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Manzo P, Giudice V, Napolitano F, De Novellis D, Serio B, Moscato P, Montuori N, Selleri C. Macrophages and Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor System in Multiple Myeloma: Case Series and Literature Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10519. [PMID: 37445697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The microenvironment plays an essential role in multiple myeloma (MM) development, progression, cell proliferation, survival, immunological escape, and drug resistance. Mesenchymal stromal cells and macrophages release tolerogenic cytokines and favor anti-apoptotic signaling pathway activation, while the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) system contributes to migration through an extracellular matrix. Here, we first summarized the role of macrophages and the uPAR system in MM pathogenesis, and then we reported the potential therapeutic effects of uPAR inhibitors in a case series of primary MM-derived adherent cells. Our preliminary results showed that after uPAR inhibitor treatments, interleukein-6 (mean ± SD, 8734.95 ± 4169.2 pg/mL vs. 359.26 ± 393.8 pg/mL, pre- vs. post-treatment; p = 0.0012) and DKK-1 levels (mean ± SD, 7005.41 ± 6393.4 pg/mL vs. 61.74 ± 55.2 pg/mL, pre- vs. post-treatment; p = 0.0043) in culture medium were almost completely abolished, supporting further investigation of uPAR blockade as a therapeutic strategy for MM treatment. Therefore, uPAR inhibitors could exert both anti-inflammatory and pro-immunosurveillance activity. However, our preliminary results need further validation in additional in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Manzo
- Hematology and Transplant Center, University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona", 84131 Salerno, Italy
| | - Valentina Giudice
- Hematology and Transplant Center, University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona", 84131 Salerno, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Filomena Napolitano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Danilo De Novellis
- Hematology and Transplant Center, University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona", 84131 Salerno, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Bianca Serio
- Hematology and Transplant Center, University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona", 84131 Salerno, Italy
| | - Paolo Moscato
- Rheumatology Unit, University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona", 84131 Salerno, Italy
| | - Nunzia Montuori
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Carmine Selleri
- Hematology and Transplant Center, University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona", 84131 Salerno, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
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Bartko EA, Blom LH, Elberling J, Poulsen LK, Jensen BM. Expression of CCR8 and CCX-CKR on Basophils in Chronic Urticaria Is Amplified by IgE-Mediated Activation. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1537. [PMID: 37371632 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recruitment to the local tissue and alerted phenotype are the hallmarks of basophils in chronic urticaria (CU). Chemokine receptors such as chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 4 (CCR4) or CCR8 have been studied in skin diseases, e.g., atopic dermatitis, but not in CU. In this study, we aimed to define CU's basophil homing potential and receptor profile and the effect of Omalizumab treatment on these. Unstimulated and activated (anti-IgE, fMLP, C5a, and Substance P) whole blood basophils from 11 Omalizumab-treated CU patients and 10 healthy subjects were investigated with flow cytometry. Unstimulated basophils in CU showed higher expression of the skin-associated (CCR8) and scavenger (CCX-CKR) receptors and lower expression of the lung-associated (CCR3) receptor in contrast to healthy ones. IgE-mediated activation increased the percentage of CCR8 and CCX-CKR in CU compared to healthy group and elevated the expression of the lung-associated chemokine receptor, XCR1, in all groups. A trend of augmented expression of the coagulation cascade (CD87) and fMLP (FPR1) receptors was seen on basophils in CU, while a tendency of reduced expression was seen for itch (IL-31RA) and immunotolerance (CD109) receptors. fMLP and C5a increased the expression of CCR4, CCR8, CCX-CKR, and CD87 and decreased CCR2 and CCR3, though no changes between the groups were found. In conclusion, CU basophils exhibit skin-homing potential amplified by IgE-mediated stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa A Bartko
- Allergy Clinic, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital at Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Lars H Blom
- Allergy Clinic, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital at Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jesper Elberling
- Allergy Clinic, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital at Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Lars K Poulsen
- Allergy Clinic, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital at Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Bettina M Jensen
- Allergy Clinic, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital at Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
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Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor (uPAR) Cooperates with Mutated KRAS in Regulating Cellular Plasticity and Gemcitabine Response in Pancreatic Adenocarcinomas. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15051587. [PMID: 36900379 PMCID: PMC10000455 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15051587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the most lethal cancers. Given the currently limited therapeutic options, the definition of molecular subgroups with the development of tailored therapies remains the most promising strategy. Patients with high-level gene amplification of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR/PLAUR) have an inferior prognosis. We analyzed the uPAR function in PDAC to understand this understudied PDAC subgroup's biology better. METHODS A total of 67 PDAC samples with clinical follow-up and TCGA gene expression data from 316 patients were used for prognostic correlations. Gene silencing by CRISPR/Cas9, as well as transfection of uPAR and mutated KRAS, were used in PDAC cell lines (AsPC-1, PANC-1, BxPC3) treated with gemcitabine to study the impact of these two molecules on cellular function and chemoresponse. HNF1A and KRT81 were surrogate markers for the exocrine-like and quasi-mesenchymal subgroup of PDAC, respectively. RESULTS High levels of uPAR were correlated with significantly shorter survival in PDAC, especially in the subgroup of HNF1A-positive exocrine-like tumors. uPAR knockout by CRISPR/Cas9 resulted in activation of FAK, CDC42, and p38, upregulation of epithelial makers, decreased cell growth and motility, and resistance against gemcitabine that could be reversed by re-expression of uPAR. Silencing of KRAS in AsPC1 using siRNAs reduced uPAR levels significantly, and transfection of mutated KRAS in BxPC-3 cells rendered the cell more mesenchymal and increased sensitivity towards gemcitabine. CONCLUSIONS Activation of uPAR is a potent negative prognostic factor in PDAC. uPAR and KRAS cooperate in switching the tumor from a dormant epithelial to an active mesenchymal state, which likely explains the poor prognosis of PDAC with high uPAR. At the same time, the active mesenchymal state is more vulnerable to gemcitabine. Strategies targeting either KRAS or uPAR should consider this potential tumor-escape mechanism.
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Wang Y, Sun Z, Lu S, Zhang X, Xiao C, Li T, Wu J. Identification of PLAUR-related ceRNA and immune prognostic signature for kidney renal clear cell carcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:834524. [PMID: 36052236 PMCID: PMC9424644 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.834524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) represents one of the most fatal cancers, usually showing malignant progression and a high tumor recurrence rate. The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (PLAUR) plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of several cancers, including KIRC. However, the function and mechanism of PLAUR in patients with KIRC are still unclear and require further investigation. In the present study, we first explored the expression profile and prognostic values of PLAUR in pan-cancer based on The Cancer Genome Atlas and Genotype-Tissue Expression databases. PLAUR was upregulated in multiple cancers and was significantly associated with poor overall survival and disease-free survival only in patients with KIRC. Subsequently, the PVT1/SNHG15-hsa-miR-532-3p axis was identified as the most potential upstream regulatory network of PLAUR in KIRC. In addition, PLAUR expression was closely associated with tumor-infiltrating immune cells, tumor immunity biomarkers, and immunomodulator expression. Furthermore, we constructed a multiple-gene risk prediction signature according to the PLAUR-related immunomodulators (PRIs). A prognostic nomogram was then developed to predict the 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival probabilities of individuals. In conclusion, our study identified the PVT1/SNHG15-hsa-miR-532-3p-PLAUR axis and a prognostic signature of PRIs, which could be a reference for future clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuolun Sun
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuo Lu
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chutian Xiao
- Department of Urology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tengcheng Li
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Tengcheng Li, ; Jieying Wu,
| | - Jieying Wu
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Tengcheng Li, ; Jieying Wu,
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Identification of uPAR Variants Acting as ceRNAs in Leukaemia Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14081980. [PMID: 35454884 PMCID: PMC9025028 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14081980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The urokinase (uPA) receptor (uPAR) concentrates proteolytic activities on the cell surface and is an adhesion receptor for vitronectin. Urokinase/Vitronectin binding to uPAR activates intracellular signals promoting cell adhesion, migration, proliferation and survival. Thus, uPAR can sustain most activities of malignant cells and, accordingly, increased uPAR expression is associated with poor prognosis in several malignancies. We previously demonstrated that, in leukaemia cells, the uPAR 3′untranslated region (3′UTR) up-regulates the expression of pro-tumoral factors by recruiting microRNAs targeting their mRNAs, thus acting as competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA). Here, we identify 3′UTR-containing variants of uPAR mRNA in leukaemia cells and demonstrate that the over-expression of uPAR Δ5-variant mRNA promotes expression of pro-tumoral factors and increase in biological activities, probably by its ceRNA activity. On this basis, we propose that uPAR may play a crucial role in cancer biology also at mRNA level, through the ceRNA activity of its variants. Abstract The 3′untranslated region (3′UTR) of the urokinase (uPA) receptor (uPAR) mRNA can act as a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) cells, promoting the expression of pro-tumoral targets, including uPAR. Here, we identified three variants of uPAR mRNA containing the 3′UTR, in KG1 and U937 leukaemia cells expressing low and high uPAR levels, respectively. Identified variants lack exon 5 (uPAR Δ5) or exon 6 (uPAR Δ6) or part of exon 6, exon 7 and part of 3′UTR (uPAR Δ6/7). uPAR Δ5 and uPAR Δ6 transcript levels were higher in U937 cells compared to KG1 cells. Both uPAR variants were expressed also in AML blasts, at higher levels as compared to CD34 hematopoietic cells from healthy donors. The presence of the 3′UTR conferred high instability to the uPAR Δ5 variant transcript, preventing its translation in protein. Overexpression of the uPAR Δ5-3′UTR variant regulated the expression of some pro-tumoral factors previously reported to be regulated by the 3′UTR of uPAR and increased KG1 cell adhesion, migration and proliferation. These results demonstrate the expression of uPAR mRNA variants containing the 3′UTR in AML cells and the ceRNA activity and the biological effects of the uPAR Δ5-3′UTR variant.
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Sarkar M, Madabhavi IV, Quy PN, Govindagoudar MB. COVID-19 and coagulopathy. THE CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2021; 15:1259-1274. [PMID: 34399021 PMCID: PMC8444678 DOI: 10.1111/crj.13438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 is a new coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 disease and has caused the pandemic worldwide. A large number of cases have overwhelmed the healthcare system worldwide. The COVID-19 infection has been associated with a heightened risk of thromboembolic complications. Various mechanisms are leading to the high thrombotic risk in COVID-19 patients such as inflammation, endotheliitis, hyperviscosity, and hypercoagulability. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and CINAHL from January 2020 to December 2020. We used the following search terms: COVID-19, coagulopathy, and thrombosis. We reviewed the epidemiology, clinical features, mechanisms, and treatment of COVID-19-associated coagulopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malay Sarkar
- Department of pulmonary medicineIndira Gandhi Medical CollegeShimlaHimachal PradeshIndia
| | - Irappa V. Madabhavi
- Department of Medical and Pediatric OncologyKerudi Cancer HospitalBagalkotKarnatakaIndia
- Department of Medical OncologyJ N Medical CollegeBelagaviKarnatakaIndia
- Department of Medical OncologyNanjappa HospitalShimogaKarnatakaIndia
| | - Pham Nguyen Quy
- Department of Medical OncologyKyoto Miniren Central HospitalKyotoJapan
| | - Manjunath B. Govindagoudar
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical CarePt B D Sharma Postgraduate Institute of Medical SciencesRohtakHaryanaIndia
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Studies on the changes of uPA system in a co-culture model of bone marrow stromal cells-leukemia cells. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:226901. [PMID: 33146708 PMCID: PMC7677749 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20194044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The core of the tumor microenvironment in the hematological system is formed by bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). In the present study, we explored the interaction between the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) system and the leukemia bone marrow microenvironment (BMM). We established BMSCs–HL60 and HS-5–K562 co-culture models in direct contact mode to simulate the BMM in leukemia. In BMSCs-HL60 co-culture model, the expression levels of uPA, uPA receptor (uPAR), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in BMSCs were higher than those in mono-cultured BMSCs. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 (MMP-9) was up-regulated in co-cultured HL60 cells. In HS-5–K562 co-culture model, only uPA, PAI-1, and VEGF-A were up-regulated in HS-5 cells. The levels of the uPA protein in the co-culture supernatant were significantly higher than that of mono-cultured BMSCs or HS-5 cells. Our findings demonstrate that the co-culture stimulates the production of uPA, uPAR, PAI-1, MMP-9, and VEGF-A by BMSCs. It could further explain how the uPA system in leukemia cells is involved in the growth, development, and prognosis of leukemia.
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Terpos E, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, Papassotiriou GP, Kastritis E, Margeli A, Kanellias N, Eleutherakis-Papaiakovou E, Migkou M, Fotiou D, Roussou M, Gavriatopoulou M, Malandrakis P, Psimenou E, Papassotiriou I, Dimopoulos MA. Circulating Soluble Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor Levels Reflect Renal Function in Newly Diagnosed Patients with Multiple Myeloma Treated with Bortezomib-Based Induction. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9103201. [PMID: 33022958 PMCID: PMC7600599 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9103201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of kidney disease in different disease settings. The aim of this study was to investigate a possible link between suPAR circulating levels and renal impairment (RI) in newly diagnosed patients with symptomatic multiple myeloma (NDMM) before and after frontline therapy with bortezomib-based regimens. (2) Methods: We studied 47 NDMM patients (57% males, median age 69.5 years) before the administration of anti-myeloma treatment and at best response to bortezomib-based therapy. suPAR was measured in the serum of all patients and of 24 healthy matched controls, using an immuno-enzymatic assay (ViroGates, Denmark). (3) Results: suPAR levels were elevated in NDMM patients at diagnosis compared to healthy individuals (p < 0.001). suPAR levels strongly correlated with disease stage (p-ANOVA < 0.001). suPAR levels both at diagnosis and at best response negatively correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) values (p < 0.001). Interestingly, no significance changes in suPAR levels were observed at best response compared to baseline values (p = 0.31) among 18 responding patients with baseline eGFR < 50 mL/min/1.73 m2. (4) Conclusions: SuPAR levels reflect renal function in NDMM patients treated with bortezomib-based induction. Responders may have elevated circulating suPAR levels, possibly reflecting persistent kidney damage, despite their renal response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Terpos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (I.N.-S.); (G.-P.P.); (E.K.); (N.K.); (E.E.-P.); (M.M.); (D.F.); (M.R.); (M.G.); (P.M.); (E.P.); (M.A.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-213-2162846; Fax: +30-213-2162511
| | - Ioannis Ntanasis-Stathopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (I.N.-S.); (G.-P.P.); (E.K.); (N.K.); (E.E.-P.); (M.M.); (D.F.); (M.R.); (M.G.); (P.M.); (E.P.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Gerasimos-Petros Papassotiriou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (I.N.-S.); (G.-P.P.); (E.K.); (N.K.); (E.E.-P.); (M.M.); (D.F.); (M.R.); (M.G.); (P.M.); (E.P.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Efstathios Kastritis
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (I.N.-S.); (G.-P.P.); (E.K.); (N.K.); (E.E.-P.); (M.M.); (D.F.); (M.R.); (M.G.); (P.M.); (E.P.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Alexandra Margeli
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.M.); (I.P.)
| | - Nikolaos Kanellias
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (I.N.-S.); (G.-P.P.); (E.K.); (N.K.); (E.E.-P.); (M.M.); (D.F.); (M.R.); (M.G.); (P.M.); (E.P.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Evangelos Eleutherakis-Papaiakovou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (I.N.-S.); (G.-P.P.); (E.K.); (N.K.); (E.E.-P.); (M.M.); (D.F.); (M.R.); (M.G.); (P.M.); (E.P.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Magdalini Migkou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (I.N.-S.); (G.-P.P.); (E.K.); (N.K.); (E.E.-P.); (M.M.); (D.F.); (M.R.); (M.G.); (P.M.); (E.P.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Despina Fotiou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (I.N.-S.); (G.-P.P.); (E.K.); (N.K.); (E.E.-P.); (M.M.); (D.F.); (M.R.); (M.G.); (P.M.); (E.P.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Maria Roussou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (I.N.-S.); (G.-P.P.); (E.K.); (N.K.); (E.E.-P.); (M.M.); (D.F.); (M.R.); (M.G.); (P.M.); (E.P.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Maria Gavriatopoulou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (I.N.-S.); (G.-P.P.); (E.K.); (N.K.); (E.E.-P.); (M.M.); (D.F.); (M.R.); (M.G.); (P.M.); (E.P.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Panagiotis Malandrakis
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (I.N.-S.); (G.-P.P.); (E.K.); (N.K.); (E.E.-P.); (M.M.); (D.F.); (M.R.); (M.G.); (P.M.); (E.P.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Erasmia Psimenou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (I.N.-S.); (G.-P.P.); (E.K.); (N.K.); (E.E.-P.); (M.M.); (D.F.); (M.R.); (M.G.); (P.M.); (E.P.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Ioannis Papassotiriou
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.M.); (I.P.)
| | - Meletios A. Dimopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (I.N.-S.); (G.-P.P.); (E.K.); (N.K.); (E.E.-P.); (M.M.); (D.F.); (M.R.); (M.G.); (P.M.); (E.P.); (M.A.D.)
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9
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Lima M. Laboratory studies for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, with emphasis on flow cytometry. Pract Lab Med 2020; 20:e00158. [PMID: 32195308 PMCID: PMC7078534 DOI: 10.1016/j.plabm.2020.e00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare acquired clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder caused by somatic mutations in the PIG-A gene, leading to the production of blood cells with absent or decreased expression of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins, including CD55 and CD59. Clinically, PNH is classified into three variants: classic (hemolytic), in the setting of another specified bone marrow disorder (such as aplastic anemia or myelodysplastic syndrome) and subclinical (asymptomatic). PNH testing is recommended for patients with intravascular hemolysis, acquired bone marrow failure syndromes and thrombosis with unusual features. Despite the availability of consensus guidelines for PNH diagnosis and monitoring, there are still discrepancies on how PNH tests are carried out, and these technical variations may lead to an incorrect diagnosis. Herein, we provide a brief historical overview of PNH, focusing on the laboratory tests available and on the current recommendations for PNH diagnosis and monitoring based in flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Lima
- Laboratório de Citometria, Unidade de Diagnóstico Hematológico, Serviço de Hematologia Clínica, Hospital de Santo António (HSA), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUP), Porto, Portugal
- Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas da Universidade do Porto (UMIB/ICBAS/UP), Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório de Citometria, Hospital de Santo António (HSA), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUP), Ex-CICAP, Rua D. Manuel II, s/n, 4099-001, Porto, Portugal.
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10
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Wacker A, Bauder-Wüst U, Schäfer M, Schmidt J, Remde Y, Stadlbauer S, Eder M, Liolios C, Kopka K. Designing tracers for PET imaging of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor from a cyclic uPA-derived peptide: first in vitro evaluations. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2019; 62:483-494. [PMID: 30970388 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of cancer remains a major challenge, especially after tumour cell dissemination and metastases formation. Expression of the urokinase-type plasminogen activation system including urokinase (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR) has been associated with the complex process of cell migration, a tumour's invasive potential as well as a reduced overall and disease-free survival of patients with solid cancers and haematological disorders. A cyclic peptide cyclo[21,29][d-Cys21 ,Cys29 ]-uPA21-30 was designed from the growth factor-like domain (GFD) of urokinase whose binding to uPAR was found to inhibit tumour growth and spread of human ovarian cancer cells in mice. With the aim of visualising uPAR expression using PET imaging to attempt an estimate on the tumour's aggressiveness, the cyclic peptide was modified with an either C- or N-terminally attached variable spacer and chelator. The free ligands were evaluated for their binding affinities to the isolated human uPAR and labelled with 68 Ga and 177 Lu to assess their lipophilicities and stabilities in human serum. Although retaining the full binding potential displayed by cyclo[21,29][d-Cys21 ,Cys29 ]-uPA21-30 to its target was found to be a challenging task upon both C- and N-terminal modification, chelator-bearing ligands were identified that can serve as promising starting points in the development of uPAR-addressing PET tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Wacker
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Bauder-Wüst
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Schäfer
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana Schmidt
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Remde
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven Stadlbauer
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Eder
- Department of Radiopharmaca Development, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christos Liolios
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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11
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Chew-Harris J, Appleby S, Richards AM, Troughton RW, Pemberton CJ. Analytical, biochemical and clearance considerations of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) in healthy individuals. Clin Biochem 2019; 69:36-44. [PMID: 31129182 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is an emerging marker of cardiovascular disease burden. Appropriate assessment of assay performance and reference interval are required to enable interpretation of results to facilitate its clinical application. METHODS suPAR was measured using the suPARnostic® ELISA in 155 healthy volunteers. Assay performance was assessed for anticoagulant effect, recovery, interference, linearity and cross-reactivity. The identity of immunoreactive suPAR was confirmed by size-exclusion HPLC. To establish anatomical sites of release and uptake, we measured suPAR in regional samples from subjects undergoing cardiac catheterization. RESULTS The median concentration of suPAR was 2.1 ng/mL (IQR:1.7-2.3) in health. In comparison with EDTA, suPAR measurements were affected by lithium heparin (>10% change) and increased with serum usage. suPAR reactivity also increased in the presence of haemolysis (10 g/L), but was suppressed with urokinase and lipids (4 g/L). In multiple regression analyses, suPAR associated independently with body weight, NT-proBNP and MR-proADM (P = .03) for healthy individuals. Regional plasma sampling showed lower suPAR concentrations in the coronary sinus and renal vein compared with concentrations in femoral arterial samples. Immunoreactive circulating suPAR species had Mr of 10-39 kDa. CONCLUSION The suPARnostic® assay performs acceptably for a clinical assay but is limited in the presence of high levels of hemolysis, lipids and urokinase. We provide the first evidence for the heart and kidneys as organs of suPAR clearance in humans. Additional investigations are warranted to determine whether there is a need to compare the marker performance of differing circulating forms of suPAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Chew-Harris
- Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Sarah Appleby
- Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - A Mark Richards
- Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand; Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Cardiology, Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Richard W Troughton
- Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Cardiology, Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch, New Zealand
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12
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Son D, Kong HK, Kim Y, Song MJ, Kim HP, Lee HW, Park JH. Transgenic overexpression of human LY6K in mice suppresses mature T cell development in the thymus. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:379-387. [PMID: 30655778 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocyte antigen 6 family member K (LY6K) is upregulated in a number of types of cancer and promotes tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. In addition, LY6K is involved in tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer. However, the in vivo molecular mechanism of LY6K has not yet been investigated. In the present study, transgenic mice overexpressing human LY6K (hLY6K) were generated using the pMAMneo vector, and the effect of LY6K upregulation in vivo was investigated. A total of 4 transgenic mice were generated, and the gene copy number was examined using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RT-qPCR demonstrated that mRNA of hLY6K was overexpressed in the thymus and spleen of the transgenic mice compared with wild-type mice. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that the proportions of B and T cells in the spleen were similar in wild-type and transgenic mice; however, the proportion of thymic mature T cells decreased in the transgenic mice, while there was an increase in the proportion of naïve T cells. These findings suggest that the overexpression of LY6K suppresses T cell development, and that LY6K is a potential therapeutic target for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasom Son
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyung Kong
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Yesol Kim
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ji Song
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyong Pyo Kim
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Woong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Park
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
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13
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Deng M, Gui X, Kim J, Xie L, Chen W, Li Z, He L, Chen Y, Chen H, Luo W, Lu Z, Xie J, Churchill H, Xu Y, Zhou Z, Wu G, Yu C, John S, Hirayasu K, Nguyen N, Liu X, Huang F, Li L, Deng H, Tang H, Sadek AH, Zhang L, Huang T, Zou Y, Chen B, Zhu H, Arase H, Xia N, Jiang Y, Collins R, You MJ, Homsi J, Unni N, Lewis C, Chen GQ, Fu YX, Liao XC, An Z, Zheng J, Zhang N, Zhang CC. LILRB4 signalling in leukaemia cells mediates T cell suppression and tumour infiltration. Nature 2018; 562:605-609. [PMID: 30333625 PMCID: PMC6296374 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0615-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade therapy has been successful in treating some types of cancer but has not shown clinical benefits for treating leukaemia1. This result suggests that leukaemia uses unique mechanisms to evade this therapy. Certain immune inhibitory receptors that are expressed by normal immune cells are also present on leukaemia cells. Whether these receptors can initiate immune-related primary signalling in tumour cells remains unknown. Here we use mouse models and human cells to show that LILRB4, an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif-containing receptor and a marker of monocytic leukaemia, supports tumour cell infiltration into tissues and suppresses T cell activity via a signalling pathway that involves APOE, LILRB4, SHP-2, uPAR and ARG1 in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) cells. Deletion of LILRB4 or the use of antibodies to block LILRB4 signalling impeded AML development. Thus, LILRB4 orchestrates tumour invasion pathways in monocytic leukaemia cells by creating an immunosuppressive microenvironment. LILRB4 represents a compelling target for the treatment of monocytic AML.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apolipoproteins E/metabolism
- Arginase/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Female
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Protein Binding
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/deficiency
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic
- Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Escape/drug effects
- Tumor Escape/immunology
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Deng
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xun Gui
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jaehyup Kim
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Li Xie
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weina Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Zunling Li
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Taishan Immunology Program, Basic Medicine School, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Licai He
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medical and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuanzhi Chen
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
- School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Heyu Chen
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Weiguang Luo
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Immunology, Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhigang Lu
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Xie
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Taishan Immunology Program, Basic Medicine School, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Hywyn Churchill
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yixiang Xu
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhan Zhou
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Guojin Wu
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Chenyi Yu
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Samuel John
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kouyuki Hirayasu
- Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases and Laboratory of Immunochemistry, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nam Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoye Liu
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Fangfang Huang
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Leike Li
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hui Deng
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Haidong Tang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ali H Sadek
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Lingbo Zhang
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Immune-Onc Therapeutics, Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Yizhou Zou
- Department of Immunology, Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Benjamin Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Hisashi Arase
- Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases and Laboratory of Immunochemistry, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ningshao Xia
- School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Youxing Jiang
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Robert Collins
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - M James You
- Department of Hematopathology, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jade Homsi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Nisha Unni
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Cheryl Lewis
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Guo-Qiang Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Junke Zheng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ningyan Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Cheng Cheng Zhang
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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14
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Li Santi A, Gorrasi A, Alfieri M, Montuori N, Ragno P. A novel oncogenic role for urokinase receptor in leukemia cells: molecular sponge for oncosuppressor microRNAs. Oncotarget 2018; 9:27823-27834. [PMID: 29963240 PMCID: PMC6021242 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Urokinase receptor (uPAR) expression is up-regulated and represents a negative prognostic marker in most cancers. We previously reported that uPAR and CXCR4 can be regulated by common microRNAs in leukemia cells. Transcripts containing response elements for shared microRNAs in their 3’UTR may regulate their availability. We investigated uPAR 3’UTR capability to recruit microRNAs, thus regulating the expression of their targets. uPAR 3’UTR transfection in KG1 leukemia cells up-regulates the expression of endogenous uPAR. Transfection of uPAR 3’UTR, inserted downstream a reporter gene, increases uPAR expression and simultaneously down-regulates the reporter gene expression. Transfection of uPAR 3’UTR also increases CXCR4 expression; accordingly, uPAR silencing induces down-regulation of CXCR4 expression, through a mechanism involving Dicer, the endoribonuclease required for microRNA maturation. Transfection of uPAR 3’UTR also increases the expression of pro-tumoral factors and modulates cell adhesion and migration, consistently with the capability of uPAR3’UTR-recruited microRNAs to target several and different transcripts and, thus, functions. Finally, we found 3’UTR-containing variants of uPAR transcript in U937 leukemia cells, which show higher levels of uPAR expression as compared to KG1 cells, in which these variants are not detected. These results suggest that uPAR mRNA may recruit oncosuppressor microRNAs, allowing the expression of their targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Li Santi
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Anna Gorrasi
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Nunzia Montuori
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Pia Ragno
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
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15
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Selleri C, Montuori N, Salvati A, Serio B, Pesapane A, Ricci P, Gorrasi A, Li Santi A, Hoyer-Hansen G, Ragno P. Involvement of urokinase receptor in the cross-talk between human hematopoietic stem cells and bone marrow microenvironment. Oncotarget 2018; 7:60206-60217. [PMID: 27517491 PMCID: PMC5312379 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in bone marrow (BM) and can be induced to mobilize into the circulation for transplantation. Homing and lodgement into BM of transplanted HSCs are the first critical steps in their engraftment and involve multiple interactions between HSCs and the BM microenvironment.uPAR is a three domain receptor (DIDIIDIII) which binds urokinase, vitronectin, integrins. uPAR can be cleaved and shed from the cell surface generating full-length and cleaved soluble forms (suPAR and DIIDIII-suPAR). DIIDIII-suPAR can bind fMLF receptors through the SRSRY sequence (residues 88-92).We previously reported the involvement of soluble uPAR in HSC mobilization. We now investigate its possible role in HSC homing and engraftment.We show similar levels of circulating full-length suPAR in healthy donors and in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients before and after the pre-transplant conditioning regimen. By contrast, levels of circulating DIIDIII-suPAR in AML patients are higher as compared to controls and significantly decrease after the conditioning.We found that suPAR and uPAR84-95, a uPAR-derived peptide which mimics active DIIDIII-suPAR, induce a significant increase in Long Term Culture (LTC)-Initiating Cells (ICs) and in the release of clonogenic progenitors from LTCs of CD34+ HSCs. Further, suPAR increases adhesion and survival of CD34+ KG1 AML cells, whereas uPAR84-95 increases their proliferation.Thus, circulating DIIDIII-suPAR, strongly increased in HSC mobilization, is indeed down-regulated by pre-transplant conditioning, probably to favour HSC homing. BM full-length suPAR and DIIDIII-suPAR may be involved in HSC lodgement within the BM by contributing to a suitable microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Selleri
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Nunzia Montuori
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, "Federico II" University, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Salvati
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Bianca Serio
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Ada Pesapane
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, "Federico II" University, Naples, Italy
| | - Patrizia Ricci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Anna Gorrasi
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Anna Li Santi
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Pia Ragno
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
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16
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Kouhpayeh S, Andalib A, Gharagozloo M, Sanei MH, Esmaeil N, Maracy MR. Evaluation of Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor, Soluble Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor, and β1 Integrin in Patients with Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Adv Biomed Res 2017; 6:108. [PMID: 28904936 PMCID: PMC5590394 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.213668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The objective of this study is to indicate the role of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), soluble uPAR (suPAR), and β1 integrin in tumor growth and invasion of lymph nodes from Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) patients. Materials and Methods: In this study, 25 lymph nodes from HL patients were analyzed for the expression of β1 integrin and uPAR on mononuclear cells using two-color flow cytometry and immunohistochemical analysis. Moreover, the levels of suPAR in the serum samples of HL patients were measured and compared with 32 healthy controls. Results: Flowcytometry and immunohistochemical results indicated no significant association of uPAR expression with tumor size, different stages, or different histological subtypes of HL; however, an increased expression of β1 integrin was detected in the advanced stages of HL. Higher expression of β1 integrin was detected in nodular sclerosis compared to lymphocyte predominant. No significant difference was observed between the serum levels of suPAR in patients with different stages of HL and healthy controls. Moreover, the levels of suPAR were significantly higher in nodular sclerosis in comparison with other subtypes. Conclusions: This study showed that the levels of suPAR and β1 integrin varied between different histological subtypes of HL. Although uPAR may play only a minor role in the growth and metastasis of lymphoma, β1 integrin may be important in predicting prognosis and metastasis in HL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Kouhpayeh
- Department of Immunology, Isfahan Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alireza Andalib
- Department of Immunology, Isfahan Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Marjan Gharagozloo
- Department of Immunology, Isfahan Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Sanei
- Department of Pathology, Isfahan Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Esmaeil
- Department of Immunology, Isfahan Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Maracy
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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17
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Ciavarella S, Laurenzana A, De Summa S, Pilato B, Chillà A, Lacalamita R, Minoia C, Margheri F, Iacobazzi A, Rana A, Merchionne F, Fibbi G, Del Rosso M, Guarini A, Tommasi S, Serratì S. u-PAR expression in cancer associated fibroblast: new acquisitions in multiple myeloma progression. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:215. [PMID: 28340565 PMCID: PMC5366111 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3183-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a B-cell malignancy in which clonal plasma cells progressively expand within the bone marrow (BM) as effect of complex interactions with extracellular matrix and a number of microenvironmental cells. Among these, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) mediate crucial reciprocal signals with MM cells and are associated to aggressive disease and poor prognosis. A large body of evidence emphasizes the role of the urokinase plasminogen activator (u-PA) and its receptor u-PAR in potentiating the invasion capacity of tumor plasma cells, but little is known about their role in the biology of MM CAF. In this study, we investigated the u-PA/u-PAR axis in MM-associated fibroblasts and explore additional mechanisms of tumor/stroma interplay in MM progression. Methods CAF were purified from total BM stromal fraction of 64 patients including monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, asymptomatic and symptomatic MM, as well as MM in post-treatment remission. Flow cytometry, Real Time PCR and immunofluorescence were performed to investigate the u-PA/u-PAR system in relation to the level of activation of CAF at different stages of the disease. Moreover, proliferation and invasion assays coupled with silencing experiments were used to prove, at functional level, the function of u-PAR in CAF. Results We found higher activation level, along with increased expression of pro-invasive molecules, including u-PA, u-PAR and metalloproteinases, in CAF from patients with symptomatic MM compared to the others stages of the disease. Consistently, CAF from active MM as well as U266 cell line under the influence of medium conditioned by active MM CAF, display higher proliferative rate and invasion potential, which were significantly restrained by u-PAR gene expression inhibition. Conclusions Our data suggest that the stimulation of u-PA/u-PAR system contributes to the activated phenotype and function of CAF during MM progression, providing a biological rationale for future targeted therapies against MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ciavarella
- National Cancer Research Centre IRCCS "Giovanni Paolo II", 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - A Laurenzana
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Section of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - S De Summa
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Cancer Research Centre, IRCCS "Giovanni Paolo II", 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - B Pilato
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Cancer Research Centre, IRCCS "Giovanni Paolo II", 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - A Chillà
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Section of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - R Lacalamita
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Cancer Research Centre, IRCCS "Giovanni Paolo II", 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - C Minoia
- National Cancer Research Centre IRCCS "Giovanni Paolo II", 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - F Margheri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Section of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - A Iacobazzi
- National Cancer Research Centre IRCCS "Giovanni Paolo II", 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - A Rana
- National Cancer Research Centre IRCCS "Giovanni Paolo II", 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - F Merchionne
- National Cancer Research Centre IRCCS "Giovanni Paolo II", 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - G Fibbi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Section of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - M Del Rosso
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Section of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - A Guarini
- National Cancer Research Centre IRCCS "Giovanni Paolo II", 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - S Tommasi
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Cancer Research Centre, IRCCS "Giovanni Paolo II", 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - S Serratì
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Cancer Research Centre, IRCCS "Giovanni Paolo II", 70124, Bari, Italy. .,Nanotecnology Laboratory, National Cancer Research Centre, IRCCS "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy.
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18
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Söderlund S, Christiansson L, Persson I, Hjorth-Hansen H, Richter J, Simonsson B, Mustjoki S, Olsson-Strömberg U, Loskog A. Plasma proteomics in CML patients before and after initiation of tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy reveals induced Th1 immunity and loss of angiogenic stimuli. Leuk Res 2016; 50:95-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Shou LH, Cao D, Dong XH, Fang Q, Xu BL, Fei JP. Bone Marrow Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor Levels are Associated with the Progress of Multiple Myeloma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 31:155-160. [DOI: 10.1016/s1001-9294(16)30044-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Chatterjee T, Mallhi RS, Venkatesan S. Minimal residual disease detection using flow cytometry: Applications in acute leukemia. Med J Armed Forces India 2016; 72:152-6. [PMID: 27257325 DOI: 10.1016/j.mjafi.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Minimal residual disease (MRD) describes disease that can be diagnosed by methodologies other than conventional morphology, and includes molecular methods (like polymerase chain reaction (PCR)) or flow cytometry (FCM). Detection and monitoring of MRD is becoming the standard of care, considering its importance in predicting the treatment outcome. MRD aids in identifying high-risk patients and hence therapy can be intensified in them while deintensification of therapy can prevent long-term sequelae of chemotherapy in low-risk category. FCM is considered as a less labor-intensive and faster MRD technique as compared to PCR although it has its own share of disadvantages. Current immune-based methodologies for detection of MRD depend on establishing leukemia-associated aberrant immunophenotype (LAIP), at diagnosis or relapse and use this information at specified time points for detection of MRD, or apply a standardized panel of antibody combinations for all MRD cases, in a different-from-normal approach. This review highlights MRD detection by FCM and its application in acute leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Chatterjee
- Commandant, 166 Military Hospital, C/o 56 APO, India
| | - R S Mallhi
- Professor, Department of Immunohaematology & Blood Transfusion, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune 411040, India
| | - S Venkatesan
- Assistant Professor, Department of Pathology, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune 411040, India
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Raffaghello L, Vacca A, Pistoia V, Ribatti D. Cancer associated fibroblasts in hematological malignancies. Oncotarget 2015; 6:2589-603. [PMID: 25474039 PMCID: PMC4413603 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment plays an important role in cancer initiation and progression. In hematological malignancies, the bone marrow represents the paradigmatic anatomical site in which tumor microenvironment expresses its morphofunctional features. Among the cells participating in the composition of this microenvironment, cancer associated fibrobasts (CAFs) have received less attention in hematopoietic tumors compared to solid cancers. In this review article, we discuss the involvement of CAFs in progression of hematological malignancies and the potential targeting of CAFs in a therapeutic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angelo Vacca
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Pistoia
- Laboratorio di Oncologia, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy, National Cancer Institute "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
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22
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Bekdash A, Darwish M, Timsah Z, Kassab E, Ghanem H, Najjar V, Ghosn M, Nasser S, El-Hajj H, Bazerbachi A, Liu S, Leppla SH, Frankel AE, Abi-Habib RJ. Phospho-MEK1/2 and uPAR Expression Determine Sensitivity of AML Blasts to a Urokinase-Activated Anthrax Lethal Toxin (PrAgU2/LF). Transl Oncol 2015; 8:347-357. [PMID: 26500025 PMCID: PMC4630967 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we attempt to target both the urokinase plasminogen activator and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines and primary AML blasts using PrAgU2/LF, a urokinase-activated anthrax lethal toxin. PrAgU2/LF was cytotoxic to five out of nine AML cell lines. Cytotoxicity of PrAgU2/LF appeared to be nonapoptotic and was associated with MAPK activation and urokinase activity because all the PrAgU2/LF-sensitive cell lines showed both uPAR expression and high levels of MEK1/2 phosphorylation. Inhibition of uPAR or desensitization of cells to MEK1/2 inhibition blocked toxicity of PrAgU2/LF, indicating requirement for both uPAR expression and MAPK activation for activity. PrAgU2/LF was also cytotoxic to primary blasts from AML patients, with blasts from four out of five patients showing a cytotoxic response to PrAgU2/LF. Cytotoxicity of primary AML blasts was also dependent on uPAR expression and phos-MEK1/2 levels. CD34(+) bone marrow blasts and peripheral blood mononuclear cells lacked uPAR expression and were resistant to PrAgU2/LF, demonstrating the lack of toxicity to normal hematological cells and, therefore, the tumor selectivity of this approach. Dose escalation in mice revealed that the maximal tolerated dose of PrAgU2/LF is at least 5.7-fold higher than that of the wild-type anthrax lethal toxin, PrAg/LF, further demonstrating the increased safety of this molecule. We have shown, in this study, that PrAgU2/LF is a novel, dual-specific molecule for the selective targeting of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Bekdash
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Manal Darwish
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Zahra Timsah
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Elias Kassab
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Hadi Ghanem
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102-2801, Lebanon
| | - Vicky Najjar
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102-2801, Lebanon
| | - Marwan Ghosn
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102-2801, Lebanon
| | - Selim Nasser
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102-2801, Lebanon
| | - Hiba El-Hajj
- Department of Internal Medicine and Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali Bazerbachi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, School of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Shihui Liu
- Microbial Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Stephen H Leppla
- Microbial Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Arthur E Frankel
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Ralph J Abi-Habib
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon.
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Rubio-Jurado B, Tello-González A, Bustamante-Chávez L, de la Peña A, Riebeling-Navarro C, Nava-Zavala AH. Circulating Levels of Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor and D-Dimer in Patients With Hematological Malignancies. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2015; 15:621-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2015.07.632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Shen J, Wang Q, Wang J, Su GH, Wang J, Guo SH, Liu YA, Wu Z, Liu RF, Li X, Guo XJ, Cao J, Zhang YH, Wang ZY. Analysis of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor in multiple myeloma for predicting prognosis. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:2403-2409. [PMID: 26622860 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a type of malignancy, which affects the plasma cells of the bone marrow. Recent studies have found that malignant plasma cells may express urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and uPA receptor (uPAR), and that initiation of proteolytic events by this system contributes to the process of invasion and destruction of the bone marrow. Studies have also suggested that the level of the soluble form of uPAR (suPAR) may act as a marker for prognosis in patients with multiple myeloma, and that there is an association between uPAR/suPAR expression, and clinical characteristics, efficacy of treatment in disease control and patient survival. In order to investigate this, the present study used flow cytometry to detect the monoclonal antibodies associated with multiple myeloma, specifically, uPAR (CD87), CD56 and CD38. Patients with multiple myeloma were divided into the following groups: The effective groups (remission and stable disease) and the ineffective group (progressive disease). suPAR expression in the effective groups was 257.6±32.47 pg/ml and 331.0±99.80 pg/ml respectively, which was not significantly different from that of the normal control group (P>0.05). By contrast, the suPAR level in the invalid group was 562.2±291.0 pg/ml, which was significantly different from the levels in the normal control group (P<0.01) and the effective groups (P<0.05). suPAR levels were positively correlated with disease stage (P<0.01), renal function (P<0.05), C-reactive protein (P<0.005), β2-microglobulin (P<0.001), extramedullary involvement (P<0.001), chromosome 13 deletion (P<0.01) and survival >2 years (P<0.01). They were was negatively correlated with hemoglobin concentration. No correlation was observed between uPAR expression and suPAR levels. The present study also indicated that the stage of disease and suPAR expression were independent factors, which predicted survival of <2 years. In conclusion, high suPAR expression appears to predict disease progression, a shortened survival period and early extramedullary infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shen
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China ; Department of Hematology, Centre Hospital of Cangzhou, Cangzhou, Hebei 061001, P.R. China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Hematology, Centre Hospital of Cangzhou, Cangzhou, Hebei 061001, P.R. China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Hematology, Centre Hospital of Cangzhou, Cangzhou, Hebei 061001, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Hong Su
- Department of Hematology, Centre Hospital of Cangzhou, Cangzhou, Hebei 061001, P.R. China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Hu Guo
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Y A Liu
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Wu
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Rong-Feng Liu
- Department of Oncology, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Jin Guo
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Jing Cao
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Hua Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Yu Wang
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
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Alfano D, Gorrasi A, Li Santi A, Ricci P, Montuori N, Selleri C, Ragno P. Urokinase receptor and CXCR4 are regulated by common microRNAs in leukaemia cells. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:2262-72. [PMID: 26082201 PMCID: PMC4568930 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) receptor (uPAR) focuses uPA proteolytic activity on the cell membrane, promoting localized degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM), and binds vitronectin (VN), mediating cell adhesion to the ECM. uPAR-bound uPA and VN induce proteolysis-independent intracellular signalling, regulating cell adhesion, migration, survival and proliferation. uPAR cross-talks with CXCR4, the receptor for the stroma-derived factor 1 chemokine. CXCR4 is crucial in the trafficking of hematopoietic stem cells from/to the bone marrow, which involves also uPAR. Both uPAR and CXCR4 are expressed in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), with a lower expression in undifferentiated and myeloid subsets, and higher expression in myelomonocytic and promyelocytic subsets. We hypothesized a microRNA (miR)-mediated co-regulation of uPAR and CXCR4 expression, which could allow their cross-talk at the cell surface. We identified three miRs, miR-146a, miR-335 and miR-622, regulating the expression of both uPAR and CXCR4 in AML cell lines. Indeed, these miRs directly target the 3'untranslated region of both uPAR- and CXCR4-mRNAs; accordingly, uPAR/CXCR4 expression is reduced by their overexpression in AML cells and increased by their specific inhibitors. Overexpression of all three miRs impairs migration, invasion and proliferation of myelomonocytic cells. Interestingly, we observed an inverse relationship between uPAR/CXCR4 expression and miR-146a and miR-335 levels in AML blasts, suggesting their possible role in the regulation of uPAR/CXCR4 expression also in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Alfano
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Anna Gorrasi
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Anna Li Santi
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Patrizia Ricci
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, "Federico II" University, Naples, Italy
| | - Nunzia Montuori
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, "Federico II" University, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmine Selleri
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Pia Ragno
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
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26
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Application of molecular modeling to urokinase inhibitors development. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:625176. [PMID: 24967388 PMCID: PMC4055159 DOI: 10.1155/2014/625176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) plays an important role in the regulation of diverse physiologic and pathologic processes. Experimental research has shown that elevated uPA expression is associated with cancer progression, metastasis, and shortened survival in patients, whereas suppression of proteolytic activity of uPA leads to evident decrease of metastasis. Therefore, uPA has been considered as a promising molecular target for development of anticancer drugs. The present study sets out to develop the new selective uPA inhibitors using computer-aided structural based drug design methods. Investigation involves the following stages: computer modeling of the protein active site, development and validation of computer molecular modeling methods: docking (SOL program), postprocessing (DISCORE program), direct generalized docking (FLM program), and the application of the quantum chemical calculations (MOPAC package), search of uPA inhibitors among molecules from databases of ready-made compounds to find new uPA inhibitors, and design of new chemical structures and their optimization and experimental examination. On the basis of known uPA inhibitors and modeling results, 18 new compounds have been designed, calculated using programs mentioned above, synthesized, and tested in vitro. Eight of them display inhibitory activity and two of them display activity about 10 μM.
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27
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Fujimura K, Ebinuma H, Fukamachi I, Ohwada C, Kawaguchi T, Shimizu N, Takeuchi M, Sakaida E, Jiang M, Nakaseko C, Bujo H. Circulating LR11 is a novel soluble-receptor marker for early-stage clinical conditions in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 430:48-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Xu X, Cai Y, Wei Y, Donate F, Juarez J, Parry G, Chen L, Meehan EJ, Ahn RW, Ugolkov A, Dubrovskyi O, O'Halloran TV, Huang M, Mazar AP. Identification of a new epitope in uPAR as a target for the cancer therapeutic monoclonal antibody ATN-658, a structural homolog of the uPAR binding integrin CD11b (αM). PLoS One 2014; 9:e85349. [PMID: 24465541 PMCID: PMC3897428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) plays a role in tumor progression and has been proposed as a target for the treatment of cancer. We recently described the development of a novel humanized monoclonal antibody that targets uPAR and has anti-tumor activity in multiple xenograft animal tumor models. This antibody, ATN-658, does not inhibit ligand binding (i.e. uPA and vitronectin) to uPAR and its mechanism of action remains unclear. As a first step in understanding the anti-tumor activity of ATN-658, we set out to identify the epitope on uPAR to which ATN-658 binds. Guided by comparisons between primate and human uPAR, epitope mapping studies were performed using several orthogonal techniques. Systematic site directed and alanine scanning mutagenesis identified the region of aa 268–275 of uPAR as the epitope for ATN-658. No known function has previously been attributed to this epitope Structural insights into epitope recognition were obtained from structural studies of the Fab fragment of ATN-658 bound to uPAR. The structure shows that the ATN-658 binds to the DIII domain of uPAR, close to the C-terminus of the receptor, corroborating the epitope mapping results. Intriguingly, when bound to uPAR, the complementarity determining region (CDR) regions of ATN-658 closely mimic the binding regions of the integrin CD11b (αM), a previously identified uPAR ligand thought to be involved in leukocyte rolling, migration and complement fixation with no known role in tumor progression of solid tumors. These studies reveal a new functional epitope on uPAR involved in tumor progression and demonstrate a previously unrecognized strategy for the therapeutic targeting of uPAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Xu
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yuan Cai
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America ; State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ying Wei
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Fernando Donate
- Agensys, St. Santa Monica, California, United States of America
| | - Jose Juarez
- GNF, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Graham Parry
- Attenuon, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Liqing Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Edward J Meehan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Richard W Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Andrey Ugolkov
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Oleksii Dubrovskyi
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Thomas V O'Halloran
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America ; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America ; Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America ; Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mingdong Huang
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrew P Mazar
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America ; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America ; Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
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O'Halloran TV, Ahn R, Hankins P, Swindell E, Mazar AP. The many spaces of uPAR: delivery of theranostic agents and nanobins to multiple tumor compartments through a single target. Am J Cancer Res 2013; 3:496-506. [PMID: 23843897 PMCID: PMC3706693 DOI: 10.7150/thno.4953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) system is a proteolytic system comprised of uPA, a cell surface receptor for uPA (uPAR), and an inhibitor of uPA (PAI-1) and is implicated in many aspects of tumor growth and metastasis. The uPA system has been identified in nearly all solid tumors examined to date as well as several hematological malignancies. In adults, transient expression of the uPA system is observed during wound healing and inflammatory processes while only limited expression is identified in healthy, quiescent tissue. Members of the uPA system are expressed not only on cancer cells but also on tumor-associated stromal cells. These factors make the uPA system an ideal therapeutic target for cancer therapies. To date most therapeutics targeted at the uPA system have been inhibitors of either the uPA-uPAR interaction or uPA proteolysis but have not shown robust anti-tumor activity. There is now mounting evidence that uPAR participates in a complex signaling network central to its role in cancer progression, which provides a basis for the hypothesis that uPAR may be a marker for cancer stem cells. Several new uPAR-directed therapies have recently been developed based on this new information. A monoclonal antibody has been developed that disrupts the interactions of uPAR with signaling partners and is poised to enter the clinic. In addition, nanoscale drug delivery vehicles targeted to the uPA system using monoclonal antibodies, without disrupting the normal functioning of the system, are also in development. This review will highlight some of these new discoveries and the new uPA system-based therapeutic approaches that have arisen from them.
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30
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Nishii K, Nakaseko C, Jiang M, Shimizu N, Takeuchi M, Schneider WJ, Bujo H. The soluble form of LR11 protein is a regulator of hypoxia-induced, urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR)-mediated adhesion of immature hematological cells. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:11877-86. [PMID: 23486467 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.442491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A key property of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) regarding differentiation from the self-renewing quiescent to the proliferating stage is their adhesion to the bone marrow (BM) niche. An important molecule involved in proliferation and pool size of HSPCs in the BM is the hypoxia-induced urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR). Here, we show that the soluble form (sLR11) of LR11 (also called SorLA or SORL1) modulates the uPAR-mediated attachment of HSPCs under hypoxic conditions. Immunohistochemical and mRNA expression analyses revealed that hypoxia increased LR11 expression in hematological c-Kit(+) Lin(-) cells. In U937 cells, hypoxia induced a transient rise in LR11 transcription, production of cellular protein, and release of sLR11. Attachment to stromal cells of c-Kit(+) Lin(-) cells of lr11(-/-) mice was reduced by hypoxia much more than of lr11(+/+) animals. sLR11 induced the adhesion of U937 and c-Kit(+) Lin(-) cells to stromal cells. Cell attachment was increased by sLR11 and reduced in the presence of anti-uPAR antibodies. Furthermore, the fraction of uPAR co-immunoprecipitated with LR11 in membrane extracts of U937 cells was increased by hypoxia. CoCl2, a chemical inducer of HIF-1α, enhanced the levels of LR11 and sLR11 in U937 cells. The decrease in hypoxia-induced attachment of HIF-1α-knockdown cells was largely prevented by exogenously added sLR11. Finally, hypoxia induced HIF-1α binding to a consensus binding site in the LR11 promoter. Thus, we conclude that sLR11 regulates the hypoxia-enhanced adhesion of HSPCs via an uPAR-mediated pathway that stabilizes the hematological pool size by controlling cell attachment to the BM niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Nishii
- Department of Genome Research and Clinical Application, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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31
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Ma YY, Tao HQ. Role of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor in gastric cancer: a potential therapeutic target. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2012; 27:285-90. [PMID: 22702495 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2012.1232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in cancer research have led to major breakthroughs; however, the impact on overall cancer-related death rate remains unacceptable. Thus, further insights into tumor markers and subsequent development of targeted therapies are urgently needed. For decades the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) system has been thought to drive tumor progression by mediating directed extracellular proteolysis on the surface of migrating or invading cells. Intervention with this proteolysis by targeting of uPA receptor (uPAR) has been proposed to represent a novel approach for inhibiting tumor progression. Recent data have provided new insights into the role of uPAR in gastric cancer progression. In addition to mediating proteolysis, this receptor also appears to mediate cell signaling, proliferation, and survival, and these observations have revealed novel ways to target uPAR. In this review, we discuss uPAR expression in gastric cancer, the relationship between uPAR and Helicobacter pylori, and recent insights into uPAR-signaling mechanisms. The role of uPAR as a cancer target in gastric cancer is also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Mazar AP, Ahn RW, O'Halloran TV. Development of novel therapeutics targeting the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and their translation toward the clinic. Curr Pharm Des 2011; 17:1970-8. [PMID: 21711234 DOI: 10.2174/138161211796718152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) mediates cell motility and tissue remodeling. Although uPAR may be expressed transiently in many tissues during development and wound healing, its constitutive expression appears to be associated with several pathological conditions, including cancer. uPAR expression has been demonstrated in most solid tumors and several hematologic malignancies including multiple myeloma and acute leukemias.Unlike many tumor antigens, uPAR is present not only in tumor cells but also in a number of tumor-associated cells including angiogenic endothelial cells and macrophages. The expression of uPAR has been shown to be fairly high in tumor compared to normal, quiescent tissues, which has led to uPAR being proposed as a therapeutic target, as well as a targeting agent, for the treatment of cancer. The majority of therapeutic approaches that have been investigated to date have focused on inhibiting the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA)-uPAR interaction but these have not led to the development of a viable uPAR targeted clinical candidate. Genetic knockdown approaches e.g. siRNA, shRNA focused on decreasing uPAR expression have demonstrated robust antitumor activity in pre-clinical studies but have been hampered by the obstacles of stability and drug delivery that have limited the field of RNA nucleic acid based therapeutics. More recently, novel approaches that target interactions of uPAR that are downstream of uPA binding e.g. with integrins or that exploit observations describing the biology of uPAR such as mediating uPA internalization and signaling have generated novel uPAR targeted candidates that are now advancing towards clinic evaluation. This review will discuss some of the pitfalls that have delayed progress on uPAR-targeted interventions and will summarize recent progress in the development of uPAR-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Mazar
- Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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Raghu H, Nalla AK, Gondi CS, Gujrati M, Dinh DH, Rao JS. uPA and uPAR shRNA inhibit angiogenesis via enhanced secretion of SVEGFR1 independent of GM-CSF but dependent on TIMP-1 in endothelial and glioblastoma cells. Mol Oncol 2011; 6:33-47. [PMID: 22177802 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The uPA/uPAR system is known to play a critical role in angiogenesis of glioblastoma. Previously, we have shown that shRNA against uPA and uPAR attenuates angiogenesis by blocking nuclear translocation of angiogenin, inhibition of angiopoietin/Tie2 signaling, and regulating several other pro-angiogenic, angiostatic and anti-angiogenic molecules. Further analysis revealed that GM-CSF, a pleiotropic cytokine, was significantly inhibited in U87MG and 4910 co-cultures with endothelial cells transfected with shRNA against uPA and uPAR. The role of the uPA/uPAR system in this process is not completely understood. Analysis of tumor conditioned medium of U87MG, 4910 and HMECs transfected with shRNA against uPA or uPAR alone or in combination (pU2) revealed inhibition of GM-CSF-enhanced secretion of SVEGFR1 as shown by Western blotting and ELISA. Moreover, phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT5, the downstream effectors of GM-CSF signaling, was also inhibited in all three cell lines. Phosphorylation at Tyr 166 position of the GM-CSFRβ subunit, the signal activating subunit of the GM-CSF receptor, was inhibited in HMEC, U87MG and 4910 cells. Further analysis revealed that shRNA against uPA and/or uPAR increased secretion of TIMP-1, which is known to enhance SVEGFR1 secretion in endothelial cells. Moreover, addition of purified uPA (with and without GM-CSF) activated JAK2/STAT5 signaling in HMEC. Exogenous addition of SVEGFR1 to pU2 tumor conditioned medium enhanced inhibition of VEGF-induced endothelial capillary tube formation as assessed by an in vitro angiogenesis assay. To determine the significance of these events in vivo, nude mice with pre-established tumors treated with shRNA against uPA and/or uPAR showed decreased levels of GM-CSF and increased levels of SVEGFR1 and TIMP-1 when compared with controls. Enhanced secretion of SVEGFR1 by puPA, puPAR and pU2 in endothelial and GBM cells was mediated indirectly by MMP-7 and augmented by ectodomain shedding of VEGFr1 by tyrosine phosphorylation at the 1213 position. Taken together, these results suggest that the uPA/uPAR system could prove beneficial as an indirect target for inhibition of angiogenesis in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Raghu
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
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Birengel S, Yalçındağ FN, Yalçındağ A, Sahli E, Batıoğlu F. Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor levels in Behcet's disease. Thromb Res 2011; 128:274-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Atfy M, Eissa M, Salah HE, El Shabrawy DA. Role of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (CD87) as a prognostic marker in acute myeloid leukemia. Med Oncol 2011; 29:2063-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-011-9993-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Haastrup E, Andersen J, Ostrowski SR, Høyer-Hansen G, Jacobsen N, Heilmann C, Ullum H, Müller K. Soluble Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor During Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation. Scand J Immunol 2011; 73:325-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02511.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cancello R, Rouault C, Guilhem G, Bedel JF, Poitou C, Di Blasio AM, Basdevant A, Tordjman J, Clément K. Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor in adipose tissue macrophages of morbidly obese subjects. Obes Facts 2011; 4:17-25. [PMID: 21372607 PMCID: PMC6444478 DOI: 10.1159/000324587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE At present, circulating markers characterizing the inflammatory infiltration of white adipose tissue (WAT) in human obesity are not well known. We previously identified, by a pangenomic approach (microarrays), the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (PLAUR or CD87) as a potential marker of subcutaneous adipose tissue macrophage infiltration (ATM). METHOD We studied i) the presence of PLAUR protein in WAT; ii) the PLAUR amount in plasma of obese patients; iii) the circulating variations during surgery-induced weight loss, and iv) the correlations between PLAUR circulating levels and bioclinical parameters. RESULTS We observed that PLAUR is preferentially expressed by infiltrating ATMs, with a typical localization on macrophage membrane. Circulating soluble PLAUR levels were significantly elevated in obese patients compared to lean controls. However, despite a trend towards a decrease 3 months after weight loss, PLAUR plasma levels were not modulated during a 1-year weight loss follow-up, suggesting the contribution of secretion sites other than subcutaneous WAT in obese patients. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that PLAUR mRNA expression could be used for the estimation of local subcutaneous ATMs infiltration in obese patients, but it cannot be used as a systemic marker of this inflammatory infiltration in dynamic phases of weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Cancello
- Inserm U872, CRC Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, CHRU Pitié-Salpétrière, Service de Nutrition, Paris, France.
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Macedo AV, Freitas IF, Oliveira FM, Resende CC, Mendes CMC, Vieira AK, Castro LP, Rego EM, Clementino NCD, Bittencourt H. Granulocytic sarcoma of the stomach: Relapse after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for chronic myeloid leukemia. Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther 2010; 3:94-8. [DOI: 10.1016/s1658-3876(10)50042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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The anti-invasive activity of synthetic alkaloid ethoxyfagaronine on L1210 leukemia cells is mediated by down-regulation of plasminogen activators and MT1-MMP expression and activity. Invest New Drugs 2010; 29:730-41. [PMID: 20349265 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-010-9410-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Quaternary benzo[c]phenanthridines such as fagaronine are natural substances which have been reported to exhibit anticancer and anti-leukemic properties. However, the therapeutic use of these molecules is limited due to the high dose required to exhibit anti-tumor activity and subsequent toxicity. In this study, we describe the therapeutic potential of a new derivative of fagaronine, Ethoxyfagaronine (N-methyl-12-ethoxy-2hydroxy-3, 8, 9-trimethoxybenzo[c]-phenanthridiniumchlorhydrate) as an anti-leukemic agent. Cytotoxic activity and cell growth inhibition of Ethoxyfagaronine (Etxfag) was tested on murine L1210 leukemia cells using trypan blue assay and MTT assay. At the concentration of 10(-7) M, Etxfag induced less than 10% of cell death. Etxfag (10(-7) M) was tested on L1210 cell invasiveness using matrigel™ precoated transwell chambers and efficiently reduces the invasive potential of L1210 cells by more than 50% as compared with untreated cells. Western blot and immunofluorescence experiments showed that Etxfag decreased both MT1-MMP expression and activation at the cell surface, decreased plasmin activity by down-regulating u-PAR and uPA expression at the cell surface and increasing PAI-1 secretion in conditioned media. The set of our findings underscore the therapeutic potential of ethoxyfagaronine as a new potential anticancer agent able to prevent leukemic cell dissemination.
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Abstract
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) expression is elevated during inflammation and tissue remodelling and in many human cancers, in which it frequently indicates poor prognosis. uPAR regulates proteolysis by binding the extracellular protease urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA; also known as urokinase) and also activates many intracellular signalling pathways. Coordination of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteolysis and cell signalling by uPAR underlies its important function in cell migration, proliferation and survival and makes it an attractive therapeutic target in cancer and inflammatory diseases. uPAR lacks transmembrane and intracellular domains and so requires transmembrane co-receptors for signalling. Integrins are essential uPAR signalling co-receptors and a second uPAR ligand, the ECM protein vitronectin, is also crucial for this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey W Smith
- Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, West Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1A3, Canada.
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Smith HW, Marra P, Marshall CJ. uPAR promotes formation of the p130Cas-Crk complex to activate Rac through DOCK180. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 182:777-90. [PMID: 18725541 PMCID: PMC2518715 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200712050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) drives tumor cell membrane protrusion and motility through activation of Rac; however, the pathway leading from uPAR to Rac activation has not been described. In this study we identify DOCK180 as the guanine nucleotide exchange factor acting downstream of uPAR. We show that uPAR cooperates with integrin complexes containing β3 integrin to drive formation of the p130Cas–CrkII signaling complex and activation of Rac, resulting in a Rac-driven elongated-mesenchymal morphology, cell motility, and invasion. Our findings identify a signaling pathway underlying the morphological changes and increased cell motility associated with uPAR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey W Smith
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, England, UK
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High BAALC expression associates with other molecular prognostic markers, poor outcome, and a distinct gene-expression signature in cytogenetically normal patients younger than 60 years with acute myeloid leukemia: a Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) study. Blood 2008; 111:5371-9. [PMID: 18378853 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-11-124958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BAALC expression is considered an independent prognostic factor in cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia (CN-AML), but has yet to be investigated together with multiple other established prognostic molecular markers in CN-AML. We analyzed BAALC expression in 172 primary CN-AML patients younger than 60 years of age, treated similarly on CALGB protocols. High BAALC expression was associated with FLT3-ITD (P = .04), wild-type NPM1 (P < .001), mutated CEBPA (P = .003), MLL-PTD (P = .009), absent FLT3-TKD (P = .005), and high ERG expression (P = .05). In multivariable analysis, high BAALC expression independently predicted lower complete remission rates (P = .04) when adjusting for ERG expression and age, and shorter survival (P = .04) when adjusting for FLT3-ITD, NPM1, CEBPA, and white blood cell count. A gene-expression signature of 312 probe sets differentiating high from low BAALC expressers was identified. High BAALC expression was associated with overexpression of genes involved in drug resistance (MDR1) and stem cell markers (CD133, CD34, KIT). Global microRNA-expression analysis did not reveal significant differences between BAALC expression groups. However, an analysis of microRNAs that putatively target BAALC revealed a potentially interesting inverse association between expression of miR-148a and BAALC. We conclude that high BAALC expression is an independent adverse prognostic factor and is associated with a specific gene-expression profile.
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Diab M, Coloe J, Bechtel M. Extramedullary granulocytic sarcoma of the skin, mediastinum, and pericardium. Int J Dermatol 2008; 47:256-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2008.03446.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Novotny JR, Nückel H, Dührsen U. Correlation between expression of CD56/NCAM and severe leukostasis in hyperleukocytic acute myelomonocytic leukaemia. Eur J Haematol 2006; 76:299-308. [PMID: 16519701 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2005.00607.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The possible contribution of surface molecules to the development of leukostasis syndrome in hyperleukocytic acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) was assessed by routine immunophenotyping and grading of the probability of clinical leukostasis. METHODS Fifty-three patients (23 women, 30 men, median age 59 yr) with hyperleukocytic AML [white blood count (WBC) above 50 x 10(9)/L] were graded for the probability of clinical leukostasis according to the severity of neurologic, pulmonary and other symptoms possibly caused by leukostasis using a recently published scoring system. Age, WBC, absolute blast count, haemoglobin, cytogenetic risk group, infection, relative CD56 expression and absolute count of CD56 positive blasts were analyzed in multivariate stepwise backward logistic regression analysis. RESULTS In patients with acute monocytic leukaemia (AML M4/M5) the absolute count of leukaemic blasts expressing CD56/NCAM was highly associated with the development of symptoms graded as highly probable leukostasis and all three patients succumbing to early death were CD56 positive. Only the absolute count of CD56 positive blasts was a significant predictor of risk of severe leukostasis (P = 0.020). This was not found in AML without monocytic involvement (AML M1, M2, M3v). CONCLUSIONS The expression of CD56/NCAM, a surface marker used in routine immunophenotyping of AML, may help to predict severe and potentially fatal leukostasis in hyperleukocytic acute myelomonocytic leukaemia. These results emphasize the usefulness of this four-stage clinical grading scale for analysing the factors, which lead to severe leukostasis in hyperleukocytic patients. We extend previous findings that the mechanisms of leukostasis are different depending on the involvement of the monocytic lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Novotny
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany.
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Bender AT, Beavo JA. PDE1B2 regulates cGMP and a subset of the phenotypic characteristics acquired upon macrophage differentiation from a monocyte. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:460-5. [PMID: 16407168 PMCID: PMC1326187 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0509972102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation with the cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor induces expression of the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase PDE1B2. However, what role PDE1B2 plays in macrophage biology has not been elucidated. We have addressed this question by inhibiting PDE1B2 induction by using RNA interference. Using a retrovirus-based system, we created HL-60 stable cell lines that express a short-hairpin RNA targeting PDE1B2. HL-60 cells treated with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate differentiate to a macrophage-like phenotype and up-regulate PDE1B2. However, expression of PDE1B2 short hairpin RNA effectively suppresses PDE1B2 mRNA, protein, and activity up-regulation. Using the HL-60 PDE1B2 knockdown cells and agonists for either adenylyl or guanylyl cyclase, it was found that PDE1B2 predominantly regulates cGMP and plays a lesser role in cAMP regulation in response to cyclase agonists. Furthermore, in intact HL-60 cells, PDE1B2 activity can be regulated by changes in Ca+2 levels. Inhibiting PDE1B2 up-regulation does not prevent HL-60 cell differentiation, because several markers of macrophage differentiation are unaffected. However, suppression of PDE1B2 expression alters some aspects of the macrophage-like phenotype, because cell spreading, phagocytic ability, and CD11b expression are augmented. The cAMP analog 8-Bromo-cAMP reverses the changes caused by PDE1B2 knockdown. Also, PDE1B2 knockdown cells have lower basal levels of cAMP and alterations in the phosphorylation state of several probable PKA substrate proteins. Thus, the effects of PDE1B2 on differentiation may ultimately be mediated through decreased cAMP. In conclusion, PDE1B2 regulates a subset of phenotypic changes that occur upon phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced differentiation and likely also plays a role in differentiated macrophages by regulating agonist-stimulated cGMP levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Bender
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, WA 98195-7280, USA
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Hernández-Campo PM, Almeida J, Sánchez ML, Malvezzi M, Orfao A. Normal patterns of expression of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins on different subsets of peripheral blood cells: A frame of reference for the diagnosis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2006; 70:71-81. [PMID: 16493662 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.20087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evaluation of the expression of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane proteins (GPI-AP) is currently used for the diagnosis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). In this study, we analyzed the amount of expression of a wide variety of GPI-AP in different subsets of hematopoietic cells present in normal peripheral blood (PB), to establish their normal patterns of expression and provide a frame of reference for the definition of the best combination of GPI-AP and PB cell subsets to be applied in the diagnosis and monitoring of PNH. RESULTS Our results show variable patterns of expression of different GPI-AP in distinct subsets of normal PB cells. Combined use of CD55 and CD59 represented the most useful dual-marker combination; however, its utility remained suboptimal for several subsets of leukocytes and for platelets. CONCLUSIONS For some cell subsets such as the neutrophils additional useful markers could be selected from a relatively broad panel (CD16/CD24/CD55/CD59/CD66b/CD157), whereas for other cell subsets the number of useful antigens was either restricted (monocytes: CD14/CD55/CD157; B cells: CD24/CD48/CD52/CD55; CD4+ T cells: CD48/CD52/CD55; eosinophils: CD55/CD59; CD8+ T cells: CD48/CD55) or limited to a single marker (CD48 on CD56low NK cells, CD55 on BDCA3- dendritic cells and CD56high NK cells, and CD59 for red cells), from all antigens analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar María Hernández-Campo
- Servicio General de Citometría, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Kopf E, Miskin R. A RUNX/AML-binding motif residing in a novel 13-bp DNA palindrome may determine the expression of the proximal promoter of the human uPA gene. J Thromb Haemost 2005; 3:2057-64. [PMID: 16102112 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01510.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) is a multifunctional extracellular serine protease implicated in different events including fibrinolysis, tissue remodeling, and hematopoiesis. The human uPA gene contains a major promoter region at around 2000 bp upstream from the transcription start site (+1), and a second regulatory region spanning nucleotides -90/+32 within the proximal promoter. Here, an inspection of this region revealed a novel 13-bp palindrome residing at position +8/+20. Interestingly, the palindrome contains the DNA consensus-binding hexamer for the RUNX/AML family of transcription factors that play a role in hematopoiesis, leukemia, and several developmental processes. Measuring the expression for promoter-reporter constructs after transfection revealed that deletion of the palindrome abrogated most of the proximal promoter activity in 293A cell. Additionally, electrophoretic mobility shift assays have shown that the palindrome could bind the RUNX1 component in nuclear extracts of myeloid cell lines exclusively through its RUNX motif. The palindrome was found in five additional human genes, two of which (MYH11 and MLLT1) have been linked to chromosomal rearrangements leading to leukemia. The data presented here have implicated, for the first time, RUNX/AML in the regulation of the uPA gene. The significance of the novel palindrome regarding gene regulation through the RUNX motif deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kopf
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Lengerke C, Wirths S, Kanz L, Hebart H, Kaiserling E, Krober SM, Horger MS, Soennichsen K. Unusual Leukemia Presentations. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23:5837-9. [PMID: 16110037 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lengerke
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Tuebingen Medical Center, Germany
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Novotny JR, Müller-Beissenhirtz H, Herget-Rosenthal S, Kribben A, Dührsen U. Grading of symptoms in hyperleukocytic leukaemia: a clinical model for the role of different blast types and promyelocytes in the development of leukostasis syndrome. Eur J Haematol 2005; 74:501-10. [PMID: 15876254 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2005.00421.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with hyperleukocytic leukaemia were graded according to the severity of symptoms possibly caused by leukostasis to evaluate the effectiveness of therapy and to test the relative contribution of blast type and count of blasts and promyelocytes in the development of leukostasis syndrome. METHODS Ninety-five patients (59 male, 36 female, median age 52 yr) with hyperleukocytic leukaemia [leukocytes above 50 x 10(9)/L, 48 acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), 31 chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), 13 acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), three chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML)] were grouped according to the presence or absence and severity of neurologic, pulmonary and other symptoms into four categories (no, possible, probable and highly probable leukostasis syndrome). Age, white blood count (WBC), haemoglobin, blast count and total of blasts plus promyelocytes of these groups were compared by Mann-Whitney U-test. RESULTS Patients with myeloid leukaemia (AML M1/M2, CML) which scored as highly probable leukostasis showed significantly higher WBC (P = 0.011), lower haemoglobin (P = 0.004), higher peripheral blast counts (P = 0.004) and higher total of peripheral blasts plus promyelocytes (P < 0.001) compared with the lower probability groups. In leukaemia involving the monocytic lineage (AML M4/M5, CMML) no significant differences were found in any of these factors between patients with highly probable leukostasis and the other patients. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that a four-stage clinical grading scale is a valuable tool for analysing hyperleukocytic patient populations and evaluate the effectiveness of therapy more precisely. We further demonstrate that the mechanisms of leukostasis are different in myeloid leukaemia as compared with leukaemia with involvement of the monocytic lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Novotny
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany.
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