell wall genes and causes radial swelling in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 91:1-13. [PMID: 27008640 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0428-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The putative RNA helicase encoded by the Arabidopsis gene At1g32490 is a homolog of the yeast splicing RNA helicases Prp2 and Prp22. We isolated a temperature-sensitive allele (rsw12) of the gene in a screen for root radial swelling mutants. Plants containing this allele grown at the restrictive temperature showed weak radial swelling, were stunted with reduced root elongation, and contained reduced levels of cellulose. The role of the protein was further explored by microarray analysis. By using both fold change cutoffs and a weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) to investigate coexpression of genes, we found that the radial swelling phenotype was not linked to genes usually associated with primary cell wall biosynthesis. Instead, the mutation has strong effects on expression of secondary cell wall related genes. Many genes potentially associated with secondary walls were present in the most significant WGCNA module, as were genes coding for arabinogalactans and proteins with GPI anchors. The proportion of up-regulated genes that possess introns in rsw12 was above that expected if splicing was unrelated to the activity of the RNA helicase, suggesting that the helicase does indeed play a role in splicing in Arabidopsis. The phenotype may be due to a change in the expression of one or more genes coding for cell wall proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Howles
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, 2601, Australia.
| | - Leigh K Gebbie
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, 2601, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - David A Collings
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, 2601, Australia
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041, New Zealand
| | - Arvind Varsani
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041, New Zealand
- Structural Biology Research Unit, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
- Electron Microscope Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
- Department of Plant Pathology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Ronan C Broad
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041, New Zealand
| | - Stephen Ohms
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, 2601, Australia
| | - Rosemary J Birch
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, 2601, Australia
| | - Ann H Cork
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, 2601, Australia
| | - Tony Arioli
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, 2601, Australia
| | - Richard E Williamson
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, 2601, Australia
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11
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Ghaffari MR, Ghabooli M, Khatabi B, Hajirezaei MR, Schweizer P, Salekdeh GH. Metabolic and transcriptional response of central metabolism affected by root endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica under salinity in barley. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 90:699-717. [PMID: 26951140 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0461-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The root endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica enhances plant adaptation to environmental stress based on general and non-specific plant species mechanisms. In the present study, we integrated the ionomics, metabolomics, and transcriptomics data to identify the genes and metabolic regulatory networks conferring salt tolerance in P. indica-colonized barley plants. To this end, leaf samples were harvested at control (0 mM NaCl) and severe salt stress (300 mM NaCl) in P. indica-colonized and non-inoculated barley plants 4 weeks after fungal inoculation. The metabolome analysis resulted in an identification of a signature containing 14 metabolites and ions conferring tolerance to salt stress. Gene expression analysis has led to the identification of 254 differentially expressed genes at 0 mM NaCl and 391 genes at 300 mM NaCl in P. indica-colonized compared to non-inoculated samples. The integration of metabolome and transcriptome analysis indicated that the major and minor carbohydrate metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, and ethylene biosynthesis pathway might play a role in systemic salt-tolerance in leaf tissue induced by the root-colonized fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Ghaffari
- Department of Systems Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mehdi Ghabooli
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
| | - Behnam Khatabi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, USA
| | - Mohammad Reza Hajirezaei
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Patrick Schweizer
- Department of Breeding Research, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
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12
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Hématy K, Bellec Y, Podicheti R, Bouteiller N, Anne P, Morineau C, Haslam RP, Beaudoin F, Napier JA, Mockaitis K, Gagliardi D, Vaucheret H, Lange H, Faure JD. The Zinc-Finger Protein SOP1 Is Required for a Subset of the Nuclear Exosome Functions in Arabidopsis. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005817. [PMID: 26828932 PMCID: PMC4735120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Correct gene expression requires tight RNA quality control both at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Using a splicing-defective allele of PASTICCINO2 (PAS2), a gene essential for plant development, we isolated suppressor mutations modifying pas2-1 mRNA profiles and restoring wild-type growth. Three suppressor of pas2 (sop) mutations modified the degradation of mis-spliced pas2-1 mRNA species, allowing the synthesis of a functional protein. Cloning of the suppressor mutations identified the core subunit of the exosome SOP2/RRP4, the exosome nucleoplasmic cofactor SOP3/HEN2 and a novel zinc-finger protein SOP1 that colocalizes with HEN2 in nucleoplasmic foci. The three SOP proteins counteract post-transcriptional (trans)gene silencing (PTGS), which suggests that they all act in RNA quality control. In addition, sop1 mutants accumulate some, but not all of the misprocessed mRNAs and other types of RNAs that are observed in exosome mutants. Taken together, our data show that SOP1 is a new component of nuclear RNA surveillance that is required for the degradation of a specific subset of nuclear exosome targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kian Hématy
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Yannick Bellec
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Ram Podicheti
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
- School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Nathalie Bouteiller
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Pauline Anne
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
- Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Céline Morineau
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
- Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Richard P. Haslam
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Frederic Beaudoin
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Johnathan A. Napier
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Keithanne Mockaitis
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
- Pervasive Technology Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Dominique Gagliardi
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hervé Vaucheret
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Heike Lange
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Denis Faure
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
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13
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Abstract
Acyl-CoA-binding proteins (ACBPs) play a pivotal role in fatty acid metabolism because they can transport medium- and long-chain acyl-CoA esters. In eukaryotic cells, ACBPs are involved in intracellular trafficking of acyl-CoA esters and formation of a cytosolic acyl-CoA pool. In addition to these ubiquitous functions, more specific non-redundant roles of plant ACBP subclasses are implicated by the existence of multigene families with variable molecular masses, ligand specificities, functional domains (e.g. protein-protein interaction domains), subcellular locations and gene expression patterns. In this chapter, recent progress in the characterization of ACBPs from the model dicot plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, and the model monocot, Oryza sativa, and their emerging roles in plant growth and development are discussed. The functional significance of respective members of the plant ACBP families in various developmental and physiological processes such as seed development and germination, stem cuticle formation, pollen development, leaf senescence, peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation and phloem-mediated lipid transport is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiu-Cheung Lung
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mee-Len Chye
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
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14
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Substrate specificity, kinetic properties and inhibition by fumonisin B1 of ceramide synthase isoforms from Arabidopsis. Biochem J 2015; 473:593-603. [PMID: 26635357 DOI: 10.1042/bj20150824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ceramide makes up the acyl-backbone of sphingolipids and plays a central role in determining the function of these essential membrane lipids. In Arabidopsis, the varied chemical composition of ceramide is determined by the specificity of three different isoforms of ceramide synthase, denoted LAG one homologue 1, -2 and -3 (LOH1, LOH2 and LOH3), for a range of long-chain base (LCB) and acyl-CoA substrates. The contribution of each of these isoforms to the synthesis of ceramide was investigated by in vitro ceramide synthase assays. The plant LCB phytosphingosine was efficiently used by the LOH1 and LOH3 isoforms, with LOH1 having the lowest Km for the LCB substrate of the three isoforms. In contrast, sphinganine was used efficiently only by the LOH2 isoform. Acyl-CoA specificity was also distinguished between the three isoforms with LOH2 almost completely specific for palmitoyl-CoA whereas the LOH1 isoform showed greatest activity with lignoceroyl- and hexacosanoyl-CoAs. Interestingly, unsaturated acyl-CoAs were not used efficiently by any isoform whereas unsaturated LCB substrates were preferred by LOH2 and 3. Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a general inhibitor of ceramide synthases but LOH1 was found to have a much lower Ki than the other isoforms pointing towards the origin of FB1 sensitivity in plants. Overall, the data suggest distinct roles and modes of regulation for each of the ceramide synthases in Arabidopsis sphingolipid metabolism.
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15
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Fang Y, Hu J, Xu J, Yu H, Shi Z, Xiong G, Zhu L, Zeng D, Zhang G, Gao Z, Dong G, Yan M, Guo L, Wang Y, Qian Q. Identification and characterization of Mini1, a gene regulating rice shoot development. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 57:151-61. [PMID: 24946831 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The aerial parts of higher plants are generated from the shoot apical meristem (SAM). In this study, we isolated a small rice (Oryza sativa L.) mutant that showed premature termination of shoot development and was named mini rice 1 (mini1). The mutant was first isolated from a japonica cultivar Zhonghua11 (ZH11) subjected to ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) treatment. With bulked segregant analysis (BSA) and map-based cloning method, Mini1 gene was finally fine-mapped to an interval of 48.6 kb on chromosome 9. Sequence analyses revealed a single base substitution from G to A was found in the region, which resulted in an amino acid change from Gly to Asp. The candidate gene Os09g0363900 was predicted to encode a putative adhesion of calyx edges protein ACE (putative HOTHEAD precursor) and genetic complementation experiment confirmed the identity of Mini1. Os09g0363900 contains glucose-methanol-choline (GMC) oxidoreductase and NAD(P)-binding Rossmann-like domain, and exhibits high similarity to Arabidopsis HOTHEAD (HTH). Expression analysis indicated Mini1 was highly expressed in young shoots but lowly in roots and the expression level of most genes involved in auxin biosynthesis and signal transduction were reduced in mutant. We conclude that Mini1 plays an important role in maintaining SAM activity and promoting shoot development in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 359 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou, 310006, China; College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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16
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Parker N, Wang Y, Meinke D. Natural variation in sensitivity to a loss of chloroplast translation in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:2013-27. [PMID: 25336520 PMCID: PMC4256881 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.249052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mutations that eliminate chloroplast translation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) result in embryo lethality. The stage of embryo arrest, however, can be influenced by genetic background. To identify genes responsible for improved growth in the absence of chloroplast translation, we examined seedling responses of different Arabidopsis accessions on spectinomycin, an inhibitor of chloroplast translation, and crossed the most tolerant accessions with embryo-defective mutants disrupted in chloroplast ribosomal proteins generated in a sensitive background. The results indicate that tolerance is mediated by ACC2, a duplicated nuclear gene that targets homomeric acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase to plastids, where the multidomain protein can participate in fatty acid biosynthesis. In the presence of functional ACC2, tolerance is enhanced by a second locus that maps to chromosome 5 and heightened by additional genetic modifiers present in the most tolerant accessions. Notably, some of the most sensitive accessions contain nonsense mutations in ACC2, including the "Nossen" line used to generate several of the mutants studied here. Functional ACC2 protein is therefore not required for survival in natural environments, where heteromeric acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase encoded in part by the chloroplast genome can function instead. This work highlights an interesting example of a tandem gene duplication in Arabidopsis, helps to explain the range of embryo phenotypes found in Arabidopsis mutants disrupted in essential chloroplast functions, addresses the nature of essential proteins encoded by the chloroplast genome, and underscores the value of using natural variation to study the relationship between chloroplast translation, plant metabolism, protein import, and plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Parker
- Department of Botany, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078
| | - Yixing Wang
- Department of Botany, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078
| | - David Meinke
- Department of Botany, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078
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17
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Saito K, Yonekura-Sakakibara K, Nakabayashi R, Higashi Y, Yamazaki M, Tohge T, Fernie AR. The flavonoid biosynthetic pathway in Arabidopsis: structural and genetic diversity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 72:21-34. [PMID: 23473981 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 462] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are representative plant secondary products. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, at least 54 flavonoid molecules (35 flavonols, 11 anthocyanins and 8 proanthocyanidins) are found. Scaffold structures of flavonoids in Arabidopsis are relatively simple. These include kaempferol, quercetin and isorhamnetin for flavonols, cyanidin for anthocyanins and epicatechin for proanthocyanidins. The chemical diversity of flavonoids increases enormously by tailoring reactions which modify these scaffolds, including glycosylation, methylation and acylation. Genes responsible for the formation of flavonoid aglycone structures and their subsequent modification reactions have been extensively characterized by functional genomic efforts - mostly the integration of transcriptomics and metabolic profiling followed by reverse genetic experimentation. This review describes the state-of-art of flavonoid biosynthetic pathway in Arabidopsis regarding both structural and genetic diversity, focusing on the genes encoding enzymes for the biosynthetic reactions and vacuole translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.
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18
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Kottapalli KR, Zabet-Moghaddam M, Rowland D, Faircloth W, Mirzaei M, Haynes PA, Payton P. Shotgun label-free quantitative proteomics of water-deficit-stressed midmature peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seed. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:5048-57. [PMID: 24094305 DOI: 10.1021/pr400936d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Legume seeds and peanuts, in particular, are an inexpensive source of plant proteins and edible oil. A comprehensive understanding of seed metabolism and the effects of water-deficit stress on the incorporation of the main storage reserves in seeds, such as proteins, fatty acids, starch, and secondary metabolites, will enhance our ability to improve seed quality and yield through molecular breeding programs. In the present study, we employed a label-free quantitative proteomics approach to study the functional proteins altered in the midmature (65-70 days postanthesis) peanut seed grown under water-deficit stress conditions. We created a pod-specific proteome database and identified 93 nonredundant, statistically significant, and differentially expressed proteins between well-watered and drought-stressed seeds. Mapping of these differential proteins revealed three candidate biological pathways (glycolysis, sucrose and starch metabolism, and fatty acid metabolism) that were significantly altered due to water-deficit stress. Differential accumulation of proteins from these pathways provides insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the observed physiological changes, which include reductions in pod yield and biomass, reduced germination, reduced vigor, decreased seed membrane integrity, increase in storage proteins, and decreased total fatty acid content. Some of the proteins encoding rate limiting enzymes of biosynthetic pathways could be utilized by breeders to improve peanut seed production during water-deficit conditions in the field. The data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD000308.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kameswara Rao Kottapalli
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomics, Texas Tech University , Canton & Main, Experimental Sciences Building, Room 101, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
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19
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Haslam TM, Kunst L. Extending the story of very-long-chain fatty acid elongation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 210:93-107. [PMID: 23849117 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are essential molecules produced by all plant cells, and are components or precursors of numerous specialized metabolites synthesized in specific cell types. VLCFAs are elongated by an endoplasmic reticulum-localized fatty acid elongation complex of four core enzymes, which sequentially add two carbon units to a growing acyl chain. Identification and characterization of these enzymes in Arabidopsis thaliana has revealed that three of the four enzymes act as generalists, contributing to all metabolic pathways that require VLCFAs. A fourth component, the condensing enzyme, provides substrate specificity and determines the amount of product synthesized by the entire complex. Land plants have two families of condensing enzymes, FATTY ACID ELONGATION 1 (FAE1)-type ketoacyl-CoA synthases (KCSs) and ELONGATION DEFECTIVE-LIKEs (ELO-LIKEs). Our current knowledge of the specific roles of different condensing enzymes is incomplete, as is our understanding of the biological function of a recently characterized family of proteins, CER2-LIKEs, which contribute to condensing enzyme function. More broadly, the stoichiometry and quaternary structure of the fatty acid elongase complex remains poorly understood, and specific phylogenetic and biochemical questions persist for each component of the complex. Investigation of VLCFA elongation in different organisms, structural biochemistry, and cell biology approaches stand to greatly benefit this field of plant biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tegan M Haslam
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 3529-6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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20
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Enugutti B, Kirchhelle C, Schneitz K. On the genetic control of planar growth during tissue morphogenesis in plants. PROTOPLASMA 2013; 250:651-61. [PMID: 22983223 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-012-0452-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Tissue morphogenesis requires extensive intercellular communication. Plant organs are composites of distinct radial cell layers. A typical layer, such as the epidermis, is propagated by stereotypic anticlinal cell divisions. It is presently unclear what mechanisms coordinate cell divisions relative to the plane of a layer, resulting in planar growth and maintenance of the layer structure. Failure in the regulation of coordinated growth across a tissue may result in spatially restricted abnormal growth and the formation of a tumor-like protrusion. Therefore, one way to approach planar growth control is to look for genetic mutants that exhibit localized tumor-like outgrowths. Interestingly, plants appear to have evolved quite robust genetic mechanisms that govern these aspects of tissue morphogenesis. Here we provide a short summary of the current knowledge about the genetics of tumor formation in plants and relate it to the known control of coordinated cell behavior within a tissue layer. We further portray the integuments of Arabidopsis thaliana as an excellent model system to study the regulation of planar growth. The value of examining this process in integuments was established by the recent identification of the Arabidopsis AGC VIII kinase UNICORN as a novel growth suppressor involved in the regulation of planar growth and the inhibition of localized ectopic growth in integuments and other floral organs. An emerging insight is that misregulation of central determinants of adaxial-abaxial tissue polarity can lead to the formation of spatially restricted multicellular outgrowths in several tissues. Thus, there may exist a link between the mechanisms regulating adaxial-abaxial tissue polarity and planar growth in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Enugutti
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Strasse 4, 85354, Freising, Germany.
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21
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Bandaranayake PCG, Yoder JI. Trans-specific gene silencing of acetyl-CoA carboxylase in a root-parasitic plant. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:575-84. [PMID: 23383721 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-12-0297-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic species of the family Orobanchaceae are devastating agricultural pests in many parts of the world. The control of weedy Orobanchaceae spp. is challenging, particularly due to the highly coordinated life cycles of the parasite and host plants. Although host genetic resistance often provides the foundation of plant pathogen management, few genes that confer resistance to root parasites have been identified and incorporated into crop species. Members of the family Orobanchaceae acquire water, nutrients, macromolecules, and oligonucleotides from host plants through haustoria that connect parasite and host plant roots. We are evaluating a resistance strategy based on using interfering RNA (RNAi) that is made in the host but inhibitory in the parasite as a parasite-derived oligonucleotide toxin. Sequences from the cytosolic acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) gene from Triphysaria versicolor were cloned in hairpin conformation and introduced into Medicago truncatula roots by Agrobacterium rhizogenes transformation. Transgenic roots were recovered for four of five ACCase constructions and infected with T. versicolor against parasitic weeds. In all cases, Triphysaria root viability was reduced up to 80% when parasitizing a host root bearing the hairpin ACCase. Triphysaria root growth was recovered by exogenous application of malonate. Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed that ACCase transcript levels were dramatically decreased in Triphysaria spp. parasitizing transgenic Medicago roots. Northern blot analysis identified a 21-nucleotide, ACCase-specific RNA in transgenic M. truncatula and in T. versicolor attached to them. One hairpin ACCase construction was lethal to Medicago spp. unless grown in media supplemented with malonate. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that the Medicago ACCase was inhibited by the Triphysaria ACCase RNAi. This work shows that ACCase is an effective target for inactivation in parasitic plants by trans-specific gene silencing.
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22
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Nobusawa T, Okushima Y, Nagata N, Kojima M, Sakakibara H, Umeda M. Synthesis of very-long-chain fatty acids in the epidermis controls plant organ growth by restricting cell proliferation. PLoS Biol 2013; 11:e1001531. [PMID: 23585732 PMCID: PMC3621670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) in the epidermis is essential for the proper control of cell growth in Arabidopsis. VLCFAs act via their ability to suppress cytokinin synthesis in the vasculature, thus preventing cell overproliferation in internal tissues. Plant organ growth is controlled by inter-cell-layer communication, which thus determines the overall size of the organism. The epidermal layer interfaces with the environment and participates in both driving and restricting growth via inter-cell-layer communication. However, it remains unknown whether the epidermis can send signals to internal tissue to limit cell proliferation in determinate growth. Very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are synthesized in the epidermis and used in the formation of cuticular wax. Here we found that VLCFA synthesis in the epidermis is essential for proper development of Arabidopsis thaliana. Wild-type plants treated with a VLCFA synthesis inhibitor and pasticcino mutants with defects in VLCFA synthesis exhibited overproliferation of cells in the vasculature or in the rib zone of shoot apices. The decrease of VLCFA content increased the expression of IPT3, a key determinant of cytokinin biosynthesis in the vasculature, and, indeed, elevated cytokinin levels. These phenotypes were suppressed in ipt3;5;7 triple mutants, and also by vasculature-specific expression of cytokinin oxidase, which degrades active forms of cytokinin. Our results imply that VLCFA synthesis in the epidermis is required to suppress cytokinin biosynthesis in the vasculature, thus fine-tuning cell division activity in internal tissue, and therefore that shoot growth is controlled by the interaction between the surface (epidermis) and the axis (vasculature) of the plant body. The epidermis functions as an important interface with the environment, but in plants it is also essential for establishing and maintaining the primary plant body. Recent studies have shown that the epidermis participates in both driving and restricting plant growth via inter-cell-layer communication. However, it remains an open question as to whether the epidermis can send signals to internal plant tissues to control cell proliferation during development. Here we report that the synthesis of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) in the epidermis is essential for the proper control of cell proliferation in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We find that defects in VLCFA synthesis cause cells in the vasculature or in the rib zone of shoot apices to overproliferate. When VLCFA levels decrease, we observe that the synthesis of the phytohormone cytokinin increases in the vasculature. We also find that when cytokinin is degraded by the expression of cytokinin oxidase in the vasculature, enhanced cell proliferation in internal tissues is suppressed, indicating that VLCFA synthesis in the epidermis is required to suppress cytokinin biosynthesis and thus cell overproliferation. Our results demonstrate that shoot growth is controlled by interactions between the surface (epidermis) and the axis (vasculature) of the plant body, and highlight a role for VLCFAs in this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nobusawa
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Yoko Okushima
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Noriko Nagata
- Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikiko Kojima
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Masaaki Umeda
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
- JST, CREST, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
- * E-mail:
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23
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Huang M, Friso G, Nishimura K, Qu X, Olinares PDB, Majeran W, Sun Q, van Wijk KJ. Construction of Plastid Reference Proteomes for Maize and Arabidopsis and Evaluation of Their Orthologous Relationships; The Concept of Orthoproteomics. J Proteome Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/pr300952g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingshu Huang
- Department
of Plant Biology and ‡Computational Biology Service Unit, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Giulia Friso
- Department
of Plant Biology and ‡Computational Biology Service Unit, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Kenji Nishimura
- Department
of Plant Biology and ‡Computational Biology Service Unit, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Xian Qu
- Department
of Plant Biology and ‡Computational Biology Service Unit, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Paul Dominic B. Olinares
- Department
of Plant Biology and ‡Computational Biology Service Unit, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Wojciech Majeran
- Department
of Plant Biology and ‡Computational Biology Service Unit, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Qi Sun
- Department
of Plant Biology and ‡Computational Biology Service Unit, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Klaas J. van Wijk
- Department
of Plant Biology and ‡Computational Biology Service Unit, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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24
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Amid A, Lytovchenko A, Fernie AR, Warren G, Thorlby GJ. The sensitive to freezing3 mutation of Arabidopsis thaliana is a cold-sensitive allele of homomeric acetyl-CoA carboxylase that results in cold-induced cuticle deficiencies. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:5289-99. [PMID: 22791831 PMCID: PMC3431002 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The sfr3 mutation causes freezing sensitivity in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mapping, sequencing, and transgenic complementation showed sfr3 to be a missense mutation in ACC1, an essential gene encoding homomeric (multifunctional) acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Cuticle permeability was compromised in the sfr3 mutant when plants were grown in the cold but not in the warm. Wax deposition on the inflorescence stem of cold-grown sfr3 plants was inhibited and the long-chain components of their leaf cuticular wax were reduced compared with wild-type plants. Thus, freezing sensitivity of sfr3 appears, from these results, to be due to cuticular deficiencies that develop during cold acclimation. These observations demonstrated the essential role of the cuticle in tolerance to freezing and drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azura Amid
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX UK
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25
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Nobusawa T, Umeda M. Very-long-chain fatty acids have an essential role in plastid division by controlling Z-ring formation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genes Cells 2012; 17:709-19. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2012.01619.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nobusawa
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences; Nara Institute of Science and Technology; Takayama 8916-5; Ikoma; Nara; 630-0192; Japan
| | - Masaaki Umeda
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences; Nara Institute of Science and Technology; Takayama 8916-5; Ikoma; Nara; 630-0192; Japan
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26
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Lü S, Zhao H, Parsons EP, Xu C, Kosma DK, Xu X, Chao D, Lohrey G, Bangarusamy DK, Wang G, Bressan RA, Jenks MA. The glossyhead1 allele of ACC1 reveals a principal role for multidomain acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase in the biosynthesis of cuticular waxes by Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 157:1079-92. [PMID: 21949210 PMCID: PMC3252135 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.185132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel mutant of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), having highly glossy inflorescence stems, postgenital fusion in floral organs, and reduced fertility, was isolated from an ethyl methanesulfonate-mutagenized population and designated glossyhead1 (gsd1). The gsd1 locus was mapped to chromosome 1, and the causal gene was identified as a new allele of Acetyl-Coenzyme A Carboxylase1 (ACC1), a gene encoding the main enzyme in cytosolic malonyl-coenzyme A synthesis. This, to our knowledge, is the first mutant allele of ACC1 that does not cause lethality at the seed or early germination stage, allowing for the first time a detailed analysis of ACC1 function in mature tissues. Broad lipid profiling of mature gsd1 organs revealed a primary role for ACC1 in the biosynthesis of the very-long-chain fatty acids (C(20:0) or longer) associated with cuticular waxes and triacylglycerols. Unexpectedly, transcriptome analysis revealed that gsd1 has limited impact on any lipid metabolic networks but instead has a large effect on environmental stress-responsive pathways, especially senescence and ethylene synthesis determinants, indicating a possible role for the cytosolic malonyl-coenzyme A-derived lipids in stress response signaling.
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27
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Chen H, Kim HU, Weng H, Browse J. Malonyl-CoA synthetase, encoded by ACYL ACTIVATING ENZYME13, is essential for growth and development of Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:2247-62. [PMID: 21642549 PMCID: PMC3160029 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.086140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Malonyl-CoA is the precursor for fatty acid synthesis and elongation. It is also one of the building blocks for the biosynthesis of some phytoalexins, flavonoids, and many malonylated compounds. In plants as well as in animals, malonyl-CoA is almost exclusively derived from acetyl-CoA by acetyl-CoA carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.2). However, previous studies have suggested that malonyl-CoA may also be made directly from malonic acid by malonyl-CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.14). Here, we report the cloning of a eukaryotic malonyl-CoA synthetase gene, Acyl Activating Enzyme13 (AAE13; At3g16170), from Arabidopsis thaliana. Recombinant AAE13 protein showed high activity against malonic acid (K(m) = 529.4 ± 98.5 μM; V(m) = 24.0 ± 2.7 μmol/mg/min) but little or no activity against other dicarboxylic or fatty acids tested. Exogenous malonic acid was toxic to Arabidopsis seedlings and caused accumulation of malonic and succinic acids in the seedlings. aae13 null mutants also grew poorly and accumulated malonic and succinic acids. These defects were complemented by an AAE13 transgene or by a bacterial malonyl-CoA synthetase gene under control of the AAE13 promoter. Our results demonstrate that the malonyl-CoA synthetase encoded by AAE13 is essential for healthy growth and development, probably because it is required for the detoxification of malonate.
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28
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Markham JE, Molino D, Gissot L, Bellec Y, Hématy K, Marion J, Belcram K, Palauqui JC, Satiat-JeuneMaître B, Faure JD. Sphingolipids containing very-long-chain fatty acids define a secretory pathway for specific polar plasma membrane protein targeting in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:2362-78. [PMID: 21666002 PMCID: PMC3160045 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.080473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are a class of structural membrane lipids involved in membrane trafficking and cell polarity. Functional analysis of the ceramide synthase family in Arabidopsis thaliana demonstrates the existence of two activities selective for the length of the acyl chains. Very-long-acyl-chain (C > 18 carbons) but not long-chain sphingolipids are essential for plant development. Reduction of very-long-chain fatty acid sphingolipid levels leads in particular to auxin-dependent inhibition of lateral root emergence that is associated with selective aggregation of the plasma membrane auxin carriers AUX1 and PIN1 in the cytosol. Defective targeting of polar auxin carriers is characterized by specific aggregation of Rab-A2(a)- and Rab-A1(e)-labeled early endosomes along the secretory pathway. These aggregates correlate with the accumulation of membrane structures and vesicle fragmentation in the cytosol. In conclusion, sphingolipids with very long acyl chains define a trafficking pathway with specific endomembrane compartments and polar auxin transport protein cargoes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Molino
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique–AgroParisTech, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Lionel Gissot
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique–AgroParisTech, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Yannick Bellec
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique–AgroParisTech, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Kian Hématy
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique–AgroParisTech, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Jessica Marion
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Katia Belcram
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique–AgroParisTech, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Palauqui
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique–AgroParisTech, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Béatrice Satiat-JeuneMaître
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Denis Faure
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique–AgroParisTech, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78000 Versailles, France
- Address correspondence to
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29
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Babiychuk E, Vandepoele K, Wissing J, Garcia-Diaz M, De Rycke R, Akbari H, Joubès J, Beeckman T, Jänsch L, Frentzen M, Van Montagu MCE, Kushnir S. Plastid gene expression and plant development require a plastidic protein of the mitochondrial transcription termination factor family. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:6674-9. [PMID: 21464319 PMCID: PMC3081001 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1103442108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastids are DNA-containing organelles unique to plant cells. In Arabidopsis, one-third of the genes required for embryo development encode plastid-localized proteins. To help understand the role of plastids in embryogenesis and postembryonic development, we characterized proteins of the mitochondrial transcription termination factor (mTERF) family, which in animal models, comprises DNA-binding regulators of mitochondrial transcription. Of 35 Arabidopsis mTERF proteins, 11 are plastid-localized. Genetic complementation shows that at least one plastidic mTERF, BELAYA SMERT' (BSM), is required for embryogenesis. The main postembryonic phenotypes of genetic mosaics with the bsm mutation are severe abnormalities in leaf development. Mutant bsm cells are albino, are compromised in growth, and suffer defects in global plastidic gene expression. The bsm phenotype could be phenocopied by inhibition of plastid translation with spectinomycin. Plastid translation is essential for cell viability in dicotyledonous species such as tobacco but not in monocotyledonous maize. Here, genetic interactions between BSM and the gene encoding plastid homomeric acetyl-CoA carboxylase ACC2 suggest that there is a functional redundancy in malonyl-CoA biosynthesis that permits bsm cell survival in Arabidopsis. Overall, our results indicate that biosynthesis of malonyl-CoA and plastid-derived systemic growth-promoting compounds are the processes that link plant development and plastid gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Babiychuk
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Klaas Vandepoele
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Josef Wissing
- Abteilung Zellbiologie, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung GmbH, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Miguel Garcia-Diaz
- Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651
| | - Riet De Rycke
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hana Akbari
- Institut für Biologie I, Spezielle Botanik, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 52056 Aachen, Germany; and
| | - Jérôme Joubès
- Université Victor Ségalen Bordeaux 2, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lothar Jänsch
- Abteilung Zellbiologie, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung GmbH, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Margrit Frentzen
- Institut für Biologie I, Spezielle Botanik, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 52056 Aachen, Germany; and
| | | | - Sergei Kushnir
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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30
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Bryant N, Lloyd J, Sweeney C, Myouga F, Meinke D. Identification of nuclear genes encoding chloroplast-localized proteins required for embryo development in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 155:1678-89. [PMID: 21139083 PMCID: PMC3091104 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.168120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We describe here the diversity of chloroplast proteins required for embryo development in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Interfering with certain chloroplast functions has long been known to result in embryo lethality. What has not been reported before is a comprehensive screen for embryo-defective (emb) mutants altered in chloroplast proteins. From a collection of transposon and T-DNA insertion lines at the RIKEN chloroplast function database (http://rarge.psc.riken.jp/chloroplast/) that initially appeared to lack homozygotes and segregate for defective seeds, we identified 23 additional examples of EMB genes that likely encode chloroplast-localized proteins. Fourteen gene identities were confirmed with allelism tests involving duplicate mutant alleles. We then queried journal publications and the SeedGenes database (www.seedgenes.org) to establish a comprehensive dataset of 381 nuclear genes encoding chloroplast proteins of Arabidopsis associated with embryo-defective (119 genes), plant pigment (121 genes), gametophyte (three genes), and alternate (138 genes) phenotypes. Loci were ranked based on the level of certainty that the gene responsible for the phenotype had been identified and the protein product localized to chloroplasts. Embryo development is frequently arrested when amino acid, vitamin, or nucleotide biosynthesis is disrupted but proceeds when photosynthesis is compromised and when levels of chlorophyll, carotenoids, or terpenoids are reduced. Chloroplast translation is also required for embryo development, with genes encoding chloroplast ribosomal and pentatricopeptide repeat proteins well represented among EMB datasets. The chloroplast accD locus, which is necessary for fatty acid biosynthesis, is essential in Arabidopsis but not in Brassica napus or maize (Zea mays), where duplicated nuclear genes compensate for its absence or loss of function.
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31
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Li X, Ilarslan H, Brachova L, Qian HR, Li L, Che P, Wurtele ES, Nikolau BJ. Reverse-genetic analysis of the two biotin-containing subunit genes of the heteromeric acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase in Arabidopsis indicates a unidirectional functional redundancy. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 155:293-314. [PMID: 21030508 PMCID: PMC3075786 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.165910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The heteromeric acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase catalyzes the first and committed reaction of de novo fatty acid biosynthesis in plastids. This enzyme is composed of four subunits: biotin carboxyl-carrier protein (BCCP), biotin carboxylase, α-carboxyltransferase, and β-carboxyltransferase. With the exception of BCCP, single-copy genes encode these subunits in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Reverse-genetic approaches were used to individually investigate the physiological significance of the two paralogous BCCP-coding genes, CAC1A (At5g16390, codes for BCCP1) and CAC1B (At5g15530, codes for BCCP2). Transfer DNA insertional alleles that completely eliminate the accumulation of BCCP2 have no perceptible effect on plant growth, development, and fatty acid accumulation. In contrast, transfer DNA insertional null allele of the CAC1A gene is embryo lethal and deleteriously affects pollen development and germination. During seed development the effect of the cac1a null allele first becomes apparent at 3-d after flowering, when the synchronous development of the endosperm and embryo is disrupted. Characterization of CAC1A antisense plants showed that reducing BCCP1 accumulation to 35% of wild-type levels, decreases fatty acid accumulation and severely affects normal vegetative plant growth. Detailed expression analysis by a suite of approaches including in situ RNA hybridization, promoter:reporter transgene expression, and quantitative western blotting reveal that the expression of CAC1B is limited to a subset of the CAC1A-expressing tissues, and CAC1B expression levels are only about one-fifth of CAC1A expression levels. Therefore, a likely explanation for the observed unidirectional redundancy between these two paralogous genes is that whereas the BCCP1 protein can compensate for the lack of BCCP2, the absence of BCCP1 cannot be tolerated as BCCP2 levels are not sufficient to support heteromeric acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase activity at a level that is required for normal growth and development.
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MESH Headings
- Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase/genetics
- Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase/metabolism
- Alleles
- Arabidopsis/embryology
- Arabidopsis/enzymology
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Arabidopsis/growth & development
- Arabidopsis/ultrastructure
- Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics
- Arabidopsis Proteins/metabolism
- Biotin/metabolism
- DNA, Bacterial
- Endosperm/enzymology
- Endosperm/growth & development
- Endosperm/ultrastructure
- Fatty Acid Synthase, Type II/genetics
- Fatty Acid Synthase, Type II/metabolism
- Fatty Acids/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Gene Knockout Techniques
- Genes, Plant/genetics
- Genes, Recessive/genetics
- Genetic Complementation Test
- Genetic Techniques
- Germination
- Mutation/genetics
- Pollen Tube/enzymology
- Pollen Tube/growth & development
- Pollen Tube/ultrastructure
- Protein Subunits/genetics
- Protein Subunits/metabolism
- RNA, Antisense/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
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32
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Javelle M, Vernoud V, Rogowsky PM, Ingram GC. Epidermis: the formation and functions of a fundamental plant tissue. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 189:17-39. [PMID: 21054411 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03514.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Epidermis differentiation and maintenance are essential for plant survival. Constant cross-talk between epidermal cells and their immediate environment is at the heart of epidermal cell fate, and regulates epidermis-specific transcription factors. These factors in turn direct epidermal differentiation involving a whole array of epidermis-specific pathways including specialized lipid metabolism necessary to build the protective cuticle layer. An intact epidermis is crucial for certain key processes in plant development, shoot growth and plant defence. Here, we discuss the control of epidermal cell fate and the function of the epidermal cell layer in the light of recent advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Javelle
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, UMR 5667, ENS/CNRS/INRA/Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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33
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Molino D, Markham J, Bellec Y, Gissot L, Palauqui JC, Moreau P, Napier J, Faure J. Very long chain fatty acids are required for cell polarity and organogenesis during plant development. Chem Phys Lipids 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2010.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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34
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Napier JA, Haslam RP. As simple as ACB--new insights into the role of acyl-CoA-binding proteins in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 186:781-783. [PMID: 20569412 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard P Haslam
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK
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35
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Roudier F, Gissot L, Beaudoin F, Haslam R, Michaelson L, Marion J, Molino D, Lima A, Bach L, Morin H, Tellier F, Palauqui JC, Bellec Y, Renne C, Miquel M, Dacosta M, Vignard J, Rochat C, Markham JE, Moreau P, Napier J, Faure JD. Very-long-chain fatty acids are involved in polar auxin transport and developmental patterning in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:364-375. [PMID: 20145257 DOI: 10.2307/25680057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are essential for many aspects of plant development and necessary for the synthesis of seed storage triacylglycerols, epicuticular waxes, and sphingolipids. Identification of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase PASTICCINO3 and the 3-hydroxy acyl-CoA dehydratase PASTICCINO2 revealed that VLCFAs are important for cell proliferation and tissue patterning. Here, we show that the immunophilin PASTICCINO1 (PAS1) is also required for VLCFA synthesis. Impairment of PAS1 function results in reduction of VLCFA levels that particularly affects the composition of sphingolipids, known to be important for cell polarity in animals. Moreover, PAS1 associates with several enzymes of the VLCFA elongase complex in the endoplasmic reticulum. The pas1 mutants are deficient in lateral root formation and are characterized by an abnormal patterning of the embryo apex, which leads to defective cotyledon organogenesis. Our data indicate that in both tissues, defective organogenesis is associated with the mistargeting of the auxin efflux carrier PIN FORMED1 in specific cells, resulting in local alteration of polar auxin distribution. Furthermore, we show that exogenous VLCFAs rescue lateral root organogenesis and polar auxin distribution, indicating their direct involvement in these processes. Based on these data, we propose that PAS1 acts as a molecular scaffold for the fatty acid elongase complex in the endoplasmic reticulum and that the resulting VLCFAs are required for polar auxin transport and tissue patterning during plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Roudier
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
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36
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Roudier F, Gissot L, Beaudoin F, Haslam R, Michaelson L, Marion J, Molino D, Lima A, Bach L, Morin H, Tellier F, Palauqui JC, Bellec Y, Renne C, Miquel M, DaCosta M, Vignard J, Rochat C, Markham JE, Moreau P, Napier J, Faure JD. Very-long-chain fatty acids are involved in polar auxin transport and developmental patterning in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:364-75. [PMID: 20145257 PMCID: PMC2845409 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.071209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are essential for many aspects of plant development and necessary for the synthesis of seed storage triacylglycerols, epicuticular waxes, and sphingolipids. Identification of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase PASTICCINO3 and the 3-hydroxy acyl-CoA dehydratase PASTICCINO2 revealed that VLCFAs are important for cell proliferation and tissue patterning. Here, we show that the immunophilin PASTICCINO1 (PAS1) is also required for VLCFA synthesis. Impairment of PAS1 function results in reduction of VLCFA levels that particularly affects the composition of sphingolipids, known to be important for cell polarity in animals. Moreover, PAS1 associates with several enzymes of the VLCFA elongase complex in the endoplasmic reticulum. The pas1 mutants are deficient in lateral root formation and are characterized by an abnormal patterning of the embryo apex, which leads to defective cotyledon organogenesis. Our data indicate that in both tissues, defective organogenesis is associated with the mistargeting of the auxin efflux carrier PIN FORMED1 in specific cells, resulting in local alteration of polar auxin distribution. Furthermore, we show that exogenous VLCFAs rescue lateral root organogenesis and polar auxin distribution, indicating their direct involvement in these processes. Based on these data, we propose that PAS1 acts as a molecular scaffold for the fatty acid elongase complex in the endoplasmic reticulum and that the resulting VLCFAs are required for polar auxin transport and tissue patterning during plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Roudier
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Lionel Gissot
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | | | - Richard Haslam
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jessica Marion
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Diana Molino
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Amparo Lima
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Liên Bach
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Halima Morin
- Plateforme de Cytologie et d'Imagerie Végétale, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Frédérique Tellier
- Plateforme de Chimie du Végétale, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Palauqui
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Yannick Bellec
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Charlotte Renne
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Martine Miquel
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Marco DaCosta
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Julien Vignard
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Christine Rochat
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | | | - Patrick Moreau
- Laboratoire Biogenèse membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Bordeaux 2, BP 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | | | - Jean-Denis Faure
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
- Address correspondence to
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Dissection of the complex phenotype in cuticular mutants of Arabidopsis reveals a role of SERRATE as a mediator. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000703. [PMID: 19876373 PMCID: PMC2760142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in LACERATA (LCR), FIDDLEHEAD (FDH), and BODYGUARD (BDG) cause a complex developmental syndrome that is consistent with an important role for these Arabidopsis genes in cuticle biogenesis. The genesis of their pleiotropic phenotypes is, however, poorly understood. We provide evidence that neither distorted depositions of cutin, nor deficiencies in the chemical composition of cuticular lipids, account for these features, instead suggesting that the mutants alleviate the functional disorder of the cuticle by reinforcing their defenses. To better understand how plants adapt to these mutations, we performed a genome-wide gene expression analysis. We found that apparent compensatory transcriptional responses in these mutants involve the induction of wax, cutin, cell wall, and defense genes. To gain greater insight into the mechanism by which cuticular mutations trigger this response in the plants, we performed an overlap meta-analysis, which is termed MASTA (MicroArray overlap Search Tool and Analysis), of differentially expressed genes. This suggested that different cell integrity pathways are recruited in cesA cellulose synthase and cuticular mutants. Using MASTA for an in silico suppressor/enhancer screen, we identified SERRATE (SE), which encodes a protein of RNA-processing multi-protein complexes, as a likely enhancer. In confirmation of this notion, the se lcr and se bdg double mutants eradicate severe leaf deformations as well as the organ fusions that are typical of lcr and bdg and other cuticular mutants. Also, lcr does not confer resistance to Botrytis cinerea in a se mutant background. We propose that there is a role for SERRATE-mediated RNA signaling in the cuticle integrity pathway.
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Baud S, Lepiniec L. Regulation of de novo fatty acid synthesis in maturing oilseeds of Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2009; 47:448-55. [PMID: 19136270 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
As a Brassicaceae, Arabidopsis thaliana constitutes an excellent model system to investigate oil biosynthesis in seeds. Extensive tools for the genetic and molecular dissection of this model species are now available. Together with analytical procedures adapted to its tiny seeds, these tools have allowed major advances in isolating and characterising the factors that participate in the metabolic and developmental control of seed filling. Once the biochemical pathways producing storage lipids, namely triacylglycerols, were elucidated, the question of the regulation of this metabolic network has arisen. The coordinated up regulation of genes encoding enzymes of the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway observed at the onset of seed maturation suggests that the pathway may be subjected to a system of global transcriptional regulation. This has been further established by the study of master regulators of the maturation program like LEAFY COTYLEDON2 and the characterisation of the WRINKLED1 transcription factor. These factors have been shown to participate in a regulatory cascade controlling the induction of the genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis at the onset of the maturation phase. Although much remains to be elucidated, the framework of the regulatory system controlling fatty acid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis seeds is coming into focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Baud
- INRA, AgroParisTech, Laboratoire de Biologie des semences, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR204, Versailles, France.
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The very-long-chain hydroxy fatty acyl-CoA dehydratase PASTICCINO2 is essential and limiting for plant development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:14727-31. [PMID: 18799749 PMCID: PMC2567193 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0805089105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are synthesized as acyl-CoAs by the endoplasmic reticulum-localized elongase multiprotein complex. Two Arabidopsis genes are putative homologues of the recently identified yeast 3-hydroxy-acyl-CoA dehydratase (PHS1), the third enzyme of the elongase complex. We showed that Arabidopsis PASTICCINO2 (PAS2) was able to restore phs1 cytokinesis defects and sphingolipid long chain base overaccumulation. Conversely, the expression of PHS1 was able to complement the developmental defects and the accumulation of long chain bases of the pas2-1 mutant. The pas2-1 mutant was characterized by a general reduction of VLCFA pools in seed storage triacylglycerols, cuticular waxes, and complex sphingolipids. Most strikingly, the defective elongation cycle resulted in the accumulation of 3-hydroxy-acyl-CoA intermediates, indicating premature termination of fatty acid elongation and confirming the role of PAS2 in this process. We demonstrated by in vivo bimolecular fluorescence complementation that PAS2 was specifically associated in the endoplasmic reticulum with the enoyl-CoA reductase CER10, the fourth enzyme of the elongase complex. Finally, complete loss of PAS2 function is embryo lethal, and the ectopic expression of PHS1 led to enhanced levels of VLCFAs associated with severe developmental defects. Altogether these results demonstrate that the plant 3-hydroxy-acyl-CoA dehydratase PASTICCINO2 is an essential and limiting enzyme in VLCFA synthesis but also that PAS2-derived VLCFA homeostasis is required for specific developmental processes.
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40
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Baud S, Dubreucq B, Miquel M, Rochat C, Lepiniec L. Storage reserve accumulation in Arabidopsis: metabolic and developmental control of seed filling. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2008; 6:e0113. [PMID: 22303238 PMCID: PMC3243342 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In the life cycle of higher plants, seed development is a key process connecting two distinct sporophytic generations. Seed development can be divided into embryo morphogenesis and seed maturation. An essential metabolic function of maturing seeds is the deposition of storage compounds that are mobilised to fuel post-germinative seedling growth. Given the importance of seeds for food and animal feed and considering the tremendous interest in using seed storage products as sustainable industrial feedstocks to replace diminishing fossil reserves, understanding the metabolic and developmental control of seed filling constitutes a major focus of plant research. Arabidopsis thaliana is an oilseed species closely related to the agronomically important Brassica oilseed crops. The main storage compounds accumulated in seeds of A. thaliana consist of oil stored as triacylglycerols (TAGs) and seed storage proteins (SSPs). Extensive tools developed for the molecular dissection of A. thaliana development and metabolism together with analytical and cytological procedures adapted for very small seeds have led to a good description of the biochemical pathways producing storage compounds. In recent years, studies using these tools have shed new light on the intricate regulatory network controlling the seed maturation process. This network involves sugar and hormone signalling together with a set of developmentally regulated transcription factors. Although much remains to be elucidated, the framework of the regulatory system controlling seed filling is coming into focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Baud
- Seed Biology Laboratory, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), UMR 204, INRA, AgroParisTech, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Bertrand Dubreucq
- Seed Biology Laboratory, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), UMR 204, INRA, AgroParisTech, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Martine Miquel
- Seed Biology Laboratory, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), UMR 204, INRA, AgroParisTech, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Christine Rochat
- Seed Biology Laboratory, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), UMR 204, INRA, AgroParisTech, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Loïc Lepiniec
- Seed Biology Laboratory, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), UMR 204, INRA, AgroParisTech, 78000 Versailles, France
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41
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Puyaubert J, Denis L, Alban C. Dual targeting of Arabidopsis holocarboxylase synthetase1: a small upstream open reading frame regulates translation initiation and protein targeting. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 146:478-91. [PMID: 18156294 PMCID: PMC2245827 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.111534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Protein biotinylation is an original and very specific posttranslational modification, compartmented in plants, between mitochondria, plastids, and the cytosol. This reaction modifies and activates few carboxylases committed in key metabolisms and is catalyzed by holocarboxylase synthetase (HCS). The molecular bases of this complex compartmentalization and the relative function of each of the HCS genes, HCS1 and HCS2, identified in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) are mainly unknown. Here, we showed by reverse genetics that the HCS1 gene is essential for plant viability, whereas disruption of the HCS2 gene in Arabidopsis does not lead to any obvious phenotype when plants are grown under standard conditions. These findings strongly suggest that HCS1 is the only protein responsible for HCS activity in Arabidopsis cells, including the cytosolic, mitochondrial, and plastidial compartments. A closer study of HCS1 gene expression enabled us to propose an original mechanism to account for this multiplicity of localizations. Located in the HCS1 messenger RNA 5'-untranslated region, an upstream open reading frame regulates the translation initiation of HCS1 and the subsequent targeting of HCS1 protein. Moreover, an exquisitely precise alternative splicing of HCS1 messenger RNA can regulate the presence and absence of this upstream open reading frame. The existence of these complex and interdependent mechanisms creates a rich molecular platform where different parameters and factors could control HCS targeting and hence biotin metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Puyaubert
- CNRS (UMR 5168)/CEA/Université Joseph Fourier/INRA (UMR 1200), CEA-Grenoble, Institut de Recherche en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, Grenoble cedex 9, France
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42
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Samuels L, Kunst L, Jetter R. Sealing plant surfaces: cuticular wax formation by epidermal cells. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 59:683-707. [PMID: 18251711 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.103006.093219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 557] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The vital importance of plant surface wax in protecting tissue from environmental stresses is reflected in the huge commitment of epidermal cells to cuticle formation. During cuticle deposition, a massive flux of lipids occurs from the sites of lipid synthesis in the plastid and the endoplasmic reticulum to the plant surface. Recent genetic studies in Arabidopsis have improved our understanding of fatty acid elongation and of the subsequent modification of the elongated products into primary alcohols, wax esters, secondary alcohols, and ketones, shedding light on the enzymes involved in these pathways. In contrast, the biosynthesis of alkanes is still poorly understood, as are the mechanisms of wax transport from the site of biosynthesis to the cuticle. Currently, nothing is known about wax trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane, or about translocation through the cell wall to the cuticle. However, a first breakthrough toward an understanding of wax export recently came with the discovery of ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters that are involved in releasing wax from the plasma membrane into the apoplast. An overview of our present knowledge of wax biosynthesis and transport and the regulation of these processes during cuticle assembly is presented, including the evidence for coordination of cutin polyester and wax production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacey Samuels
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada.
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Abstract
Early embryonic development in the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana follows a predictable sequence of cell divisions. Anatomical hallmarks and the expression of marker genes in dynamic patterns indicate that new cell fates are established with virtually every round of mitosis. Although some of the factors regulating these early patterning events have been identified, the overall process remains relatively poorly understood. Starting at the globular stage, when the embryo has approximately 100 cells, the organization of development appears to be taken over by programs that regulate postembryonic patterning throughout the life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo D Jenik
- Carnegie Institution, Department of Plant Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Griffith ME, Mayer U, Capron A, Ngo QA, Surendrarao A, McClinton R, Jürgens G, Sundaresan V. The TORMOZ gene encodes a nucleolar protein required for regulated division planes and embryo development in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2007; 19:2246-63. [PMID: 17616738 PMCID: PMC1955705 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.106.042697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Embryogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana is marked by a predictable sequence of oriented cell divisions, which precede cell fate determination. We show that mutation of the TORMOZ (TOZ) gene yields embryos with aberrant cell division planes and arrested embryos that appear not to have established normal patterning. The defects in toz mutants differ from previously described mutations that affect embryonic cell division patterns. Longitudinal division planes of the proembryo are frequently replaced by transverse divisions and less frequently by oblique divisions, while divisions of the suspensor cells, which divide only transversely, appear generally unaffected. Expression patterns of selected embryo patterning genes are altered in the mutant embryos, implying that the positional cues required for their proper expression are perturbed by the misoriented divisions. The TOZ gene encodes a nucleolar protein containing WD repeats. Putative TOZ orthologs exist in other eukaryotes including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, where the protein is predicted to function in 18S rRNA biogenesis. We find that disruption of the Sp TOZ gene results in cell division defects in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Previous studies in yeast and animal cells have identified nucleolar proteins that regulate the exit from M phase and cytokinesis, including factors involved in pre-rRNA processing. Our study suggests that in plant cells, nucleolar functions might interact with the processes of regulated cell divisions and influence the selection of longitudinal division planes during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Griffith
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore 138673, Republic of Singapore
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45
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Tanaka H, Watanabe M, Sasabe M, Hiroe T, Tanaka T, Tsukaya H, Ikezaki M, Machida C, Machida Y. Novel receptor-like kinase ALE2 controls shoot development by specifying epidermis inArabidopsis. Development 2007; 134:1643-52. [PMID: 17376810 DOI: 10.1242/dev.003533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis plays crucial roles in the development of various organs and in water retention in both animals and plants. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the subtilase ABNORMAL LEAF SHAPE 1 (ALE1) and the Arabidopsis homolog of the Crinkly4 (ACR4) receptor-like protein kinase (RLK) have been implicated in the intercellular communication that is required for surface functions of the epidermis. We have identified a novel mutant gene in Arabidopsis, ale2, which is associated with various epidermal defects, including disorganization of epidermis-related tissues,defects in the leaf cuticle and the fusion of organs. ALE2 encodes a previously uncharacterized RLK with a cluster of basic amino acid residues followed by a cysteine-containing sequence in the putative extracellular domain. Our genetic investigations suggest that ALE2 and ACR4 function in the same process, whereas ALE1 has a different mode of action, and that these three genes play partially overlapping roles in positively regulating protoderm-specific gene expression and for the formation of leafy organs. We propose that at least two modes of intercellular communication facilitate the specification of epidermis, thereby promoting shoot organogenesis in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Tanaka
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kasugai, Japan
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46
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Bohn M, Lüthje S, Sperling P, Heinz E, Dörffling K. Plasma membrane lipid alterations induced by cold acclimation and abscisic acid treatment of winter wheat seedlings differing in frost resistance. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 164:146-56. [PMID: 16500724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2005.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2005] [Accepted: 12/07/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cold acclimation of plants affects many aspects of metabolism. Changes in plasma membrane lipids have always been considered to be important for development of frost resistance and survival at subzero temperatures. We studied different cultivars of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) that differed in frost resistance induced either by cold acclimation or treatment with the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA). Plasma membranes were isolated from non-acclimated and cold- as well as from ABA-acclimated plants, and were subjected to detailed lipid analysis. Cold acclimation affected virtually all plasma membrane lipid components and their constituents, resulting in both increases and decreases, which varied between the three groups of plants investigated. Including the cold-induced variations observed in the few plant species studied in detail previously, cerebrosides were the only components reduced by cold acclimation in all plants. In wheat, more uniform and consistent patterns were obtained when considering colligative parameters such as total free sterols, phospholipids or glycolipids, either as the proportion of total lipids or based on plasma membrane protein. The parameter which changed most significantly in parallel to the increase of inducible frost resistance in the three groups of plants was the ratio of free sterols/glycolipids, which increased. ABA treatment resulted in qualitatively similar effects in only one cultivar, but in general these changes were less pronounced. Compared to changes in transcription rates of several cold-induced genes and in the concentration of various compatible solutes reported for other plants, the observed changes in plasma membrane lipids are minor ones. This may indicate that acclimation-induced changes can be accomplished by posttranscriptional regulation of enzymatic activities, which is in agreement with the failure to detect significant changes in transcription of the corresponding genes during cold induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Bohn
- Biozentrum Klein Flottbek, Universität Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, D-22609 Hamburg, Germany
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47
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Oikawa A, Nakamura Y, Ogura T, Kimura A, Suzuki H, Sakurai N, Shinbo Y, Shibata D, Kanaya S, Ohta D. Clarification of pathway-specific inhibition by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance/mass spectrometry-based metabolic phenotyping studies. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 142:398-413. [PMID: 16905671 PMCID: PMC1586045 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.080317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a metabolic profiling scheme based on direct-infusion Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR/MS). The scheme consists of: (1) reproducible data collection under optimized FT-ICR/MS analytical conditions; (2) automatic mass-error correction and multivariate analyses for metabolome characterization using a newly developed metabolomics tool (DMASS software); (3) identification of marker metabolite candidates by searching a species-metabolite relationship database, KNApSAcK; and (4) structural analyses by an MS/MS method. The scheme was applied to metabolic phenotyping of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings treated with different herbicidal chemical classes for pathway-specific inhibitions. Arabidopsis extracts were directly infused into an electrospray ionization source on an FT-ICR/MS system. Acquired metabolomics data were comprised of mass-to-charge ratio values with ion intensity information subjected to principal component analysis, and metabolic phenotypes from the herbicide treatments were clearly differentiated from those of the herbicide-free treatment. From each herbicide treatment, candidate metabolites representing such metabolic phenotypes were found through the KNApSAcK database search. The database search and MS/MS analyses suggested dose-dependent accumulation patterns of specific metabolites including several flavonoid glycosides. The metabolic phenotyping scheme on the basis of FT-ICR/MS coupled with the DMASS program is discussed as a general tool for high throughput metabolic phenotyping studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Oikawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai 599-8531, Japan
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Figueroa-Balderas RE, García-Ponce B, Rocha-Sosa M. Hormonal and stress induction of the gene encoding common bean acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 142:609-19. [PMID: 16935989 PMCID: PMC1586064 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.085597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of the cytosolic acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) gene promoter from common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) was studied in transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants using a beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene fusion (PvACCase::GUS). Under normal growth conditions, GUS was expressed in hydathodes, stipules, trichome bases, flowers, pollen, and embryos. In roots, expression was observed in the tip, elongation zone, hypocotyl-root transition zone, and lateral root primordia. The PvACCase promoter was induced by wounding, Pseudomonas syringae infection, hydrogen peroxide, jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene, or auxin treatment. Analysis of PvACCase::GUS expression in JA and ethylene mutants (coronatine insensitive1-1 [coi1-1], ethylene resistant1-1 [etr1-1], coi1-1/etr1-1) suggests that neither JA nor ethylene perception participates in the activation of this gene in response to wounding, although each of these independent signaling pathways is sufficient for pathogen or hydrogen peroxide-induced PvACCase gene expression. We propose a model involving different pathways of PvACCase gene activation in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Elia Figueroa-Balderas
- Plant Molecular Biology, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico
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Kurdyukov S, Faust A, Trenkamp S, Bär S, Franke R, Efremova N, Tietjen K, Schreiber L, Saedler H, Yephremov A. Genetic and biochemical evidence for involvement of HOTHEAD in the biosynthesis of long-chain alpha-,omega-dicarboxylic fatty acids and formation of extracellular matrix. PLANTA 2006; 224:315-29. [PMID: 16404574 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-0215-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Accepted: 12/09/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In plants, extracellular matrix polymers built from polysaccharides and cuticular lipids have structural and protective functions. The cuticle is found to be ten times thinner in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh than in many other plants, and there is evidence that it is unusual in having a high content of alpha-,omega-dicarboxylic fatty acids (FAs) in its polyesters. We designated the new organ fusion mutant hth-12 after it appeared to be allelic to adhesion of calyx edges (ace) and hothead (hth), upon molecular cloning of the gene by transposon tagging. This mutant is deficient in its ability to oxidize long-chain omega-hydroxy FAs to omega-oxo FAs, which results in leaf polyesters in decreased alpha-,omega-dicarboxylic FAs and increased omega-hydroxy FAs. These chemical phenotypes lead to disorder of the cuticle membrane structure in hth-12. ACE/HTH is a single-domain protein showing sequence similarity to long-chain FA omega-alcohol dehydrogenases from Candida species, and we hypothesize that it may catalyze the next step after cytochrome P450 FA omega-hydroxylases in the omega-oxidation pathway. We show that ACE/HTH is specifically expressed in epidermal cells. It appears very likely therefore that the changes in the amount of alpha-,omega-dicarboxylic FAs in hth-12 reflect the different composition of cuticular polyesters. The ACE/HTH gene is also expressed in root epidermal cells which do not form a polyester membrane on the exterior surface, thereby making it possible that the end products of the pathway, alpha-,omega-dicarboxylic FAs, are generally required for the cross-linking that ensures the integrity of the outer epidermal cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Kurdyukov
- Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Carl von Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
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50
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Da Costa M, Bach L, Landrieu I, Bellec Y, Catrice O, Brown S, De Veylder L, Lippens G, Inzé D, Faure JD. Arabidopsis PASTICCINO2 is an antiphosphatase involved in regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase A. THE PLANT CELL 2006; 18:1426-37. [PMID: 16698944 PMCID: PMC1475488 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.105.040485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2005] [Revised: 04/12/2006] [Accepted: 04/22/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
PASTICCINO2 (PAS2), a member of the protein Tyr phosphatase-like family, is conserved among all eukaryotes and is characterized by a mutated catalytic site. The cellular functions of the Tyr phosphatase-like proteins are still unknown, even if they are essential in yeast and mammals. Here, we demonstrate that PAS2 interacts with a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) that is phosphorylated on Tyr and not with its unphosphorylated isoform. Phosphorylation of the conserved regulatory Tyr-15 is involved in the binding of CDK to PAS2. Loss of the PAS2 function dephosphorylated Arabidopsis thaliana CDKA;1 and upregulated its kinase activity. In accordance with its role as a negative regulator of the cell cycle, overexpression of PAS2 slowed down cell division in suspension cell cultures at the G2-to-M transition and early mitosis and inhibited Arabidopsis seedling growth. The latter was accompanied by altered leaf development and accelerated cotyledon senescence. PAS2 was localized in the cytoplasm of dividing cells but moved into the nucleus upon cell differentiation, suggesting that the balance between cell division and differentiation is regulated through the interaction between CDKA;1 and the antiphosphatase PAS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Da Costa
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-78026 Versailles Cedex, France
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