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Kim J, Song S, Kim H, Kim B, Park M, Oh SJ, Kim D, Cense B, Huh YM, Lee JY, Joo C. Ptychographic lens-less birefringence microscopy using a mask-modulated polarization image sensor. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19263. [PMID: 37935759 PMCID: PMC10630341 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46496-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Birefringence, an inherent characteristic of optically anisotropic materials, is widely utilized in various imaging applications ranging from material characterizations to clinical diagnosis. Polarized light microscopy enables high-resolution, high-contrast imaging of optically anisotropic specimens, but it is associated with mechanical rotations of polarizer/analyzer and relatively complex optical designs. Here, we present a form of lens-less polarization-sensitive microscopy capable of complex and birefringence imaging of transparent objects without an optical lens and any moving parts. Our method exploits an optical mask-modulated polarization image sensor and single-input-state LED illumination design to obtain complex and birefringence images of the object via ptychographic phase retrieval. Using a camera with a pixel size of 3.45 μm, the method achieves birefringence imaging with a half-pitch resolution of 2.46 μm over a 59.74 mm2 field-of-view, which corresponds to a space-bandwidth product of 9.9 megapixels. We demonstrate the high-resolution, large-area, phase and birefringence imaging capability of our method by presenting the phase and birefringence images of various anisotropic objects, including a monosodium urate crystal, and excised mouse eye and heart tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongsoo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungri Song
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongseong Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Bora Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Mirae Park
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jae Oh
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- YUHS-KRIBB Medical Convergence Research Institute, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Daesuk Kim
- Department of Mechanical System Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Barry Cense
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Yong-Min Huh
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- YUHS-KRIBB Medical Convergence Research Institute, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Yong Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulmin Joo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Cecen B, Karavasili C, Nazir M, Bhusal A, Dogan E, Shahriyari F, Tamburaci S, Buyukoz M, Kozaci LD, Miri AK. Multi-Organs-on-Chips for Testing Small-Molecule Drugs: Challenges and Perspectives. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1657. [PMID: 34683950 PMCID: PMC8540732 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip technology has been used in testing small-molecule drugs for screening potential therapeutics and regulatory protocols. The technology is expected to boost the development of novel therapies and accelerate the discovery of drug combinations in the coming years. This has led to the development of multi-organ-on-a-chip (MOC) for recapitulating various organs involved in the drug-body interactions. In this review, we discuss the current MOCs used in screening small-molecule drugs and then focus on the dynamic process of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. We also address appropriate materials used for MOCs at low cost and scale-up capacity suitable for high-performance analysis of drugs and commercial high-throughput screening platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berivan Cecen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA; (A.B.); (E.D.); (A.K.M.)
- Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey
| | - Christina Karavasili
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Mubashir Nazir
- Department of Microbiology, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar 190011, India;
| | - Anant Bhusal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA; (A.B.); (E.D.); (A.K.M.)
| | - Elvan Dogan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA; (A.B.); (E.D.); (A.K.M.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Fatemeh Shahriyari
- Institute of Health Science, Department of Translational Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara 06800, Turkey;
| | - Sedef Tamburaci
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Graduate Program of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Gulbahce Campus, Izmir 35430, Turkey;
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Gulbahce Campus, Izmir 35430, Turkey
| | - Melda Buyukoz
- Care of Elderly Program, Vocational School of Health Services, Izmir Democracy University, Izmir 35140, Turkey;
| | - Leyla Didem Kozaci
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara 06800, Turkey;
| | - Amir K. Miri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA; (A.B.); (E.D.); (A.K.M.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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3
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Moreno S, Canals J, Moro V, Franch N, Vilà A, Romano-Rodriguez A, Prades JD, Bezshlyakh DD, Waag A, Kluczyk-Korch K, Auf der Maur M, Di Carlo A, Krieger S, Geleff S, Diéguez A. Pursuing the Diffraction Limit with Nano-LED Scanning Transmission Optical Microscopy. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:3305. [PMID: 34064543 PMCID: PMC8151575 DOI: 10.3390/s21103305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent research into miniaturized illumination sources has prompted the development of alternative microscopy techniques. Although they are still being explored, emerging nano-light-emitting-diode (nano-LED) technologies show promise in approaching the optical resolution limit in a more feasible manner. This work presents the exploration of their capabilities with two different prototypes. In the first version, a resolution of less than 1 µm was shown thanks to a prototype based on an optically downscaled LED using an LED scanning transmission optical microscopy (STOM) technique. This research demonstrates how this technique can be used to improve STOM images by oversampling the acquisition. The second STOM-based microscope was fabricated with a 200 nm GaN LED. This demonstrates the possibilities for the miniaturization of on-chip-based microscopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Moreno
- Electronic and Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.C.); (V.M.); (N.F.); (A.V.); (A.R.-R.); (J.D.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Joan Canals
- Electronic and Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.C.); (V.M.); (N.F.); (A.V.); (A.R.-R.); (J.D.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Victor Moro
- Electronic and Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.C.); (V.M.); (N.F.); (A.V.); (A.R.-R.); (J.D.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Nil Franch
- Electronic and Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.C.); (V.M.); (N.F.); (A.V.); (A.R.-R.); (J.D.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Anna Vilà
- Electronic and Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.C.); (V.M.); (N.F.); (A.V.); (A.R.-R.); (J.D.P.); (A.D.)
- Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology-IN2UB, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Romano-Rodriguez
- Electronic and Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.C.); (V.M.); (N.F.); (A.V.); (A.R.-R.); (J.D.P.); (A.D.)
- Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology-IN2UB, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Daniel Prades
- Electronic and Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.C.); (V.M.); (N.F.); (A.V.); (A.R.-R.); (J.D.P.); (A.D.)
- Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology-IN2UB, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daria D. Bezshlyakh
- Institute of Semiconductor Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (D.D.B.); (A.W.)
| | - Andreas Waag
- Institute of Semiconductor Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (D.D.B.); (A.W.)
| | - Katarzyna Kluczyk-Korch
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome “Tor Vergara”, 00133 Roma, Italy; (K.K.-K.); (M.A.d.M.); (A.D.C.)
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Matthias Auf der Maur
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome “Tor Vergara”, 00133 Roma, Italy; (K.K.-K.); (M.A.d.M.); (A.D.C.)
| | - Aldo Di Carlo
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome “Tor Vergara”, 00133 Roma, Italy; (K.K.-K.); (M.A.d.M.); (A.D.C.)
- CNR-ISM, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Sigurd Krieger
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1210 Wien, Austria; (S.K.); (S.G.)
| | - Silvana Geleff
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1210 Wien, Austria; (S.K.); (S.G.)
| | - Angel Diéguez
- Electronic and Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.C.); (V.M.); (N.F.); (A.V.); (A.R.-R.); (J.D.P.); (A.D.)
- Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology-IN2UB, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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4
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Huang X, Li Y, Xu X, Wang R, Yao J, Han W, Wei M, Chen J, Xuan W, Sun L. High-Precision Lensless Microscope on a Chip Based on In-Line Holographic Imaging. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21030720. [PMID: 33494493 PMCID: PMC7865896 DOI: 10.3390/s21030720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The lensless on-chip microscope is an emerging technology in the recent decade that can realize the imaging and analysis of biological samples with a wide field-of-view without huge optical devices and any lenses. Because of its small size, low cost, and being easy to hold and operate, it can be used as an alternative tool for large microscopes in resource-poor or remote areas, which is of great significance for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases. To improve the low-resolution characteristics of the existing lensless shadow imaging systems and to meet the high-resolution needs of point-of-care testing, here, we propose a high-precision on-chip microscope based on in-line holographic technology. We demonstrated the ability of the iterative phase recovery algorithm to recover sample information and evaluated it with image quality evaluation algorithms with or without reference. The results showed that the resolution of the holographic image after iterative phase recovery is 1.41 times that of traditional shadow imaging. Moreover, we used machine learning tools to identify and count the mixed samples of mouse ascites tumor cells and micro-particles that were iterative phase recovered. The results showed that the on-chip cell counter had high-precision counting characteristics as compared with manual counting of the microscope reference image. Therefore, the proposed high-precision lensless microscope on a chip based on in-line holographic imaging provides one promising solution for future point-of-care testing (POCT).
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5
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Imanbekova M, Perumal AS, Kheireddine S, Nicolau DV, Wachsmann-Hogiu S. Lensless, reflection-based dark-field microscopy (RDFM) on a CMOS chip. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:4942-4959. [PMID: 33014592 PMCID: PMC7510856 DOI: 10.1364/boe.394615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present for the first time a lens-free, oblique illumination imaging platform for on-sensor dark- field microscopy and shadow-based 3D object measurements. It consists of an LED point source that illuminates a 5-megapixel, 1.4 µm pixel size, back-illuminated CMOS sensor at angles between 0° and 90°. Analytes (polystyrene beads, microorganisms, and cells) were placed and imaged directly onto the sensor. The spatial resolution of this imaging system is limited by the pixel size (∼1.4 µm) over the whole area of the sensor (3.6×2.73 mm). We demonstrated two imaging modalities: (i) shadow imaging for estimation of 3D object dimensions (on polystyrene beads and microorganisms) when the illumination angle is between 0° and 85°, and (ii) dark-field imaging, at >85° illumination angles. In dark-field mode, a 3-4 times drop in background intensity and contrast reversal similar to traditional dark-field imaging was observed, due to larger reflection intensities at those angles. With this modality, we were able to detect and analyze morphological features of bacteria and single-celled algae clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meruyert Imanbekova
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0E9, Canada
- Equal contributions
| | | | - Sara Kheireddine
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Dan V. Nicolau
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0E9, Canada
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6
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Tang F, Ye X, Li Q, Li H, Yu H, Wu W, Li B, Zheng W. Quadratic Meta-Reflectors Made of HfO 2 Nanopillars with a Large Field of View at Infrared Wavelengths. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10061148. [PMID: 32545341 PMCID: PMC7353395 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces, being composed of subwavelength nanostructures, can achieve peculiar optical manipulations of phase, amplitude, etc. A large field of view (FOV) is always one of the most desirable characteristics of optical systems. In this study, metasurface-based quadratic reflectors (i.e., meta-reflectors) made of HfO2 nanopillars are investigated to realize a large FOV at infrared wavelengths. First, the geometrical dependence of HfO2 nanopillars' phase difference is analyzed to show the general principles of designing infrared HfO2 metasurfaces. Then, two meta-reflectors with a quadratic phase profile are investigated to show their large FOV, subwavelength resolution, and long focal depth. Furthermore, the two quadratic reflectors also show a large FOV when deflecting a laser beam with a deflecting-angle range of approximately ±80°. This study presents a flat optical metamaterial with a large FOV for imaging and deflecting, which can greatly simplify the optical-mechanical complexity of infrared systems, particularly with potential applications in high-power optical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China; (F.T.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (B.L.)
| | - Xin Ye
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China; (F.T.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (B.L.)
- Correspondence: (X.Y.); (W.Z.); Tel.: +86-153-9778-0786 (X.Y.); +86-183-2821-8958 (W.Z.)
| | - Qingzhi Li
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China; (F.T.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (B.L.)
| | - Hailiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices & Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China;
| | - Haichao Yu
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215125, Jiangsu, China;
| | - Weidong Wu
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China; (F.T.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (B.L.)
| | - Bo Li
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China; (F.T.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (B.L.)
| | - Wanguo Zheng
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China; (F.T.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (B.L.)
- IFSA Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Correspondence: (X.Y.); (W.Z.); Tel.: +86-153-9778-0786 (X.Y.); +86-183-2821-8958 (W.Z.)
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7
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Kheireddine S, Sudalaiyadum Perumal A, Smith ZJ, Nicolau DV, Wachsmann-Hogiu S. Dual-phone illumination-imaging system for high resolution and large field of view multi-modal microscopy. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:825-836. [PMID: 30698180 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00995c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we present for the first time a system comprised of two mobile phones, one for illumination and the other for microscopy, as a portable, user-friendly, and cost-effective microscopy platform for a wide range of applications. Versatile and adaptive illumination is made with a Retina display of an Apple mobile phone device. The phone screen is used to project various illumination patterns onto the specimen being imaged, each corresponding to a different illumination mode, such as bright-field, dark-field, point illumination, Rheinberg illumination, and fluorescence microscopy. The second phone (a Nokia phone) is modified to record microscopic images about the sample. This imaging platform provides a high spatial resolution of at least 2 μm, a large field-of-view of 3.6 × 2.7 mm, and a working distance of 0.6 mm. We demonstrate the performance of this platform for the visualization of microorganisms within microfluidic devices to gather qualitative and quantitative information regarding microorganism morphology, dimension, count, and velocity/trajectories in the x-y plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Kheireddine
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0E9, Canada.
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8
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Wu Y, Sharma MK, Veeraraghavan A. WISH: wavefront imaging sensor with high resolution. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2019; 8:44. [PMID: 31069074 PMCID: PMC6491653 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-019-0154-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Wavefront sensing is the simultaneous measurement of the amplitude and phase of an incoming optical field. Traditional wavefront sensors such as Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor (SHWFS) suffer from a fundamental tradeoff between spatial resolution and phase estimation and consequently can only achieve a resolution of a few thousand pixels. To break this tradeoff, we present a novel computational-imaging-based technique, namely, the Wavefront Imaging Sensor with High resolution (WISH). We replace the microlens array in SHWFS with a spatial light modulator (SLM) and use a computational phase-retrieval algorithm to recover the incident wavefront. This wavefront sensor can measure highly varying optical fields at more than 10-megapixel resolution with the fine phase estimation. To the best of our knowledge, this resolution is an order of magnitude higher than the current noninterferometric wavefront sensors. To demonstrate the capability of WISH, we present three applications, which cover a wide range of spatial scales. First, we produce the diffraction-limited reconstruction for long-distance imaging by combining WISH with a large-aperture, low-quality Fresnel lens. Second, we show the recovery of high-resolution images of objects that are obscured by scattering. Third, we show that WISH can be used as a microscope without an objective lens. Our study suggests that the designing principle of WISH, which combines optical modulators and computational algorithms to sense high-resolution optical fields, enables improved capabilities in many existing applications while revealing entirely new, hitherto unexplored application areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX USA
- Applied Physics Program, Rice University, Houston, TX USA
| | - Manoj Kumar Sharma
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX USA
| | - Ashok Veeraraghavan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX USA
- Applied Physics Program, Rice University, Houston, TX USA
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Yang K, Wu J, Santos S, Liu Y, Zhu L, Lin F. Recent development of portable imaging platforms for cell-based assays. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 124-125:150-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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10
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Paiè P, Martínez Vázquez R, Osellame R, Bragheri F, Bassi A. Microfluidic Based Optical Microscopes on Chip. Cytometry A 2018; 93:987-996. [PMID: 30211977 PMCID: PMC6220811 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Last decade's advancements in optofluidics allowed obtaining an ever increasing integration of different functionalities in lab on chip devices to culture, analyze, and manipulate single cells and entire biological specimens. Despite the importance of optical imaging for biological sample monitoring in microfluidics, imaging is traditionally achieved by placing microfluidics channels in standard bench-top optical microscopes. Recently, the development of either integrated optical elements or lensless imaging methods allowed optical imaging techniques to be implemented in lab on chip systems, thus increasing their automation, compactness, and portability. In this review, we discuss known solutions to implement microscopes on chip that exploit different optical methods such as bright-field, phase contrast, holographic, and fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Paiè
- Istituto di Fotonica e NanotecnologieConsiglio Nazionale dell RicerchePiazza Leonardo da Vinci 3220133 MilanItaly
| | - Rebeca Martínez Vázquez
- Istituto di Fotonica e NanotecnologieConsiglio Nazionale dell RicerchePiazza Leonardo da Vinci 3220133 MilanItaly
| | - Roberto Osellame
- Istituto di Fotonica e NanotecnologieConsiglio Nazionale dell RicerchePiazza Leonardo da Vinci 3220133 MilanItaly
- Dipartimento di FisicaPolitecnico di MilanoPiazza Leonardo da Vinci 3220133 MilanItaly
| | - Francesca Bragheri
- Istituto di Fotonica e NanotecnologieConsiglio Nazionale dell RicerchePiazza Leonardo da Vinci 3220133 MilanItaly
| | - Andrea Bassi
- Istituto di Fotonica e NanotecnologieConsiglio Nazionale dell RicerchePiazza Leonardo da Vinci 3220133 MilanItaly
- Dipartimento di FisicaPolitecnico di MilanoPiazza Leonardo da Vinci 3220133 MilanItaly
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11
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Three-Dimensional High-Resolution Digital Inline Hologram Reconstruction with a Volumetric Deconvolution Method. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18092918. [PMID: 30177625 PMCID: PMC6163490 DOI: 10.3390/s18092918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The digital in-line holographic microscope (DIHM) was developed for a 2D imaging technology and has recently been adapted to 3D imaging methods, providing new approaches to obtaining volumetric images with both a high resolution and wide field-of-view (FOV), which allows the physical limitations to be overcome. However, during the sectioning process of 3D image generation, the out-of-focus image of the object becomes a significant impediment to obtaining evident 3D features in the 2D sectioning plane of a thick biological sample. Based on phase retrieved high-resolution holographic imaging and a 3D deconvolution technique, we demonstrate that a high-resolution 3D volumetric image, which significantly reduces wave-front reconstruction and out-of-focus artifacts, can be achieved. The results show a 3D volumetric image that is more finely focused compared to a conventional 3D stacked image from 2D reconstructed images in relation to micron-size polystyrene beads, a whole blood smear, and a kidney tissue sample. We believe that this technology can be applicable for medical-grade images of smeared whole blood or an optically cleared tissue sample for mobile phytological microscopy and laser sectioning microscopy.
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12
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Wei L, Yan W, Ho D. Recent Advances in Fluorescence Lifetime Analytical Microsystems: Contact Optics and CMOS Time-Resolved Electronics. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 17:E2800. [PMID: 29207568 PMCID: PMC5751615 DOI: 10.3390/s17122800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence spectroscopy has become a prominent research tool with wide applications in medical diagnostics and bio-imaging. However, the realization of combined high-performance, portable, and low-cost spectroscopic sensors still remains a challenge, which has limited the technique to the laboratories. A fluorescence lifetime measurement seeks to obtain the characteristic lifetime from the fluorescence decay profile. Time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) and time-gated techniques are two key variations of time-resolved measurements. However, commercial time-resolved analysis systems typically contain complex optics and discrete electronic components, which lead to bulkiness and a high cost. These two limitations can be significantly mitigated using contact sensing and complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) implementation. Contact sensing simplifies the optics, whereas CMOS technology enables on-chip, arrayed detection and signal processing, significantly reducing size and power consumption. This paper examines recent advances in contact sensing and CMOS time-resolved circuits for the realization of fully integrated fluorescence lifetime measurement microsystems. The high level of performance from recently reported prototypes suggests that the CMOS-based contact sensing microsystems are emerging as sound technologies for application-specific, low-cost, and portable time-resolved diagnostic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Wenrong Yan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Derek Ho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
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13
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Adams JK, Boominathan V, Avants BW, Vercosa DG, Ye F, Baraniuk RG, Robinson JT, Veeraraghavan A. Single-frame 3D fluorescence microscopy with ultraminiature lensless FlatScope. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1701548. [PMID: 29226243 PMCID: PMC5722650 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1701548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Modern biology increasingly relies on fluorescence microscopy, which is driving demand for smaller, lighter, and cheaper microscopes. However, traditional microscope architectures suffer from a fundamental trade-off: As lenses become smaller, they must either collect less light or image a smaller field of view. To break this fundamental trade-off between device size and performance, we present a new concept for three-dimensional (3D) fluorescence imaging that replaces lenses with an optimized amplitude mask placed a few hundred micrometers above the sensor and an efficient algorithm that can convert a single frame of captured sensor data into high-resolution 3D images. The result is FlatScope: perhaps the world's tiniest and lightest microscope. FlatScope is a lensless microscope that is scarcely larger than an image sensor (roughly 0.2 g in weight and less than 1 mm thick) and yet able to produce micrometer-resolution, high-frame rate, 3D fluorescence movies covering a total volume of several cubic millimeters. The ability of FlatScope to reconstruct full 3D images from a single frame of captured sensor data allows us to image 3D volumes roughly 40,000 times faster than a laser scanning confocal microscope while providing comparable resolution. We envision that this new flat fluorescence microscopy paradigm will lead to implantable endoscopes that minimize tissue damage, arrays of imagers that cover large areas, and bendable, flexible microscopes that conform to complex topographies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse K. Adams
- Applied Physics Program, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Nanophotonic Computational Imaging and Sensing Laboratory, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Vivek Boominathan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Nanophotonic Computational Imaging and Sensing Laboratory, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Benjamin W. Avants
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Daniel G. Vercosa
- Applied Physics Program, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Fan Ye
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Nanophotonic Computational Imaging and Sensing Laboratory, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Richard G. Baraniuk
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Nanophotonic Computational Imaging and Sensing Laboratory, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Jacob T. Robinson
- Applied Physics Program, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Nanophotonic Computational Imaging and Sensing Laboratory, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ashok Veeraraghavan
- Applied Physics Program, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Nanophotonic Computational Imaging and Sensing Laboratory, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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14
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Adams JK, Boominathan V, Avants BW, Vercosa DG, Ye F, Baraniuk RG, Robinson JT, Veeraraghavan A. Single-frame 3D fluorescence microscopy with ultraminiature lensless FlatScope. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1701548. [PMID: 29226243 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.l701548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Modern biology increasingly relies on fluorescence microscopy, which is driving demand for smaller, lighter, and cheaper microscopes. However, traditional microscope architectures suffer from a fundamental trade-off: As lenses become smaller, they must either collect less light or image a smaller field of view. To break this fundamental trade-off between device size and performance, we present a new concept for three-dimensional (3D) fluorescence imaging that replaces lenses with an optimized amplitude mask placed a few hundred micrometers above the sensor and an efficient algorithm that can convert a single frame of captured sensor data into high-resolution 3D images. The result is FlatScope: perhaps the world's tiniest and lightest microscope. FlatScope is a lensless microscope that is scarcely larger than an image sensor (roughly 0.2 g in weight and less than 1 mm thick) and yet able to produce micrometer-resolution, high-frame rate, 3D fluorescence movies covering a total volume of several cubic millimeters. The ability of FlatScope to reconstruct full 3D images from a single frame of captured sensor data allows us to image 3D volumes roughly 40,000 times faster than a laser scanning confocal microscope while providing comparable resolution. We envision that this new flat fluorescence microscopy paradigm will lead to implantable endoscopes that minimize tissue damage, arrays of imagers that cover large areas, and bendable, flexible microscopes that conform to complex topographies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse K Adams
- Applied Physics Program, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Nanophotonic Computational Imaging and Sensing Laboratory, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Vivek Boominathan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Nanophotonic Computational Imaging and Sensing Laboratory, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Benjamin W Avants
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Daniel G Vercosa
- Applied Physics Program, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Fan Ye
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Nanophotonic Computational Imaging and Sensing Laboratory, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Richard G Baraniuk
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Nanophotonic Computational Imaging and Sensing Laboratory, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Jacob T Robinson
- Applied Physics Program, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Nanophotonic Computational Imaging and Sensing Laboratory, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ashok Veeraraghavan
- Applied Physics Program, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Nanophotonic Computational Imaging and Sensing Laboratory, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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15
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Roy M, Seo D, Oh S, Yang JW, Seo S. A review of recent progress in lens-free imaging and sensing. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 88:130-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.07.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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16
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Kondo T, Chen WJ, Schlau-Cohen GS. Single-Molecule Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Photosynthetic Systems. Chem Rev 2017; 117:860-898. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Toru Kondo
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Wei Jia Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gabriela S. Schlau-Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, United States
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17
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McLeod E, Ozcan A. Unconventional methods of imaging: computational microscopy and compact implementations. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2016; 79:076001. [PMID: 27214407 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/79/7/076001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In the past two decades or so, there has been a renaissance of optical microscopy research and development. Much work has been done in an effort to improve the resolution and sensitivity of microscopes, while at the same time to introduce new imaging modalities, and make existing imaging systems more efficient and more accessible. In this review, we look at two particular aspects of this renaissance: computational imaging techniques and compact imaging platforms. In many cases, these aspects go hand-in-hand because the use of computational techniques can simplify the demands placed on optical hardware in obtaining a desired imaging performance. In the first main section, we cover lens-based computational imaging, in particular, light-field microscopy, structured illumination, synthetic aperture, Fourier ptychography, and compressive imaging. In the second main section, we review lensfree holographic on-chip imaging, including how images are reconstructed, phase recovery techniques, and integration with smart substrates for more advanced imaging tasks. In the third main section we describe how these and other microscopy modalities have been implemented in compact and field-portable devices, often based around smartphones. Finally, we conclude with some comments about opportunities and demand for better results, and where we believe the field is heading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euan McLeod
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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18
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Guo K, Jiang S, Zheng G. Multilayer fluorescence imaging on a single-pixel detector. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:2425-31. [PMID: 27446679 PMCID: PMC4948603 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.002425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A critical challenge for fluorescence imaging is the loss of high frequency components in the detection path. Such a loss can be related to the limited numerical aperture of the detection optics, aberrations of the lens, and tissue turbidity. In this paper, we report an imaging scheme that integrates multilayer sample modeling, ptychography-inspired recovery procedures, and lensless single-pixel detection to tackle this challenge. In the reported scheme, we directly placed a 3D sample on top of a single-pixel detector. We then used a known mask to generate speckle patterns in 3D and scanned this known mask to different positions for sample illumination. The sample was then modeled as multiple layers and the captured 1D fluorescence signals were used to recover multiple sample images along the z axis. The reported scheme may find applications in 3D fluorescence sectioning, time-resolved and spectrum-resolved imaging. It may also find applications in deep-tissue fluorescence imaging using the memory effect.
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19
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Linder E, Varjo S, Thors C. Mobile Diagnostics Based on Motion? A Close Look at Motility Patterns in the Schistosome Life Cycle. Diagnostics (Basel) 2016; 6:E24. [PMID: 27322330 PMCID: PMC4931419 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics6020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging at high resolution and subsequent image analysis with modified mobile phones have the potential to solve problems related to microscopy-based diagnostics of parasitic infections in many endemic regions. Diagnostics using the computing power of "smartphones" is not restricted by limited expertise or limitations set by visual perception of a microscopist. Thus diagnostics currently almost exclusively dependent on recognition of morphological features of pathogenic organisms could be based on additional properties, such as motility characteristics recognizable by computer vision. Of special interest are infectious larval stages and "micro swimmers" of e.g., the schistosome life cycle, which infect the intermediate and definitive hosts, respectively. The ciliated miracidium, emerges from the excreted egg upon its contact with water. This means that for diagnostics, recognition of a swimming miracidium is equivalent to recognition of an egg. The motility pattern of miracidia could be defined by computer vision and used as a diagnostic criterion. To develop motility pattern-based diagnostics of schistosomiasis using simple imaging devices, we analyzed Paramecium as a model for the schistosome miracidium. As a model for invasive nematodes, such as strongyloids and filaria, we examined a different type of motility in the apathogenic nematode Turbatrix, the "vinegar eel." The results of motion time and frequency analysis suggest that target motility may be expressed as specific spectrograms serving as "diagnostic fingerprints."
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewert Linder
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biuology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sami Varjo
- Center for Machine Vision and Signal Analysis, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.
| | - Cecilia Thors
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, SE-17182 Solna, Sweden.
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20
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Zhang YS, Chang JB, Alvarez MM, Trujillo-de Santiago G, Aleman J, Batzaya B, Krishnadoss V, Ramanujam AA, Kazemzadeh-Narbat M, Chen F, Tillberg PW, Dokmeci MR, Boyden ES, Khademhosseini A. Hybrid Microscopy: Enabling Inexpensive High-Performance Imaging through Combined Physical and Optical Magnifications. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22691. [PMID: 26975883 PMCID: PMC4792139 DOI: 10.1038/srep22691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, much effort has been expended on making high-performance microscopes through better instrumentation. Recently, it was discovered that physical magnification of specimens was possible, through a technique called expansion microscopy (ExM), raising the question of whether physical magnification, coupled to inexpensive optics, could together match the performance of high-end optical equipment, at a tiny fraction of the price. Here we show that such "hybrid microscopy" methods--combining physical and optical magnifications--can indeed achieve high performance at low cost. By physically magnifying objects, then imaging them on cheap miniature fluorescence microscopes ("mini-microscopes"), it is possible to image at a resolution comparable to that previously attainable only with benchtop microscopes that present costs orders of magnitude higher. We believe that this unprecedented hybrid technology that combines expansion microscopy, based on physical magnification, and mini-microscopy, relying on conventional optics--a process we refer to as Expansion Mini-Microscopy (ExMM)--is a highly promising alternative method for performing cost-effective, high-resolution imaging of biological samples. With further advancement of the technology, we believe that ExMM will find widespread applications for high-resolution imaging particularly in research and healthcare scenarios in undeveloped countries or remote places.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shrike Zhang
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston 02115, MA, USA
| | | | - Mario Moisés Alvarez
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey at Monterrey, CP 64849, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
- Microsystems Technologies Laboratories, MIT, Cambridge, 02139, MA, USA
| | - Grissel Trujillo-de Santiago
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey at Monterrey, CP 64849, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
- Microsystems Technologies Laboratories, MIT, Cambridge, 02139, MA, USA
| | - Julio Aleman
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
| | - Byambaa Batzaya
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
| | - Vaishali Krishnadoss
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Tamil Nadu 613401, India
| | - Aishwarya Aravamudhan Ramanujam
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Tamil Nadu 613401, India
| | - Mehdi Kazemzadeh-Narbat
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
| | - Paul W. Tillberg
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
| | - Mehmet Remzi Dokmeci
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston 02115, MA, USA
| | - Edward S. Boyden
- Media Lab, MIT, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- McGovern Institute, MIT, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Center for Neurobiological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston 02115, MA, USA
- Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21569, Saudi Arabia
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21
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Microfluidic assay-based optical measurement techniques for cell analysis: A review of recent progress. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 77:227-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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22
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Abstract
High-resolution optical microscopy has traditionally relied on high-magnification and high-numerical aperture objective lenses. In contrast, lensless microscopy can provide high-resolution images without the use of any focusing lenses, offering the advantages of a large field of view, high resolution, cost-effectiveness, portability, and depth-resolved three-dimensional (3D) imaging. Here we review various approaches to lensless imaging, as well as its applications in biosensing, diagnostics, and cytometry. These approaches include shadow imaging, fluorescence, holography, superresolution 3D imaging, iterative phase recovery, and color imaging. These approaches share a reliance on computational techniques, which are typically necessary to reconstruct meaningful images from the raw data captured by digital image sensors. When these approaches are combined with physical innovations in sample preparation and fabrication, lensless imaging can be used to image and sense cells, viruses, nanoparticles, and biomolecules. We conclude by discussing several ways in which lensless imaging and sensing might develop in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aydogan Ozcan
- Department of Electrical Engineering.,Department of Bioengineering, and.,California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095;
| | - Euan McLeod
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721;
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23
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Huang S, Romero-Ruiz M, Castell OK, Bayley H, Wallace MI. High-throughput optical sensing of nucleic acids in a nanopore array. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 10:986-91. [PMID: 26322943 PMCID: PMC4821573 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2015.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Protein nanopores such as α-haemolysin and Mycobacterium smegmatis porin A (MspA) can be used to sequence long strands of DNA at low cost. To provide high-speed sequencing, large arrays of nanopores are required, but current nanopore sequencing methods rely on ionic current measurements from individually addressed pores and such methods are likely to prove difficult to scale up. Here we show that, by optically encoding the ionic flux through protein nanopores, the discrimination of nucleic acid sequences and the detection of sequence-specific nucleic acid hybridization events can be parallelized. We make optical recordings at a density of ∼10(4) nanopores per mm(2) in a single droplet interface bilayer. Nanopore blockades can discriminate between DNAs with sub-picoampere equivalent resolution, and specific miRNA sequences can be identified by differences in unzipping kinetics. By creating an array of 2,500 bilayers with a micropatterned hydrogel chip, we are also able to load different samples into specific bilayers suitable for high-throughput nanopore recording.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | | | - Oliver K. Castell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Hagan Bayley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Mark I. Wallace
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
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24
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Bhave G, Lee Y, Chen P, Zhang JXJ. Plasmonic nanograting enhanced quantum dots excitation for cellular imaging on-chip. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:365301. [PMID: 26294071 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/36/365301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present the design and integration of a two-dimensional (2D) plasmonic nanogratings structure on the electrode of colloidal quantum dot-based light-emitting diodes (QDLEDs) as a compact light source towards arrayed on-chip imaging of tumor cells. Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) were used as the emission layer due to their unique capabilities, including multicolor emission, narrow bandwidth, tunable emission wavelengths, and compatibility with silicon fabrication. The nanograting, based on a metal-dielectric-metal plasmonic waveguide, aims to enhance the light intensity through the resonant reflection of surface plasmon (SP) waves. The key parameters of plasmonic nanogratings, including periodicity, slit width, and thicknesses of the metal and dielectric layers, were designed to tailor the frequency bandgap such that it matches the wavelength of operation. We fabricated QDLEDs with the integrated nanogratings and demonstrated an increase in electroluminescence intensity, measured along the direction perpendicular to the metal electrode. We found an increase of 34.72% in QDLED electroluminescence intensity from the area of the pattern and an increase of 32.63% from the photoluminescence of QDs deposited on a metal surface. We performed ex vivo transmission-mode microscopy to evaluate the nucleus-cytoplasm ratios of MDA-MB 231 cultured breast cancer cells using QDLEDs as the light source. We showed wavelength dependent imaging of different cell components and imaging of cells at higher magnification using enhanced emission from QDLEDs with integrated plasmonic nanogratings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauri Bhave
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, TX 78712, USA
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25
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Pirnstill CW, Coté GL. Malaria Diagnosis Using a Mobile Phone Polarized Microscope. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13368. [PMID: 26303238 PMCID: PMC4548194 DOI: 10.1038/srep13368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a major global health burden, and new methods for low-cost, high-sensitivity, diagnosis are essential, particularly in remote areas with low-resource around the world. In this paper, a cost effective, optical cell-phone based transmission polarized light microscope system is presented for imaging the malaria pigment known as hemozoin. It can be difficult to determine the presence of the pigment from background and other artifacts, even for skilled microscopy technicians. The pigment is much easier to observe using polarized light microscopy. However, implementation of polarized light microscopy lacks widespread adoption because the existing commercial devices have complicated designs, require sophisticated maintenance, tend to be bulky, can be expensive, and would require re-training for existing microscopy technicians. To this end, a high fidelity and high optical resolution cell-phone based polarized light microscopy system is presented which is comparable to larger bench-top polarized microscopy systems but at much lower cost and complexity. The detection of malaria in fixed and stained blood smears is presented using both, a conventional polarized microscope and our cell-phone based system. The cell-phone based polarimetric microscopy design shows the potential to have both the resolution and specificity to detect malaria in a low-cost, easy-to-use, modular platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey W Pirnstill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Gerard L Coté
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843.,Center for Remote Health Technologies and Systems, Texas Engineering Experiment Station, College Station, TX 77843
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26
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Tsai HF, Tsai YC, Yagur-Kroll S, Palevsky N, Belkin S, Cheng JY. Water pollutant monitoring by a whole cell array through lens-free detection on CCD. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:1472-1480. [PMID: 25608666 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc01189a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Environmental contamination has become a serious problem to human and environmental health, as exposure to a wide range of possible contaminants continuously increases due to industrial and agricultural activities. Whole cell sensors have been proposed as a powerful tool to detect class-specific toxicants based upon their biological activity and bioavailability. We demonstrated a robust toxicant detection platform based on a bioluminescence whole cell sensor array biochip (LumiChip). LumiChip harbors an integrated temperature control and a 16-member sensor array, as well as a simple but highly efficient luminescence collection setup. On LumiChip, samples were infused in an oxygen-permeable microfluidic flow channel to reach the sensor array. Time-lapse changes in bioluminescence emitted by the array members were measured on a single window-removed linear charge-coupled device (CCD) commonly used in commercial industrial process control or in barcode readers. Removal of the protective window on the linear CCD allowed lens-free direct interfacing of LumiChip to the CCD surface for measurement with high light collection efficiency. Bioluminescence induced by simulated contamination events was detected within 15 to 45 minutes. The portable LumiSense system utilizing the linear CCD in combination with the miniaturized LumiChip is a promising potential platform for on-site environmental monitoring of toxicant contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsieh-Fu Tsai
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
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27
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Zhang YS, Ribas J, Nadhman A, Aleman J, Selimović Š, Lesher-Perez SC, Wang T, Manoharan V, Shin SR, Damilano A, Annabi N, Dokmeci MR, Takayama S, Khademhosseini A. A cost-effective fluorescence mini-microscope for biomedical applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:3661-9. [PMID: 26282117 PMCID: PMC4550514 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00666j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We have designed and fabricated a miniature microscope from off-the-shelf components and a webcam, with built-in fluorescence capability for biomedical applications. The mini-microscope was able to detect both biochemical parameters, such as cell/tissue viability (e.g. live/dead assay), and biophysical properties of the microenvironment such as oxygen levels in microfabricated tissues based on an oxygen-sensitive fluorescent dye. This mini-microscope has adjustable magnifications from 8-60×, achieves a resolution as high as <2 μm, and possesses a long working distance of 4.5 mm (at a magnification of 8×). The mini-microscope was able to chronologically monitor cell migration and analyze beating of microfluidic liver and cardiac bioreactors in real time, respectively. The mini-microscope system is cheap, and its modularity allows convenient integration with a wide variety of pre-existing platforms including, but not limited to, cell culture plates, microfluidic devices, and organs-on-a-chip systems. Therefore, we envision its widespread application in cell biology, tissue engineering, biosensing, microfluidics, and organs-on-chips, which can potentially replace conventional bench-top microscopy where long-term in situ and large-scale imaging/analysis is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shrike Zhang
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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28
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Kiss MZ, Nagy BJ, Lakatos P, Göröcs Z, Tőkés S, Wittner B, Orzó L. Special multicolor illumination and numerical tilt correction in volumetric digital holographic microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:7559-73. [PMID: 24718130 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.007559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a color imaging method in our digital holographic microscope system (DHM). This DHM can create color images of freely floating, or moving objects inside a large volume by simultaneously capturing three holograms using three different illumination wavelengths. In this DHM a new light source assembly is applied, where we use single mode fibers according to the corresponding wavelengths that are tightly and randomly arranged into a small array in a single FC/PC connector. This design has significant advantages over the earlier approaches, where all the used illuminations are coupled in the same fiber. It avoids the coupling losses and provides a cost effective, compact solution for multicolor coherent illumination. We explain how to determine and correct the different fiber end positions caused tilt aberration during the hologram reconstruction process. To demonstrate the performance of the device, color hologram reconstructions are presented that can achieve at least 1 µm lateral resolution.
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29
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Tan Y, Sutanto E, Alleyne AG, Cunningham BT. Photonic crystal enhancement of a homogeneous fluorescent assay using submicron fluid channels fabricated by E-jet patterning. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2014; 7:266-75. [PMID: 24376013 PMCID: PMC4980434 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201300158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the enhancement of a liquid-based homogenous fluorescence assay using the resonant electric fields from a photonic crystal (PC) surface. Because evanescent fields are confined to the liquid volume nearest to the photonic crystal, we developed a simple approach for integrating a PC fabricated on a silicon substrate within a fluid channel with submicron height, using electrohydrodynamic jet (e-jet) printing of a light-curable epoxy adhesive to define the fluid channel pattern. The PC is excited by a custom-designed compact instrument that illuminates the PC with collimated light that precisely matches the resonant coupling condition when the PC is covered with aqueous media. Using a molecular beacon nucleic acid fluorescence resonant energy transfer (FRET) probe for a specific miRNA sequence, we demonstrate an 8× enhancement of the fluorescence emission signal, compared to performing the same assay without exciting resonance in the PC detecting a miRNA sequence at a concentration of 62 nM from a liquid volume of only ∼20 nL. The approach may be utilized for any liquid-based fluorescence assay for applications in point-of-care diagnostics, environmental monitoring, or pathogen detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafang Tan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 1406 West Green Street
| | - Erick Sutanto
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, 1206 West Green Street
| | - Andrew G. Alleyne
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, 1206 West Green Street
| | - Brian T. Cunningham
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 1406 West Green Street
- Department of Bioengineering, 1304 West Springfield Avenue
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30
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Wei Q, McLeod E, Qi H, Wan Z, Sun R, Ozcan A. On-chip cytometry using plasmonic nanoparticle enhanced lensfree holography. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1699. [PMID: 23608952 PMCID: PMC3632884 DOI: 10.1038/srep01699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational microscopy tools, in particular lensfree on-chip imaging, provide a large field-of-view along with a long depth-of-field, which makes it feasible to rapidly analyze large volumes of specimen using a compact and light-weight on-chip imaging architecture. To bring molecular specificity to this high-throughput platform, here we demonstrate the use of plasmon-resonant metallic nanoparticles to automatically recognize different cell types based on their plasmon-enhanced lensfree holograms, detected and reconstructed over a large field-of-view of e.g., ~24 mm2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshan Wei
- Electrical Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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31
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Tripathi A, Riddell J, Chronis N. A Biochip with a 3D microfluidic architecture for trapping white blood cells. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2013; 186:244-251. [PMID: 23935241 PMCID: PMC3735198 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2013.05.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We present a microfluidic biochip for trapping single white blood cells (WBCs). The novel biochip, microfabricated using standard surface micromachining processes, consists of an array of precisely engineered microholes that confine single cells in a tight, three dimensional space and mechanically immobilize them. A high (> 87%) trapping efficiency was achieved when WBC-containing samples were delivered to the biochip at the optimal pressure of 3 psi. The biochip can efficiently trap up to 7,500 cells, maintaining a high trapping efficiency even when the number of cells is extremely low (~200 cells). We believe that the developed biochip can be used as a standalone unit in a biology/clinical lab for trapping WBCs as well as other cell types and imaging them using a standard fluorescent microscope at the single cell level. Furthermore, it can be integrated with other miniaturized optical modules to construct a portable platform for counting a wide variety of cells and therefore it can be an excellent tool for monitoring human diseases at the point-of-care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Tripathi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan USA
| | - James Riddell
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan USA
| | - Nikos Chronis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering. University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan USA
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32
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Liu P, Martin RJ, Dong L. Micro-electro-fluidic grids for nematodes: a lens-less, image-sensor-less approach for on-chip tracking of nematode locomotion. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:650-61. [PMID: 23254956 PMCID: PMC3587735 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc41174a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on the development of a lens-less and image-sensor-less micro-electro-fluidic (MEF) approach for real-time monitoring of the locomotion of microscopic nematodes. The technology showed promise for overcoming the constraint of the limited field of view of conventional optical microscopy, with relatively low cost, good spatial resolution, and high portability. The core of the device was microelectrode grids formed by orthogonally arranging two identical arrays of microelectrode lines. The two microelectrode arrays were spaced by a microfluidic chamber containing a liquid medium of interest. As a nematode (e.g., Caenorhabditis elegans) moved inside the chamber, the invasion of part of its body into some intersection regions between the microelectrodes caused changes in the electrical resistance of these intersection regions. The worm's presence at, or absence from, a detection unit was determined by a comparison between the measured resistance variation of this unit and a pre-defined threshold resistance variation. An electronic readout circuit was designed to address all the detection units and read out their individual electrical resistances. By this means, it was possible to obtain the electrical resistance profile of the whole MEF grid, and thus, the physical pattern of the swimming nematode. We studied the influence of a worm's body on the resistance of an addressed unit. We also investigated how the full-frame scanning and readout rates of the electronic circuit and the dimensions of a detection unit posed an impact on the spatial resolution of the reconstructed images of the nematode. Other important issues, such as the manufacturing-induced initial non-uniformity of the grids and the electrotaxic behaviour of nematodes, were also studied. A drug resistance screening experiment was conducted by using the grids with a good resolution of 30 × 30 μm(2). The phenotypic differences in the locomotion behaviours (e.g., moving speed and oscillation frequency extracted from the reconstructed images with the help of software) between the wild-type (N2) and mutant (lev-8) C. elegans worms in response to different doses of the anthelmintic drug, levamisole, were investigated. The locomotive parameters obtained by the MEF grids agreed well with those obtained by optical microscopy. Therefore, this technology will benefit whole-animal assays by providing a structurally simple, potentially cost-effective device capable of tracking the movement and phenotypes of important nematodes in various microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Richard J. Martin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Liang Dong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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33
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Zhao Y, Stratton ZS, Guo F, Lapsley MI, Chan CY, Lin SSC, Huang TJ. Optofluidic imaging: now and beyond. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:17-24. [PMID: 23138193 PMCID: PMC3994168 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc90127g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
More than a decade of research work in optofluidics has yielded a large catalogue of optofluidic elements that can manipulate light at the micro-scale (e.g., lenses, prisms). Although these elements have proven useful for many on-chip processes (e.g., miniaturized flow cytometry, interferometry and sample spectroscopy), certain deficiencies have precluded their use in micro-scale imaging. However, recent work in optofluidic imaging has avoided optofluidic elements entirely and focused instead on image capture and composition techniques, demonstrating impressive resolution in both 2D imagery and 3D tomography. In this Focus article, we will discuss some of the recent successes in optofluidic imaging and will expound our expectations for the near future of the optofluidic imaging discipline.
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34
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Abstract
Lab-on-a-chip systems have been rapidly emerging to pave the way toward ultra-compact, efficient, mass producible and cost-effective biomedical research and diagnostic tools. Although such microfluidic and microelectromechanical systems have achieved high levels of integration, and are capable of performing various important tasks on the same chip, such as cell culturing, sorting and staining, they still rely on conventional microscopes for their imaging needs. Recently, several alternative on-chip optical imaging techniques have been introduced, which have the potential to substitute conventional microscopes for various lab-on-a-chip applications. Here we present a critical review of these recently emerging on-chip biomedical imaging modalities, including contact shadow imaging, lens-free holographic microscopy, fluorescent on-chip microscopy and lens-free optical tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Göröcs
- Electrical Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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35
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Arpali SA, Arpali C, Coskun AF, Chiang HH, Ozcan A. High-throughput screening of large volumes of whole blood using structured illumination and fluorescent on-chip imaging. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:4968-71. [PMID: 23047492 PMCID: PMC3485428 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40894e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Undiluted blood samples are difficult to image in large volumes since blood constitutes a highly absorbing and scattering medium. As a result of this limitation, optical imaging of rare cells (e.g., circulating tumour cells) within unprocessed whole blood remains a challenge, demanding the use of special microfluidic technologies. Here we demonstrate a new fluorescent on-chip imaging modality that can rapidly screen large volumes of absorbing and scattering media, such as undiluted whole blood samples, for detection of fluorescent micro-objects at low concentrations (for example ≤50-100 particles/mL). In this high-throughput imaging modality, a large area microfluidic device (e.g., 7-18 cm(2)), which contains for example ~0.3-0.7 mL of undiluted whole blood sample, is directly positioned onto a wide-field opto-electronic sensor-array such that the fluorescent emission within the microchannel can be detected without the use of any imaging lenses. This microfluidic device is then illuminated and laterally scanned with an array of Gaussian excitation spots, which is generated through a spatial light modulator. For each scanning position of this excitation array, a lensfree fluorescent image of the blood sample is captured using the opto-electronic sensor-array, resulting in a sequence of images (e.g., 144 lensfree frames captured in ~36 s) for the same sample chip. Digitally merging these lensfree fluorescent images based on a maximum intensity projection (MIP) algorithm enabled us to significantly boost the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast of the fluorescent micro-objects within whole blood, which normally remain undetected (i.e., hidden) using conventional uniform excitation schemes, involving plane wave illumination. This high-throughput on-chip imaging platform based on structured excitation could be useful for rare cell research by enabling rapid screening of large volume microfluidic devices that process whole blood and other optically dense media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serap Altay Arpali
- Electrical Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Cankaya University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Caglar Arpali
- Electrical Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Mechatronic Engineering, Cankaya University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahmet F. Coskun
- Electrical Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hsin-Hao Chiang
- Electrical Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Aydogan Ozcan
- Electrical Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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36
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Wu J, Zheng G, Lee LM. Optical imaging techniques in microfluidics and their applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:3566-75. [PMID: 22878811 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40517b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices have undergone rapid development in recent years and provide a lab-on-a-chip solution for many biomedical and chemical applications. Optical imaging techniques are essential in microfluidics for observing and extracting information from biological or chemical samples. Traditionally, imaging in microfluidics is achieved by bench-top conventional microscopes or other bulky imaging systems. More recently, many novel compact microscopic techniques have been developed to provide a low-cost and portable solution. In this review, we provide an overview of optical imaging techniques used in microfluidics followed with their applications. We first discuss bulky imaging systems including microscopes and interferometer-based techniques, then we focus on compact imaging systems that can be better integrated with microfluidic devices, including digital in-line holography and scanning-based imaging techniques. The applications in biomedicine or chemistry are also discussed along with the specific imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigang Wu
- Biophotonics Laboratory, University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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37
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Kim SB, Bae H, Koo KI, Dokmeci MR, Ozcan A, Khademhosseini A. Lens-free imaging for biological applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 17:43-9. [PMID: 22357607 DOI: 10.1177/2211068211426695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lens-free (or lensless) imaging is emerging as a cost-effective, compact, and lightweight detection method that can serve numerous biological applications. Lens-free imaging can generate high-resolution images within a field-portable platform, which is ideal for affordable point-of-care devices aiming at resource-limited settings. In this mini-review, we first describe different modes of operation for lens-free imaging and then highlight several recent biological applications of this emerging platform technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Bok Kim
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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38
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Coskun AF, Sencan I, Su TW, Ozcan A. Lensless fluorescent on-chip microscopy using a fiber-optic taper. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2012; 2011:5981-4. [PMID: 22255702 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2011.6091478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate a lensfree on-chip fluorescent microscopy platform that can image fluorescently labeled cells over ~60 mm(2) field-of-view with <4 urn spatial resolution. In this lensfree imaging system, micro-objects of interest are directly located on a tapered fiber-optic faceplate which has > 5-fold higher density of fiber-optic waveguides in its top facet compared to the bottom facet. For excitation, an incoherent light source (e.g., a simple light emitting diode--LED) is used to pump fluorescent objects through a glass hemi-sphere interface. Upon interacting with the entire sample volume, the excitation light is rejected by total internal reflection process occurring at the bottom of the sample substrate. Fluorescent emission from the objects is then collected by the smaller facet of the tapered faceplate and is delivered to a detector-array with an image magnification of ~2.4X. A compressive sampling based decoding algorithm is used for sparse signal recovery, which further increases the space-bandwidth-product of our lensfree on-chip fluorescent imager. We validated the performance of this lensfree imaging platform using fluorescent micro-particles as well as labeled water-borne parasites (e.g., Giardia Muris cysts). Such a compact and wide-field fluorescent microscopy platform could be valuable for cytometry and rare cell imaging applications as well as for micro array research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet F Coskun
- Electrical Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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39
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Oheim M. Advances and challenges in high-throughput microscopy for live-cell subcellular imaging. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 6:1299-315. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.637105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Oheim
- INSERM U603, CNRS UMR 8154, Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratory of Neurophysiology and New Microscopies, F-75006 Paris, France ;
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40
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Coskun AF, Su TW, Sencan I, Ozcan A. Lensless fluorescent microscopy on a chip. J Vis Exp 2011:3181. [PMID: 21876522 DOI: 10.3791/3181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
On-chip lensless imaging in general aims to replace bulky lens-based optical microscopes with simpler and more compact designs, especially for high-throughput screening applications. This emerging technology platform has the potential to eliminate the need for bulky and/or costly optical components through the help of novel theories and digital reconstruction algorithms. Along the same lines, here we demonstrate an on-chip fluorescent microscopy modality that can achieve e.g., <4 μm spatial resolution over an ultra-wide field-of-view (FOV) of >0.6-8 cm(2) without the use of any lenses, mechanical-scanning or thin-film based interference filters. In this technique, fluorescent excitation is achieved through a prism or hemispherical-glass interface illuminated by an incoherent source. After interacting with the entire object volume, this excitation light is rejected by total-internal-reflection (TIR) process that is occurring at the bottom of the sample micro-fluidic chip. The fluorescent emission from the excited objects is then collected by a fiber-optic faceplate or a taper and is delivered to an optoelectronic sensor array such as a charge-coupled-device (CCD). By using a compressive-sampling based decoding algorithm, the acquired lensfree raw fluorescent images of the sample can be rapidly processed to yield e.g., <4 μm resolution over an FOV of >0.6-8 cm(2). Moreover, vertically stacked micro-channels that are separated by e.g., 50-100 μm can also be successfully imaged using the same lensfree on-chip microscopy platform, which further increases the overall throughput of this modality. This compact on-chip fluorescent imaging platform, with a rapid compressive decoder behind it, could be rather valuable for high-throughput cytometry, rare-cell research and microarray-analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet F Coskun
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California-Los Angeles, CA, USA
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41
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Sin MLY, Gao J, Liao JC, Wong PK. System Integration - A Major Step toward Lab on a Chip. J Biol Eng 2011; 5:6. [PMID: 21612614 PMCID: PMC3117764 DOI: 10.1186/1754-1611-5-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microfluidics holds great promise to revolutionize various areas of biological engineering, such as single cell analysis, environmental monitoring, regenerative medicine, and point-of-care diagnostics. Despite the fact that intensive efforts have been devoted into the field in the past decades, microfluidics has not yet been adopted widely. It is increasingly realized that an effective system integration strategy that is low cost and broadly applicable to various biological engineering situations is required to fully realize the potential of microfluidics. In this article, we review several promising system integration approaches for microfluidics and discuss their advantages, limitations, and applications. Future advancements of these microfluidic strategies will lead toward translational lab-on-a-chip systems for a wide spectrum of biological engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy LY Sin
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Jian Gao
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shandong Polytechnic University, Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Joseph C Liao
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, S-287, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Pak Kin Wong
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Biomedical Engineering and Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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42
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Kim SB, Bae H, Cha JM, Moon SJ, Dokmeci MR, Cropek DM, Khademhosseini A. A cell-based biosensor for real-time detection of cardiotoxicity using lensfree imaging. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:1801-7. [PMID: 21483937 PMCID: PMC3611966 DOI: 10.1039/c1lc20098d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A portable and cost-effective real-time cardiotoxicity biosensor was developed using a CMOS imaging module extracted from a commercially available webcam. The detection system consists of a CMOS imaging module, a white LED and a pinhole. Real-time image processing was conducted by comparing reference and live frame images. To evaluate the engineered system, the effects of two different drugs, isoprenaline and doxorubicin, on the beating rate and beat-to-beat variations of ESC-derived cardiomyocytes were measured. The detection system was used to conclude that the beat-to-beat variability increased under treatment with both isoprenaline and doxorubicin. However, the beating rates increased upon the addition of isoprenaline but decreased for cultures supplemented with doxorubicin. Moreover, the response time for both the beating rates and the beat-to-beat variability of ESC-derived cardiomyocytes under treatment of isoprenaline was shorter than for doxorubicin, although the amount of isoprenaline used in the measurement was three orders of magnitude lower than that of doxorubicin. Given its ability to perform real-time cell monitoring in a simple and inexpensive manner, the proposed system may be useful for a range of cell-based biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Bok Kim
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hojae Bae
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jae Min Cha
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sang Jun Moon
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mehmet R. Dokmeci
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Center for High Rate Nanomanufacturing, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Donald M. Cropek
- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, Champaign, IL 61822, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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43
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Jambovane S, Kim DJ, Duin EC, Kim SK, Hong JW. Creation of stepwise concentration gradient in picoliter droplets for parallel reactions of matrix metalloproteinase II and IX. Anal Chem 2011; 83:3358-64. [PMID: 21456571 DOI: 10.1021/ac103217p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present a new methodology for generating a stepwise concentration gradient in a series of microdroplets by using monolithic micro valves that act as "faucets" in micrometer-scale. A distinct concentration gradient of a substrate was generated for the determination of the kinetic parameters of two different enzymes using only 10 picoliter-scale droplets. With a single experiment on a chip, we obtained K(M) and k(cat) values of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), and compared the catalytic competence of the two enzymes. The present system and method are highly suitable for applications where the reagents or samples are limited and precious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Jambovane
- Materials Research and Education Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, Alabama 36849, United States
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44
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Balsam J, Ossandon M, Kostov Y, Bruck HA, Rasooly A. Lensless CCD-based fluorometer using a micromachined optical Söller collimator. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:941-9. [PMID: 21243150 DOI: 10.1039/c0lc00431f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we describe a simple charge-coupled device (CCD) based lensless fluorometer with sensitivity in the range of current ELISA plate readers. In our lensfree fluorometer, a multi-wavelength LED light source was used for fluorophore excitation. To collimate the light, we developed a simple optical Söller collimator based on a "stack of pinholes" (a stack of black PMMA with array of pinholes machined with laser) enabling the light to be collimated from the LED through the filters and the assay's microfluidics directly onto the CCD without a lens. The elimination of the lens that is used in almost all other current CCD based detection systems has four major advantages: (1) It simplifies the device design and fabrication while reducing cost. (2) It reduces the distance between the sample and the measuring device (without a lens the distance needed to focus the image on the CCD is reduced and the fluorometer can be more compact). (3) It couples the CCD and the detected surface by using an optical Söller Collimator which allows the use of filters for fluorescence detection. (4) It also uncouples the CCD and the microfluidics to enable the use of interchangeable fluidics while protecting the delicate CCD. The lensless CCD-based fluorometer is capable of detecting 16 samples simultaneously, and was used for in vitro detection of botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT-A) activity with a FRET assay that measures cleavage of a fluorophore-tagged peptide substrate specific for BoNT-A (SNAP-25) by the toxin light chain (LcA). The limit of detection (LOD) of our lensless fluorometer is 1.25 nM, which is similar to the LOD of a modern ELISA plate reader. Combined with microfluidics, this simple low cost point-of-care (POC) medical diagnostic system may be useful for the performance of many other complex medical diagnostic assays without a laboratory and thus potentially enhancing the accessibility and the quality of health care delivery in underserved populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Balsam
- University of Maryland College Park (UMCP), College Park, MD 20742, USA
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45
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Gurkan UA, Moon S, Geckil H, Xu F, Wang S, Lu TJ, Demirci U. Miniaturized lensless imaging systems for cell and microorganism visualization in point-of-care testing. Biotechnol J 2011; 6:138-49. [PMID: 21298800 PMCID: PMC3066565 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201000427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Low-cost, robust, and user-friendly diagnostic capabilities at the point-of-care (POC) are critical for treating infectious diseases and preventing their spread in developing countries. Recent advances in micro- and nanoscale technologies have enabled the merger of optical and fluidic technologies (optofluidics) paving the way for cost-effective lensless imaging and diagnosis for POC testing in resource-limited settings. Applications of the emerging lensless imaging technologies include detecting and counting cells of interest, which allows rapid and affordable diagnostic decisions. This review presents the advances in lensless imaging and diagnostic systems, and their potential clinical applications in developing countries. The emerging technologies are reviewed from a POC perspective considering cost effectiveness, portability, sensitivity, throughput and ease of use for resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Atakan Gurkan
- Demirci Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Labs at the HST-BWH Center for Bioengineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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46
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Coskun AF, Sencan I, Su TW, Ozcan A. Wide-field lensless fluorescent microscopy using a tapered fiber-optic faceplate on a chip. Analyst 2011; 136:3512-8. [PMID: 21283900 DOI: 10.1039/c0an00926a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate lensless fluorescent microscopy over a large field-of-view of ~60 mm(2) with a spatial resolution of <4 µm. In this on-chip fluorescent imaging modality, the samples are placed on a fiber-optic faceplate that is tapered such that the density of the fiber-optic waveguides on the top facet is >5 fold larger than the bottom one. Placed on this tapered faceplate, the fluorescent samples are pumped from the side through a glass hemisphere interface. After excitation of the samples, the pump light is rejected through total internal reflection that occurs at the bottom facet of the sample substrate. The fluorescent emission from the sample is then collected by the smaller end of the tapered faceplate and is delivered to an opto-electronic sensor-array to be digitally sampled. Using a compressive sampling algorithm, we decode these raw lensfree images to validate the resolution (<4 µm) of this on-chip fluorescent imaging platform using microparticles as well as labeled Giardia muris cysts. This wide-field lensfree fluorescent microscopy platform, being compact and high-throughput, might provide a valuable tool especially for cytometry, rare cell analysis (involving large area microfluidic systems) as well as for microarray imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet F Coskun
- Electrical Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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47
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Coskun AF, Sencan I, Su TW, Ozcan A. Lensfree fluorescent on-chip imaging of transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans over an ultra-wide field-of-view. PLoS One 2011; 6:e15955. [PMID: 21253611 PMCID: PMC3017097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate lensfree on-chip fluorescent imaging of transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) over an ultra-wide field-of-view (FOV) of e.g., >2–8 cm2 with a spatial resolution of ∼10µm. This is the first time that a lensfree on-chip platform has successfully imaged fluorescent C. elegans samples. In our wide-field lensfree imaging platform, the transgenic samples are excited using a prism interface from the side, where the pump light is rejected through total internal reflection occurring at the bottom facet of the substrate. The emitted fluorescent signal from C. elegans samples is then recorded on a large area opto-electronic sensor-array over an FOV of e.g., >2–8 cm2, without the use of any lenses, thin-film interference filters or mechanical scanners. Because fluorescent emission rapidly diverges, such lensfree fluorescent images recorded on a chip look blurred due to broad point-spread-function of our platform. To combat this resolution challenge, we use a compressive sampling algorithm to uniquely decode the recorded lensfree fluorescent patterns into higher resolution images, demonstrating ∼10 µm resolution. We tested the efficacy of this compressive decoding approach with different types of opto-electronic sensors to achieve a similar resolution level, independent of the imaging chip. We further demonstrate that this wide FOV lensfree fluorescent imaging platform can also perform sequential bright-field imaging of the same samples using partially-coherent lensfree digital in-line holography that is coupled from the top facet of the same prism used in fluorescent excitation. This unique combination permits ultra-wide field dual-mode imaging of C. elegans on a chip which could especially provide a useful tool for high-throughput screening applications in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet F. Coskun
- Electrical Engineering Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ikbal Sencan
- Electrical Engineering Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ting-Wei Su
- Electrical Engineering Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Aydogan Ozcan
- Electrical Engineering Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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48
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Coskun AF, Su TW, Sencan I, Ozcan A. Lensfree Fluorescent On-Chip Imaging using Compressive Sampling. OPTICS AND PHOTONICS NEWS 2010; 21:27. [PMID: 21546979 PMCID: PMC3086021 DOI: 10.1364/opn.21.12.000027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet F. Coskun
- Electrical engineering department at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Calif., U.S.A
| | - Ting-wei Su
- Electrical engineering department at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Calif., U.S.A
| | - Ikbal Sencan
- Electrical engineering department at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Calif., U.S.A
| | - Aydogan Ozcan
- Electrical engineering department at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Calif., U.S.A
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), at UCLA
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49
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Sequential array cytometry: multi-parameter imaging with a single fluorescent channel. Ann Biomed Eng 2010; 39:1328-34. [PMID: 21136165 PMCID: PMC3069325 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-010-0199-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneity within the human population and within diseased tissues necessitates a personalized medicine approach to diagnostics and the treatment of diseases. Functional assays at the single-cell level can contribute to uncovering heterogeneity and ultimately assist in improved treatment decisions based on the presence of outlier cells. We aim to develop a platform for high-throughput, single-cell-based assays using well-characterized hydrodynamic cell isolation arrays which allow for precise cell and fluid handling. Here, we demonstrate the ability to extract spatial and temporal information about several intracellular components using a single fluorescent channel, eliminating the problem of overlapping fluorescence emission spectra. Integrated with imaging technologies such as wide field-of-view lens-free fluorescent imaging, fiber-optic array scanning technology, and microlens arrays, use of a single fluorescent channel will reduce the cost of reagents and optical components. Specifically, we sequentially stain hydrodynamically trapped cells with three biochemical labels all sharing the same fluorescence excitation and emission spectrum. These markers allow us to analyze the amount of DNA, and compare nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio, as well as glycosylation of surface proteins. By imaging cells in real-time we enable measurements of temporal localization of cellular components and intracellular reaction kinetics, the latter is used as a measurement of multi-drug resistance. Demonstrating the efficacy of this single-cell analysis platform is the first step in designing and implementing more complete assays, aimed toward improving diagnosis and personalized treatments to complex diseases.
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50
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Khademhosseinieh B, Biener G, Sencan I, Ozcan A. Lensfree color imaging on a nanostructured chip using compressive decoding. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2010; 97:211112. [PMID: 21173866 PMCID: PMC3003717 DOI: 10.1063/1.3521410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate subpixel level color imaging capability on a lensfree incoherent on-chip microscopy platform. By using a nanostructured substrate, the incoherent emission from the object plane is modulated to create a unique far-field diffraction pattern corresponding to each point at the object plane. These lensfree diffraction patterns are then sampled in the far-field using a color sensor-array, where the pixels have three different types of color filters at red, green, and blue (RGB) wavelengths. The recorded RGB diffraction patterns (for each point on the structured substrate) form a basis that can be used to rapidly reconstruct any arbitrary multicolor incoherent object distribution at subpixel resolution, using a compressive sampling algorithm. This lensfree computational imaging platform could be quite useful to create a compact fluorescent on-chip microscope that has color imaging capability.
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