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Brown JS. Comparison of Oncogenes, Tumor Suppressors, and MicroRNAs Between Schizophrenia and Glioma: The Balance of Power. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 151:105206. [PMID: 37178944 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The risk of cancer in schizophrenia has been controversial. Confounders of the issue are cigarette smoking in schizophrenia, and antiproliferative effects of antipsychotic medications. The author has previously suggested comparison of a specific cancer like glioma to schizophrenia might help determine a more accurate relationship between cancer and schizophrenia. To accomplish this goal, the author performed three comparisons of data; the first a comparison of conventional tumor suppressors and oncogenes between schizophrenia and cancer including glioma. This comparison determined schizophrenia has both tumor-suppressive and tumor-promoting characteristics. A second, larger comparison between brain-expressed microRNAs in schizophrenia with their expression in glioma was then performed. This identified a core carcinogenic group of miRNAs in schizophrenia offset by a larger group of tumor-suppressive miRNAs. This proposed "balance of power" between oncogenes and tumor suppressors could cause neuroinflammation. This was assessed by a third comparison between schizophrenia, glioma and inflammation in asbestos-related lung cancer and mesothelioma (ALRCM). This revealed that schizophrenia shares more oncogenic similarity to ALRCM than glioma.
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Snelleksz M, Rossell SL, Gibbons A, Nithianantharajah J, Dean B. Evidence that the frontal pole has a significant role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2022; 317:114850. [PMID: 36174274 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Different regions of the cortex have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Recently published data suggested there are many more changes in gene expression in the frontal pole (Brodmann's Area (BA) 10) compared to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (BA 9) and the anterior cingulate cortex (BA 33) from patients with schizophrenia. These data argued that the frontal pole is significantly affected by the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The frontal pole is a region necessary for higher cognitive functions and is highly interconnected with many other brain regions. In this review we summarise the growing body of evidence to support the hypothesis that a dysfunctional frontal pole, due at least in part to its widespread effects on brain function, is making an important contribution to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. We detail the many structural, cellular and molecular abnormalities in the frontal pole from people with schizophrenia and present findings that argue the symptoms of schizophrenia are closely linked to dysfunction in this critical brain region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Snelleksz
- Synaptic Biology and Cognition Laboratory, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; The Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Susan L Rossell
- Centre for Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Gibbons
- The Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jess Nithianantharajah
- The Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brian Dean
- Synaptic Biology and Cognition Laboratory, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; The Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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3
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Cruz-Correa MR, Sala AC, Cintrón B, Hernández J, Olivera M, Cora A, Moore CM, Luciano CA, Soto-Salgado M, Giardiello FM, Hooper SR. Ubiquitous neurocognitive dysfunction in familial adenomatous polyposis: proof-of-concept of the role of APC protein in neurocognitive function. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2020; 18:4. [PMID: 32123549 PMCID: PMC7041079 DOI: 10.1186/s13053-020-0135-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by germline mutations in the APC gene. Patients with FAP have multiple extraintestinal manifestations that follow a genotype-phenotype pattern; however, few data exist characterizing their cognitive abilities. Given the role of the APC protein in development of the central nervous system, we hypothesized that patients with FAP would show differences in cognitive functioning compared to controls. METHODS Matched case-control study designed to evaluate cognitive function using the Test of Nonverbal Intelligence-4, the Bateria III Woodcock-Munoz, and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functions-Adult. Twenty-six individuals with FAP (mean age = 34.2 ± 15.0 years) and 25 age-gender and educational level matched controls (mean age = 32.7 ± 13.8 years) were evaluated. RESULTS FAP-cases had significantly lower IQ (p = 0.005). Across all tasks of the Batería III Woodcock-Muñoz, FAP-cases performed significantly lower than controls, with all of the summary scores falling in the bottom quartile compared to controls (p < 0.0001). Patients with FAP scored within the deficient range for Long-Term Retrieval and Cognitive Fluency. CONCLUSION APC protein has an important role in neurocognitive function. The pervasive nature of the observed cognitive dysfunction suggests that loss or dysfunction of the APC protein impacts processes in cortical and subcortical brain regions. Additional studies examining larger ethnically diverse cohorts with FAP are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Roxana Cruz-Correa
- Department of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, UPR Medical Sciences Campus, PO BOX 365067, San Juan, 00936 Puerto Rico
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Division of Cancer Biology, University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Division of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Ana Cecilia Sala
- Department of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, UPR Medical Sciences Campus, PO BOX 365067, San Juan, 00936 Puerto Rico
| | - Beatriz Cintrón
- Department of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, UPR Medical Sciences Campus, PO BOX 365067, San Juan, 00936 Puerto Rico
| | - Jessica Hernández
- Department of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, UPR Medical Sciences Campus, PO BOX 365067, San Juan, 00936 Puerto Rico
| | - Myrta Olivera
- Department of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, UPR Medical Sciences Campus, PO BOX 365067, San Juan, 00936 Puerto Rico
| | - Adrian Cora
- Department of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, UPR Medical Sciences Campus, PO BOX 365067, San Juan, 00936 Puerto Rico
| | | | - Carlos A. Luciano
- Department of Medicine, Neurology Section, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Marievelisse Soto-Salgado
- Department of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, UPR Medical Sciences Campus, PO BOX 365067, San Juan, 00936 Puerto Rico
| | - Francis M. Giardiello
- Division of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Stephen R. Hooper
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
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4
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Farré X, Spataro N, Haziza F, Rambla J, Navarro A. Genome-phenome explorer (GePhEx): a tool for the visualization and interpretation of phenotypic relationships supported by genetic evidence. Bioinformatics 2020; 36:890-896. [PMID: 31393550 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Association studies based on SNP arrays and Next Generation Sequencing technologies have enabled the discovery of thousands of genetic loci related to human diseases. Nevertheless, their biological interpretation is still elusive, and their medical applications limited. Recently, various tools have been developed to help bridging the gap between genomes and phenomes. To our knowledge, however none of these tools allows users to retrieve the phenotype-wide list of genetic variants that may be linked to a given disease or to visually explore the joint genetic architecture of different pathologies. RESULTS We present the Genome-Phenome Explorer (GePhEx), a web-tool easing the visual exploration of phenotypic relationships supported by genetic evidences. GePhEx is primarily based on the thorough analysis of linkage disequilibrium between disease-associated variants and also considers relationships based on genes, pathways or drug-targets, leveraging on publicly available variant-disease associations to detect potential relationships between diseases. We demonstrate that GePhEx does retrieve well-known relationships as well as novel ones, and that, thus, it might help shedding light on the patho-physiological mechanisms underlying complex diseases. To this end, we investigate the potential relationship between schizophrenia and lung cancer, first detected using GePhEx and provide further evidence supporting a functional link between them. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION GePhEx is available at: https://gephex.ega-archive.org/. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Farré
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia 08003, Spain
| | - Nino Spataro
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia 08003, Spain.,Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Frederic Haziza
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Jordi Rambla
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Arcadi Navarro
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia 08003, Spain.,Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08003, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), PRBB, Barcelona, Catalonia 08003, Spain
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5
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Alsabban AH, Morikawa M, Tanaka Y, Takei Y, Hirokawa N. Kinesin Kif3b mutation reduces NMDAR subunit NR2A trafficking and causes schizophrenia-like phenotypes in mice. EMBO J 2020; 39:e101090. [PMID: 31746486 PMCID: PMC6939202 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018101090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The transport of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) is crucial for neuronal plasticity and synapse formation. Here, we show that KIF3B, a member of the kinesin superfamily proteins (KIFs), supports the transport of vesicles simultaneously containing NMDAR subunit 2A (NR2A) and the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) complex. Kif3b+/- neurons exhibited a reduction in dendritic levels of both NR2A and NR2B due to the impaired transport of NR2A and increased degradation of NR2B. In Kif3b+/- hippocampal slices, electrophysiological NMDAR response was found decreased and synaptic plasticity was disrupted, which corresponded to a common feature of schizophrenia (SCZ). The histological features of Kif3b+/- mouse brain also mimicked SCZ features, and Kif3b+/- mice exhibited behavioral defects in prepulse inhibition (PPI), social interest, and cognitive flexibility. Indeed, a mutation of KIF3B was specifically identified in human SCZ patients, which was revealed to be functionally defective in a rescue experiment. Therefore, we propose that KIF3B transports NR2A/APC complex and that its dysfunction is responsible for SCZ pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwaq Hassan Alsabban
- Department of Cell Biology and AnatomyGraduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Department of Biological ScienceFaculty of SciencesKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
- Unit of Neurological DisordersDepartment of Genetic MedicineFaculty of MedicinePrincess Al‐Jawhara Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER.HD)King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | - Momo Morikawa
- Department of Cell Biology and AnatomyGraduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yosuke Tanaka
- Department of Cell Biology and AnatomyGraduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yosuke Takei
- Department of Cell Biology and AnatomyGraduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceFaculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Nobutaka Hirokawa
- Department of Cell Biology and AnatomyGraduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Center of Excellence in Genome Medicine ResearchKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
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Ni L, Wu J, Long Y, Tao J, Xu J, Yuan X, Yu N, Wu R, Zhang Y. Mortality of site-specific cancer in patients with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry 2019; 19:323. [PMID: 31660909 PMCID: PMC6816203 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-019-2332-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have reported contradicting results on the relationship between cancer mortality and schizophrenia. Our aim is to quantify the mortality rate of common site-specific cancers among patients with schizophrenia and to synthesize the available research evidence. METHODS We performed a systemic search of the PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science databases. Studies reporting the mortality rate of different cancer in patients with schizophrenia were included. A random-effects model was applied to calculate the pooled relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs). RESULTS Seven studies consisting of 1,162,971 participants with schizophrenia were included in this meta-analysis. Data regarding mortality risk of breast, colon, lung and prostate cancer among schizophrenia patients were subjected to quantitative analysis. Pooled results showed significant increases in mortality risk of breast cancer (RR = 1.97, 95%CI 1.38-2.83), lung cancer (RR = 1.93, 95%CI 1.46-2.54) and colon cancer (RR = 1.69, 95%CI 1.60-1.80) in patients with schizophrenia compared with those in the general population or control group. The mortality risk of prostate cancer increased in male patients, although no significant difference was detected (RR = 1.58, 95% CI 0.79-3.15). Increased risks of mortality from lung and colon cancer were observed in female patients (RR = 2.49, 95%CI 2.40-2.59 and RR = 2.42, 95%CI 1.39-4.22, respectively) and elevated risks of mortality from lung and colon cancer in male patients (RR = 2.40, 95%CI 2.30-2.50 and RR = 1.90, 95%CI 1.71-2.11, respectively) were detected. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with schizophrenia have a significantly high risk of mortality from breast, colon, and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Ni
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuming Long
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jialong Tao
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianhao Xu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuya Yuan
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004 People’s Republic of China
| | - Na Yu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004 People’s Republic of China
| | - Runhong Wu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yusong Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004 People’s Republic of China
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7
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Zhuo C, Wang D, Zhou C, Chen C, Li J, Tian H, Li S, Ji F, Liu C, Chen M, Zhang L. Double-Edged Sword of Tumour Suppressor Genes in Schizophrenia. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:1. [PMID: 30809121 PMCID: PMC6379290 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a common psychiatric disorder with polygenetic pathogenesis. Among the many identified candidate genes and loci, the group of tumour suppressor genes has drawn our interest. In this mini-review article, we describe evidence of a correlation between major tumour suppressor genes and SCZ development. Genetic mutations ranging from single nucleotide polymorphisms to large structural alterations have been found in tumour-related genes in patients with SCZ. Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation/acetylation and microRNA regulation of tumour suppressor genes, have also been implicated in SCZ. Beyond genetic correlations, we hope to establish causal relationships between tumour suppressor gene function and SCZ risk. Accumulating evidence shows that tumour suppressor genes may mediate cell survival and neural development, both of which contribute to SCZ aetiology. Moreover, converging intracellular signalling pathways indicate a role of tumour suppressor genes in SCZ pathogenesis. Tumour suppressor gene function may mediate a direct link between neural development and function and psychiatric disorders, including SCZ. A deeper understanding of how neural cell development is affected by tumour suppressors may lead to improved anti-psychotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjun Zhuo
- Genetics Laboratory, Department of Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Nankai University Affiliated Anding Hospital, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Psychiatric Genetic Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dawei Wang
- Department of Neuroimaging Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chunhua Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ce Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jie Li
- Genetics Laboratory, Department of Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Nankai University Affiliated Anding Hospital, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongjun Tian
- Genetics Laboratory, Department of Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Nankai University Affiliated Anding Hospital, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shen Li
- Genetics Laboratory, Department of Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Nankai University Affiliated Anding Hospital, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Ji
- Psychiatric Genetic Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Chuanxin Liu
- Psychiatric Genetic Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Min Chen
- Psychiatric Genetic Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Li Zhang
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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8
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Peripheral SLC6A4 Gene Expression in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in the Han Chinese Population. SHANGHAI ARCHIVES OF PSYCHIATRY 2017; 29:146-153. [PMID: 28904509 PMCID: PMC5579458 DOI: 10.11919/j.issn.1002-0829.216105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serotonergic system dysfunction has been implicated in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This study examined peripheral SLC6A4 gene expression in OCD patients and healthy controls to explore the relationship between SLC6A4 and OCD. METHODS Participants included 50 first episode OCD patients and 60 age and gender-matched healthy controls. Relative SLC6A4 gene expression were examined by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in peripheral leukocytes of all the subjects. The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) was used to assess the severity and subtype of OCD. RESULTS SLC6A4 gene expression, normalized by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), were not significantly different between the OCD patients and healthy controls(z=-0.79, p=0.428). Male OCD patients showed a tendency of low gene expression of SLC6A4 in peripheral blood (z=-1.66, p=0.096). We did not find a significant correlation between SLC6A4 expression and the severity and subtype of OCD. CONCLUSION There is no correlation between SLC6A4 expression levels and the severity and subtype of OCD, but male OCD patients showed a tendency of low gene expression of SLC6A4 in peripheral blood. These results suggest that gene expression of SLC6A4 in peripheral blood may not be a useful biomarker of OCD in the Han Chinese population.
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Rizos E, Siafakas N, Skourti E, Papageorgiou C, Tsoporis J, Parker TH, Christodoulou DI, Spandidos DA, Katsantoni E, Zoumpourlis V. miRNAs and their role in the correlation between schizophrenia and cancer (Review). Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:4942-4946. [PMID: 27748930 PMCID: PMC5355746 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) and cancer (Ca) have a broad spectrum of clinical phenotypes and a complex biological background, implicating a large number of genetic and epigenetic factors. SZ is a chronic neurodevelopmental disorder signified by an increase in the expression of apoptotic molecular signals, whereas Ca is conversely characterized by an increase in appropriate molecular signaling that stimulates uncontrolled cell proliferation. The rather low risk of developing Ca in patients suffering from SZ is a hypothesis that is still under debate. Recent evidence has indicated that microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs), a large group of small non-coding oligonoucleotides, may play a significant role in the development of Ca and major psychiatric disorders, such as SZ, bipolar disorder, autism spectrum disorders, suicidality and depression, through their interference with the expression of multiple genes. For instance, the possible role of let-7, miR-98 and miR-183 as biomarkers for Ca and SZ was investigated in our previous research studies. Therefore, further investigations on the expression profiles of these regulatory, small RNA molecules and the molecular pathways through which they exert their control may provide a plausible explanation as to whether there is a correlation between psychiatric disorders and low risk of developing Ca.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rizos
- 2nd Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, University General Hospital 'ATTIKON', Athens 124 62, Greece
| | - N Siafakas
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, University General Hospital 'ATTIKON', Athens 124 62, Greece
| | - E Skourti
- Unit of Biomedical Applications, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens 116 35, Greece
| | - C Papageorgiou
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, 'Eginition' Hospital, Athens 115 28, Greece
| | - J Tsoporis
- Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Centre, Institute of Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - T H Parker
- Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Centre, Institute of Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - D I Christodoulou
- Unit of Biomedical Applications, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens 116 35, Greece
| | - D A Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - E Katsantoni
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Hematology‑Oncology Division, Athens 115 27, Greece
| | - V Zoumpourlis
- Unit of Biomedical Applications, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens 116 35, Greece
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10
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Su Y, Ding W, Xing M, Qi D, Li Z, Cui D. The Interaction of TXNIP and AFq1 Genes Increases the Susceptibility of Schizophrenia. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4806-4812. [PMID: 27510506 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9954-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although previous studies showed the reduced risk of cancer in patients with schizophrenia, whether patients with schizophrenia possess genetic factors that also contribute to tumor suppressor is still unknown. In the present study, based on our previous microarray data, we focused on the tumor suppressor genes TXNIP and AF1q, which differentially expressed in patients with schizophrenia. A total of 413 patients and 578 healthy controls were recruited. We found no significant differences in genotype, allele, or haplotype frequencies at the selected five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs2236566 and rs7211 in TXNIP gene; rs10749659, rs2140709, and rs3738481 in AF1q gene) between patients with schizophrenia and controls. However, we found the association between the interaction of TXNIP and AF1q with schizophrenia by using the MDR method followed by traditional statistical analysis. The best gene-gene interaction model identified was a three-locus model TXNIP (rs2236566, rs7211)-AF1q (rs2140709). After traditional statistical analysis, we found the high-risk genotype combination was rs2236566 (GG)-rs7211(CC)-rs2140709(CC) (OR = 1.35 [1.03-1.76]). The low-risk genotype combination was rs2236566 (GT)-rs7211(CC)-rs2140709(CC) (OR = 0.67 [0.49-0.91]). Our finding suggested statistically significant role of interaction of TXNIP and AF1q polymorphisms (TXNIP-rs2236566, TXNIP-rs7211, and AF1q-rs2769605) in schizophrenia susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousong Su
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhua Ding
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengjuan Xing
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dake Qi
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Zezhi Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Donghong Cui
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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11
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Malt EA, Juhasz K, Malt UF, Naumann T. A Role for the Transcription Factor Nk2 Homeobox 1 in Schizophrenia: Convergent Evidence from Animal and Human Studies. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:59. [PMID: 27064909 PMCID: PMC4811959 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a highly heritable disorder with diverse mental and somatic symptoms. The molecular mechanisms leading from genes to disease pathology in schizophrenia remain largely unknown. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have shown that common single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with specific diseases are enriched in the recognition sequences of transcription factors that regulate physiological processes relevant to the disease. We have used a “bottom-up” approach and tracked a developmental trajectory from embryology to physiological processes and behavior and recognized that the transcription factor NK2 homeobox 1 (NKX2-1) possesses properties of particular interest for schizophrenia. NKX2-1 is selectively expressed from prenatal development to adulthood in the brain, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, lungs, skin, and enteric ganglia, and has key functions at the interface of the brain, the endocrine-, and the immune system. In the developing brain, NKX2-1-expressing progenitor cells differentiate into distinct subclasses of forebrain GABAergic and cholinergic neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. The transcription factor is highly expressed in mature limbic circuits related to context-dependent goal-directed patterns of behavior, social interaction and reproduction, fear responses, responses to light, and other homeostatic processes. It is essential for development and mature function of the thyroid gland and the respiratory system, and is involved in calcium metabolism and immune responses. NKX2-1 interacts with a number of genes identified as susceptibility genes for schizophrenia. We suggest that NKX2-1 may lie at the core of several dose dependent pathways that are dysregulated in schizophrenia. We correlate the symptoms seen in schizophrenia with the temporal and spatial activities of NKX2-1 in order to highlight promising future research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva A Malt
- Department of Adult Habilitation, Akershus University HospitalLørenskog, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Ahus Campus University of OsloOslo, Norway
| | - Katalin Juhasz
- Department of Adult Habilitation, Akershus University Hospital Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Ulrik F Malt
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of OsloOslo, Norway; Department of Research and Education, Institution of Oslo University HospitalOslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Naumann
- Centre of Anatomy, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin, Germany
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12
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Zheng X, Demirci FY, Barmada MM, Richardson GA, Lopez OL, Sweet RA, Kamboh MI, Feingold E. Genome-wide copy-number variation study of psychosis in Alzheimer's disease. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e574. [PMID: 26035058 PMCID: PMC4490277 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
About 40-60% of patients with late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) develop psychosis, which represents a distinct phenotype of more severe cognitive and functional deficits. The estimated heritability of AD+P is ~61%, which makes it a good target for genetic mapping. We performed a genome-wide copy-number variation (CNV) study on 496 AD cases with psychosis (AD+P), 639 AD subjects with intermediate psychosis (AD intermediate P) and 156 AD subjects without psychosis (AD-P) who were recruited at the University of Pittsburgh Alzheimer's Disease Research Center using over 1 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and CNV markers. CNV load analysis found no significant difference in total and average CNV length and CNV number in the AD+P or AD intermediate P groups compared with the AD-P group. Our analysis revealed a marginally significant lower number of duplication events in AD+P cases compared with AD-P controls (P=0.059) using multivariable regression model. The most interesting finding was the presence of a genome-wide significant duplication in the APC2 gene on chromosome 19, which was protective against developing AD+P (odds ratio=0.42; P=7.2E-10). We also observed suggestive associations of duplications with AD+P in the SET (P=1.95E-06), JAG2 (P=5.01E-07) and ZFPM1 (P=2.13E-07) genes and marginal association of a deletion in CNTLN (P=8.87E-04). We have identified potential novel loci for psychosis in Alzheimer's disease that warrant follow-up in large-scale independent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zheng
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA. E-mail:
| | - F Y Demirci
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - M M Barmada
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - G A Richardson
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - O L Lopez
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - R A Sweet
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - M I Kamboh
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - E Feingold
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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13
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Preitner N, Quan J, Nowakowski DW, Hancock ML, Shi J, Tcherkezian J, Young-Pearse TL, Flanagan JG. APC is an RNA-binding protein, and its interactome provides a link to neural development and microtubule assembly. Cell 2014; 158:368-382. [PMID: 25036633 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) is a microtubule plus-end scaffolding protein important in biology and disease. APC is implicated in RNA localization, although the mechanisms and functional significance remain unclear. We show APC is an RNA-binding protein and identify an RNA interactome by HITS-CLIP. Targets were highly enriched for APC-related functions, including microtubule organization, cell motility, cancer, and neurologic disease. Among the targets is β2B-tubulin, known to be required in human neuron and axon migration. We show β2B-tubulin is synthesized in axons and localizes preferentially to dynamic microtubules in the growth cone periphery. APC binds the β2B-tubulin 3' UTR; experiments interfering with this interaction reduced β2B-tubulin mRNA axonal localization and expression, depleted dynamic microtubules and the growth cone periphery, and impaired neuron migration. These results identify APC as a platform binding functionally related protein and RNA networks, and suggest a self-organizing model for the microtubule to localize synthesis of its own subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Preitner
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jie Quan
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dan W Nowakowski
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Melissa L Hancock
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jianhua Shi
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joseph Tcherkezian
- Laboratory for Therapeutic Development, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Tracy L Young-Pearse
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - John G Flanagan
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Cui D, Jiang K. Research in China on the molecular genetics of schizophrenia. SHANGHAI ARCHIVES OF PSYCHIATRY 2014; 24:187-99. [PMID: 25324626 PMCID: PMC4198854 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-0829.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex disease caused by genetic and environmental factors with a global heritability of more than 80%. By the end of the 1970s, Chinese scientists reported a heritability of schizophrenia of 82.9% in the Chinese Han population. Continuous improvements in research techniques and the recruitment of larger samples have made it possible for Chinese scientists to identify a number of candidate susceptibility genes for schizophrenia. This article reviews the results in genetic research of schizophrenia by Chinese scientists over the last five decades
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghong Cui
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaida Jiang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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15
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Meffre D, Grenier J, Bernard S, Courtin F, Dudev T, Shackleford G, Jafarian-Tehrani M, Massaad C. Wnt and lithium: a common destiny in the therapy of nervous system pathologies? Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:1123-48. [PMID: 23749084 PMCID: PMC11113114 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1378-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Wnt signaling is required for neurogenesis, the fate of neural progenitors, the formation of neuronal circuits during development, neuron positioning and polarization, axon and dendrite development and finally for synaptogenesis. This signaling pathway is also implicated in the generation and differentiation of glial cells. In this review, we describe the mechanisms of action of Wnt signaling pathways and their implication in the development and correct functioning of the nervous system. We also illustrate how a dysregulated Wnt pathway could lead to psychiatric, neurodegenerative and demyelinating pathologies. Lithium, used for the treatment of bipolar disease, inhibits GSK3β, a central enzyme of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Thus, lithium could, to some extent, mimic Wnt pathway. We highlight the possible dialogue between lithium therapy and modulation of Wnt pathway in the treatment of the diseases of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Meffre
- UMR 8194 CNRS, University Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75270 Paris Cedex 6, France
| | - Julien Grenier
- UMR 8194 CNRS, University Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75270 Paris Cedex 6, France
| | - Sophie Bernard
- UMR 8194 CNRS, University Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75270 Paris Cedex 6, France
| | - Françoise Courtin
- UMR 8194 CNRS, University Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75270 Paris Cedex 6, France
| | - Todor Dudev
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 11529 Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia, 1 James Bourchier Avenue, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | | | - Charbel Massaad
- UMR 8194 CNRS, University Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75270 Paris Cedex 6, France
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16
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Onouchi T, Kobayashi K, Sakai K, Shimomura A, Smits R, Sumi-Ichinose C, Kurosumi M, Takao K, Nomura R, Iizuka-Kogo A, Suzuki H, Kondo K, Akiyama T, Miyakawa T, Fodde R, Senda T. Targeted deletion of the C-terminus of the mouse adenomatous polyposis coli tumor suppressor results in neurologic phenotypes related to schizophrenia. Mol Brain 2014; 7:21. [PMID: 24678719 PMCID: PMC3986642 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6606-7-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Loss of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene function results in constitutive activation of the canonical Wnt pathway and represents the main initiating and rate-limiting event in colorectal tumorigenesis. APC is likely to participate in a wide spectrum of biological functions via its different functional domains and is abundantly expressed in the brain as well as in peripheral tissues. However, the neuronal function of APC is poorly understood. To investigate the functional role of Apc in the central nervous system, we analyzed the neurological phenotypes of Apc1638T/1638T mice, which carry a targeted deletion of the 3′ terminal third of Apc that does not affect Wnt signaling. Results A series of behavioral tests revealed a working memory deficit, increased locomotor activity, reduced anxiety-related behavior, and mildly decreased social interaction in Apc1638T/1638T mice. Apc1638T/1638T mice showed abnormal morphology of the dendritic spines and impaired long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission in the hippocampal CA1 region. Moreover, Apc1638T/1638T mice showed abnormal dopamine and serotonin distribution in the brain. Some of these behavioral and neuronal phenotypes are related to symptoms and endophenotypes of schizophrenia. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that the C-terminus of the Apc tumor suppressor plays a critical role in cognitive and neuropsychiatric functioning. This finding suggests a potential functional link between the C-terminus of APC and pathologies of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katsunori Kobayashi
- Department of Anatomy I, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
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17
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Van Camp JK, Beckers S, Zegers D, Van Hul W. Wnt Signaling and the Control of Human Stem Cell Fate. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2013; 10:207-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-013-9486-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Huang KC, Yang KC, Lin H, Tsao Tsun-Hui T, Lee WK, Lee SA, Kao CY. Analysis of schizophrenia and hepatocellular carcinoma genetic network with corresponding modularity and pathways: novel insights to the immune system. BMC Genomics 2013; 14 Suppl 5:S10. [PMID: 24564241 PMCID: PMC3852078 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-s5-s10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schizophrenic patients show lower incidences of cancer, implicating schizophrenia may be a protective factor against cancer. To study the genetic correlation between the two diseases, a specific PPI network was constructed with candidate genes of both schizophrenia and hepatocellular carcinoma. The network, designated schizophrenia-hepatocellular carcinoma network (SHCN), was analysed and cliques were identified as potential functional modules or complexes. The findings were compared with information from pathway databases such as KEGG, Reactome, PID and ConsensusPathDB. Results The functions of mediator genes from SHCN show immune system and cell cycle regulation have important roles in the eitology mechanism of schizophrenia. For example, the over-expressing schizophrenia candidate genes, SIRPB1, SYK and LCK, are responsible for signal transduction in cytokine production; immune responses involving IL-2 and TREM-1/DAP12 pathways are relevant for the etiology mechanism of schizophrenia. Novel treatments were proposed by searching the target genes of FDA approved drugs with genes in potential protein complexes and pathways. It was found that Vitamin A, retinoid acid and a few other immune response agents modulated by RARA and LCK genes may be potential treatments for both schizophrenia and hepatocellular carcinoma. Conclusions This is the first study showing specific mediator genes in the SHCN which may suppress tumors. We also show that the schizophrenic protein interactions and modulation with cancer implicates the importance of immune system for etiology of schizophrenia.
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19
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Martin PM, Yang X, Robin N, Lam E, Rabinowitz JS, Erdman CA, Quinn J, Weiss LA, Hamilton SP, Kwok PY, Moon RT, Cheyette BNR. A rare WNT1 missense variant overrepresented in ASD leads to increased Wnt signal pathway activation. Transl Psychiatry 2013; 3:e301. [PMID: 24002087 PMCID: PMC3784764 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2013.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling, which encompasses multiple biochemical pathways that regulate neural development downstream of extracellular Wnt glycoprotein ligands, has been suggested to contribute to major psychiatric disorders including autism spectrum disorders (ASD). We used next-generation sequencing and Sequenom genotyping technologies to resequence 10 Wnt signaling pathway genes in 198 ASD patients and 240 matched controls. Results for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of interest were confirmed in a second set of 91 ASD and 144 control samples. We found a significantly increased burden of extremely rare missense variants predicted to be deleterious by PolyPhen-2, distributed across seven genes in the ASD sample (3.5% in ASD vs 0.8% in controls; Fisher's exact test, odds ratio (OR)=4.37, P=0.04). We also found a missense variant in WNT1 (S88R) that was overrepresented in the ASD sample (8 A/T in 267 ASD (minor allele frequency (MAF)=1.69%) vs 1 A/T in 377 controls (MAF=0.13%), OR=13.0, Fisher's exact test, P=0.0048; OR=8.2 and P=0.053 after correction for population stratification). Functional analysis revealed that WNT1-S88R is more active than wild-type WNT1 in assays for the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Our findings of a higher burden in ASD of rare missense variants distributed across 7 of 10 Wnt signaling pathway genes tested, and of a functional variant at the WNT1 locus associated with ASD, support that dysfunction of this pathway contributes to ASD susceptibility. Given recent findings of common molecular mechanisms in ASD, schizophrenia and affective disorders, these loci merit scrutiny in other psychiatric conditions as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- P-M Martin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - X Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - N Robin
- Department of Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - E Lam
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J S Rabinowitz
- Department of Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C A Erdman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J Quinn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - L A Weiss
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - S P Hamilton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - P-Y Kwok
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - R T Moon
- Department of Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - B N R Cheyette
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Rock Hall Room 284D, 1550 4th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158-2324, USA. E-mail:
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20
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Panaccione I, Napoletano F, Forte AM, Kotzalidis GD, Del Casale A, Rapinesi C, Brugnoli C, Serata D, Caccia F, Cuomo I, Ambrosi E, Simonetti A, Savoja V, De Chiara L, Danese E, Manfredi G, Janiri D, Motolese M, Nicoletti F, Girardi P, Sani G. Neurodevelopment in schizophrenia: the role of the wnt pathways. Curr Neuropharmacol 2013; 11:535-58. [PMID: 24403877 PMCID: PMC3763761 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x113119990037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the role of Wnt pathways in the neurodevelopment of schizophrenia. METHODS SYSTEMATIC PUBMED SEARCH, USING AS KEYWORDS ALL THE TERMS RELATED TO THE WNT PATHWAYS AND CROSSING THEM WITH EACH OF THE FOLLOWING AREAS: normal neurodevelopment and physiology, neurodevelopmental theory of schizophrenia, schizophrenia, and antipsychotic drug action. RESULTS Neurodevelopmental, behavioural, genetic, and psychopharmacological data point to the possible involvement of Wnt systems, especially the canonical pathway, in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and in the mechanism of antipsychotic drug action. The molecules most consistently found to be associated with abnormalities or in antipsychotic drug action are Akt1, glycogen synthase kinase3beta, and beta-catenin. However, the extent to which they contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia or to antipsychotic action remains to be established. CONCLUSIONS The study of the involvement of Wnt pathway abnormalities in schizophrenia may help in understanding this multifaceted clinical entity; the development of Wnt-related pharmacological targets must await the collection of more data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Panaccione
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Napoletano
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Maria Forte
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio D. Kotzalidis
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Del Casale
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Rapinesi
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Brugnoli
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Serata
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Caccia
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cuomo
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Ambrosi
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Simonetti
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Savoja
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Lavinia De Chiara
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Danese
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Manfredi
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Delfina Janiri
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- NEUROMED, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Girardi
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Centro Lucio Bini, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Sani
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Centro Lucio Bini, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, Rome, Italy
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Ronald S, Awate S, Rath A, Carroll J, Galiano F, Dwyer D, Kleiner-Hancock H, Mathis JM, Vigod S, De Benedetti A. Phenothiazine Inhibitors of TLKs Affect Double-Strand Break Repair and DNA Damage Response Recovery and Potentiate Tumor Killing with Radiomimetic Therapy. Genes Cancer 2013; 4:39-53. [PMID: 23946870 DOI: 10.1177/1947601913479020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tousled-like kinases (TLKs) are involved in chromatin assembly, DNA repair, and transcription. Two TLK genes exist in humans, and their expression is often dysregulated in cancer. TLKs phosphorylate Asf1 and Rad9, regulating double-strand break (DSB) repair and the DNA damage response (DDR). TLKs maintain genomic stability and are important therapeutic intervention targets. We identified specific inhibitors of TLKs from several compound libraries, some of which belong to the family of phenothiazine antipsychotics. The inhibitors prevented the TLK-mediated phosphorylation of Rad9(S328) and impaired checkpoint recovery and DSB repair. The inhibitor thioridazine (THD) potentiated tumor killing with chemotherapy and also had activity alone. Staining for γ-H2AX revealed few positive cells in untreated tumors, but large numbers in mice treated with low doxorubicin or THD alone, possibly the result of the accumulation of DSBs that are not promptly repaired as they may occur in the harsh tumor growth environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Ronald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
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22
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Ji J, Sundquist K, Ning Y, Kendler KS, Sundquist J, Chen X. Incidence of cancer in patients with schizophrenia and their first-degree relatives: a population-based study in Sweden. Schizophr Bull 2013; 39:527-36. [PMID: 22522642 PMCID: PMC3627760 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbs065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Previous studies of the association between schizophrenia and cancer have produced conflicting results, probably because of the failure to control for confounding factors. OBJECTIVE To test if the possible association between schizophrenia and cancer is genetic by investigating the incidence of cancer in patients with schizophrenia and their relatives. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study with follow-up between 1965 and 2008. Estimated smoking rates were used to adjust the incidence rates of smoking-related cancers. PARTICIPANTS The entire Swedish population. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Risk of overall cancer and 34 site-/type-specific cancers. RESULTS A total of 59,233 patients in Sweden with schizophrenia were identified, of whom 6137 developed cancer during the study period, giving a decreased standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of 0.79 (95% CI 0.77-0.81). The decrease was more pronounced (SIR 0.40, 95% CI 0.38-0.43) before the first diagnosis of schizophrenia. The overall risk was significantly reduced among their unaffected parents (SIR 0.96, 95% CI 0.94-0.98) and siblings (SIR 0.92, 95% CI 0.89-0.96). Sex-stratified analyses indicated different incidence rates between males and females, with female patients having higher cancer risks than the general population. CONCLUSIONS The significantly decreased incidences of cancers in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and their unaffected relatives suggest that familiar/genetic factors contributing to schizophrenia may protect against the development of cancer, especially for those cancer sites observed in both settings. The increased risk of breast, cervical, and endometrial cancers after the first diagnosis of schizophrenia could be attributed to nongenetic factors such as antipsychotics administration, which may justify preventive medical screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguang Ji
- Department of Medicine, Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University/Region, Skåne, Sweden
| | - Kristina Sundquist
- Department of Medicine, Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University/Region, Skåne, Sweden
| | - Yi Ning
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Kenneth S. Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23294
| | - Jan Sundquist
- Department of Medicine, Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University/Region, Skåne, Sweden
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Xiangning Chen
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23294
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Lin GM, Chen YJ, Kuo DJ, Jaiteh LES, Wu YC, Lo TS, Li YH. Cancer incidence in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder: a nationwide population-based study in Taiwan, 1997-2009. Schizophr Bull 2013; 39:407-16. [PMID: 22045828 PMCID: PMC3576164 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbr162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both genetic and environmental factors have been reasoned for cancer development in schizophrenia patients. However, the influence of age of onset and duration of schizophrenia on cancer incidence has rarely been emphasized. Besides, bipolar disorder tends to resemble schizophrenia from the perspective of multiple rare mutations. Comparing pattern and risk of cancers between schizophrenia and bipolar patients is illuminating. METHODS This study used the Taiwan National Health Insurance Database. A total of 71,317 schizophrenia and 20,567 bipolar disorder patients from 1997 to 2009 were enrolled. Both cohorts were followed up for cancer during the same period by record linkage with the cancer certification in Taiwan. Age and gender standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) of overall and site-specific cancers were calculated. RESULTS The SIR for all cancers was 1.17 for the schizophrenia cohort. Increased cancer risk (SIR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.17-1.48) was observed in females but not males. For the bipolar disorder cohort, the SIR for all cancers was 1.29, but the excess risk was found in males (SIR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.14-1.77) and not females. Cancer risk decreases as the duration and age of onset of schizophrenia increases. If schizophrenia is diagnosed before 50, the SIRs for colorectal, breast, cervical, and uterine cancers increase but if diagnosed after 50, the SIRs for all cancers decrease except for breast cancer. In bipolar disorder, the SIRs for all site-specific cancers were insignificant. CONCLUSIONS Among schizophrenia patients, overall cancer risk varies inversely with age at diagnosis and disease duration. Besides, gender-specific cancer risks differ between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen-Min Lin
- Department of Public Health, Tzu-Chi University, No. 701, Chung Yang Road, Section 3, Hualien, 97004 Taiwan,Department of Medicine, Hualien Armed Forces General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jung Chen
- Department of Medicine, Hualien Armed Forces General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan,Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - De-Jhen Kuo
- Department of Health Administration, Tzu-Chi College of Technology, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Lamin E. S. Jaiteh
- Department of Medicine, Royal Victoria Teaching Hospital, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Yi-Chung Wu
- Department of Public Health, Tzu-Chi University, No. 701, Chung Yang Road, Section 3, Hualien, 97004 Taiwan,Department of Medicine, Hualien Armed Forces General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Shun Lo
- Department of Public Health, Tzu-Chi University, No. 701, Chung Yang Road, Section 3, Hualien, 97004 Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hwei Li
- Department of Public Health, Tzu-Chi University, No. 701, Chung Yang Road, Section 3, Hualien, 97004 Taiwan,To whom correspondence should be addressed; tel: +886-3-8565301, fax: +886-3-8564041, e-mail:
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Wisniewska MB. Physiological role of β-catenin/TCF signaling in neurons of the adult brain. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:1144-55. [PMID: 23377854 PMCID: PMC3653035 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-0980-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin pathway, the effectors of which are transcription factors of the LEF1/TCF family, is primarily associated with development. Strikingly, however, some of the genes of the pathway are schizophrenia susceptibility genes, and the proteins that are often mutated in neurodegenerative diseases have the ability to regulate β-catenin levels. If impairment of this pathway indeed leads to these pathologies, then it likely plays a physiological role in the adult brain. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on this subject. The involvement of β-catenin and LEF1/TCF factors in adult neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and the function of thalamic neurons are discussed. The data are still very preliminary and often based on circumstantial or indirect evidence. Further research might help to understand the etiology of the aforementioned pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta B Wisniewska
- Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, ul. Ks. Trojdena 4, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland.
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Nagalski A, Irimia M, Szewczyk L, Ferran JL, Misztal K, Kuznicki J, Wisniewska MB. Postnatal isoform switch and protein localization of LEF1 and TCF7L2 transcription factors in cortical, thalamic, and mesencephalic regions of the adult mouse brain. Brain Struct Funct 2012; 218:1531-49. [PMID: 23152144 PMCID: PMC3825142 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-012-0474-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
β-Catenin signaling, leading to the activation of lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1/T cell factor (LEF1/TCF) transcription factors, plays a well-established role in transcription regulation during development and tissue homeostasis. In the adult organism, the activity of this pathway has been found in stem cell niches and postmitotic thalamic neurons. Recently, studies show that mutations in components of β-catenin signaling networks have been associated with several psychiatric disorders, indicating the involvement of β-catenin and LEF1/TCF proteins in the proper functioning of the brain. Here, we report a comprehensive analysis of LEF1/TCF protein localization and the expression profile of their isoforms in cortical, thalamic, and midbrain regions in mice. We detected LEF1 and TCF7L2 proteins in neurons of the thalamus and dorsal midbrain, i.e., subcortical regions specialized in the integration of diverse sources of sensory information. These neurons also exhibited nuclear localization of β-catenin, suggesting the involvement of β-catenin/LEF1/TCF7L2 in the regulation of gene expression in these regions. Analysis of alternative splicing and promoter usage identified brain-specific TCF7L2 isoforms and revealed a developmentally coordinated transition in the composition of LEF1 and TCF7L2 isoforms. In the case of TCF7L2, the typical brain isoforms lack the so-called C clamp; in addition, the dominant-negative isoforms are predominant in the embryonic thalamus but disappear postnatally. The present study provides a necessary framework to understand the role of LEF1/TCF factors in thalamic and midbrain development until adulthood and predicts that the regulatory role of these proteins in the adult brain is significantly different from their role in the embryonic brain or other non-neural tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nagalski
- Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 4 Ks. Trojdena Street, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
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Rizos E, Siafakas N, Koumarianou A, Katsantoni E, Filippopoulou A, Ntounas P, Touloumis C, Kastania A, Zoumpourlis V. miR-183 as a molecular and protective biomarker for cancer in schizophrenic subjects. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:2200-4. [PMID: 23007659 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that schizophrenia is associ-ated with a reduced risk of cancer. Genes that are involved in cell cycle regulation seem to have additional functions in post-mitotic neurons involved in neuronal migration and synaptic plasticity. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a dominant role in the regulation of gene expression in the central nervous system (CNS). Due to their involvement in a large number of CNS pathways, miRNAs pose as appealing molecules for further investigation, with potential diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic value. In the present study, we investigated the potential association between cancer and schizophrenia in 2 patient sample groups. We analyzed a large number of miRNAs in a control group of 6 schizophrenic patients and a study group of 8 schizophrenic patients with a solid tumor. A comparison between the control and study groups showed that only miR-183 was differentially expressed. Specifically, a significant downregulation of miR-183 in the samples of the study group was observed. Although a larger sample size is required to validate this result for the general patient population, our findings provide a first indication that miR-183 may play a role in regulating the expression of other genes with onco-suppressor activity. Our results are in agreement with the theory that patients with schizophrenia may have a tumor suppressor gene or enhanced neuronal apoptotic activities. Further studies are required in order to shed light on the role of miRNAs and particularly, on the suppressive role of miR-183 in the neurobiological pathways involved in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rizos
- Second Department of Psychiatry, University General Hospital 'Attikon', Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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Association of APC and REEP5 gene polymorphisms with major depression disorder and treatment response to antidepressants in a Han Chinese population. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2012; 34:571-7. [PMID: 22795047 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the high prevalence of depression and its considerable impact on the population, knowledge about the pathogenesis of the illness and the antidepressant treatment response is still unknown. METHODS A total of 397 patients with major depression disorder (MDD) and 473 normal controls were employed in the present research. Twelve single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and receptor accessory protein (REEP5) genes were selected for genotyping using the GoldenGate genotyping assay. A total of 165 MDD patients completed a 6-week antidepressant treatment. Responders were defined as patients with at least a 50% reduction in Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression total scores posttreatment. RESULTS Two SNPs (rs2464805 and rs563556) within the APC gene exhibited a statistically significant association with MDD when analyzed by genotype and allele frequencies. Three SNPs (rs495794, rs153549 and rs153560) in the REEP5 gene showed significant statistical differences between the responders and nonresponders. CONCLUSIONS The APC gene may be one of the susceptibility genes for MDD as well as a genetic link between psychiatric disease and cancer. REEP5 gene polymorphisms may influence antidepressant treatment response in MDD.
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Genetic correlates of medical comorbidity associated with schizophrenia and treatment with antipsychotics. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2012; 25:381-90. [PMID: 22842659 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0b013e3283568537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW High comorbidity rates for various medical conditions have been documented in schizophrenia, being explained by factors either inherent to the disease or associated with antipsychotic treatment. The aim of this study is to review the genetic factors contributing to medical comorbidity in schizophrenia. RECENT FINDINGS Based on clinical genetic studies in schizophrenia, comorbid impaired glucose tolerance/type 2 diabetes mellitus, most autoimmune disorders and cardiac autonomic dysregulation have the strongest evidence for familial predisposition. Similarly, of antipsychotic-induced adverse drug reactions, tardive dyskinesia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and antipsychotic-induced weight gain have some evidence for familial clustering. On the molecular genetic level, schizophrenia seems to share specific genes with type 2 diabetes mellitus and with autoimmune disorders. Various genes have been proposed to account for the reduced incidence of rheumatoid arthritis and cancer in schizophrenic patients and their relatives. Many pharmacogenetic association studies have pinpointed numerous, though often contradictory or poorly replicated, genes of modest effect size for tardive dyskinesia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, clozapine-induced agranulocytosis, hyperprolactinaemia, antipsychotic-induced weight gain, and antipsychotic-induced QT prolongation. SUMMARY Unravelling the genetic underpinnings of medical comorbidity associated with schizophrenia and its treatment is expected to highlight new pathogenetic pathways in both schizophrenia and comorbid medical conditions, and introduce personalized treatment strategies for schizophrenia patients.
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Zhang H, Li D, Su Y, Jiang S, Xu Y, Jiang K, Cui D. Identification of the N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase 1 gene (ASAH1) for susceptibility to schizophrenia in a Han Chinese population. World J Biol Psychiatry 2012; 13:106-13. [PMID: 21375364 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2011.559273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the involvement of the N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase 1 gene (ASAH1) in the susceptibility to schizophrenia in the Han Chinese population. METHODS We performed cDNA microarray analysis to exam the gene expression profile in six schizophrenic patients and six healthy controls. We evaluated the ASAH1 expression levels in 30 subjects with chronic schizophrenia and 30 healthy controls by using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 254 unrelated probands with schizophrenia and their biological parents were also genotyped at three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs: rs3753118, rs3753116, and rs7830490) of the ASAH1 gene for association analysis. RESULTS In the microarray analysis, the ASAH1 gene was down-regulated in all schizophrenic patients compared with healthy controls. In real-time PCR, the ASAH1 expression levels for schizophrenic patients with positive family history were significantly decreased (P = 0.020). In the association analyses, two SNPs (rs7830490 and rs3753118) and one haplotype (rs7830490 (A)-rs3753116 (G)) of ASAH1 showed significant evidence of nominal associations with schizophrenia (P = 0.026; P = 0.046; P = 0.007, respectively). The haplotype remained statistically significant (empirical P = 0.045) after correction for multiple testing. CONCLUSIONS This study supports that the ASAH1 gene may be a potential candidate gene for schizophrenia in Han Chinese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaihui Zhang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
A literature review was conducted on the genetic and developmental bases of autism in relation to genes and pathways associated with cancer risk. Convergent lines of evidence from four types of analysis: (1) recent theoretical studies on the causes of autism, (2) epidemiological studies, (3) genetic analyses linking autism with mutations in tumor suppressor genes and other cancer-associated genes and pathways, and (4) contrasts with schizophrenia, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's disease indicate that autism may involve altered cancer risk. This evidence should motivate further epidemiological studies, and it provides useful insights into the nature of the genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors underlying the etiologies of autism, other neurological conditions, and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Crespi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby (B.C.), British Columbia, Canada.
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Koshimizu H, Fukui Y, Takao K, Ohira K, Tanda K, Nakanishi K, Toyama K, Oshima M, Taketo MM, Miyakawa T. Adenomatous polyposis coli heterozygous knockout mice display hypoactivity and age-dependent working memory deficits. Front Behav Neurosci 2011; 5:85. [PMID: 22347851 PMCID: PMC3276361 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A tumor suppressor gene, Adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc), is expressed in the nervous system from embryonic to adulthood stages, and transmits the Wnt signaling pathway in which schizophrenia susceptibility genes, including T-cell factor 4 (TCF4) and calcineurin (CN), are involved. However, the functions of Apc in the nervous system are largely unknown. In this study, as the first evaluation of Apc function in the nervous system, we have investigated the behavioral significance of the Apc gene, applying a battery of behavioral tests to Apc heterozygous knockout (Apc(+/-)) mice. Apc(+/-) mice showed no significant impairment in neurological reflexes or sensory and motor abilities. In various tests, including light/dark transition, open-field, social interaction, eight-arm radial maze, and fear conditioning tests, Apc(+/-) mice exhibited hypoactivity. In the eight-arm radial maze, Apc(+/-) mice 6-7 weeks of age displayed almost normal performance, whereas those 11-12 weeks of age showed a severe performance deficit in working memory, suggesting that Apc is involved in working memory performance in an age-dependent manner. The possibility that anemia, which Apc(+/-) mice develop by 17 weeks of age, impairs working memory performance, however, cannot be excluded. Our results suggest that Apc plays a role in the regulation of locomotor activity and presumably working memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisatsugu Koshimizu
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University Toyoake, Japan
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Li M, Mo Y, Luo XJ, Xiao X, Shi L, Peng YM, Qi XB, Liu XY, Yin LD, Diao HB, Su B. Genetic association and identification of a functional SNP at GSK3β for schizophrenia susceptibility. Schizophr Res 2011; 133:165-71. [PMID: 21996267 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE GSK3β is a key gene in neurodevelopment, and also an important target of antipsychotics. Several lines of evidence including association and gene expression studies have suggested GSK3β as a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia, but the underlying genetic mechanism is still unknown. In this study, we test whether the genetic variants in GSK3β contribute to the risk of schizophrenia in Chinese population. METHODS We first conducted an association analysis of 9 representative SNPs spanning the entire genomic region of GSK3β in two independent Han Chinese case-control samples from southwestern China (the Kunming sample and the Yuxi sample, a total of 2550 subjects).Then using EMSA and reporter gene assays, we tested the functional impact of the identified risk SNP on transcriptional factor binding affinity and promoter activity. RESULTS We observed weak allelic associations of three GSK3β SNPs (rs3755557, rs7431209 and rs13320980) with schizophrenia in the combined Han Chinese samples. Further analysis using genotypes (under recessive genetic model) supported the association of rs3755557 (p = 0.01, corrected), which is located in the GSK3β promoter region. The functional assays demonstrated that the risk SNP (rs3755557) could influence the transcription factor binding affinities, resulting in a higher promoter activity of the risk allele. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that GSK3β is likely a risk gene for schizophrenia, and its expression alteration caused by the risk SNP in the promoter region may contribute to the etiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
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Preti A, Wilson DR. Schizophrenia, cancer and obstetric complications in an evolutionary perspective-an empirically based hypothesis. Psychiatry Investig 2011; 8:77-88. [PMID: 21852982 PMCID: PMC3149115 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2011.8.2.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients diagnosed with schizophrenia have reduced fecundity and premature mortality (both accidental and violent) with no obvious compensatory advantages among kin. The prevalence of the disorder is around 0.7/1%, higher than the expected prevalence of spontaneous mutations. Genes favoring schizophrenia may have been positively selected in the environment of evolutionary adaptation. Literature on potential adaptive genes is reviewed within an evolutionary framework. METHODS Literature search on major scientific search engine (PubMed/Medline, Ovid/PsychInfo) on papers aimed at investigating potential pathways justifying a mutation-selection balanced model. Findings are presented with a narrative touch to favor readability and understanding. RESULTS Reduced incidence of cancer in both patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and their siblings was reported worldwide. Such findings are notable given higher cancer risk factors in schizophrenia, i.e., smoking, alcohol abuse, obesity, poor diet, and poor adherence to therapy. Some genes involved in cancer proliferation might as well confer protective advantage in immune-surveillance, inflammation, vascular proliferation or apoptosis that otherwise will adversely affect early neurodevelopment. CONCLUSION Evidence that reduced risk of certain somatic diseases is associated with schizophrenia is quite significant to progress in the evolutionary epidemiological analysis of psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Preti
- Centro Medico Genneruxi, via Costantinopoli 42, Cagliari, Italy
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Yu J, Qi D, Xing M, Li R, Jiang K, Peng Y, Cui D. MK-801 induces schizophrenic behaviors through downregulating Wnt signaling pathways in male mice. Brain Res 2011; 1385:281-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 12/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kalkman HO. Alterations in the expression of neuronal chloride transporters may contribute to schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:410-4. [PMID: 21237234 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
During brain development, neuronal stem cells and immature neurons express high and low levels of, respectively, the Cl(-) transporters NKCC1 and KCC2, which results in high intracellular Cl(-) concentrations. Under these circumstances chloride-flux through the GABA-A channel is from intracellular to extracellular and consequently GABA depolarizes rather than hyperpolarizes immature cells. This excitatory response is essential for neurodevelopment since it affects proliferation of the neuronal progenitor pool, neuronal differentiation, dendrite and synapse formation and integration into the existing neuronal network. In animal experiments, seizures were found to increase NKCC1 expression, lower the KCC2 expression and accelerate neuronal differentiation. An increased expression of NKCC1 and mutations of the gene have been associated with schizophrenia. Stimulation of nicotinic α-7 receptors on mouse hippocampal neurons increases the expression of KCC2. A microdeletion in the genomic area 15q13-14 containing the nicotine α7 receptor has been described in patients with mental retardation, schizophrenia and juvenile epilepsy. It is conceivable that haplotype-insufficiency of the nicotinic α7 receptor might lead to a reduction in KCC2 protein levels. The data indicate that all three schizophrenia risk factors, i.e. seizures, mutations in NKCC1 and nicotinic α-7 receptors haplotype-insufficiency contribute to higher intracellular Cl(-) concentrations, increased neuronal excitability and accelerated neuronal differentiation. Since also several other genetic risk factors for schizophrenia seem to accelerate neuronal maturation, it is hypothesized that the structural, cognitive and behavioral deficits of schizophrenia are caused be a too fast brain maturation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans O Kalkman
- Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes of Biomedical Research Basel, WSJ-386.11.40, Postfach, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
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Abstract
People with schizophrenia are more likely to die prematurely than the general population from both suicide and physical ill health. Published studies examining the incidence of cancer in schizophrenia patients report increased, reduced or similar incidence compared with the general population. Older studies tended to report lower incidence rates which fuelled speculation as to the biological and other mechanisms for this protective effect. Furthermore, mortality rates in patients with schizophrenia appear higher than expected. We undertook a non-systematic review of published data to give an overview for these variable findings and illustrate methodological confounders by highlighting a systematic review of breast cancer studies.
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Muglia P, Tozzi F, Galwey NW, Francks C, Upmanyu R, Kong XQ, Antoniades A, Domenici E, Perry J, Rothen S, Vandeleur CL, Mooser V, Waeber G, Vollenweider P, Preisig M, Lucae S, Müller-Myhsok B, Holsboer F, Middleton LT, Roses AD. Genome-wide association study of recurrent major depressive disorder in two European case-control cohorts. Mol Psychiatry 2010; 15:589-601. [PMID: 19107115 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2008.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a highly prevalent disorder with substantial heritability. Heritability has been shown to be substantial and higher in the variant of MDD characterized by recurrent episodes of depression. Genetic studies have thus far failed to identify clear and consistent evidence of genetic risk factors for MDD. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in two independent datasets. The first GWAS was performed on 1022 recurrent MDD patients and 1000 controls genotyped on the Illumina 550 platform. The second was conducted on 492 recurrent MDD patients and 1052 controls selected from a population-based collection, genotyped on the Affymetrix 5.0 platform. Neither GWAS identified any SNP that achieved GWAS significance. We obtained imputed genotypes at the Illumina loci for the individuals genotyped on the Affymetrix platform, and performed a meta-analysis of the two GWASs for this common set of approximately half a million SNPs. The meta-analysis did not yield genome-wide significant results either. The results from our study suggest that SNPs with substantial odds ratio are unlikely to exist for MDD, at least in our datasets and among the relatively common SNPs genotyped or tagged by the half-million-loci arrays. Meta-analysis of larger datasets is warranted to identify SNPs with smaller effects or with rarer allele frequencies that contribute to the risk of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Muglia
- Genetics Division, Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Verona, Italy.
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Burdick KE, DeRosse P, Kane JM, Lencz T, Malhotra AK. Association of genetic variation in the MET proto-oncogene with schizophrenia and general cognitive ability. Am J Psychiatry 2010; 167:436-43. [PMID: 20080979 PMCID: PMC2848873 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09050615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite increased exposure to cancer risk factors, several studies have demonstrated a lower incidence of cancer in schizophrenia patients than in the general population. Lower cancer rates in first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients suggest that the inverse relationship between cancer and schizophrenia may be related to genetic factors. Few studies of schizophrenia have focused on cancer-related genes. The MET proto-oncogene is primarily linked to tumor metastasis, but MET is also involved in neurodevelopment and influences risk for autism. Thus, MET may be of particular interest as a candidate gene for neuropsychiatric diseases with a developmental etiology, including schizophrenia. METHOD The authors examined the relationship between 21 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in MET and schizophrenia in 173 Caucasian patients and 137 comparison subjects. They then genotyped a second independent sample (107 patients and 112 comparison subjects) for replication. Finally, they tested for MET's effects on general cognitive ability (g). RESULTS In the initial cohort, the authors identified four haplotype blocks and found one block to be globally associated with schizophrenia. In block 3, the most common haplotype was overrepresented in comparison subjects (frequency, 47%) relative to schizophrenia patients (frequency, 33%) (p=4.0 x 10(-4); odds ratio=0.56). The authors replicated the block 3 finding in the second sample with similar frequencies: 46% in comparison subjects and 36% in schizophrenia patients (p=0.03; odds ratio=0.66). Moreover, the protective haplotype was associated with a higher g in the combined comparison sample. CONCLUSION These data suggest that MET variation influences schizophrenia risk and neurocognition, supporting a neurodevelopmental role across CNS-relevant phenotypes. These results add to the growing evidence suggesting an intriguing relationship between cancer-related genes and schizophrenia susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E. Burdick
- The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Department of Psychiatry Research, Glen Oaks, NY., Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY.,The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY.,Address correspondence to Katherine E Burdick, PhD- The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North-Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, 75-59 263rd Street, Glen Oaks, NY 11004. Telephone (718) 470-8167, Fax: (718) 343-1659,
| | - Pamela DeRosse
- The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Department of Psychiatry Research, Glen Oaks, NY
| | - John M. Kane
- The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Department of Psychiatry Research, Glen Oaks, NY., Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY.,The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY
| | - Todd Lencz
- The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Department of Psychiatry Research, Glen Oaks, NY., Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY.,The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY
| | - Anil K. Malhotra
- The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Department of Psychiatry Research, Glen Oaks, NY., Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY.,The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY
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GARRE P, DE LA HOYA M, INIESTA P, ROMERA A, LLOVET P, GONZALEZ S, PEREZ-SEGURA P, CAPELLA G, DIAZ-RUBIO E, CALDES T. APC Yin-Yang haplotype associated with colorectal cancer risk. Exp Ther Med 2010; 1:879-883. [DOI: 10.3892/etm.2010.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Wang Z, Xiao Z, Inslicht SS, Tong H, Jiang W, Wang X, Metzler T, Marmar CR, Jiang S. Low expression of catecholamine-O-methyl-transferase gene in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Anxiety Disord 2009; 23:660-4. [PMID: 19269131 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Revised: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This study examined peripheral catecholamine-O-methyl-transferase (COMT) gene expression in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients and healthy controls. Participants included 35 first episode OCD patients and 31 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Relative COMT gene expression levels were examined by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in peripheral blood of all the subjects. COMT gene expression levels, normalized by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), were significantly decreased in the OCD group compared with healthy controls (F=6.244, p=0.015). OCD patients showed a 32% down-regulation. We also found lower COMT gene expression levels in female in comparison to male participants (F=5.366, p=0.024) in the sample as a whole. COMT gene expression down-regulation of male OCD patients relative to male controls is 38%, and that of female OCD patients relative to female controls is 27%. These results suggest that COMT gene expression down-regulation might play an important role in the development of OCD and that there may be gender differences in this alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China.
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Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Rubenstein JLR. Chromosome 8p as a potential hub for developmental neuropsychiatric disorders: implications for schizophrenia, autism and cancer. Mol Psychiatry 2009; 14:563-89. [PMID: 19204725 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2009.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Defects in genetic and developmental processes are thought to contribute susceptibility to autism and schizophrenia. Presumably, owing to etiological complexity identifying susceptibility genes and abnormalities in the development has been difficult. However, the importance of genes within chromosomal 8p region for neuropsychiatric disorders and cancer is well established. There are 484 annotated genes located on 8p; many are most likely oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. Molecular genetics and developmental studies have identified 21 genes in this region (ADRA1A, ARHGEF10, CHRNA2, CHRNA6, CHRNB3, DKK4, DPYSL2, EGR3, FGF17, FGF20, FGFR1, FZD3, LDL, NAT2, NEF3, NRG1, PCM1, PLAT, PPP3CC, SFRP1 and VMAT1/SLC18A1) that are most likely to contribute to neuropsychiatric disorders (schizophrenia, autism, bipolar disorder and depression), neurodegenerative disorders (Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease) and cancer. Furthermore, at least seven nonprotein-coding RNAs (microRNAs) are located at 8p. Structural variants on 8p, such as copy number variants, microdeletions or microduplications, might also contribute to autism, schizophrenia and other human diseases including cancer. In this review, we consider the current state of evidence from cytogenetic, linkage, association, gene expression and endophenotyping studies for the role of these 8p genes in neuropsychiatric disease. We also describe how a mutation in an 8p gene (Fgf17) results in a mouse with deficits in specific components of social behavior and a reduction in its dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. We finish by discussing the biological connections of 8p with respect to neuropsychiatric disorders and cancer, despite the shortcomings of this evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tabarés-Seisdedos
- Teaching Unit of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Department of Medicine, CIBER-SAM, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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42
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Kalkman HO. Altered growth factor signaling pathways as the basis of aberrant stem cell maturation in schizophrenia. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 121:115-22. [PMID: 19046988 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years evidence has accumulated that the activity of the signaling cascades of Neuregulin-1, Wnt, TGF-beta, BDNF-p75 and DISC1 is different between control subjects and patients with schizophrenia. These pathways are involved in embryonic and adult neurogenesis and neuronal maturation. A review of the clinical data indicates that in schizophrenia the Wnt pathway is most likely hypoactive, whereas the Nrg1-ErbB4, the TGF-beta- and the BDNF-p75-pathways are hyperactive. Haplo-insuffiency of the DISC1 gene is currently the best established schizophrenia risk factor. Preclinical experiments indicate that suppression of DISC1 signaling leads to accelerated dendrite development in neuronal stem cells, accelerated migration and aberrant integration into the neuronal network. Other preclinical experiments show that increasing NRG1-, BDNF- and TGF-beta signaling and decreasing Wnt signaling, also promotes adult neuronal differentiation and migration. Thus deviations in these pathways detected in schizophrenia could contribute to premature neuronal differentiation, accelerated migration and inappropriate insertion into the neuronal network. Initial clinical findings are confirmatory: neuronal stem cells isolated from nasal biopsies from schizophrenia patients display signs of accelerated development, whilst increased erosion of telomeres and bone age provide further support for accelerated cell maturation in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans O Kalkman
- Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes of Biomedical Research Basel, WSJ-386.11.40, Postfach, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
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Egan JB, Jacobs ET, Martínez ME, Gerner EW, Jurutka PW, Thompson PA. Presence of a TA Haplotype in the APC Gene Containing the Common 1822 Polymorphism and Colorectal Adenoma. Cancer Res 2008; 68:6006-13. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-1084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Numata S, Ueno SI, Iga JI, Yamauchi K, Hongwei S, Hashimoto R, Takeda M, Kunugi H, Itakura M, Ohmori T. TGFBR2 gene expression and genetic association with schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2008; 42:425-32. [PMID: 17560608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2006] [Revised: 03/07/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
TGFBR2 gene is a tumor suppressor gene located at chromosome 3p22, and the locus is reported to be linked with schizophrenia susceptibility. According to the previous studies, a reduced incidence of cancer is observed in schizophrenic patients compared with the general population and tumor suppressor genes may be associated with schizophrenia. We measured the mRNA expression of TGFBR2 gene in the peripheral leukocytes from 19 medication-free schizophrenics and 25 medication-free major depressive patients compared with age- and sex-matched control subjects using a quantitative real-time PCR method. We also followed up the TGFBR2 mRNA expression levels from 13 schizophrenics after several weeks - antipsychotic treatments. The TGFBR2 mRNA levels of medication free schizophrenics were significantly higher than those of control subjects and decreased to almost the same level as controls after antipsychotic treatment. On the other hand, the TGFBR2 mRNA levels of medication-free major depressive patients were not significantly different from controls. In genetic studies, we failed to find any association between the TGFBR2 gene and schizophrenia with 10 SNPs of TGFBR2 gene in Japanese subjects (279 subjects each) and there was no significant difference with haplotype analysis, either. Our results suggest that the TGFBR2 gene itself does not link to schizophrenia but that the TGFBR2 mRNA levels in the peripheral leukocytes may be a potential state marker for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusuke Numata
- Department of Psychiatry, Course of Integrated Brain Sciences, Medical Informatics, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-8-15 Kuramoto-cho Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
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Rosenberg MM, Yang F, Giovanni M, Mohn JL, Temburni MK, Jacob MH. Adenomatous polyposis coli plays a key role, in vivo, in coordinating assembly of the neuronal nicotinic postsynaptic complex. Mol Cell Neurosci 2008; 38:138-52. [PMID: 18407517 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2008.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2007] [Revised: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 02/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuronal nicotinic synapse plays a central role in normal cognitive and autonomic function. Molecular mechanisms that direct the assembly of this synapse remain poorly defined, however. We show here that adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) organizes a multi-molecular complex that is essential for targeting alpha3(*)nAChRs to synapses. APC interaction with microtubule plus-end binding protein EB1 is required for alpha3(*)nAChR surface membrane insertion and stabilization. APC brings together EB1, the key cytoskeletal regulators macrophin and IQGAP1, and 14-3-3 adapter protein at nicotinic synapses. 14-3-3, in turn, links the alpha3-subunit to APC. This multi-molecular APC complex stabilizes the local microtubule and F-actin cytoskeleton and links postsynaptic components to the cytoskeleton--essential functions for controlling the molecular composition and stability of synapses. This work identifies macrophin, IQGAP1 and 14-3-3 as novel nicotinic synapse components and defines a new role for APC as an in vivo coordinator of nicotinic postsynaptic assembly in vertebrate neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelaine M Rosenberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave., Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Karoutzou G, Emrich HM, Dietrich DE. The myelin-pathogenesis puzzle in schizophrenia: a literature review. Mol Psychiatry 2008; 13:245-60. [PMID: 17925796 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4002096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a serious and disabling mental disorder with symptoms such as auditory hallucinations, disordered thinking and delusions, avolition, anhedonia, blunted affect and apathy. In this review article we seek to present the current scientific findings from linkage studies and susceptible genes and the pathophysiology of white matter in schizophrenia. The article has been reviewed in two parts. The first part deals with the linkage studies and susceptible genes in schizophrenia in order to have a clear-cut picture of the involvement of chromosomes and their genes in schizophrenia. The genetic linkage results seem to be replicated in some cases but in others are not. From these results, we cannot draw a fine map to a single locus or gene, leading to the conclusion that schizophrenia is not caused by a single factor/gene. In the second part of the article we present the oligodendrocyte-related genes that are associated with schizophrenia, as we hypothesize a potential role of oligodendrocyte-related genes in the pathology of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Karoutzou
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Zhou XL, Giacobini M, Anderlid BM, Anckarsäter H, Omrani D, Gillberg C, Nordenskjöld M, Lindblom A. Association of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene polymorphisms with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007; 144B:351-4. [PMID: 17221838 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We serendipitously identified a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), 8636C>A (rs1804197) in the 3'-untranslated region of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene to be associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In order to gain further evidence for the association between the APC locus and ASD, we genotyped four additional adjacent common SNPs (rs2229992, rs42427, rs459552, and rs465899) in the coding regions within the APC gene in a set of Swedish ASDs and controls. One common haplotype TGAG was found to be associated with ASD after haplotype analysis using both Haploview v3.1.1 (P = 0.006) and COCAPHASE v2.403 (P = 0.030). This result is the first to suggest that the genomic locus at APC is associated with ASD, and that the APC gene itself is a good predisposing candidate to be evaluated in future studies due to its important role in neuronal development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lei Zhou
- Department of Clinical Genetics, CMM, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Levav I, Lipshitz I, Novikov I, Pugachova I, Kohn R, Barchana M, Ponizovsky A, Werner H. Cancer risk among parents and siblings of patients with schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 2007; 190:156-61. [PMID: 17267933 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.106.024943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A reduced risk of cancer has been noted among people with schizophrenia. Given that genetic causes have been proposed as an explanation of this finding, one would expect that the risk of cancer among first-degree relatives would be equally reduced. AIMS To investigate the risk of cancer among the biological parents and full siblings of people receiving in-patient care for schizophrenia. METHOD Linkage analysis was conducted between national population, psychiatric and cancer databases. Standardised incidence ratios for all cancer sites were calculated by comparing the incident rates among first-degree relatives with national incidence rates. RESULTS A reduced cancer risk was found across all groups examined. Among parents, whose numbers were adequately large, the findings reached statistical significance. For index cases and siblings--a markedly younger population--only a trend was elicited. CONCLUSIONS The genetic hypothesis--namely, the presence of a gene with the dual effect of reducing the cancer risk and disrupting neurodevelopment--is a plausible explanation for these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Levav
- Mental Health Services, Cancer Registry, Ministry of Health, 2 Ben Tabai Street, Jerusalem 91010, Israel.
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Catts VS, Catts SV, McGrath JJ, Féron F, McLean D, Coulson EJ, Lutze-Mann LH. Apoptosis and schizophrenia: a pilot study based on dermal fibroblast cell lines. Schizophr Res 2006; 84:20-8. [PMID: 16626937 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2006.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Revised: 03/02/2006] [Accepted: 03/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is an increased susceptibility to apoptosis in cultured fibroblasts from patients with schizophrenia. METHOD Dermal fibroblasts were collected and cultured from three groups: patients with schizophrenia, patients with non-schizophrenic psychosis, and healthy comparison subjects. Susceptibility to apoptosis was measured at the level of degradation product (proportion of cells in the sub-G0 cell cycle fraction in which apoptotic bodies accumulate), pro-apoptotic effector (activated caspase-3), and molecular regulators (P53, Bax and Bcl-2). Cell lines were studied under both basal culture and cycloheximide (an apoptotic inducer) exposure conditions. RESULTS Consistent with increased susceptibility to apoptosis, the proportion of sub-G0 cells under basal conditions was significantly larger in the schizophrenia group, compared to the non-schizophrenic psychosis group. However when apoptosis was stimulated with cycloheximide, the schizophrenia group showed an attenuated caspase-3 response. The pattern of correlations between regulators, caspase-3 and the proportion of sub-G0 cells was different in the schizophrenia group, consistent with group-specific apoptotic pathway dysregulation. CONCLUSION The study demonstrated anomalous apoptotic mechanisms in schizophrenia, which appear not to affect non-schizophrenia psychosis patients. The detection of these anomalies in fibroblasts suggests that altered apoptosis may be observable in all somatic cell types in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke Sørensen Catts
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
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