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Patil R, Aswar U, Vyas N. Pterostilbene alleviates cafeteria diet-induced obesity and underlying depression in adolescent male Swiss albino mice and affects insulin resistance, inflammation, HPA axis dysfunction and SIRT1 mediated leptin-ghrelin signaling. Horm Behav 2024; 161:105504. [PMID: 38354494 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2024.105504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Cafeteria diet (CD) model for in-vivo studies mimics the western diet having imbalanced nutritional value, high caloric-density and palatability. Uncontrolled eating leads to the development of childhood obesity, poor self-esteem and depression due to its effects on brain development. Herbal supplements are novel inclusion in the management of obesity and mental well-being. Pterostilbene (PTE) found in blueberries and Pterocarpus marsupium heartwood, is known to prevent obesity in invivo models. Adolescent Swiss albino male mice were fed on CD for 70 days and the development of obesity was assessed by gain in body weight, abdominal circumference. Forced swim and tail suspension test confirmed depression in CD fed mice. Obesity induced depressed (OID) mice were treated with PTE (10, 20, 40 mg/kg), standard antiobesity drug cetilistat (10 mg/kg), antidepressant fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) for 28 days. Post treatment, PTE-treated mice showed reduction in BW and depression-like behavior analysed using paradigms such as sucrose preference, open field, marble burying, and resident intruder test in comparison to the CD group. Insulin resistance, lipid profile, antioxidant enzyme, inflammatory cytokines (NF-κB, IL-6, TNF α) and cortisol levels were mitigated by PTE. It also restored normal cellular architecture of the brain and adipose tissue and increased the Silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog1 (SIRT1), leptin and ghrelin receptors gene expression in the brain. Thus, it can be concluded that PTE might have inhibited OID like behavior in mice via inhibition of IR, modulating neuroinflammation and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction and upregulating SIRT1 mediated leptin-ghrelin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Patil
- Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to Be) University, Pune, Maharashtra 411038, India
| | - Urmila Aswar
- Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to Be) University, Pune, Maharashtra 411038, India.
| | - Nishant Vyas
- Logical Life Sciences Private Limited, Pune, India
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2
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Choi PP, Wang Q, Brenner LA, Li AJ, Ritter RC, Appleyard SM. Lesion of NPY Receptor-expressing Neurons in Perifornical Lateral Hypothalamus Attenuates Glucoprivic Feeding. Endocrinology 2024; 165:bqae021. [PMID: 38368624 PMCID: PMC11043786 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqae021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Glucoprivic feeding is one of several counterregulatory responses (CRRs) that facilitates restoration of euglycemia following acute glucose deficit (glucoprivation). Our previous work established that glucoprivic feeding requires ventrolateral medullary (VLM) catecholamine (CA) neurons that coexpress neuropeptide Y (NPY). However, the connections by which VLM CA/NPY neurons trigger increased feeding are uncertain. We have previously shown that glucoprivation, induced by an anti-glycolygic agent 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG), activates perifornical lateral hypothalamus (PeFLH) neurons and that expression of NPY in the VLM CA/NPY neurons is required for glucoprivic feeding. We therefore hypothesized that glucoprivic feeding and possibly other CRRs require NPY-sensitive PeFLH neurons. To test this, we used the ribosomal toxin conjugate NPY-saporin (NPY-SAP) to selectively lesion NPY receptor-expressing neurons in the PeFLH of male rats. We found that NPY-SAP destroyed a significant number of PeFLH neurons, including those expressing orexin, but not those expressing melanin-concentrating hormone. The PeFLH NPY-SAP lesions attenuated 2DG-induced feeding but did not affect 2DG-induced increase in locomotor activity, sympathoadrenal hyperglycemia, or corticosterone release. The 2DG-induced feeding response was also significantly attenuated in NPY-SAP-treated female rats. Interestingly, PeFLH NPY-SAP lesioned male rats had reduced body weights and decreased dark cycle feeding, but this effect was not seen in female rats. We conclude that a NPY projection to the PeFLH is necessary for glucoprivic feeding, but not locomotor activity, hyperglycemia, or corticosterone release, in both male and female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pique P Choi
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Qing Wang
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Lynne A Brenner
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Ai-Jun Li
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Robert C Ritter
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Suzanne M Appleyard
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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3
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Chen WH, Shi YC, Huang QY, Chen JM, Wang ZY, Lin S, Shi QY. Potential for NPY receptor-related therapies for polycystic ovary syndrome: an updated review. Hormones (Athens) 2023; 22:441-451. [PMID: 37452264 PMCID: PMC10449684 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-023-00460-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disease that can cause female infertility and bring economic burden to families and to society. The clinical and/or biochemical manifestations include hyperandrogenism, persistent anovulation, and polycystic ovarian changes, often accompanied by insulin resistance and obesity. Although its pathogenesis is unclear, PCOS involves the abnormal regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and the abnormal activation of GnRH neurons. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is widely distributed in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and functions as the physiological integrator of two neuroendocrine systems, one governing feeding and the other controlling reproduction. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have focused on the improvement of the reproductive and metabolic status of PCOS through the therapeutic application of NPY and its receptors. In this review, we summarize the central and peripheral regulation of NPY and its receptors in the development of PCOS and discuss the potential for NPY receptor-related therapies for PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hong Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No.34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yan-Chuan Shi
- Centre of Neurological and Metabolic Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No.34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Qiao-Yi Huang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No.34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jia-Ming Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No.34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zhi-Yi Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No.34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shu Lin
- Centre of Neurological and Metabolic Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No.34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China.
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.
| | - Qi-Yang Shi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No.34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China.
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4
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Qian T, Wang H, Xia X, Li Y. Current and emerging methods for probing neuropeptide transmission. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 81:102751. [PMID: 37487399 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptides comprise the most diverse category of neurochemicals in the brain, playing critical roles in a wide range of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Monitoring neuropeptides with high spatial and temporal resolution is essential for understanding how peptidergic transmission is regulated throughout the central nervous system. In this review, we provide an overview of current non-optical and optical approaches used to detect neuropeptides, including their design principles, intrinsic properties, and potential limitations. We also highlight the advantages of using G protein‒coupled receptor (GPCR) activation‒based (GRAB) sensors to monitor neuropeptides in vivo with high sensitivity, good specificity, and high spatiotemporal resolution. Finally, we present a promising outlook regarding the development and optimization of new GRAB neuropeptide sensors, as well as their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongrui Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, 100871, China; PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, 100871, China; PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiju Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, 100871, China; PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yulong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, 100871, China; PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 102206, China; National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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5
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Lu C, Zhang J, Wang B, Gao Q, Ma K, Pei S, Li J, Cui S. Casein kinase 1α is required to maintain murine hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin expression. iScience 2023; 26:106670. [PMID: 37168577 PMCID: PMC10165255 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neuron development is considered to play an essential role in the development of obesity. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Casein kinase 1α (CK1α) was expressed in the embryonic mouse hypothalamus at high levels and colocalized with POMC neurons. CK1α deletion in POMC neurons caused weight gain, metabolic defects, and increased food intake. The number of POMC-expressing cells was considerably decreased in Csnk1a1fl/fl;POMCcre (PKO) mice from embryonic day 15.5 to postnatal day 60, while apoptosis of POMC neurons was not affected. Furthermore, unchanged POMC progenitor cells and a decreased POMC phenotype established CK1α function in hypothalamic POMC neuron development. CK1α deletion led to elevated Notch intracellular domain (NICD) protein expression, and NICD inhibition rescued the PKO mouse phenotype. In summary, CK1α is involved in hypothalamic POMC expression via NICD-POMC signaling, deepening our understanding of POMC neuron development and control of systemic metabolic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinglin Zhang
- Institute of Reproduction and Metabolism, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, People’s Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bingjie Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiao Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kezhe Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaona Pei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juxue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Sheng Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Reproduction and Metabolism, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, People’s Republic of China
- Corresponding author
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6
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Korgan AC, Oliveira-Abreu K, Wei W, Martin SLA, Bridges ZJD, Leal-Cardoso JH, Kaczorowski CC, O'Connell KMS. High sucrose consumption decouples intrinsic and synaptic excitability of AgRP neurons without altering body weight. Int J Obes (Lond) 2023; 47:224-235. [PMID: 36725979 PMCID: PMC10023568 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-023-01265-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE As the obesity epidemic continues, the understanding of macronutrient influence on central nervous system function is critical for understanding diet-induced obesity and potential therapeutics, particularly in light of the increased sugar content in processed foods. Previous research showed mixed effects of sucrose feeding on body weight gain but has yet to reveal insight into the impact of sucrose on hypothalamic functioning. Here, we explore the impact of liquid sucrose feeding for 12 weeks on body weight, body composition, caloric intake, and hypothalamic AgRP neuronal function and synaptic plasticity. METHODS Patch-clamp electrophysiology of hypothalamic AgRP neurons, metabolic phenotyping and food intake were performed on C57BL/6J mice. RESULTS While mice given sugar-sweetened water do not gain significant weight, they do show subtle differences in body composition and caloric intake. When given sugar-sweetened water, mice show similar alterations to AgRP neuronal excitability as in high-fat diet obese models. Increased sugar consumption also primes mice for increased caloric intake and weight gain when given access to a HFD. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that elevated sucrose consumption increased activity of AgRP neurons and altered synaptic excitability. This may contribute to obesity in mice and humans with access to more palatable (HFD) diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin C Korgan
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - Klausen Oliveira-Abreu
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
- Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Wei Wei
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
- Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Zoey J D Bridges
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | | | - Catherine C Kaczorowski
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristen M S O'Connell
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME, USA.
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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7
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Shainer I, Kuehn E, Laurell E, Al Kassar M, Mokayes N, Sherman S, Larsch J, Kunst M, Baier H. A single-cell resolution gene expression atlas of the larval zebrafish brain. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade9909. [PMID: 36812331 PMCID: PMC9946346 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade9909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The advent of multimodal brain atlases promises to accelerate progress in neuroscience by allowing in silico queries of neuron morphology, connectivity, and gene expression. We used multiplexed fluorescent in situ RNA hybridization chain reaction (HCR) technology to generate expression maps across the larval zebrafish brain for a growing set of marker genes. The data were registered to the Max Planck Zebrafish Brain (mapzebrain) atlas, thus allowing covisualization of gene expression, single-neuron tracings, and expertly curated anatomical segmentations. Using post hoc HCR labeling of the immediate early gene cfos, we mapped responses to prey stimuli and food ingestion across the brain of freely swimming larvae. This unbiased approach revealed, in addition to previously described visual and motor areas, a cluster of neurons in the secondary gustatory nucleus, which express the marker calb2a, as well as a specific neuropeptide Y receptor, and project to the hypothalamus. This discovery exemplifies the power of this new atlas resource for zebrafish neurobiology.
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8
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Candemir B, İleri İ, Yalçın MM, Sel AT, Göker B, Gülbahar Ö, Yetkin İ. Relationship Between Appetite-Related Peptides and Frailty in Older Adults. Endocr Res 2023:1-9. [PMID: 36799510 DOI: 10.1080/07435800.2023.2180029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frailty, is a geriatric syndrome that reduces the resistance to stress situations caused by activities of daily living and increases morbidity and mortality. We hypothesized that a decrease in orexigenic peptides or an increase in anorexigenic peptides might be associated with frailty. We aimed to investigate the relationship between frailty and six appetite-related peptides: ghrelin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), agouti-related peptide (AgRP), cocaine-amphetamine-associated peptide (CART), peptide YY, and alpha MSH (α-MSH). METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted on 85 older adults who visited the outpatient clinic. All patients underwent comprehensive geriatric assessment. Frailty status was assessed using the Fried frailty index. Plasma levels of six appetite-related peptides were studied. RESULTS The mean age was 73.7 ± 5.4 years, 27 (31.8%) of the patients were male, and 32 of the patients (37.6%) were frail. While plasma levels of ghrelin, NPY and AgRP were significantly lower in frail patients, CART and α-MSH levels were higher compared to non-frail patients (p < .05 for all). Peptide YY was found to be higher in the frail group, however, the difference did not reach statistical significance (p = .052). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the ghrelin, AgRP, CART, and α-MSH levels were independent predictors of frailty. Moreover, a weak correlation was found between all peptides(except NPY) and handgrip strength and Lawton-Brody score. CONCLUSION Ghrelin, AgRP, CART, and α-MSH levels were found to be independent predictors of frailty. Our results suggest that appetite-related peptides might be playing roles in the pathogenesis of frailty. Further larger prospective studies are needed to test this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Candemir
- Health Sciences University, Gulhane Faculty of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İbrahim İleri
- Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Muhittin Yalçın
- Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aydın Tuncer Sel
- Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Berna Göker
- Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özlem Gülbahar
- Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İlhan Yetkin
- Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara, Turkey
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Martins FF, Santos-Reis T, Marinho TS, Aguila MB, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA. Hypothalamic anorexigenic signaling pathways (leptin, amylin, and proopiomelanocortin) are semaglutide (GLP-1 analog) targets in obesity control in mice. Life Sci 2023; 313:121268. [PMID: 36493878 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiane Ferreira Martins
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thiago Santos-Reis
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thatiany Souza Marinho
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Barbosa Aguila
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Alberto Mandarim-de-Lacerda
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Norland S, Eilertsen M, Rønnestad I, Helvik JV, Gomes AS. Mapping key neuropeptides involved in the melanocortin system in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) brain. J Comp Neurol 2023; 531:89-115. [PMID: 36217593 PMCID: PMC9828751 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The melanocortin system is a key regulator of appetite and food intake in vertebrates. This system includes the neuropeptides neuropeptide y (NPY), agouti-related peptide (AGRP), cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC). An important center for appetite control in mammals is the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, with neurons that coexpress either the orexigenic NPY/AGRP or the anorexigenic CART/POMC neuropeptides. In ray-finned fishes, such a center is less characterized. The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) has multiple genes of these neuropeptides due to whole-genome duplication events. To better understand the potential involvement of the melanocortin system in appetite and food intake control, we have mapped the mRNA expression of npy, agrp, cart, and pomc in the brain of Atlantic salmon parr using in situ hybridization. After identifying hypothalamic mRNA expression, we investigated the possible intracellular coexpression of npy/agrp and cart/pomc in the tuberal hypothalamus by fluorescent in situ hybridization. The results showed that the neuropeptides were widely distributed, especially in sensory and neuroendocrine brain regions. In the hypothalamic lateral tuberal nucleus, the putative homolog to the mammalian arcuate nucleus, npya, agrp1, cart2b, and pomca were predominantly localized in distinct neurons; however, some neurons coexpressed cart2b/pomca. This is the first demonstration of coexpression of cart2b/pomca in the tuberal hypothalamus of a teleost. Collectively, our data suggest that the lateral tuberal nucleus is the center for appetite control in salmon, similar to that of mammals. Extrahypothalamic brain regions might also be involved in regulating food intake, including the olfactory bulb, telencephalon, midbrain, and hindbrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sissel Norland
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | | | - Ivar Rønnestad
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Jon Vidar Helvik
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Ana S. Gomes
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
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Zhou R, He M, Fan J, Li R, Zuo Y, Li B, Gao G, Sun T. The role of hypothalamic endoplasmic reticulum stress in schizophrenia and antipsychotic-induced weight gain: A narrative review. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:947295. [PMID: 36188456 PMCID: PMC9523121 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.947295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a serious mental illness that affects 1% of people worldwide. SCZ is associated with a higher risk of developing metabolic disorders such as obesity. Antipsychotics are the main treatment for SCZ, but their side effects include significant weight gain/obesity. Despite extensive research, the underlying mechanisms by which SCZ and antipsychotic treatment induce weight gain/obesity remain unclear. Hypothalamic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is one of the most important pathways that modulates inflammation, neuronal function, and energy balance. This review aimed to investigate the role of hypothalamic ER stress in SCZ and antipsychotic-induced weight gain/obesity. Preliminary evidence indicates that SCZ is associated with reduced dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) signaling, which significantly regulates the ER stress pathway, suggesting the importance of ER stress in SCZ and its related metabolic disorders. Antipsychotics such as olanzapine activate ER stress in hypothalamic neurons. These effects may induce decreased proopiomelanocortin (POMC) processing, increased neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related protein (AgRP) expression, autophagy, and leptin and insulin resistance, resulting in hyperphagia, decreased energy expenditure, and central inflammation, thereby causing weight gain. By activating ER stress, antipsychotics such as olanzapine activate hypothalamic astrocytes and Toll-like receptor 4 signaling, thereby causing inflammation and weight gain/obesity. Moreover, evidence suggests that antipsychotic-induced ER stress may be related to their antagonistic effects on neurotransmitter receptors such as DRD2 and the histamine H1 receptor. Taken together, ER stress inhibitors could be a potential effective intervention against SCZ and antipsychotic-induced weight gain and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqin Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng He
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Meng He,
| | - Jun Fan
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruoxi Li
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yufeng Zuo
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Benben Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guanbin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- Guanbin Gao,
| | - Taolei Sun
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- Taolei Sun,
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Cho JH, Kim K, Cho HC, Lee J, Kim EK. Silencing of hypothalamic FGF11 prevents diet-induced obesity. Mol Brain 2022; 15:75. [PMID: 36064426 PMCID: PMC9447329 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-022-00962-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 11 (FGF11) is a member of the intracellular fibroblast growth factor family. Here, we report the central role of FGF11 in the regulation of metabolism. Lentiviral injection of Fgf11 shRNA into the arcuate nucleus of the mouse hypothalamus decreased weight gain and fat mass, increased brown adipose tissue thermogenesis, and improved glucose and insulin intolerances under high-fat diet conditions. Fgf11 was expressed in the NPY–expressing neurons, and Fgf11 knockdown considerably decreased Npy expression and projection, leading to increased expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in the paraventricular nucleus. Mechanistically, FGF11 regulated Npy gene expression through the glycogen synthase kinase 3–cAMP response element-binding protein pathway. Our study defines the physiological significance of hypothalamic FGF11 in the regulation of metabolism in response to overnutrition such as high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyun Cho
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, 333, Techno Jungang-Daero, Hyeonpung-Myeon, Daegu, Dalseonggun, 42988, South Korea
| | - Kyungchan Kim
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, 333, Techno Jungang-Daero, Hyeonpung-Myeon, Daegu, Dalseonggun, 42988, South Korea
| | - Han Chae Cho
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, 333, Techno Jungang-Daero, Hyeonpung-Myeon, Daegu, Dalseonggun, 42988, South Korea
| | - Jaemeun Lee
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, 333, Techno Jungang-Daero, Hyeonpung-Myeon, Daegu, Dalseonggun, 42988, South Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, 333, Techno Jungang-Daero, Hyeonpung-Myeon, Daegu, Dalseonggun, 42988, South Korea. .,Neurometabolomics Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, 333, Techno Jungang-Daero, Hyeonpung-Myeon, Daegu, Dalseonggun, 42988, South Korea.
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Dos Reis Araujo T, Lubaczeuski C, Carneiro EM. Effects of double burden malnutrition on energetic metabolism and glycemic homeostasis: A narrative review. Life Sci 2022; 307:120883. [PMID: 35970240 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Rapid changes in the food process led to greater consumption of ultra-processed foods which, associated with reduced physical activity, increased the number of overweight and obese individuals worldwide. However, in low and middle-income countries (LMICS) the growth of the obesity epidemic took place despite the high prevalence of undernutrition in children. This generated the coexistence of these two nutritional patterns, currently defined as double burden malnutrition (DBM). Several reports have already described the social, political, and economic aspects related to the causes and possible solutions for the control of DBM. Here, we highlight the metabolic alterations, related to fat deposition and glycemic homeostasis, described in experimental models of DBM and the differential effects of therapeutic strategies already tested. Therefore, this work aims to help the scientific community to understand how the DBM can lead to the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes through different mechanisms from traditional models of obesity and highlights the need to study these mechanisms and new therapeutic strategies to improve damages caused by DBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Dos Reis Araujo
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Lubaczeuski
- Department of Medicine, Division Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Everardo Magalhães Carneiro
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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González MC. Prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants as a risk factor of offspring metabolic syndrome development during childhood. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2022; 37:61-70. [PMID: 33866704 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2020-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are exogenous, artificially made chemicals that can disrupt the biological system of individuals and animals. POPs encompass a variety of chemicals including, dioxins, organochlorines (OCs), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs), and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) that contain a long half-life and highly resistant to biodegradation. These environmental pollutants accumulate over time in adipose tissues of living organisms and alter various insulin function-related genes. Childhood Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) consists of multiple cardiovascular risk factors, insulin function being one of them. Over the years, the incidence of the syndrome has increased dramatically. It is imperative to explore the role of persistent organic pollutants in the development of Childhood Metabolic Syndrome. Some epidemiological studies have reported an association between prenatal exposure to POPs and offspring MetS development throughout childhood. These findings have been replicated in animal studies in which these pollutants exercise negative health outcomes such as obesity and increased waist circumference. This review discusses the role of prenatal exposure to POPs among offspring who develop MetS in childhood, the latest research on the MetS concept, epidemiological and experimental findings on MetS, and the POPs modes of action. This literature review identified consistent research results on this topic. Even though the studies in this review had many strengths, one major weakness was the usage of different combinations of MetS criteria to measure the outcomes. These findings elucidate the urgent need to solidify the pediatric MetS definition. An accurate definition will permit scientists to measure the MetS as a health outcome properly and allow clinicians to diagnose pediatric MetS and provide individualized treatment appropriately.
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Β-endorphin-immunoreactive perikarya appear to receive innervation from NPY-immunoreactive fiber varicosities in the human hypothalamus. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 227:821-828. [PMID: 34716471 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02416-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Morphological and pharmacological studies indicate that hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons communicate with each other in rats and regulate a variety of hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic functions. Indeed, electron microscopic studies revealed NPY-immunoreactive (NPI-IR) synapses on β-endorphin-IR neurons in the hypothalamus. However, no such connections have been reported in humans. Here, we studied the putative NPY-β-endorphin associations with high-resolution light microscopic double-label immunocytochemistry in the human hypothalamus. The majority of β-endorphin-IR perikarya appear to be innervated by abutting NPY-IR fibers in the infundibulum/median eminence, receiving more than 6 contacts (38% of the counted neurons) or three to six contacts (42% of the counted neurons). The rest of the β-endorphin-IR neurons are lightly innervated by NPY fibers (14%, one-three contacts) or do not receive any detectable NPY-IR axon varicosities (6% of the counted neurons). Since β-endorphin is cleaved from the proopiomelanocortin (POMC) precursor, the NPY-β-endorphin connections also provide the foundation for NPY-α-MSH and NPY-ACTH connections and their subsequent physiology. The close anatomical connections between NPY-IR nerve terminals and β-endorphin-IR neurons reported herein may represent functional synapses and provide the foundation for NPY-stimulated β-endorphin release. By interacting with β-endorphin, NPY may have a more widespread regulatory capacity than acting alone on different neurotransmitter systems.
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Gjermeni E, Kirstein AS, Kolbig F, Kirchhof M, Bundalian L, Katzmann JL, Laufs U, Blüher M, Garten A, Le Duc D. Obesity-An Update on the Basic Pathophysiology and Review of Recent Therapeutic Advances. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101426. [PMID: 34680059 PMCID: PMC8533625 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity represents a major public health problem with a prevalence increasing at an alarming rate worldwide. Continuous intensive efforts to elucidate the complex pathophysiology and improve clinical management have led to a better understanding of biomolecules like gut hormones, antagonists of orexigenic signals, stimulants of fat utilization, and/or inhibitors of fat absorption. In this article, we will review the pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy of obesity including intersection points to the new generation of antidiabetic drugs. We provide insight into the effectiveness of currently approved anti-obesity drugs and other therapeutic avenues that can be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erind Gjermeni
- Department of Electrophysiology, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, 04289 Leipzig, Germany;
- Department of Cardiology, Median Centre for Rehabilitation Schmannewitz, 04774 Dahlen, Germany;
| | - Anna S. Kirstein
- Pediatric Research Center, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (A.S.K.); (F.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Florentien Kolbig
- Pediatric Research Center, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (A.S.K.); (F.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Michael Kirchhof
- Department of Cardiology, Median Centre for Rehabilitation Schmannewitz, 04774 Dahlen, Germany;
| | - Linnaeus Bundalian
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Julius L. Katzmann
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, University Clinic Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (J.L.K.); (U.L.)
| | - Ulrich Laufs
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, University Clinic Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (J.L.K.); (U.L.)
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Antje Garten
- Pediatric Research Center, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (A.S.K.); (F.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Diana Le Duc
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Millet J, Siracusa J, Tardo-Dino PE, Thivel D, Koulmann N, Malgoyre A, Charlot K. Effects of Acute Heat and Cold Exposures at Rest or during Exercise on Subsequent Energy Intake: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103424. [PMID: 34684424 PMCID: PMC8538265 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this meta-analysis was to assess the effect of acute heat/cold exposure on subsequent energy intake (EI) in adults. We searched the following sources for publications on this topic: PubMed, Ovid Medline, Science Direct and SPORTDiscus. The eligibility criteria for study selection were: randomized controlled trials performed in adults (169 men and 30 women; 20–52 years old) comparing EI at one or more meals taken ad libitum, during and/or after exposure to heat/cold and thermoneutral conditions. One of several exercise sessions could be realized before or during thermal exposures. Two of the thirteen studies included examined the effect of heat (one during exercise and one during exercise and at rest), eight investigated the effect of cold (six during exercise and two at rest), and three the effect of both heat and cold (two during exercise and one at rest). The meta-analysis revealed a small increase in EI in cold conditions (g = 0.44; p = 0.019) and a small decrease in hot conditions (g = −0.39, p = 0.022) for exposure during both rest and exercise. Exposures to heat and cold altered EI in opposite ways, with heat decreasing EI and cold increasing it. The effect of exercise remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Millet
- Département Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Unité de Physiologie des Exercices et Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, 91223 Bretigny-Sur-Orge, France; (J.M.); (J.S.); (P.-E.T.-D.); (N.K.); (A.M.)
- LBEPS, Univ Evry, IRBA, Université Paris Saclay, 91025 Evry, France
| | - Julien Siracusa
- Département Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Unité de Physiologie des Exercices et Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, 91223 Bretigny-Sur-Orge, France; (J.M.); (J.S.); (P.-E.T.-D.); (N.K.); (A.M.)
- LBEPS, Univ Evry, IRBA, Université Paris Saclay, 91025 Evry, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Tardo-Dino
- Département Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Unité de Physiologie des Exercices et Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, 91223 Bretigny-Sur-Orge, France; (J.M.); (J.S.); (P.-E.T.-D.); (N.K.); (A.M.)
- LBEPS, Univ Evry, IRBA, Université Paris Saclay, 91025 Evry, France
| | - David Thivel
- Laboratory AME2P, University of Clermont Auvergne, 63170 Aubière, France;
| | - Nathalie Koulmann
- Département Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Unité de Physiologie des Exercices et Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, 91223 Bretigny-Sur-Orge, France; (J.M.); (J.S.); (P.-E.T.-D.); (N.K.); (A.M.)
- LBEPS, Univ Evry, IRBA, Université Paris Saclay, 91025 Evry, France
- Ecole du Val-de-Grâce, 1, Place Alphonse Laveran, 75230 Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Malgoyre
- Département Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Unité de Physiologie des Exercices et Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, 91223 Bretigny-Sur-Orge, France; (J.M.); (J.S.); (P.-E.T.-D.); (N.K.); (A.M.)
- LBEPS, Univ Evry, IRBA, Université Paris Saclay, 91025 Evry, France
| | - Keyne Charlot
- Département Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Unité de Physiologie des Exercices et Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, 91223 Bretigny-Sur-Orge, France; (J.M.); (J.S.); (P.-E.T.-D.); (N.K.); (A.M.)
- LBEPS, Univ Evry, IRBA, Université Paris Saclay, 91025 Evry, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(1)78-65-13-03
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Hypothalamic regulation of energy homoeostasis when consuming diets of different energy concentrations: comparison between Tibetan and Small-tailed Han sheep. Br J Nutr 2021; 127:1132-1142. [PMID: 34085612 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521001902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal energy intake of Tibetan sheep on the harsh Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) fluctuates greatly and is often well below maintenance requirements. The aim of this study was to gain insight into how the hypothalamus regulates energy homoeostasis in Tibetan sheep. We compared Tibetan and Small-tailed Han sheep (n 24 of each breed), which were each allocated randomly into four groups and offered one of four diets that differed in digestible energy densities: 8·21, 9·33, 10·45 and 11·57 MJ/kg DM. Sheep were weighed every 2 weeks, and it was assumed that the change in body weight (BW) reflected the change in energy balance. The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus in Tibetan sheep had greater protein expressions of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP) when in negative energy balance, but lesser protein expressions of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) when in positive energy balance than Small-tailed Han sheep. As a result, Tibetan sheep had a lesser BW loss when in negative energy balance and stored more energy and gained more BW when in positive energy balance than Small-tailed Han sheep with the same dietary intake. Moreover, in the hypothalamic adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) regulation pathway, Tibetan sheep had greater adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase-α 2 protein expression than Small-tailed Han sheep, which supported the premise of a better ability to regulate energy homoeostasis and better growth performance. These differences in the hypothalamic NPY/AgRP, POMC/CART and AMPK pathways between breeds conferred an advantage to the Tibetan over Small-tailed Han sheep to cope with low energy intake on the harsh QTP.
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Strzelecki D, Kotlicka-Antczak M, Kaczmarek B, Jerczyńska H, Wysokiński A. Serum levels of neuropeptide Y in patients with chronic schizophrenia during treatment augmentation with sarcosine (results of the double-blind randomized controlled PULSAR study). Hum Psychopharmacol 2021; 36:e2770. [PMID: 33245168 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Modulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission in schizophrenia by sarcosine leads to a reduction in primary negative symptoms, while its metabolic profile is safe. In order to extend research in the area, we assessed serum levels of neuropeptide Y (NPY), a hypothalamic hormone related to anxiety and depression, also involved in mechanisms inducing weight gain. Additionally, we analyzed associations between NPY concentrations and its changes with severity of symptoms and metabolic parameters. METHODS A prospective 6-month, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial was completed by 57 subjects with chronic schizophrenia with predominant negative symptoms and stable antipsychotic treatment. The participants received 2 g of sarcosine (n = 28) or placebo (n = 29) daily. We assessed serum NPY concentrations and severity of symptoms (with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale [PANSS] and Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia) at the beginning of the study, after 6 weeks and 6 months. RESULTS Sarcosine did not affect NPY levels in all time points. The highest decrease in NPY concentrations was observed in the subjects who were initially depressed, who became euthymic at the last visit. We noticed an improvement in the total PANSS score, and negative symptom and general psychopathology subscales in the sarcosine group, however, without any correlation with NPY levels. CONCLUSION The use of sarcosine does not change NPY levels. Peripheral NPY concentrations may be related to depressive symptoms in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Strzelecki
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | | | - Bartosz Kaczmarek
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Hanna Jerczyńska
- Central Scientific Laboratory (CoreLab), Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Adam Wysokiński
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
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Jung J, Lee SM, Lee MJ, Ryu JS, Song JH, Lee JE, Kang G, Kwon OS, Park JY. Lipidomics reveals that acupuncture modulates the lipid metabolism and inflammatory interaction in a mouse model of depression. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 94:424-436. [PMID: 33607237 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a serious disease that has considerable impact on lipid metabolism and inflammatory responses. Recent studies have shown that leptin, which is well known as a mediator of energy homeostasis and is a cytokine in inflammatory response, plays an important role in depression. Acupuncture is widely used to treat depression; however, the underlying mechanisms and the effect of acupuncture on depression remain poorly understood. In this study, we utilized the chronic restraint stress (CRS) induced depression model and acupuncture treatment was performed at KI10, LR8, LU8, LR4 (AP) or non-acupoint (NP). Then, lipidomics was applied to investigate the effects of acupuncture on lipid metabolism and analyze leptin signals in the brain and changes of immune markers. Acupuncture treatment at AP improved depression-like behavior in an open-field test, forced swimming test, and marble burying test. Concurrently, CRS mice treated with AP acupuncture (CRS + AP) had significantly lower levels of aspartate aminotransaminase (AST, liver injury markers) and exhibited different lipid patterns in liver lipidomic profiles. In particular, triglycerides (TGs) contributed the change of lipid patterns. Compared to the CRS mice, TGs with relatively high degrees of unsaturated fatty acids increased in the CRS + AP mice, but did not change in CRS mice treated with NP acupuncture (CRS + NP). The levels of leptin in plasma and leptin receptor positive cells in the brain (hypothalamus and hippocampus) decreased and increased, respectively, in the CRS + AP mice, while opposite patterns were exhibited in the CRS and CRS + NP mice. These results indicated that acupuncture treatment at AP attenuated leptin insensitivity in CRS mice. Additionally, expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were decreased in the spleen, plasma, and liver of CRS + AP mice, which was one of results of alleviation of leptin resistance. In conclusion, these results show that AP acupuncture treatment effectively alleviated the depression-like behavior, affected immune responses, and altered hepatic lipid metabolism through the attenuation of leptin insensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeyoun Jung
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea.
| | - So Min Lee
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ju Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, 62 Daehak-ro, Dong-gu, Daejeon 34520, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sang Ryu
- College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, 62 Daehak-ro, Dong-gu, Daejeon 34520, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Song
- College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, 62 Daehak-ro, Dong-gu, Daejeon 34520, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Lee
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Geonhui Kang
- Clinical Trial Center, Wonkwang University Gwangju Hospital, 1140-23 Hoejae-ro, Nam-Gu, Gwangju 16729, Republic of Korea
| | - O Sang Kwon
- Department of Meridian and Acupuncture Points, College of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yeun Park
- College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, 62 Daehak-ro, Dong-gu, Daejeon 34520, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Ajijola OA, Chatterjee NA, Gonzales MJ, Gornbein J, Liu K, Li D, Paterson DJ, Shivkumar K, Singh JP, Herring N. Coronary Sinus Neuropeptide Y Levels and Adverse Outcomes in Patients With Stable Chronic Heart Failure. JAMA Cardiol 2021; 5:318-325. [PMID: 31876927 PMCID: PMC6990798 DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2019.4717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Question Is the adrenergic cotransmitter neuropeptide Y (NPY) associated with outcomes in patients with stable heart failure (HF)? Findings In a cohort of patients with stable HF undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy device implantation, coronary sinus blood was sampled for NPY levels. A threshold level of NPY was identified, which was associated with death, heart transplant, and ventricular assist device placement; molecular studies on human sympathetic neurons indicated increased release of NPY in HF patients. Meaning Using NPY, hyperadrenergic activation associated with adverse outcomes may be identifiable in patients with stable HF. Importance Chronic heart failure (CHF) is associated with increased sympathetic drive and may increase expression of the cotransmitter neuropeptide Y (NPY) within sympathetic neurons. Objective To determine whether myocardial NPY levels are associated with outcomes in patients with stable CHF. Design, Setting, and Participants Prospective observational cohort study conducted at a single-center, tertiary care hospital. Stable patients with heart failure undergoing elective cardiac resynchronization therapy device implantation between 2013 and 2015. Main Outcomes and Measures Chronic heart failure hospitalization, death, orthotopic heart transplantation, and ventricular assist device placement. Results Coronary sinus (CS) blood samples were obtained during cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) device implantation in 105 patients (mean [SD] age 68 [12] years; 82 men [78%]; mean [SD] left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] 26% [7%]). Clinical, laboratory, and outcome data were collected prospectively. Stellate ganglia (SG) were collected from patients with CHF and control organ donors for molecular analysis. Mean (SD) CS NPY levels were 85.1 (31) pg/mL. On bivariate analyses, CS NPY levels were associated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; rs = −0.36, P < .001); N-terminal–pro hormone brain natriuretic peptide (rs = 0.33; P = .004), and LV diastolic dimension (rs = −0.35; P < .001), but not age, LVEF, functional status, or CRT response. Adjusting for GFR, age, and LVEF, the hazard ratio for event-free (death, cardiac transplant, or left ventricular assist device) survival for CS NPY ≥ 130 pg/mL was 9.5 (95% CI, 2.92-30.5; P < .001). Immunohistochemistry demonstrated significantly reduced NPY protein (mean [SD], 13.7 [7.6] in the cardiomyopathy group vs 31.4 [3.7] in the control group; P < .001) in SG neurons from patients with CHF while quantitative polymerase chain reaction demonstrated similar mRNA levels compared with control individuals, suggesting increased release from SG neurons in patients with CHF. Conclusions and Relevance The CS levels of NPY may be associated with outcomes in patients with stable CHF undergoing CRT irrespective of CRT response. Increased neuronal traffic and release may be the mechanism for elevated CS NPY levels in patients with CHF. Further studies are warranted to confirm these findings. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01949246
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Affiliation(s)
- Olujimi A Ajijola
- Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, University of California, Los Angeles
| | | | - Matthew J Gonzales
- Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Jeffrey Gornbein
- Department of Biomathematics, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Kun Liu
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - Dan Li
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - David J Paterson
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - Kalyanam Shivkumar
- Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, University of California, Los Angeles
| | | | - Neil Herring
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
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22
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Bédécarrats GY, Hanlon C, Tsutsui K. Gonadotropin Inhibitory Hormone and Its Receptor: Potential Key to the Integration and Coordination of Metabolic Status and Reproduction. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:781543. [PMID: 35095760 PMCID: PMC8792613 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.781543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery as a novel gonadotropin inhibitory peptide in 2000, the central and peripheral roles played by gonadotropin-inhibiting hormone (GnIH) have been significantly expanded. This is highlighted by the wide distribution of its receptor (GnIH-R) within the brain and throughout multiple peripheral organs and tissues. Furthermore, as GnIH is part of the wider RF-amide peptides family, many orthologues have been characterized across vertebrate species, and due to the promiscuity between ligands and receptors within this family, confusion over the nomenclature and function has arisen. In this review, we intend to first clarify the nomenclature, prevalence, and distribution of the GnIH-Rs, and by reviewing specific localization and ligand availability, we propose an integrative role for GnIH in the coordination of reproductive and metabolic processes. Specifically, we propose that GnIH participates in the central regulation of feed intake while modulating the impact of thyroid hormones and the stress axis to allow active reproduction to proceed depending on the availability of resources. Furthermore, beyond the central nervous system, we also propose a peripheral role for GnIH in the control of glucose and lipid metabolism at the level of the liver, pancreas, and adipose tissue. Taken together, evidence from the literature strongly suggests that, in fact, the inhibitory effect of GnIH on the reproductive axis is based on the integration of environmental cues and internal metabolic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoy Y. Bédécarrats
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Grégoy Y. Bédécarrats,
| | - Charlene Hanlon
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Kazuyoshi Tsutsui
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
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23
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van Loenen MR, Geenen B, Arnoldussen IAC, Kiliaan AJ. Ghrelin as a prominent endocrine factor in stress-induced obesity. Nutr Neurosci 2020; 25:1413-1424. [PMID: 33373270 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2020.1863740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Ghrelin acts on a variety of central- and peripheral organs causing an orexigenic effect, conclusively followed by increased caloric intake. Recent studies have indicated that ghrelin's function as an orexigenic agent does not entirely reflect the full functional properties of the peptide. Specifically, ghrelin regulates stress-hormone synthesis and secretion therewith affecting the stress-axis. The role of stress in the development of obesity has been extensively studied. However, the orexigenic and underlying stress-regulatory effect of ghrelin has not yet been further considered in the development of stress-induced obesity.Methods: Therefore, this review aims to accentuate the potential of ghrelin as a factor in the pathological development of stress-induced obesity.Results: In this review we discuss (1) the ghrelin-mediated intracellular cascades and elucidate the overall bioactivation of the peptide, and (2) the mechanisms of ghrelin signalling and regulation within the central nervous system and the gastro-intestinal system.Discussion: These biological processes will be ultimately discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of stress-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R van Loenen
- Department of Medical Imaging, Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Preclinical Imaging Center PRIME, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Bram Geenen
- Department of Medical Imaging, Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Preclinical Imaging Center PRIME, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Ilse A C Arnoldussen
- Department of Medical Imaging, Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Preclinical Imaging Center PRIME, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Amanda J Kiliaan
- Department of Medical Imaging, Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Preclinical Imaging Center PRIME, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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24
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Abstract
Since the discovery of functionally competent, energy-consuming brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult humans, much effort has been devoted to exploring this tissue as a means for increasing energy expenditure to counteract obesity. However, despite promising effects on metabolic rate and insulin sensitivity, no convincing evidence for weight-loss effects of cold-activated human BAT exists to date. Indeed, increasing energy expenditure would naturally induce compensatory feedback mechanisms to defend body weight. Interestingly, BAT is regulated by multiple interactions with the hypothalamus from regions overlapping with centers for feeding behavior and metabolic control. Therefore, in the further exploration of BAT as a potential source of novel drug targets, we discuss the hypothalamic orchestration of BAT activity and the relatively unexplored BAT feedback mechanisms on neuronal regulation. With a holistic view on hypothalamic-BAT interactions, we aim to raise ideas and provide a new perspective on this circuit and highlight its clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo B Henningsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Camilla Scheele
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
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25
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Patel R, Smith JT. Novel actions of kisspeptin signaling outside of GnRH-mediated fertility: a potential role in energy balance. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2020; 73:106467. [PMID: 32278499 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Kisspeptin, encoded by Kiss1 gene expressing neurons in the hypothalamus, is a requisite for fertility and now appears critical in the regulation of energy balance. Kisspeptin neurons, particularly those in the arcuate nucleus (ARC), receive information directly and indirectly from a diverse array of brain regions including the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, amygdala, interpeduncular nucleus, hippocampus, and cortex. On the other hand, kisspeptin neuron projections clearly extend to GnRH neuron cell bodies in rodents, sheep, and primates and beyond to other-non-GnRH-brain areas. Kiss1r, the kisspeptin receptor, is expressed on GnRH neurons and also in additional brain areas and peripheral tissues, indicating a nonreproductive role. Kisspeptin neurons clearly receive signals pertinent to deviations in energy balance but are now recognized as a novel neuroendocrine player in the fine balance of energy intake and expenditure. Mice that have a dysfunctional gene for Kiss1r develop an obese and diabetic phenotype. The mechanism behind this altered metabolic state is still mostly unknown; however, Kiss1r expression in the pancreas and brown adipose tissue is clearly functional and required for normal glucose tolerance and energy expenditure, respectively. Kisspeptin neurons in the ARC also participate in the generation of circadian rhythms, specifically those concerning food intake and metabolism, offering a potential explanation for the obesity in Kiss1r knockout mice. Overall, the discoveries of new mechanistic roles for kisspeptin in both normal and pathophysiologic states of energy balance may lead to further understating of obesity prevalence and novel therapeutic targets and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Patel
- School of Human Sciences, M309, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway Crawley, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 6009
| | - J T Smith
- School of Human Sciences, M309, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway Crawley, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 6009.
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26
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Alonge KM, Mirzadeh Z, Scarlett JM, Logsdon AF, Brown JM, Cabrales E, Chan CK, Kaiyala KJ, Bentsen MA, Banks WA, Guttman M, Wight TN, Morton GJ, Schwartz MW. Hypothalamic perineuronal net assembly is required for sustained diabetes remission induced by fibroblast growth factor 1 in rats. Nat Metab 2020; 2:1025-1033. [PMID: 32895577 PMCID: PMC7572652 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-00275-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We recently showed that perineuronal nets (PNNs) enmesh glucoregulatory neurons in the arcuate nucleus (Arc) of the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH)1, but whether these PNNs play a role in either the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) or its treatment remains unclear. Here we show that PNN abundance within the Arc is markedly reduced in the Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat model of T2D, compared with normoglycaemic rats, correlating with altered PNN-associated sulfation patterns of chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans in the MBH. Each of these PNN-associated changes is reversed following a single intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) at a dose that induces sustained diabetes remission in male ZDF rats. Combined with previous work localizing this FGF1 effect to the Arc area2-4, our finding that enzymatic digestion of Arc PNNs markedly shortens the duration of diabetes remission following icv FGF1 injection in these animals identifies these extracellular matrix structures as previously unrecognized participants in the mechanism underlying diabetes remission induced by the central action of FGF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Alonge
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zaman Mirzadeh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Jarrad M Scarlett
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aric F Logsdon
- Department of Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jenny M Brown
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elaine Cabrales
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Christina K Chan
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karl J Kaiyala
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marie A Bentsen
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - William A Banks
- Department of Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Miklos Guttman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas N Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gregory J Morton
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael W Schwartz
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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27
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Borovac JA, D'Amario D, Bozic J, Glavas D. Sympathetic nervous system activation and heart failure: Current state of evidence and the pathophysiology in the light of novel biomarkers. World J Cardiol 2020; 12:373-408. [PMID: 32879702 PMCID: PMC7439452 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v12.i8.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by the activation of at least several neurohumoral pathways that have a common role in maintaining cardiac output and adequate perfusion pressure of target organs and tissues. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is upregulated in HF as evident in dysfunctional baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes, circulating and neuronal catecholamine spillover, attenuated parasympathetic response, and augmented sympathetic outflow to the heart, kidneys and skeletal muscles. When these sympathoexcitatory effects on the cardiovascular system are sustained chronically they initiate the vicious circle of HF progression and become associated with cardiomyocyte apoptosis, maladaptive ventricular and vascular remodeling, arrhythmogenesis, and poor prognosis in patients with HF. These detrimental effects of SNS activity on outcomes in HF warrant adequate diagnostic and treatment modalities. Therefore, this review summarizes basic physiological concepts about the interaction of SNS with the cardiovascular system and highlights key pathophysiological mechanisms of SNS derangement in HF. Finally, special emphasis in this review is placed on the integrative and up-to-date overview of diagnostic modalities such as SNS imaging methods and novel laboratory biomarkers that could aid in the assessment of the degree of SNS activation and provide reliable prognostic information among patients with HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josip Anđelo Borovac
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split 21000, Croatia
- Working Group on Heart Failure of Croatian Cardiac Society, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Domenico D'Amario
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Sciences, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli, Universita Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Josko Bozic
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split 21000, Croatia
| | - Duska Glavas
- Working Group on Heart Failure of Croatian Cardiac Society, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
- Clinic for Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital of Split, Split 21000, Croatia
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28
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Wong YS, Lin MY, Liu PF, Ko JL, Huang GT, Tu DG, Ou CC. D-methionine improves cisplatin-induced anorexia and dyspepsia syndrome by attenuating intestinal tryptophan hydroxylase 1 activity and increasing plasma leptin concentration. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13803. [PMID: 31989744 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cisplatin is a widely used antineoplastic drug. However, cisplatin-induced dyspepsia syndromes, including delayed gastric emptying, gastric distension, early satiety, nausea, and vomiting, often force patients to take doses lower than those prescribed or even refuse treatment. D-methionine has an appetite-enhancing effect and alleviates weight loss during cisplatin treatment. METHODS This work established a model of anorexia and dyspepsia symptoms with intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin (5 mg/kg) once a week for three cycles. Presupplementation with or without D-methionine (300 mg/kg) was performed. Orexigenic and anorexigenic hormones (ghrelin, leptin, and glucagon-like peptide-1), tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1), 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors (5-HT2C and 5-HT3 ), and hypothalamic feeding-related peptides were measured by immunohistochemistry staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and real-time PCR assay. KEY RESULTS Cisplatin administration caused marked decrease in appetite and body weight, promoted adipose and fat tissue atrophy, and delayed gastric emptying and gastric distension, and D-methionine preadministration prior to cisplatin administration significantly ameliorated these side effects. Besides, cisplatin induced an evident increase in serum ghrelin level, TPH1 activity, and 5-HT3 receptor expression in the intestine and decreased plasma leptin levels and gastric ghrelin mRNA gene expression levels. D-methionine supplementation recovered these changes. The expression of orexigenic neuropeptide Y/agouti-related peptide and anorexigenic cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript proopiomelanocortin neurons were altered by D-methionine supplementation in cisplatin-induced anorexia rats. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES D-methionine supplementation prevents cisplatin-induced anorexia and dyspepsia syndrome possibly by attenuating intestinal tryptophan hydroxylase 1 activity and increasing plasma leptin concentration. Therefore, D-methionine can be used as an adjuvant therapy for treating cisplatin-induced adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Sin Wong
- Department of Family Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi City, Taiwan.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Meei-Yn Lin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Fen Liu
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Liang Ko
- Department of Medical Oncology and Chest Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan ROC
| | - Guan-Ting Huang
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Dom-Gene Tu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi City, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Minhsiung Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Chyn Ou
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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29
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Shaw RM. Correlating Cardiac Origin Neurohormonal Stress Levels With Heart Failure Outcomes. JAMA Cardiol 2020; 5:326-327. [PMID: 31876897 DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2019.4766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin M Shaw
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.,Now with Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
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30
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Koerperich ZM, Ericson MD, Freeman KT, Speth RC, Pogozheva ID, Mosberg HI, Haskell-Luevano C. Incorporation of Agouti-Related Protein (AgRP) Human Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in the AgRP-Derived Macrocyclic Scaffold c[Pro-Arg-Phe-Phe-Asn-Ala-Phe-dPro] Decreases Melanocortin-4 Receptor Antagonist Potency and Results in the Discovery of Melanocortin-5 Receptor Antagonists. J Med Chem 2020; 63:2194-2208. [PMID: 31845801 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
While the melanocortin receptors (MCRs) are known to be involved in numerous biological pathways, the potential roles of the MC5R have not been clearly elucidated in humans. Agouti-related protein (AgRP), an MC3R/MC4R antagonist and MC4R inverse agonist, contains an exposed β-hairpin loop composed of six residues (Arg-Phe-Phe-Asn-Ala-Phe) that is imperative for binding and function. Within this active loop of AgRP, four human missense polymorphisms were deposited into the NIH Variation Viewer database. These polymorphisms, Arg111Cys, Arg111His, Phe112Tyr, and Ala115Val (AgRP full-length numbering), were incorporated into the peptide macrocycles c[Pro1-Arg2-Phe3-Phe4-Xaa5-Ala6-Phe7-dPro8], where Xaa was Dap5 or Asn5, to explore the functional effects of these naturally occurring substitutions in a simplified AgRP scaffold. All peptides lowered potency at least 10-fold in a cAMP accumulation assay compared to the parent sequences at the MC4Rs. Compounds MDE 6-82-3c, ZMK 2-82, MDE 6-82-1c, ZMK 2-85, and ZMK 2-112 are also the first AgRP-based chemotypes that antagonize the MC5R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe M Koerperich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mark D Ericson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Katie T Freeman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Robert C Speth
- College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33328-2018, United States.,College of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Irina D Pogozheva
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Henry I Mosberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Carrie Haskell-Luevano
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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31
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Yuan D, Gao Y, Zhang X, Wang B, Chen H, Wu Y, Chen D, Wang Z, Li Z. NPY and NPY receptors in the central control of feeding and interactions with CART and MC4R in Siberian sturgeon. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 284:113239. [PMID: 31394086 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is the most powerful central neuropeptide implicated in feeding regulation via its receptors. Understanding the role of NPY system is critical to elucidate animal feeding regulation. Unlike mammal, the possible mechanisms of NPY system in the food intake of teleost fish are mostly unknown. Therefore, we investigated the regulatory mechanism of NPY and NPY receptors in Siberian sturgeon. In this study, we cloned the cDNA encoding NPY, and assessed the effects of different energy status on npy mRNAs abundance. The expression of npy was decreased in the brain after feeding 1 and 3 h. Besides, the expression of npy was increased after fasting within 15 days, while exhibiting significant decrease after refeeding. In order to further characterize the role of NPY receptor in fish, we performed acute intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of NPY Y1 and Y2 receptor agonists, which is [Leu 31, Pro 34] NPY and NPY13-36 respectively. The results showed that the food intake of Siberian sturgeon was increased within 30 mins after injection of both Y1 and Y2 receptor agonist. To explore the relationship between NPY, NPY receptors and another appetite peptides, we examined the level of npy, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (cart) and melanocortin-4 receptor (mc4r) by injected Y1 and Y2 receptor agonist. The results suggested that cart expression was regulated by NPY which acts on Y1 receptor or Y2 receptor. While mc4r expression just was mediated by NPY and Y1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengyue Yuan
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yundi Gao
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Hu Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Yuanbing Wu
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Defang Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Zhijian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhiqiong Li
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China.
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32
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Lucka A, Wysokiński A. Association between adiposity and fasting serum levels of appetite-regulating peptides: Leptin, neuropeptide Y, desacyl ghrelin, peptide YY(1-36), obestatin, cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript, and agouti-related protein in nonobese participants. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2019; 62:217-225. [PMID: 31670286 DOI: 10.4103/cjp.cjp_29_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between adiposity parameters and fasting serum levels of appetite-regulating peptides: leptin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), desacyl ghrelin, peptide YY(1-36), obestatin, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), and agouti-related protein in 30 healthy, non-obese subjects. Thirty European Caucasian adult participants were included in the study (17 men and 13 women). Body composition (body fat and lean body mass) was determined using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Concentrations of peptides in serum were assessed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Women had higher level of leptin (P < 0.001), with no other differences for analyzed peptides. We have found a significant correlation between serum concentrations of CART and NPY (P < 0.001). Fasting leptin level was associated with age (P = 0.002), waist circumference (P < 0.001), and lean body mass (P < 0.001). Levels of ghrelin were lower in participants with dyslipidemia (P = 0.009). Levels of obestatin (P = 0.008) and leptin (P = 0.02) were higher in participants with insulin resistance. Associations between body fat and appetite-regulating peptides are more complex than simple feedback loops. Leptin is probably the first signal in the pathway that regulates body fat content, as of all analyzed peptides leptin was the only one that was associated with body composition or anthropometric measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lucka
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Adam Wysokiński
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
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33
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Methyl Donor Deficiency during Gestation and Lactation in the Rat Affects the Expression of Neuropeptides and Related Receptors in the Hypothalamus. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205097. [PMID: 31615150 PMCID: PMC6829491 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The micronutrients vitamins B9 and B12 act as methyl donors in the one-carbon metabolism involved in transmethylation reactions which critically influence epigenetic mechanisms and gene expression. Both vitamins are essential for proper development, and their deficiency during pregnancy has been associated with a wide range of disorders, including persisting growth retardation. Energy homeostasis and feeding are centrally regulated by the hypothalamus which integrates peripheral signals and acts through several orexigenic and anorexigenic mediators. We studied this regulating system in a rat model of methyl donor deficiency during gestation and lactation. At weaning, a predominance of the anorexigenic pathway was observed in deficient pups, with increased plasma peptide YY and increased hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA, in line with abnormal leptin, ghrelin, and insulin secretion and/or signaling during critical periods of fetal and/or postnatal development of the hypothalamus. These results suggest that early methyl donor deficiency can affect the development and function of energy balance circuits, resulting in growth and weight deficits. Maternal administration of folic acid (3 mg/kg/day) during the perinatal period tended to rectify peripheral metabolic signaling and central neuropeptide and receptor expression, leading to reduced growth retardation.
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulvikar Syambani Ulhaq
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Maulana Malik Ibrahim Islamic State University of Malang, Batu, Indonesia
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He M, Huang XF, Gao G, Zhou T, Li W, Hu J, Chen J, Li J, Sun T. Olanzapine-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation in the hypothalamus were inhibited by an ER stress inhibitor 4-phenylbutyrate. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 104:286-299. [PMID: 30927713 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Antipsychotics are the most important treatment for schizophrenia. However, antipsychotics, particularly olanzapine and clozapine, are associated with severe weight gain/obesity side-effects. Although numerous studies have been carried out to identify the exact mechanisms of antipsychotic-induced weight gain, it is still important to consider other pathways. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling and its associated inflammation pathway is one of the most important pathways involved in regulation of energy balance. In the present study, we examined the role of hypothalamic protein kinase R like endoplasmic reticulum kinase- eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (PERK-eIF2α) signaling and the inflammatory IkappaB kinase β- nuclear factor kappa B (IKKβ-NFκB) signaling pathway in olanzapine-induced weight gain in female rats. In this study, we found that olanzapine significantly activated PERK-eIF2α and IKKβ-NFκB signaling in SH-SY5Y cells in a dose-dependent manner. Olanzapine treatment for 8 days in rats was associated with activated PERK-eIF2α signaling and IKKβ-NFκB signaling in the hypothalamus, accompanied by increased food intake and weight gain. Co-treatment with an ER stress inhibitor, 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA), decreased olanzapine-induced food intake and weight gain in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, 4-PBA dose-dependently inhibited olanzapine-induced activated PERK-eIF2α and IKKβ-NFκB signaling in the hypothalamus. These results suggested that hypothalamic ER stress may play an important role in antipsychotic-induced weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng He
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Guanbin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenting Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jinqi Hu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Wuhan Seventh Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Taolei Sun
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Franke M, Conzelmann A, Grünblatt E, Werling AM, Spieles H, Wewetzer C, Warnke A, Romanos M, Walitza S, Renner TJ. No Association of Variants of the NPY-System With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Children and Adolescents. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:112. [PMID: 31133798 PMCID: PMC6511743 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) causes severe distress and is therefore counted by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as one of the 10 most impairing illnesses. There is evidence for a strong genetic underpinning especially in early onset OCD (eoOCD). Though several genes involved in neurotransmission have been reported as candidates, there is still a need to identify new pathways. In this study, we focussed on genetic variants of the Neuropeptide Y (NPY) system. NPY is one of the most abundant neuropeptides in the human brain with emerging evidence of capacity to modulate stress response, which is of high relevance in OCD. We focussed on tag-SNPs of NPY and its receptor gene NPY1R in a family-based approach. The sample comprised 86 patients (children and adolescents) with eoOCD with both their biological parents. However, this first study on genetic variants of the NPY-system could not confirm the association between the investigated SNPs and eoOCD. Based on the small sample size results have to be interpreted as preliminary and should be replicated in larger samples. However, also in an additional GWAS analysis in a large sample, we could not observe an associations between NPY and OCD. Overall, these preliminary results point to a minor role of NPY on the stress response of OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Franke
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Annette Conzelmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Edna Grünblatt
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna M. Werling
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Helen Spieles
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Wewetzer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Kliniken der Stadt Köln, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Warnke
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Romanos
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Walitza
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tobias J. Renner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Koutouratsas T, Kalli T, Karamanolis G, Gazouli M. Contribution of ghrelin to functional gastrointestinal disorders’ pathogenesis. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:539-551. [PMID: 30774270 PMCID: PMC6371003 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i5.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) are heterogeneous disorders with a variety of clinical manifestations, primarily defined by signs and symptoms rather than a definite underlying cause. Their pathophysiology remains obscure and, although it is expected to differ according to the specific FGID, disruptions in the brain-gut axis are now thought to be a common denominator in their pathogenesis. The hormone ghrelin is an important component of this axis, exerting a wide repertoire of physiological actions, including regulation of gastrointestinal motility and protection of mucosal tissue. Ghrelin’s gene shows genetic polymorphism, while its protein product undergoes complex regulation and metabolism in the human body. Numerous studies have studied ghrelin’s relation to the emergence of FGIDs, its potential value as an index of disease severity and as a predictive marker for symptom relief during attempted treatment. Despite the mixed results currently available in scientific literature, the plethora of statistically significant findings shows that disruptions in ghrelin genetics and expression are plausibly related to FGID pathogenesis. The aim of this paper is to review current literature studying these associations, in an effort to uncover certain patterns of alterations in both genetics and expression, which could delineate its true contribution to FGID emergence, either as a causative agent or as a pathogenetic intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilemachos Koutouratsas
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Laboratory of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Theodora Kalli
- Gastroenterology Department, Larnaca General Hospital, Larnaca 6301, Cyprus
| | - Georgios Karamanolis
- Gastroenterology Unit, 2nd Department of Surgery, “Aretaieio” University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Maria Gazouli
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Laboratory of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
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Quarta C, Fisette A, Xu Y, Colldén G, Legutko B, Tseng YT, Reim A, Wierer M, De Rosa MC, Klaus V, Rausch R, Thaker VV, Graf E, Strom TM, Poher AL, Gruber T, Le Thuc O, Cebrian-Serrano A, Kabra D, Bellocchio L, Woods SC, Pflugfelder GO, Nogueiras R, Zeltser L, Grunwald Kadow IC, Moon A, García-Cáceres C, Mann M, Treier M, Doege CA, Tschöp MH. Functional identity of hypothalamic melanocortin neurons depends on Tbx3. Nat Metab 2019; 1:222-235. [PMID: 32694784 PMCID: PMC8291379 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-018-0028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous populations of hypothalamic neurons orchestrate energy balance via the release of specific signatures of neuropeptides. However, how specific intracellular machinery controls peptidergic identities and function of individual hypothalamic neurons remains largely unknown. The transcription factor T-box 3 (Tbx3) is expressed in hypothalamic neurons sensing and governing energy status, whereas human TBX3 haploinsufficiency has been linked with obesity. Here, we demonstrate that loss of Tbx3 function in hypothalamic neurons causes weight gain and other metabolic disturbances by disrupting both the peptidergic identity and plasticity of Pomc/Cart and Agrp/Npy neurons. These alterations are observed after loss of Tbx3 in both immature hypothalamic neurons and terminally differentiated mouse neurons. We further establish the importance of Tbx3 for body weight regulation in Drosophila melanogaster and show that TBX3 is implicated in the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into hypothalamic Pomc neurons. Our data indicate that Tbx3 directs the terminal specification of neurons as functional components of the melanocortin system and is required for maintaining their peptidergic identity. In summary, we report the discovery of a key mechanistic process underlying the functional heterogeneity of hypothalamic neurons governing body weight and systemic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Quarta
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alexandre Fisette
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Yanjun Xu
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Gustav Colldén
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Beata Legutko
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Yu-Ting Tseng
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Reim
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Michael Wierer
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Maria Caterina De Rosa
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Valentina Klaus
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Rick Rausch
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vidhu V Thaker
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elisabeth Graf
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tim M Strom
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anne-Laure Poher
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tim Gruber
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ophélia Le Thuc
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alberto Cebrian-Serrano
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dhiraj Kabra
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Luigi Bellocchio
- INSERM U1215, NeuroCentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, NeuroCentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stephen C Woods
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Metabolic Diseases Institute, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Gert O Pflugfelder
- Institute of Developmental and Neurobiology. Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rubén Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lori Zeltser
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ilona C Grunwald Kadow
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, ZIEL - Institute for Food and Health, Freising, Germany
| | - Anne Moon
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Clinic, Danville PA, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Cristina García-Cáceres
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Mann
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Mathias Treier
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia A Doege
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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Clemenzi MN, Wellhauser L, Aljghami ME, Belsham DD. Tumour necrosis factor α induces neuroinflammation and insulin resistance in immortalised hypothalamic neurones through independent pathways. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12678. [PMID: 30582235 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The links between obesity, inflammation and insulin resistance, which are all key characteristics of type 2 diabetes mellitus, are yet to be delineated in the brain. One of the key neuroinflammatory proteins detected in the hypothalamus with over-nutrition is tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α. Using immortalised embryonic rat and mouse hypothalamic cell lines (rHypoE-7 and mHypoE-46) that express orexigenic neuropeptide Y and agouti-related peptide, we investigated changes in insulin signalling and inflammatory gene marker mRNA expression after TNFα exposure. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction array of 84 inflammatory markers (cytokines, chemokines and receptors) demonstrated an increase in the expression of multiple genes encoding inflammatory markers upon exposure to 100 ng mL-1 TNFα for 4 hours. Furthermore, neurones pre-exposed to TNFα (50 ng mL-1 ) for 6 or 16 hours exhibited a significant reduction in phosphorylated Akt compared to control after insulin treatment, indicating the attenuation of insulin signalling. mRNA expression of insulin signalling-related genes was also decreased with exposure to TNFα. TNFα significantly increased mRNA expression of IκBα, Tnfrsf1a and IL6 at 4 and 24 hours, activating a pro-inflammatory state. An inhibitor study using an inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase subunit β (IKK-β) inhibitor, PS1145, demonstrated that TNFα-induced neuroinflammatory marker expression occurs through the IKK-β/nuclear factor-kappa B pathway, whereas oleate, a monounsaturated fatty acid, had no effect on inflammatory markers. To test the efficacy of anti-inflammatory treatment to reverse insulin resistance, neurones were treated with TNFα and PS1145, which did not significantly restore the TNFα-induced changes in cellular insulin sensitivity, indicating that an alternative pathway may be involved. In conclusion, exposure to the inflammatory cytokine TNFα causes cellular insulin resistance and inflammation marker expression in the rHypoE-7 and mHypoE-46 neurones, consistent with effects seen with TNFα in peripheral tissues. It also mimics insulin- and palmitate-induced insulin resistance in hypothalamic neurones. The present study provides further evidence that altered central energy metabolism may be caused by obesity-induced cytokine expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leigh Wellhauser
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Makram E Aljghami
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Denise D Belsham
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Caron A, Briscoe DM, Richard D, Laplante M. DEPTOR at the Nexus of Cancer, Metabolism, and Immunity. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1765-1803. [PMID: 29897294 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00064.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DEP domain-containing mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)-interacting protein (DEPTOR) is an important modulator of mTOR, a kinase at the center of two important protein complexes named mTORC1 and mTORC2. These highly studied complexes play essential roles in regulating growth, metabolism, and immunity in response to mitogens, nutrients, and cytokines. Defects in mTOR signaling have been associated with the development of many diseases, including cancer and diabetes, and approaches aiming at modulating mTOR activity are envisioned as an attractive strategy to improve human health. DEPTOR interaction with mTOR represses its kinase activity and rewires the mTOR signaling pathway. Over the last years, several studies have revealed key roles for DEPTOR in numerous biological and pathological processes. Here, we provide the current state of the knowledge regarding the cellular and physiological functions of DEPTOR by focusing on its impact on the mTOR pathway and its role in promoting health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Caron
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hypothalamic Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas ; Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts ; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ; Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval , Québec , Canada ; and Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Université Laval , Québec , Canada
| | - David M Briscoe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hypothalamic Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas ; Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts ; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ; Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval , Québec , Canada ; and Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Université Laval , Québec , Canada
| | - Denis Richard
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hypothalamic Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas ; Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts ; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ; Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval , Québec , Canada ; and Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Université Laval , Québec , Canada
| | - Mathieu Laplante
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hypothalamic Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas ; Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts ; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ; Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval , Québec , Canada ; and Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Université Laval , Québec , Canada
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Maier MT, Vilhelmsson A, Louie SM, Vagena E, Nomura DK, Koliwad SK, Xu AW. Regulation of Hepatic Lipid Accumulation and Distribution by Agouti-Related Protein in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2018; 159:2408-2420. [PMID: 29750244 PMCID: PMC6692877 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Proper regulation of energy metabolism requires neurons in the central nervous system to respond dynamically to signals that reflect the body's energy reserve, and one such signal is leptin. Agouti-related protein (AgRP) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide that is markedly upregulated in leptin deficiency, a condition that is associated with severe obesity, diabetes, and hepatic steatosis. Because deleting AgRP in mice does not alter energy balance, we sought to determine whether AgRP plays an indispensable role in regulating energy and hepatic lipid metabolism in the sensitized background of leptin deficiency. We generated male mice that are deficient for both leptin and AgRP [double-knockout (DKO)]. DKO mice and ob/ob littermates had similar body weights, food intake, energy expenditure, and plasma insulin levels, although DKO mice surprisingly developed heightened hyperglycemia with advancing age. Overall hepatic lipid content was reduced in young prediabetic DKO mice, but not in the older diabetic counterparts. Intriguingly, however, both young and older DKO mice had an altered zonal distribution of hepatic lipids with reduced periportal lipid deposition. Moreover, leptin stimulated, whereas AgRP inhibited, hepatic sympathetic activity. Ablating sympathetic nerves to the liver, which primarily innervate the portal regions, produced periportal lipid accumulation in wild-type mice. Collectively, our results highlight AgRP as a regulator of hepatic sympathetic activity and metabolic zonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Maier
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Anna Vilhelmsson
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sharon M Louie
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Eirini Vagena
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Daniel K Nomura
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Suneil K Koliwad
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Allison W Xu
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Correspondence: Allison W. Xu, PhD, Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Box 0534 , S-1222, California 94143, E-mail:
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Basolo A, Votruba SB, Heinitz S, Krakoff J, Piaggi P. Deviations in energy sensing predict long-term weight change in overweight Native Americans. Metabolism 2018; 82:65-71. [PMID: 29305947 PMCID: PMC5930127 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Energy expenditure (EE), as reflective of body energy demand, has been proposed to be the key driver of food intake, possibly influencing weight change in humans. Variation in this energy-sensing link (overeating relative to weight-maintaining energy requirements) may lead to weight gain over time. SUBJECTS/METHODS Sixty-one overweight otherwise healthy Native Americans (age: 34.0 ± 7.9 years, body fat: 39.7 ± 9.5%, 36 males) were admitted to our clinical research unit for measurements of body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and 24-h EE and respiratory quotient (RQ) in a whole-room indirect calorimeter during energy balance and weight stability. Following this, ad libitum food intake was assessed for three days using computerized vending machines. Body weight change under unrestricted free-living conditions was assessed at an outpatient follow-up visit (median follow-up time = 1.7 years). RESULTS Total ad libitum food intake (3-day average) was positively associated with 24-h EE (r = 0.44, p < 0.001), RQ (r = 0.34, p = 0.007), and fat free mass (r = 0.38, p = 0.002). A relatively greater food intake after accounting for 24-h EE, but not for RQ (p = 0.30) or for fat free mass (p = 0.23) nor total food intake (p = 0.16), predicted weight gain at the outpatient follow-up visit (r = 0.26, p = 0.04), such that overeating 100 Kcal/d above the food intake predicted by 24-h EE at baseline was associated with an average weight gain of 0.22 Kg over the follow-up period (95% CI: 0.01 to 0.42 Kg). This was due to relatively greater dietary fat intake (r = 0.32, p = 0.01), but not carbohydrate (p = 0.27) or protein (p = 0.06) intake. CONCLUSION The individual propensity to overeating, particularly fat, in excess of the weight-maintaining energy requirements can be assessed and predicts long-term weight gain, suggesting that variation in energy sensing may influence appetite by favoring overeating thus promoting obesity development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Basolo
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Susanne B Votruba
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Sascha Heinitz
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Jonathan Krakoff
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Paolo Piaggi
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, United States.
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Xu Y, Sun Y, Zhou K, Li T, Xie C, Zhang Y, Rodriguez J, Wu Y, Hu M, Shao LR, Wang X, Zhu C. Cranial Irradiation Induces Hypothalamic Injury and Late-Onset Metabolic Disturbances in Juvenile Female Rats. Dev Neurosci 2018; 40:120-133. [PMID: 29635235 DOI: 10.1159/000487923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cranial radiotherapy is one of the most effective tools for treating children with brain tumors. However, radiotherapy-induced late-onset side effects have a significant impact on patients' quality of life. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of irradiation on metabolism and the possible molecular and cellular mechanisms behind such effects. Female Wistar rats were subjected to a single dose of 6-Gy whole-brain irradiation on postnatal day 11. The animals were sacrificed 6 h or 20 weeks after irradiation. Cell death and proliferation, microglial activation, and inflammation were analyzed and RNA sequencing was performed. We found that irradiation led to a significantly increased body weight from 15 weeks (p < 0.05) along with white adipose tissue accumulation and adipocyte hypertrophy at 20 weeks, and these changes were accompanied by glucose and lipid metabolic disturbances as indicated by reduced glucose tolerance, increased insulin resistance, increased serum triglycerides, and an increased leptin/adiponectin ratio. Furthermore, irradiation induced cell death, microglial activation, inflammation, and persistent astrocyte reactivity in the hypothalamus. Hypothalamic transcriptome analysis showed that 865 genes were downregulated and 290 genes were upregulated in the irradiated group 20 weeks after irradiation, and further pathway analysis showed that the insulin resistance-related PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and the energy expenditure-related adipocytokine signaling pathway were downregulated. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis showed that the expression of fatty acid metabolism-related proteins and effector proteins was significantly different in the irradiation group. This study demonstrates that ionizing radiation to the juvenile female brain induces hypothalamic damage that is likely to be associated with delayed metabolic abnormalities, and this critical vulnerability of the hypothalamus to irradiation should be taken into consideration in the development of future protective strategies for radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Centre for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yanyan Sun
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Centre for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kai Zhou
- Centre for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tao Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Centre for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Pediatrics, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Cuicui Xie
- Centre for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yaodong Zhang
- Centre for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Pediatrics, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Juan Rodriguez
- Centre for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yanling Wu
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Linus R Shao
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Perinatal Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Changlian Zhu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Centre for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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44
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Rogge MM, Gautam B. Biology of obesity and weight regain: Implications for clinical practice. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract 2017; 29:S15-S29. [PMID: 29024550 DOI: 10.1002/2327-6924.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Weight loss is recommended as first-line therapy for many chronic illnesses, including obesity. Most patients who do successfully lose weight are unable to maintain their reduced weight. Recent research findings are reviewed and synthesized to explain the biology of obesity, adaptation to weight loss, and weight regain. FINDINGS Weight regain is a common consequence of successful weight loss. Current obesity management strategies fail to take into consideration the underlying genetic and environmental causes of obesity. Available treatment modalities create a negative energy balance that stimulates integrated, persistent neurologic, endocrine, muscle, and adipose tissue adaptation to restore body weight and fat mass, independent of lifestyle changes. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Understanding the pathophysiology of obesity and weight loss alters nurse practitioners' responsibilities in caring for patients with obesity. They are responsible for expanding assessment and intervention strategies and offering people with obesity realistic expectations for weight loss and regain. They are obligated to explain weight regain when it occurs to minimize patient frustration. Nurse practitioners have the opportunity to adopt new approaches to patient advocacy, especially in the areas of public policy to improve diagnostic tools and adjunctive therapy for people with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Madeline Rogge
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Nursing, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Bibha Gautam
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Nursing, Lubbock, Texas
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Ruegsegger GN, Sevage JA, Childs TE, Grigsby KB, Booth FW. 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide prevents fat gain following the cessation of voluntary physical activity. Exp Physiol 2017; 102:1474-1485. [PMID: 28786140 DOI: 10.1113/ep086335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? We investigated whether 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR) could prevent acute increases in body fat and changes in omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue following the sudden transition from physical activity to physical inactivity. What is the main finding and its importance? AICAR prevented fat gains following the transition from physical activity to inactivity to levels comparable to rats that remained physically active. AICAR and continuous physical activity produced depot-specific changes in cyclin A1 mRNA and protein that were associated with the prevention of fat gain. These findings suggest that targeting AMP-activated protein kinase signalling could oppose rapid adipose mass growth. The transition from physical activity to inactivity is associated with drastic increases in 'catch-up' fat that in turn foster the development of many obesity-associated maladies. We tested whether 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR) treatment would prevent gains in body fat following the sudden transition from a physically active state to an inactive state by locking a voluntary running wheel. Male Wistar rats were either sedentary (SED) or given wheel access for 4 weeks, at which time rats with wheels continued running (RUN), had their wheel locked (WL) or had WL with daily AICAR injection (WL + AICAR) for 1 week. RUN and WL + AICAR prevented gains in body fat compared with SED and WL (P < 0.001). Cyclin A1 mRNA, a marker of cell proliferation, was decreased in omental, but not subcutaneous adipose tissue, in RUN and WL + AICAR compared with SED and WL groups (P < 0.05). Both cyclin A1 mRNA and protein were positively associated with gains in fat mass (P < 0.05). Cyclin A1 mRNA in omental, but not subcutaneous, adipose tissue was negatively correlated with p-AMPK levels (P < 0.05). Differences in fat gain and omental mRNA and protein levels were independent of changes in food intake and in differences in select hypothalamic mRNAs. These findings suggest that AICAR treatment prevents acute gains in adipose tissue following physical inactivity to levels of rats that continuously run, and that together, continuous physical activity and AICAR could, at least initially in these conditions, exert similar inhibitory effects on adipogenesis in a depot-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph A Sevage
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Thomas E Childs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Kolter B Grigsby
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Frank W Booth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Direct versus indirect actions of ghrelin on hypothalamic NPY neurons. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184261. [PMID: 28877214 PMCID: PMC5587286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Assess direct versus indirect action(s) of ghrelin on hypothalamic NPY neurons. Materials and methods Electrophysiology was used to measure ion channel activity in NPY-GFP neurons in slice preparations. Ca2+ imaging was used to monitor ghrelin activation of isolated NPY GFP-labeled neurons. Immunohistochemistry was used to localize Trpm4, SUR1 and Kir6.2 in the hypothalamus. Results Acylated ghrelin depolarized the membrane potential (MP) of NPY-GFP neurons in brain slices. Depolarization resulted from a decreased input resistance (IR) in ~70% of neurons (15/22) or an increased IR in the remainder (7/22), consistent with the opening or closing of ion channels, respectively. Although tetrodotoxin (TTX) blockade of presynaptic action potentials reduced ghrelin-induced changes in MP and IR, ghrelin still significantly depolarized the MP and decreased IR in TTX-treated neurons, suggesting that ghrelin directly opens cation channel(s) in NPY neurons. In isolated NPY-GFP neurons, ghrelin produced a sustained rise of [Ca2+]c, with an EC50 ~110 pM. Pharmacologic studies confirmed that the direct action of ghrelin was through occupation of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, GHS-R, and demonstrated the importance of the adenylate cyclase/cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) and phospholipase C/inositol triphosphate (PLC/IP3) pathways as activators of 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Activation of isolated neurons was not affected by CNQX or TTX, but reducing [Na+]o suppressed activation, suggesting a role for Na+-permeable cation channels. SUR1 and two channel partners, Kir6.2 and Trpm4, were identified immunologically in NPY-GFP neurons in situ. The actions of SUR1 and Trpm4 modulators were informative: like ghrelin, diazoxide, a SUR1 agonist, elevated [Ca2+]c and glibenclamide, a SUR1 antagonist, partially suppressed ghrelin action, while 9-phenanthrol and flufenamic acid, selective Trpm4 antagonists, blocked ghrelin actions on isolated neurons. Ghrelin activation was unaffected by nifedipine and ω-conotoxin, inhibitors of L- and N-type Ca2+ channels, respectively, while Ni2+, mibefradil, and TTA-P2 completely or partially inhibited ghrelin action, implicating T-type Ca2+ channels. Activation was also sensitive to a spider toxin, SNX-482, at concentrations selective for R-type Ca2+ channels. Nanomolar concentrations of GABA markedly inhibited ghrelin-activation of isolated NPY-GFP neurons, consistent with chronic suppression of ghrelin action in vivo. Conclusions NPY neurons express all the molecular machinery needed to respond directly to ghrelin. Consistent with recent studies, ghrelin stimulates presynaptic inputs that activate NPY-GFP neurons in situ. Ghrelin can also directly activate a depolarizing conductance. Results with isolated NPY-GFP neurons suggest the ghrelin-activated, depolarizing current is a Na+ conductance with the pharmacologic properties of SUR1/Trpm4 non-selective cation channels. In the isolated neuron model, the opening of SUR1/Trpm4 channels activates T- and SNX482-sensitive R-type voltage dependent Ca2+ channels, which could contribute to NPY neuronal activity in situ.
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Reynés B, Klein Hazebroek M, García-Ruiz E, Keijer J, Oliver P, Palou A. Specific Features of the Hypothalamic Leptin Signaling Response to Cold Exposure Are Reflected in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Rats and Ferrets. Front Physiol 2017; 8:581. [PMID: 28860997 PMCID: PMC5559547 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Cold exposure induces hyperphagia to counteract fat loss related to lipid mobilization and thermogenic activation. The aim of this study was investigate on the molecular mechanisms involved in cold-induced compensatory hyperphagia. Methods: We analyzed the effect of cold exposure on gene expression of orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides, and of leptin signaling-related genes in the hypothalamus of rats at different ages (1, 2, 4, and 6 months), as well as in ferrets. We also evaluated the potential of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to reflect hypothalamic molecular responses. Results: As expected, cold exposure induced hypoleptinemia in rats, which could be responsible for the increased ratio of orexigenic/anorexigenic peptides gene expression in the hypothalamus, mainly due to decreased anorexigenic gene expression, especially in young animals. In ferrets, which resemble humans more closely, cold exposure induced greater changes in hypothalamic mRNA levels of orexigenic genes. Despite the key role of leptin in food intake control, the effect of cold exposure on the expression of key hypothalamic leptin signaling cascade genes is not clear. In our study, cold exposure seemed to affect leptin signaling in 4-month-old rats (increased Socs3 and Lepr expression), likely associated with the smaller-increase in food intake and decreased body weight observed at this particular age. Similarly, cold exposed ferrets showed greater hypothalamic Socs3 and Stat3 gene expression. Interestingly, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) mimicked the hypothalamic increase in Lepr and Socs3 observed in 4-month-old rats, and the increased Socs3 mRNA expression observed in ferrets in response to cold exposure. Conclusions: The most outstanding result of our study is that PBMC reflected the specific modulation of leptin signaling observed in both animal models, rats and ferrets, which points forwards PBMC as easily obtainable biological material to be considered as a potential surrogate tissue to perform further studies on the regulation of hypothalamic leptin signaling in response to cold exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bàrbara Reynés
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition, and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes BalearsPalma, Spain.,CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn)Palma, Spain.,Balearic Islands Health Research Institute (IdISBa)Palma, Spain
| | - Marlou Klein Hazebroek
- Human and Animal Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Estefanía García-Ruiz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition, and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes BalearsPalma, Spain.,CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn)Palma, Spain
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Paula Oliver
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition, and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes BalearsPalma, Spain.,CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn)Palma, Spain.,Balearic Islands Health Research Institute (IdISBa)Palma, Spain
| | - Andreu Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition, and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes BalearsPalma, Spain.,CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn)Palma, Spain.,Balearic Islands Health Research Institute (IdISBa)Palma, Spain
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48
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Lee S, Lee DY. Glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2017; 22:15-26. [PMID: 28443255 PMCID: PMC5401818 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2017.22.1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing worldwide. Patients with T2D suffer from various diabetes-related complications. Since there are many patients with T2D that cannot be controlled by previously developed drugs, it has been necessary to develop new drugs, one of which is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) based therapy. GLP-1 has been shown to ameliorate diabetes-related conditions by augmenting pancreatic β-cell insulin secretion and having the low risk of causing hypoglycemia. Because of a very short half-life of GLP-1, many researches have been focused on the development of GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists with long half-lives such as exenatide and dulaglutide. Now GLP-1R agonists have a variety of dosing-cycle forms to meet the needs of various patients. In this article, we review the physiological features of GLP-1, the effects of GLP-1 on T2D, the features of several GLP-1R agonists, and the therapeutic effect on T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungah Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, and BK21 PLUS Future Biopharmaceutical Human Resources Training and Research Team, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Yun Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, and BK21 PLUS Future Biopharmaceutical Human Resources Training and Research Team, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Nano Science & Technology (INST), Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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Lee NK, Park SE, Kwon SJ, Shim S, Byeon Y, Kim JH, Na DL, Chang JW. Agouti Related Peptide Secreted Via Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Upregulates Proteasome Activity in an Alzheimer's Disease Model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39340. [PMID: 28051110 PMCID: PMC5209736 DOI: 10.1038/srep39340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is downregulated in aggregation diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of the Agouti-related peptide (AgRP), which is secreted by human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), in terms of its effect on the regulation of proteasome activity in AD. When SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells were co-cultured with MSCs isolated from human Wharton’s Jelly (WJ-MSC), their proteasome activity was significantly upregulated. Further analysis of the conditioned media after co-culture allowed us to identify significant concentrations of a neuropeptide, called AgRP. The stereotactic delivery of either WJ-MSCs or AgRP into the hippocampi of C57BL6/J and 5XFAD mice induced a significant increase of proteasome activity and suppressed the accumulation of ubiquitin-conjugated proteins. Collectively, these findings suggest strong therapeutic potential for WJ-MSCs and AgRP to enhance proteasome activity, thereby potentially reducing abnormal protein aggregation and delaying the clinical progression of various neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Kyung Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Stem Cell &Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Eon Park
- Stem Cell &Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jin Kwon
- Stem Cell &Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmi Shim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeji Byeon
- Stem Cell &Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hwa Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Duk L Na
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Stem Cell &Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Wook Chang
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Stem Cell &Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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50
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Beck WR, Scariot PPM, Carmo SSD, Manchado-Gobatto FB, Gobatto CA. Metabolic profile and spontaneous physical activity modulation under short-term food restriction in young rats. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574201700si0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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