1
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Xu W, Atik AY, Beker L, Ceylan Koydemir H. Digital monitoring of the microchannel filling flow dynamics using a non-contactless smartphone-based nano-liter precision flow velocity meter. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 252:116130. [PMID: 38417285 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Microfluidic systems find widespread applications in diagnostics, biological research, chemistry, and engineering studies. Among their many critical parameters, flow rate plays a pivotal role in maintaining the functionality of microfluidic systems, including droplet-based microfluidic devices and those used in cell culture. It also significantly influences microfluidic mixing processes. Although various flow rate measurement devices have been developed, the challenge remains in accurately measuring flow rates within customized channels. This paper presents the development of a 3D-printed smartphone-based flow velocity meter. The 3D-printed platform is angled at 30° to achieve transparent flow visualization, and it doesn't require any external optical components such as external lenses and filters. Two LED modules integrated into the platform create a uniform illumination environment for video capture, powered directly by the smartphone. The performance of our platform, combined with a customized video processing algorithm, was assessed in three different channel types: uniform straight channels, straight channels with varying widths, and vessel-like channel patterns to demonstrate its versatility. Our device effectively measured flow velocities from 5.43 mm/s to 24.47 mm/s, with video quality at 1080p resolution and 60 frames per second, for which the measurement range can be extended by adjusting the frame rate. This flow velocity meter can be a useful analytical tool to evaluate and enhance microfluidic channel designs of various lab-on-a-chip applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Center for Remote Health Technologies and Systems, Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Abdulkadir Yasin Atik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Sariyer, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey
| | - Levent Beker
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Sariyer, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey
| | - Hatice Ceylan Koydemir
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Center for Remote Health Technologies and Systems, Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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2
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Li H, Shang Y, Zeng J, Matsusaki M. Technology for the formation of engineered microvascular network models and their biomedical applications. NANO CONVERGENCE 2024; 11:10. [PMID: 38430377 PMCID: PMC10908775 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-024-00416-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have made great progress in recent decades, as the fields of bioengineering, materials science, and stem cell biology have converged, allowing tissue engineers to replicate the structure and function of various levels of the vascular tree. Nonetheless, the lack of a fully functional vascular system to efficiently supply oxygen and nutrients has hindered the clinical application of bioengineered tissues for transplantation. To investigate vascular biology, drug transport, disease progression, and vascularization of engineered tissues for regenerative medicine, we have analyzed different approaches for designing microvascular networks to create models. This review discusses recent advances in the field of microvascular tissue engineering, explores potential future challenges, and offers methodological recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yucheng Shang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jinfeng Zeng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Michiya Matsusaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Joint Research Laboratory (TOPPAN) for Advanced Cell Regulatory Chemistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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3
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Dong R, Liu S, Li Y, Gao F, Gao K, Chen C, Qian Z, Li W, Yang Y. Revisiting hemodynamics and blood oxygenation in a microfluidic microvasculature replica. Microvasc Res 2024; 152:104640. [PMID: 38065353 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2023.104640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
The complexity of microvascular circulation has led to the development of advanced imaging techniques and biomimetic models. This study developed a multifaceted microfluidic-based microdevice as an in vitro model of microvasculature to replicate important geometric and functional features of in vivo perfusion in mice. The microfluidic device consisted of a microchannel for blood perfusion, mirroring the natural hierarchical branching vascular structures found in mice. Additionally, the device incorporated a steady gradient of oxygen (O2) which diffused through the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer, allowing for dynamic blood oxygenation. The assembled multi-layered microdevice was accompanied by a dual-modal imaging system that combined laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) and intrinsic signal optical imaging (ISOI) to visualize full-field blood flow distributions and blood O2 profiles. By closely reproducing in vivo blood perfusion and oxygenation conditions, this microvasculature model, in conjunction with numerical simulation results, can provide quantitative information on physiologically relevant hemodynamics and key O2 transport parameters that are not directly measurable in traditional animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Dong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Sijia Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Yuewu Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Fan Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Keqiang Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Chunxiao Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Zhiyu Qian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Weitao Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China.
| | - Yamin Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China.
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4
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Murphy AR, Allenby MC. In vitro microvascular engineering approaches and strategies for interstitial tissue integration. Acta Biomater 2023; 171:114-130. [PMID: 37717711 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The increasing gap between clinical demand for tissue or organ transplants and the availability of donated tissue highlights the emerging opportunities for lab-grown or synthetically engineered tissue. While the field of tissue engineering has existed for nearly half a century, its clinical translation remains unrealised, in part, due to a limited ability to engineer sufficient vascular supply into fabricated tissue, which is necessary to enable nutrient and waste exchange, prevent cellular necrosis, and support tissue proliferation. Techniques to develop anatomically relevant, functional vascular networks in vitro have made significant progress in the last decade, however, the challenge now remains as to how best incorporate these throughout dense parenchymal tissue-like structures to address diffusion-limited development and allow for the fabrication of large-scale vascularised tissue. This review explores advances made in the laboratory engineering of vasculature structures and summarises recent attempts to integrate vascular networks together with sophisticated in vitro avascular tissue and organ-like structures. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The ability to grow full scale, functional tissue and organs in vitro is primarily limited by an inability to adequately diffuse oxygen and nutrients throughout developing cellularised structures, which generally results from the absence of perfusable vessel networks. Techniques to engineering both perfusable vascular networks and avascular miniaturised organ-like structures have recently increased in complexity, sophistication, and physiological relevance. However, integrating these two essential elements into a single functioning vascularised tissue structure represents a significant spatial and temporal engineering challenge which is yet to be surmounted. Here, we explore a range of vessel morphogenic phenomena essential for tissue-vascular co-development, as well as evaluate a range of recent noteworthy approaches for generating vascularised tissue products in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Murphy
- School of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Information Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4100, Australia
| | - M C Allenby
- School of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Information Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4100, Australia; Centre for Biomedical Technologies, School of Medical, Mechanical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia.
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5
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Forró C, Musall S, Montes VR, Linkhorst J, Walter P, Wessling M, Offenhäusser A, Ingebrandt S, Weber Y, Lampert A, Santoro F. Toward the Next Generation of Neural Iontronic Interfaces. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2301055. [PMID: 37434349 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Neural interfaces are evolving at a rapid pace owing to advances in material science and fabrication, reduced cost of scalable complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technologies, and highly interdisciplinary teams of researchers and engineers that span a large range from basic to applied and clinical sciences. This study outlines currently established technologies, defined as instruments and biological study systems that are routinely used in neuroscientific research. After identifying the shortcomings of current technologies, such as a lack of biocompatibility, topological optimization, low bandwidth, and lack of transparency, it maps out promising directions along which progress should be made to achieve the next generation of symbiotic and intelligent neural interfaces. Lastly, it proposes novel applications that can be achieved by these developments, ranging from the understanding and reproduction of synaptic learning to live-long multimodal measurements to monitor and treat various neuronal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Forró
- Institute for Biological Information Processing - Bioelectronics IBI-3, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering 1, RWTH Aachen, Sommerfeldstr. 24, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Simon Musall
- Institute for Biological Information Processing - Bioelectronics IBI-3, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Zoology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Viviana Rincón Montes
- Institute for Biological Information Processing - Bioelectronics IBI-3, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - John Linkhorst
- Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Walter
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Wessling
- Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Offenhäusser
- Institute for Biological Information Processing - Bioelectronics IBI-3, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sven Ingebrandt
- Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering 1, RWTH Aachen, Sommerfeldstr. 24, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Weber
- Department of Epileptology, Neurology, RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Angelika Lampert
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Francesca Santoro
- Institute for Biological Information Processing - Bioelectronics IBI-3, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering 1, RWTH Aachen, Sommerfeldstr. 24, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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6
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Fenech M, Le AV, Salame M, Gliah O, Chartrand C. Semi-automated red blood cell core detection in blood micro-flow. Microvasc Res 2023; 147:104496. [PMID: 36739962 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2023.104496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In microcirculation, red blood cells (RBCs) tend to migrate toward the centre of the vessel leaving a region of a cell depleted layer or cell-free layer (CFL) at the vessel wall and a core of RBCs at the centre. This heterogenous distribution of cells has an effect on the blood apparent viscosity and the exchanges of gases and nutrients between the RBCs and the vessel. Understanding the formation of the CFL and obtaining accurate measurement of it is paramount for furthering development of devices such as drug administration. This paper presents a general semi-automatic method to quantify the thickness of the CFL for different channel geometries and image quality. It enables the use of a method based on intensity, a method using the gradient of the intensity, or a method based on spatiotemporal variation. The main features are reported, the performance is demonstrated on experimentally obtained image sets and accuracy is validated using synthetic images with known CFL thickness. A pure automatic detection is limited by the most visually correct using the spatiotemporal method, however proposed thresholding through automatic detection allows for quality controls through manual adjustments. With a semi-automatic approach RBC core variability between 3 % to 8 % was found when the test user was tasked with repeating the analysis of the same set. The presented method provides, users without programming ability with a user-friendly interface that can extract CFL automatically with quality control through manual adjustments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Fenech
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Andy Vinh Le
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada; Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS 5048-INSERM UMR 1054, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Maya Salame
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Omemah Gliah
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Camille Chartrand
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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7
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Mitxelena-Iribarren O, Bujanda X, Zabalza L, Alkorta J, Lopez-Elorza A, Gracia R, Dupin D, Arana S, Ruiz-Cabello J, Mujika M. Design and fabrication of a microfluidic system with embedded circular channels for rotary cell culture. Biotechnol J 2023:e2300004. [PMID: 37100765 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
The development of functional blood vessels is today a fundamental pillar in the evaluation of new therapies and diagnostic agents. This article describes the manufacture and subsequent functionalization, by means of cell culture, of a microfluidic device with a circular section. Its purpose is to simulate a blood vessel in order to test new treatments for pulmonary arterial hypertension. The manufacture was carried out using a process in which a wire with a circular section determines the dimensions of the channel. To fabricate the blood vessel, cells were seeded under rotary cell culture to obtain a homogeneous cell seeding in the inner wall of the devices. This is a simple and reproducible method that allows the generation of blood vessel models in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oihane Mitxelena-Iribarren
- CEIT-Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Universidad de Navarra, Tecnun, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Xabier Bujanda
- Universidad de Navarra, Tecnun, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Laura Zabalza
- Universidad de Navarra, Tecnun, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Janire Alkorta
- CIDETEC, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Gipuzkoa, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Aitziber Lopez-Elorza
- CIDETEC, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Gipuzkoa, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Raquel Gracia
- CIDETEC, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Gipuzkoa, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Damien Dupin
- CIDETEC, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Gipuzkoa, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Sergio Arana
- CEIT-Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Universidad de Navarra, Tecnun, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jesús Ruiz-Cabello
- CIC biomaGUNE-Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), San Sebastián, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maite Mujika
- CEIT-Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Universidad de Navarra, Tecnun, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
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8
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A Cataño J, Farthing S, Mascarenhas Z, Lake N, Yarlagadda PKDV, Li Z, Toh YC. A User-Centric 3D-Printed Modular Peristaltic Pump for Microfluidic Perfusion Applications. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:mi14050930. [PMID: 37241553 DOI: 10.3390/mi14050930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic organ-on-a-chip (OoC) technology has enabled studies on dynamic physiological conditions as well as being deployed in drug testing applications. A microfluidic pump is an essential component to perform perfusion cell culture in OoC devices. However, it is challenging to have a single pump that can fulfil both the customization function needed to mimic a myriad of physiological flow rates and profiles found in vivo and multiplexing requirements (i.e., low cost, small footprint) for drug testing operations. The advent of 3D printing technology and open-source programmable electronic controllers presents an opportunity to democratize the fabrication of mini-peristaltic pumps suitable for microfluidic applications at a fraction of the cost of commercial microfluidic pumps. However, existing 3D-printed peristaltic pumps have mainly focused on demonstrating the feasibility of using 3D printing to fabricate the structural components of the pump and neglected user experience and customization capability. Here, we present a user-centric programmable 3D-printed mini-peristaltic pump with a compact design and low manufacturing cost (~USD 175) suitable for perfusion OoC culture applications. The pump consists of a user-friendly, wired electronic module that controls the operation of a peristaltic pump module. The peristaltic pump module comprises an air-sealed stepper motor connected to a 3D-printed peristaltic assembly, which can withstand the high-humidity environment of a cell culture incubator. We demonstrated that this pump allows users to either program the electronic module or use different-sized tubing to deliver a wide range of flow rates and flow profiles. The pump also has multiplexing capability as it can accommodate multiple tubing. The performance and user-friendliness of this low-cost, compact pump can be easily deployed for various OoC applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Cataño
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove 4059, Australia
| | - Steven Farthing
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000, Australia
| | - Zeus Mascarenhas
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000, Australia
| | - Nathaniel Lake
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000, Australia
| | - Prasad K D V Yarlagadda
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove 4059, Australia
- School of Engineering, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central 4300, Australia
| | - Zhiyong Li
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove 4059, Australia
| | - Yi-Chin Toh
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove 4059, Australia
- Max Planck Queensland Centre (MPQC) for the Materials Science of Extracellular Matrices, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove 4059, Australia
- Centre for Microbiome Research, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba 4102, Australia
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9
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Mu X, Gerhard-Herman MD, Zhang YS. Building Blood Vessel Chips with Enhanced Physiological Relevance. ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 2023; 8:2201778. [PMID: 37693798 PMCID: PMC10489284 DOI: 10.1002/admt.202201778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Blood vessel chips are bioengineered microdevices, consisting of biomaterials, human cells, and microstructures, which recapitulate essential vascular structure and physiology and allow a well-controlled microenvironment and spatial-temporal readouts. Blood vessel chips afford promising opportunities to understand molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying a range of vascular diseases. The physiological relevance is key to these blood vessel chips that rely on bioinspired strategies and bioengineering approaches to translate vascular physiology into artificial units. Here, we discuss several critical aspects of vascular physiology, including morphology, material composition, mechanical properties, flow dynamics, and mass transport, which provide essential guidelines and a valuable source of bioinspiration for the rational design of blood vessel chips. We also review state-of-art blood vessel chips that exhibit important physiological features of the vessel and reveal crucial insights into the biological processes and disease pathogenesis, including rare diseases, with notable implications for drug screening and clinical trials. We envision that the advances in biomaterials, biofabrication, and stem cells improve the physiological relevance of blood vessel chips, which, along with the close collaborations between clinicians and bioengineers, enable their widespread utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Mu
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Marie Denise Gerhard-Herman
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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10
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Popovich KD, Vagner SA, Murashko DT, Ten GN, Ryabkin DI, Savelyev MS, Kitsyuk EP, Gerasimenko EA, Edelbekova P, Konovalov AN, Telyshev DV, Selishchev SV, Gerasimenko AY. Stability and Thrombogenicity Analysis of Collagen/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposite Coatings Using a Reversible Microfluidic Device. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:403. [PMID: 37103830 PMCID: PMC10144663 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13040403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the development of stable and antithrombogenic coatings for cardiovascular implants is socially important. This is especially important for coatings exposed to high shear stress from flowing blood, such as those on ventricular assist devices. A method of layer-by-layer formation of nanocomposite coatings based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) in a collagen matrix is proposed. A reversible microfluidic device with a wide range of flow shear stresses has been developed for hemodynamic experiments. The dependence of the resistance on the presence of a cross-linking agent for collagen chains in the composition of the coating was demonstrated. Optical profilometry determined that collagen/c-MWCNT and collagen/c-MWCNT/glutaraldehyde coatings obtained sufficiently high resistance to high shear stress flow. However, the collagen/c-MWCNT/glutaraldehyde coating was almost twice as resistant to a phosphate-buffered solution flow. A reversible microfluidic device made it possible to assess the level of thrombogenicity of the coatings by the level of blood albumin protein adhesion to the coatings. Raman spectroscopy demonstrated that the adhesion of albumin to collagen/c-MWCNT and collagen/c-MWCNT/glutaraldehyde coatings is 1.7 and 1.4 times lower than the adhesion of protein to a titanium surface, widely used for ventricular assist devices. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy determined that blood protein was least detected on the collagen/c-MWCNT coating, which contained no cross-linking agent, including in comparison with the titanium surface. Thus, a reversible microfluidic device is suitable for preliminary testing of the resistance and thrombogenicity of various coatings and membranes, and nanocomposite coatings based on collagen and c-MWCNT are suitable candidates for the development of cardiovascular devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina D. Popovich
- Institute for Bionic Technologies and Engineering, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street 2-4, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Biomedical Systems, National Research University of Electronic Technology, Shokin Square 1, Zelenograd, 124498 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey A. Vagner
- Institute for Bionic Technologies and Engineering, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street 2-4, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis T. Murashko
- Institute of Biomedical Systems, National Research University of Electronic Technology, Shokin Square 1, Zelenograd, 124498 Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina N. Ten
- Department of Physics, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Street 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Dmitry I. Ryabkin
- Institute for Bionic Technologies and Engineering, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street 2-4, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Biomedical Systems, National Research University of Electronic Technology, Shokin Square 1, Zelenograd, 124498 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail S. Savelyev
- Institute for Bionic Technologies and Engineering, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street 2-4, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Biomedical Systems, National Research University of Electronic Technology, Shokin Square 1, Zelenograd, 124498 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny P. Kitsyuk
- Scientific-Manufacturing Complex “Technological Centre”, Shokin Square 1, bld. 7 off. 7237, 124498 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A. Gerasimenko
- Institute of Biomedical Systems, National Research University of Electronic Technology, Shokin Square 1, Zelenograd, 124498 Moscow, Russia
- Orthopedic Department, State Autonomous Institution of Health of the City of Moscow, Dental Clinic No.35, Building 1638, Zelenograd, 124365 Moscow, Russia
| | - Polina Edelbekova
- Insitute of Nanotechnology of Microelectronics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 32a Leninsky Av., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Dmitry V. Telyshev
- Institute for Bionic Technologies and Engineering, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street 2-4, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Biomedical Systems, National Research University of Electronic Technology, Shokin Square 1, Zelenograd, 124498 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey V. Selishchev
- Institute of Biomedical Systems, National Research University of Electronic Technology, Shokin Square 1, Zelenograd, 124498 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Yu. Gerasimenko
- Institute for Bionic Technologies and Engineering, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street 2-4, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Biomedical Systems, National Research University of Electronic Technology, Shokin Square 1, Zelenograd, 124498 Moscow, Russia
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11
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Merlo A, Losserand S, Yaya F, Connes P, Faivre M, Lorthois S, Minetti C, Nader E, Podgorski T, Renoux C, Coupier G, Franceschini E. Influence of storage and buffer composition on the mechanical behavior of flowing red blood cells. Biophys J 2023; 122:360-373. [PMID: 36476993 PMCID: PMC9892622 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
On-chip study of blood flow has emerged as a powerful tool to assess the contribution of each component of blood to its overall function. Blood has indeed many functions, from gas and nutrient transport to immune response and thermal regulation. Red blood cells play a central role therein, in particular through their specific mechanical properties, which directly influence pressure regulation, oxygen perfusion, or platelet and white cell segregation toward endothelial walls. As the bloom of in-vitro studies has led to the apparition of various storage and sample preparation protocols, we address the question of the robustness of the results involving cell mechanical behavior against this diversity. The effects of three conservation media (EDTA, citrate, and glucose-albumin-sodium-phosphate) and storage time on the red blood cell mechanical behavior are assessed under different flow conditions: cell deformability by ektacytometry, shape recovery of cells flowing out of a microfluidic constriction, and cell-flipping dynamics under shear flow. The impact of buffer solutions (phosphate-buffered saline and density-matched suspension using iodixanol/Optiprep) are also studied by investigating individual cell-flipping dynamics, relative viscosity of cell suspensions, and cell structuration under Poiseuille flow. Our results reveal that storing blood samples up to 7 days after withdrawal and suspending them in adequate density-matched buffer solutions has, in most experiments, a moderate effect on the overall mechanical response, with a possible rapid evolution in the first 3 days after sample collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adlan Merlo
- GDR MECABIO, France; Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse (IMFT), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France; Biomechanics and Bioengineering Laboratory (UMR 7338), Université de Technologie de Compiègne - CNRS, Compiègne, France
| | - Sylvain Losserand
- GDR MECABIO, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, Grenoble, France
| | - François Yaya
- GDR MECABIO, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Connes
- GDR MECABIO, France; Team 'Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell', Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM) EA7424, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (Labex GR-Ex), PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Magalie Faivre
- GDR MECABIO, France; University Lyon, CNRS, INSA Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, INL, UMR5270, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sylvie Lorthois
- GDR MECABIO, France; Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse (IMFT), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Minetti
- Aero Thermo Mechanics CP 165/43, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elie Nader
- GDR MECABIO, France; Team 'Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell', Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM) EA7424, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (Labex GR-Ex), PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Podgorski
- GDR MECABIO, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, Grenoble, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LRP, Grenoble, France
| | - Céline Renoux
- GDR MECABIO, France; Team 'Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell', Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM) EA7424, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (Labex GR-Ex), PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France; Service de biochimie et biologie moléculaire, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Gwennou Coupier
- GDR MECABIO, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, Grenoble, France.
| | - Emilie Franceschini
- GDR MECABIO, France; Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, LMA, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
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12
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Hrynevich A, Li Y, Cedillo-Servin G, Malda J, Castilho M. (Bio)fabrication of microfluidic devices and organs-on-a-chip. 3D Print Med 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-89831-7.00001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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13
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Mehta A, Desai A, Rudd D, Siddiqui G, Nowell CJ, Tong Z, Creek DJ, Tayalia P, Gandhi PS, Voelcker NH. Bio-Mimicking Brain Vasculature to Investigate the Role of Heterogeneous Shear Stress in Regulating Barrier Integrity. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2022; 6:e2200152. [PMID: 35999436 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A continuous, sealed endothelial membrane is essential for the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to protect neurons from toxins present in systemic circulation. Endothelial cells are critical sensors of the capillary environment, where factors like fluid shear stress (FSS) and systemic signaling molecules activate intracellular pathways that either promote or disrupt the BBB. The brain vasculature exhibits complex heterogeneity across the bed, which is challenging to recapitulate in BBB microfluidic models with fixed dimensions and rectangular cross-section microchannels. Here, a Cayley-tree pattern, fabricated using lithography-less, fluid shaping technique in a modified Hele-Shaw cell is used to emulate the brain vasculature in a microfluidic chip. This geometry generates an inherent distribution of heterogeneous FSS, due to smooth variations in branch height and width. hCMEC/D3 endothelial cells cultured in the Cayley-tree designed chip generate a 3D monolayer of brain endothelium with branching hierarchy, enabling the study of the effect of heterogeneous FSS on the brain endothelium. The model is employed to study neuroinflammatory conditions by stimulating the brain endothelium with tumor necrosis factor-α under heterogeneous FSS conditions. The model has immense potential for studies involving drug transport across the BBB, which can be misrepresented in fixed dimension models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Mehta
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India.,IITB-Monash Research Academy, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Anal Desai
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - David Rudd
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Ghizal Siddiqui
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Cameron J Nowell
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Ziqiu Tong
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Darren J Creek
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Prakriti Tayalia
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Prasanna S Gandhi
- Suman Mashruwala Advanced Microengineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
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14
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Guo W, Chen Z, Feng Z, Li H, Zhang M, Zhang H, Cui X. Fabrication of Concave Microwells and Their Applications in Micro-Tissue Engineering: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13091555. [PMID: 36144178 PMCID: PMC9505614 DOI: 10.3390/mi13091555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
At present, there is an increasing need to mimic the in vivo micro-environment in the culture of cells and tissues in micro-tissue engineering. Concave microwells are becoming increasingly popular since they can provide a micro-environment that is closer to the in vivo environment compared to traditional microwells, which can facilitate the culture of cells and tissues. Here, we will summarize the fabrication methods of concave microwells, as well as their applications in micro-tissue engineering. The fabrication methods of concave microwells include traditional methods, such as lithography and etching, thermal reflow of photoresist, laser ablation, precision-computerized numerical control (CNC) milling, and emerging technologies, such as surface tension methods, the deformation of soft membranes, 3D printing, the molding of microbeads, air bubbles, and frozen droplets. The fabrication of concave microwells is transferring from professional microfabrication labs to common biochemical labs to facilitate their applications and provide convenience for users. Concave microwells have mostly been used in organ-on-a-chip models, including the formation and culture of 3D cell aggregates (spheroids, organoids, and embryoids). Researchers have also used microwells to study the influence of substrate topology on cellular behaviors. We will briefly review their applications in different aspects of micro-tissue engineering and discuss the further applications of concave microwells. We believe that building multiorgan-on-a-chip by 3D cell aggregates of different cell lines will be a popular application of concave microwells, while integrating physiologically relevant molecular analyses with the 3D culture platform will be another popular application in the near future. Furthermore, 3D cell aggregates from these biosystems will find more applications in drug screening and xenogeneic implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijin Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Zejingqiu Chen
- Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Zitao Feng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Haonan Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Muyang Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Huiru Zhang
- Guangdong Foshan Lianchuang Graduate School of Engineering, Foshan 528311, China
| | - Xin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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15
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Stathoulopoulos A, Passos A, Balabani S. Flows of healthy and hardened RBC suspensions through a micropillar array. Med Eng Phys 2022; 107:103874. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2022.103874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Filippi M, Buchner T, Yasa O, Weirich S, Katzschmann RK. Microfluidic Tissue Engineering and Bio-Actuation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108427. [PMID: 35194852 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bio-hybrid technologies aim to replicate the unique capabilities of biological systems that could surpass advanced artificial technologies. Soft bio-hybrid robots consist of synthetic and living materials and have the potential to self-assemble, regenerate, work autonomously, and interact safely with other species and the environment. Cells require a sufficient exchange of nutrients and gases, which is guaranteed by convection and diffusive transport through liquid media. The functional development and long-term survival of biological tissues in vitro can be improved by dynamic flow culture, but only microfluidic flow control can develop tissue with fine structuring and regulation at the microscale. Full control of tissue growth at the microscale will eventually lead to functional macroscale constructs, which are needed as the biological component of soft bio-hybrid technologies. This review summarizes recent progress in microfluidic techniques to engineer biological tissues, focusing on the use of muscle cells for robotic bio-actuation. Moreover, the instances in which bio-actuation technologies greatly benefit from fusion with microfluidics are highlighted, which include: the microfabrication of matrices, biomimicry of cell microenvironments, tissue maturation, perfusion, and vascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Filippi
- Soft Robotics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Buchner
- Soft Robotics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Oncay Yasa
- Soft Robotics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Weirich
- Soft Robotics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Robert K Katzschmann
- Soft Robotics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
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17
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Brumm P, Fritschen A, Doß L, Dörsam E, Blaeser A. Fabrication of biomimetic networks using viscous fingering in flexographic printing. Biomed Mater 2022; 17. [PMID: 35579018 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac6b06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian tissue comprises a plethora of hierarchically organized channel networks that serve as routes for the exchange of liquids, nutrients, bio-chemical cues or electrical signals, such as blood vessels, nerve fibers, or lymphatic conduits. Despite differences in function and size, the networks exhibit a similar, highly branched morphology with dendritic extensions. Mimicking such hierarchical networks represents a milestone in the biofabrication of tissues and organs. Work to date has focused primarily on the replication of the vasculature. Despite initial progress, reproducing such structures across scales and increasing biofabrication efficiency remain a challenge. In this work, we present a new biofabrication method that takes advantage of the viscous fingering phenomenon. Using flexographic printing, highly branched, inter-connective channel structures with stochastic, biomimetic distribution and dendritic extensions can be fabricated with unprecedented efficiency. Using gelatin (5%-35%) as resolvable sacrificial material, the feasability of the proposed method is demonstrated on the example of a vascular network. By selectively adjusting the printing velocity (0.2-1.5 m s-1), the anilox roller dip volume (4.5-24 ml m-2) as well as the shear viscosity of the printing material used (10-900 mPas), the width of the structures produced (30-400 µm) as well as their distance (200-600 µm) can be specifically determined. In addition to the flexible morphology, the high scalability (2500-25 000 mm2) and speed (1.5 m s-1) of the biofabrication process represents an important unique selling point. Printing parameters and hydrogel formulations are investigated and tuned towards a process window for controlled fabrication of channels that mimic the morphology of small blood vessels and capillaries. Subsequently, the resolvable structures were casted in a hydrogel matrix enabling bulk environments with integrated channels. The perfusability of the branched, inter-connective structures was successfully demonstrated. The fabricated networks hold great potential to enable nutrient supply in thick vascularized tissues or perfused organ-on-a-chip systems. In the future, the concept can be further optimized and expanded towards large-scale and cost-efficient biofabrication of vascular, lymphatic or neural networks for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Brumm
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Printing Science and Technology, Magdalenenstr. 2, Darmstadt, 64289, Germany.,Collaborative Research Center (CRC) 1194-Interaction between Transport and Wetting Processes, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 10, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
| | - Anna Fritschen
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Department of Mechanical Engineering, BioMedical Printing Technology, Magdalenenstr. 2, Darmstadt, 64289, Germany
| | - Lara Doß
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Department of Mechanical Engineering, BioMedical Printing Technology, Magdalenenstr. 2, Darmstadt, 64289, Germany
| | - Edgar Dörsam
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Printing Science and Technology, Magdalenenstr. 2, Darmstadt, 64289, Germany.,Collaborative Research Center (CRC) 1194-Interaction between Transport and Wetting Processes, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 10, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
| | - Andreas Blaeser
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Department of Mechanical Engineering, BioMedical Printing Technology, Magdalenenstr. 2, Darmstadt, 64289, Germany.,Technical University of Darmstadt, Centre for Synthetic Biology, Schnittspahnstr. 10, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
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18
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Lin L, Wang X, Niu M, Wu Q, Wang H, Zu Y, Wang W. Biomimetic epithelium/endothelium on chips. ENGINEERED REGENERATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.engreg.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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19
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Rapid Prototyping of Organ-on-a-Chip Devices Using Maskless Photolithography. MICROMACHINES 2021; 13:mi13010049. [PMID: 35056214 PMCID: PMC8778126 DOI: 10.3390/mi13010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip (OoC) and microfluidic devices are conventionally produced using microfabrication procedures that require cleanrooms, silicon wafers, and photomasks. The prototyping stage often requires multiple iterations of design steps. A simplified prototyping process could therefore offer major advantages. Here, we describe a rapid and cleanroom-free microfabrication method using maskless photolithography. The approach utilizes a commercial digital micromirror device (DMD)-based setup using 375 nm UV light for backside exposure of an epoxy-based negative photoresist (SU-8) on glass coverslips. We show that microstructures of various geometries and dimensions, microgrooves, and microchannels of different heights can be fabricated. New SU-8 molds and soft lithography-based polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chips can thus be produced within hours. We further show that backside UV exposure and grayscale photolithography allow structures of different heights or structures with height gradients to be developed using a single-step fabrication process. Using this approach: (1) digital photomasks can be designed, projected, and quickly adjusted if needed; and (2) SU-8 molds can be fabricated without cleanroom availability, which in turn (3) reduces microfabrication time and costs and (4) expedites prototyping of new OoC devices.
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20
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Continuum microhaemodynamics modelling using inverse rheology. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2021; 21:335-361. [PMID: 34907491 PMCID: PMC8807439 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-021-01537-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Modelling blood flow in microvascular networks is challenging due to the complex nature of haemorheology. Zero- and one-dimensional approaches cannot reproduce local haemodynamics, and models that consider individual red blood cells (RBCs) are prohibitively computationally expensive. Continuum approaches could provide an efficient solution, but dependence on a large parameter space and scarcity of experimental data for validation has limited their application. We describe a method to assimilate experimental RBC velocity and concentration data into a continuum numerical modelling framework. Imaging data of RBCs were acquired in a sequentially bifurcating microchannel for various flow conditions. RBC concentration distributions were evaluated and mapped into computational fluid dynamics simulations with rheology prescribed by the Quemada model. Predicted velocities were compared to particle image velocimetry data. A subset of cases was used for parameter optimisation, and the resulting model was applied to a wider data set to evaluate model efficacy. The pre-optimised model reduced errors in predicted velocity by 60% compared to assuming a Newtonian fluid, and optimisation further reduced errors by 40%. Asymmetry of RBC velocity and concentration profiles was demonstrated to play a critical role. Excluding asymmetry in the RBC concentration doubled the error, but excluding spatial distributions of shear rate had little effect. This study demonstrates that a continuum model with optimised rheological parameters can reproduce measured velocity if RBC concentration distributions are known a priori. Developing this approach for RBC transport with more network configurations has the potential to provide an efficient approach for modelling network-scale haemodynamics.
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21
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Nguyen N, Thurgood P, Sekar NC, Chen S, Pirogova E, Peter K, Baratchi S, Khoshmanesh K. Microfluidic models of the human circulatory system: versatile platforms for exploring mechanobiology and disease modeling. Biophys Rev 2021; 13:769-786. [PMID: 34777617 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00815-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human circulatory system is a marvelous fluidic system, which is very sensitive to biophysical and biochemical cues. The current animal and cell culture models do not recapitulate the functional properties of the human circulatory system, limiting our ability to fully understand the complex biological processes underlying the dysfunction of this multifaceted system. In this review, we discuss the unique ability of microfluidic systems to recapitulate the biophysical, biochemical, and functional properties of the human circulatory system. We also describe the remarkable capacity of microfluidic technologies for exploring the complex mechanobiology of the cardiovascular system, mechanistic studying of cardiovascular diseases, and screening cardiovascular drugs with the additional benefit of reducing the need for animal models. We also discuss opportunities for further advancement in this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngan Nguyen
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter Thurgood
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nadia Chandra Sekar
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Sheng Chen
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elena Pirogova
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sara Baratchi
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
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22
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Luan H, Zhang Q, Liu TL, Wang X, Zhao S, Wang H, Yao S, Xue Y, Kwak JW, Bai W, Xu Y, Han M, Li K, Li Z, Ni X, Ye J, Choi D, Yang Q, Kim JH, Li S, Chen S, Wu C, Lu D, Chang JK, Xie Z, Huang Y, Rogers JA. Complex 3D microfluidic architectures formed by mechanically guided compressive buckling. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj3686. [PMID: 34669471 PMCID: PMC8528415 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj3686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic technologies have wide-ranging applications in chemical analysis systems, drug delivery platforms, and artificial vascular networks. This latter area is particularly relevant to 3D cell cultures, engineered tissues, and artificial organs, where volumetric capabilities in fluid distribution are essential. Existing schemes for fabricating 3D microfluidic structures are constrained in realizing desired layout designs, producing physiologically relevant microvascular structures, and/or integrating active electronic/optoelectronic/microelectromechanical components for sensing and actuation. This paper presents a guided assembly approach that bypasses these limitations to yield complex 3D microvascular structures from 2D precursors that exploit the full sophistication of 2D fabrication methods. The capabilities extend to feature sizes <5 μm, in extended arrays and with various embedded sensors and actuators, across wide ranges of overall dimensions, in a parallel, high-throughput process. Examples include 3D microvascular networks with sophisticated layouts, deterministically designed and constructed to expand the geometries and operating features of artificial vascular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwen Luan
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Qihui Zhang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Tzu-Li Liu
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xueju Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Shiwei Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Heling Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Shenglian Yao
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yeguang Xue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jean Won Kwak
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Wubin Bai
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Yameng Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Mengdi Han
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kan Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK
| | - Zhengwei Li
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Xinchen Ni
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jilong Ye
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dongwhi Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering (Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Quansan Yang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jae-Hwan Kim
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Shuo Li
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Shulin Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Changsheng Wu
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Di Lu
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jan-Kai Chang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Wearifi Inc., Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Zhaoqian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
- Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315016, China
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Corresponding author. (Y.H.); (J.A.R.)
| | - John A. Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Corresponding author. (Y.H.); (J.A.R.)
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Dávila S, Cacheux J, Rodríguez I. Microvessel-on-Chip Fabrication for the In Vitro Modeling of Nanomedicine Transport. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:25109-25115. [PMID: 34632171 PMCID: PMC8495697 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-on-chip devices are becoming ideal platforms to recreate in vitro the particular physiological microenvironment of interest for onco-nanomedicine testing and development. This work presents a strategy to produce a round artificial microvessel on-a-chip device for the study of physiologically relevant nanomedicine transport dynamics. The microchannels have a diameter in the range of the tumor capillaries and a semicircular geometry. This geometry is obtained through an intermediate thermal nanoimprint step using a master mold with square-shaped channel structures produced by standard silicon micromachining or by stereolithography three-dimensional (3D) printing. The working microfluidic chip devices are made by casting polydimethylsiloxane on the imprinted intermediate mold. Artificial blood microvessels are created by seeding human endothelial cells into the round-shaped channels acting as the scaffold. The microchip is connected by 3D-printed reservoirs to a pressure controller, allowing for a fine fluidic control. Under physiological flow conditions, the dynamic interaction of nanoparticles (NPs) with the artificial endothelium was assessed by high-magnification fluorescence microscopy. Overtime, internalization of NPs and clustering was observed and the accumulation rate into the endothelial cells could be characterized in real time.
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Shakeri A, Khan S, Didar TF. Conventional and emerging strategies for the fabrication and functionalization of PDMS-based microfluidic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:3053-3075. [PMID: 34286800 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00288k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics is an emerging and multidisciplinary field that is of great interest to manufacturers in medicine, biotechnology, and chemistry, as it provides unique tools for the development of point-of-care diagnostics, organs-on-chip systems, and biosensors. Polymeric microfluidics, unlike glass and silicon, offer several advantages such as low-cost mass manufacturing and a wide range of beneficial material properties, which make them the material of choice for commercial applications and high-throughput systems. Among polymers used for the fabrication of microfluidic devices, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) still remains the most widely used material in academia due to its advantageous properties, such as excellent transparency and biocompatibility. However, commercialization of PDMS has been a challenge mostly due to the high cost of the current fabrication strategies. Moreover, specific surface modification and functionalization steps are required to tailor the surface chemistry of PDMS channels (e.g. biomolecule immobilization, surface hydrophobicity and antifouling properties) with respect to the desired application. While significant research has been reported in the field of PDMS microfluidics, functionalization of PDMS surfaces remains a critical step in the fabrication process that is difficult to navigate. This review first offers a thorough illustration of existing fabrication methods for PDMS-based microfluidic devices, providing several recent advancements in this field with the aim of reducing the cost and time for mass production of these devices. Next, various conventional and emerging approaches for engineering the surface chemistry of PDMS are discussed in detail. We provide a wide range of functionalization techniques rendering PDMS microchannels highly biocompatible for physical or covalent immobilization of various biological entities while preventing non-specific interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amid Shakeri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada.
| | - Shadman Khan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Tohid F Didar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada.
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
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25
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Biocompatibility of SU-8 and Its Biomedical Device Applications. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12070794. [PMID: 34357204 PMCID: PMC8304786 DOI: 10.3390/mi12070794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
SU-8 is an epoxy-based, negative-tone photoresist that has been extensively utilized to fabricate myriads of devices including biomedical devices in the recent years. This paper first reviews the biocompatibility of SU-8 for in vitro and in vivo applications. Surface modification techniques as well as various biomedical applications based on SU-8 are also discussed. Although SU-8 might not be completely biocompatible, existing surface modification techniques, such as O2 plasma treatment or grafting of biocompatible polymers, might be sufficient to minimize biofouling caused by SU-8. As a result, a great deal of effort has been directed to the development of SU-8-based functional devices for biomedical applications. This review includes biomedical applications such as platforms for cell culture and cell encapsulation, immunosensing, neural probes, and implantable pressure sensors. Proper treatments of SU-8 and slight modification of surfaces have enabled the SU-8 as one of the unique choices of materials in the fabrication of biomedical devices. Due to the versatility of SU-8 and comparative advantages in terms of improved Young’s modulus and yield strength, we believe that SU-8-based biomedical devices would gain wider proliferation among the biomedical community in the future.
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26
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Yang Q, Xiao Z, Lv X, Zhang T, Liu H. Fabrication and Biomedical Applications of Heart-on-a-chip. Int J Bioprint 2021; 7:370. [PMID: 34286153 PMCID: PMC8287510 DOI: 10.18063/ijb.v7i3.370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart diseases have become the main killer threatening human health, and various methods have been developed to study heart disease. Among them, heart-on-a-chip has emerged in recent years as a method for constructing disease (or normal) models in vitro and is considered as a promising tool to study heart diseases. Compared with other methods, the advantages of heart-on-a-chip include the high portability, high throughput, and the capability to mimic microenvironments in vivo. It has shown a great potential in disease mechanism study and drug screening. In this paper, we review the recent advances in heart-on-a-chip, including the fabrication methods (e.g., 3D bioprinting) and biomedical applications. By analyzing the structure of the existing heart-on-a-chip, we proposed that a highly integrated heart-on-a-chip includes four elements: Microfluidic chips, cells/microtissues, microactuators to construct the microenvironment, and microsensors for results readout. Finally, the current challenges and future directions of heart-on-a-chip are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhen Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
- Micro-/Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
- Research Institute of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311215, P.R. China
| | - Zhanfeng Xiao
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
| | - Xuemeng Lv
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Han Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases Co-constructed by Henan Province and Education Ministry of P.R. China, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450016, P.R. China
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27
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Männik J, Teshima TF, Wolfrum B, Yang D. Lab-on-a-chip based mechanical actuators and sensors for single-cell and organoid culture studies. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 2021; 129:210905. [PMID: 34103765 PMCID: PMC8175090 DOI: 10.1063/5.0051875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
All living cells constantly experience and respond to mechanical stresses. The molecular networks that activate in cells in response to mechanical stimuli are yet not well-understood. Our limited knowledge stems partially from the lack of available tools that are capable of exerting controlled mechanical stress to individual cells and at the same time observing their responses at subcellular to molecular resolution. Several tools such as rheology setups, micropipetes, and magnetic tweezers have been used in the past. While allowing to quantify short-time viscoelastic responses, these setups are not suitable for long-term observations of cells and most of them have low throughput. In this Perspective, we discuss lab-on-a-chip platforms that have the potential to overcome these limitations. Our focus is on devices that apply shear, compressive, tensile, and confinement derived stresses to single cells and organoid cultures. We compare different design strategies for these devices and highlight their advantages, drawbacks, and future potential. While the majority of these devices are used for fundamental research, some of them have potential applications in medical diagnostics and these applications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaan Männik
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
| | | | | | - Da Yang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
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28
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Lu M, Kanne CK, Reddington RC, Lezzar DL, Sheehan VA, Shevkoplyas SS. Concurrent Assessment of Deformability and Adhesiveness of Sickle Red Blood Cells by Measuring Perfusion of an Adhesive Artificial Microvascular Network. Front Physiol 2021; 12:633080. [PMID: 33995119 PMCID: PMC8113687 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.633080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarker development is a key clinical research need in sickle cell disease (SCD). Hemorheological parameters are excellent candidates as abnormal red blood cell (RBC) rheology plays a critical role in SCD pathophysiology. Here we describe a microfluidic device capable of evaluating RBC deformability and adhesiveness concurrently, by measuring their effect on perfusion of an artificial microvascular network (AMVN) that combines microchannels small enough to require RBC deformation, and laminin (LN) coating on channel walls to model intravascular adhesion. Each AMVN device consists of three identical capillary networks, which can be coated with LN (adhesive) or left uncoated (non-adhesive) independently. The perfusion rate for sickle RBCs in the LN-coated networks (0.18 ± 0.02 nL/s) was significantly slower than in non-adhesive networks (0.20 ± 0.02 nL/s), and both were significantly slower than the perfusion rate for normal RBCs in the LN-coated networks (0.22 ± 0.01 nL/s). Importantly, there was no overlap between the ranges of perfusion rates obtained for sickle and normal RBC samples in the LN-coated networks. Interestingly, treatment with poloxamer 188 decreased the perfusion rate for sickle RBCs in LN-coated networks in a dose-dependent manner, contrary to previous studies with conventional assays, but in agreement with the latest clinical trial which showed no clinical benefit. Overall, these findings suggest the potential utility of the adhesive AMVN device for evaluating the effect of novel curative and palliative therapies on the hemorheological status of SCD patients during clinical trials and in post-market clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Celeste K Kanne
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Riley C Reddington
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Dalia L Lezzar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Vivien A Sheehan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sergey S Shevkoplyas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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29
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Rothbauer M, Bachmann BE, Eilenberger C, Kratz SR, Spitz S, Höll G, Ertl P. A Decade of Organs-on-a-Chip Emulating Human Physiology at the Microscale: A Critical Status Report on Progress in Toxicology and Pharmacology. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:470. [PMID: 33919242 PMCID: PMC8143089 DOI: 10.3390/mi12050470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip technology has the potential to accelerate pharmaceutical drug development, improve the clinical translation of basic research, and provide personalized intervention strategies. In the last decade, big pharma has engaged in many academic research cooperations to develop organ-on-a-chip systems for future drug discoveries. Although most organ-on-a-chip systems present proof-of-concept studies, miniaturized organ systems still need to demonstrate translational relevance and predictive power in clinical and pharmaceutical settings. This review explores whether microfluidic technology succeeded in paving the way for developing physiologically relevant human in vitro models for pharmacology and toxicology in biomedical research within the last decade. Individual organ-on-a-chip systems are discussed, focusing on relevant applications and highlighting their ability to tackle current challenges in pharmacological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rothbauer
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (B.E.M.B.); (C.E.); (S.R.A.K.); (S.S.); (G.H.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-22, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara E.M. Bachmann
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (B.E.M.B.); (C.E.); (S.R.A.K.); (S.S.); (G.H.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Allgemeine Unfallversicherungsanstalt (AUVA) Research Centre, Donaueschingenstraße 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Eilenberger
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (B.E.M.B.); (C.E.); (S.R.A.K.); (S.S.); (G.H.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebastian R.A. Kratz
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (B.E.M.B.); (C.E.); (S.R.A.K.); (S.S.); (G.H.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
- Drug Delivery and 3R-Models Group, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences & Institute for Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University Frankfurt Am Main, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sarah Spitz
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (B.E.M.B.); (C.E.); (S.R.A.K.); (S.S.); (G.H.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Höll
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (B.E.M.B.); (C.E.); (S.R.A.K.); (S.S.); (G.H.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Ertl
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (B.E.M.B.); (C.E.); (S.R.A.K.); (S.S.); (G.H.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
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30
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Suvarnapathaki S, Nguyen MA, Goulopoulos AA, Lantigua D, Camci-Unal G. Engineering calcium peroxide based oxygen generating scaffolds for tissue survival. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:2519-2532. [PMID: 33565527 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm02048f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen supply is essential for the long-term viability and function of tissue engineered constructs in vitro and in vivo. The integration with the host blood supply as the primary source of oxygen to cells requires 4 to 5 weeks in vivo and involves neovascularization stages to support the delivery of oxygenated blood to cells. Consequently, three-dimensional (3D) encapsulated cells during this process are prone to oxygen deprivation, cellular dysfunction, damage, and hypoxia-induced necrosis. Here we demonstrate the use of calcium peroxide (CaO2) and polycaprolactone (PCL), as part of an emerging paradigm of oxygen-generating scaffolds that substitute the host oxygen supply via hydrolytic degradation. The 35-day in vitro study showed predictable oxygen release kinetics that achieved 5% to 29% dissolved oxygen with increasing CaO2 loading. As a biomaterial, the iterations of 0 mg, 40 mg, and 60 mg of CaO2 loaded scaffolds yielded modular mechanical behaviors, ranging from 5-20 kPa in compressive strength. The other controlled physiochemical features included swelling capacities of 22-33% and enzymatic degradation rates of 0.8% to 60% remaining mass. The 3D-encapsulation experiments of NIH/3T3 fibroblasts, L6 rat myoblasts, and primary cardiac fibroblasts in these scaffolds showed enhanced cell survival, proliferation, and function under hypoxia. During continuous oxygen release, the scaffolds maintained a stable tissue culture system between pH 8 to 9. The broad basis of this work supports prospects in the expansion of robust and clinically translatable tissue constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanika Suvarnapathaki
- Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology Program, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
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31
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Forro C, Caron D, Angotzi GN, Gallo V, Berdondini L, Santoro F, Palazzolo G, Panuccio G. Electrophysiology Read-Out Tools for Brain-on-Chip Biotechnology. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:124. [PMID: 33498905 PMCID: PMC7912435 DOI: 10.3390/mi12020124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Brain-on-Chip (BoC) biotechnology is emerging as a promising tool for biomedical and pharmaceutical research applied to the neurosciences. At the convergence between lab-on-chip and cell biology, BoC couples in vitro three-dimensional brain-like systems to an engineered microfluidics platform designed to provide an in vivo-like extrinsic microenvironment with the aim of replicating tissue- or organ-level physiological functions. BoC therefore offers the advantage of an in vitro reproduction of brain structures that is more faithful to the native correlate than what is obtained with conventional cell culture techniques. As brain function ultimately results in the generation of electrical signals, electrophysiology techniques are paramount for studying brain activity in health and disease. However, as BoC is still in its infancy, the availability of combined BoC-electrophysiology platforms is still limited. Here, we summarize the available biological substrates for BoC, starting with a historical perspective. We then describe the available tools enabling BoC electrophysiology studies, detailing their fabrication process and technical features, along with their advantages and limitations. We discuss the current and future applications of BoC electrophysiology, also expanding to complementary approaches. We conclude with an evaluation of the potential translational applications and prospective technology developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Forro
- Tissue Electronics, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci, 53-80125 Naples, Italy; (C.F.); (F.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Davide Caron
- Enhanced Regenerative Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30-16163 Genova, Italy; (D.C.); (V.G.)
| | - Gian Nicola Angotzi
- Microtechnology for Neuroelectronics, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30-16163 Genova, Italy; (G.N.A.); (L.B.)
| | - Vincenzo Gallo
- Enhanced Regenerative Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30-16163 Genova, Italy; (D.C.); (V.G.)
| | - Luca Berdondini
- Microtechnology for Neuroelectronics, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30-16163 Genova, Italy; (G.N.A.); (L.B.)
| | - Francesca Santoro
- Tissue Electronics, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci, 53-80125 Naples, Italy; (C.F.); (F.S.)
| | - Gemma Palazzolo
- Enhanced Regenerative Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30-16163 Genova, Italy; (D.C.); (V.G.)
| | - Gabriella Panuccio
- Enhanced Regenerative Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30-16163 Genova, Italy; (D.C.); (V.G.)
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Agarwal T, Kazemi S, Costantini M, Perfeito F, Correia CR, Gaspar V, Montazeri L, De Maria C, Mano JF, Vosough M, Makvandi P, Maiti TK. Oxygen releasing materials: Towards addressing the hypoxia-related issues in tissue engineering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 122:111896. [PMID: 33641899 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.111896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Manufacturing macroscale cell-laden architectures is one of the biggest challenges faced nowadays in the domain of tissue engineering. Such living constructs, in fact, pose strict requirements for nutrients and oxygen supply that can hardly be addressed through simple diffusion in vitro or without a functional vasculature in vivo. In this context, in the last two decades, a substantial amount of work has been carried out to develop smart materials that could actively provide oxygen-release to contrast local hypoxia in large-size constructs. This review provides an overview of the currently available oxygen-releasing materials and their synthesis and mechanism of action, highlighting their capacities under in vitro tissue cultures and in vivo contexts. Additionally, we also showcase an emerging concept, herein termed as "living materials as releasing systems", which relies on the combination of biomaterials with photosynthetic microorganisms, namely algae, in an "unconventional" attempt to supply the damaged or re-growing tissue with the necessary supply of oxygen. We envision that future advances focusing on tissue microenvironment regulated oxygen-supplying materials would unlock an untapped potential for generating a repertoire of anatomic scale, living constructs with improved cell survival, guided differentiation, and tissue-specific biofunctionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Sara Kazemi
- Department of Cell Engineering, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marco Costantini
- Institute of Physical Chemistry - Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Francisca Perfeito
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Clara R Correia
- Research Center "E. Piaggio", Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Vítor Gaspar
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Leila Montazeri
- Department of Cell Engineering, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Carmelo De Maria
- Research Center "E. Piaggio", Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - João F Mano
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Centre, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- Center for MicroBioRobotics (CMBR), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pisa, Italy
| | - Tapas Kumar Maiti
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India.
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33
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Piety NZ, Stutz J, Yilmaz N, Xia H, Yoshida T, Shevkoplyas SS. Microfluidic capillary networks are more sensitive than ektacytometry to the decline of red blood cell deformability induced by storage. Sci Rep 2021; 11:604. [PMID: 33436749 PMCID: PMC7804960 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79710-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ektacytometry has been the primary method for evaluating deformability of red blood cells (RBCs) in both research and clinical settings. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the flow of RBCs through a network of microfluidic capillaries could provide a more sensitive assessment of the progressive impairment of RBC deformability during hypothermic storage than ektacytometry. RBC units (n = 9) were split in half, with one half stored under standard (normoxic) conditions and the other half stored hypoxically, for up to 6 weeks. RBC deformability was measured weekly using two microfluidic devices, an artificial microvascular network (AMVN) and a multiplexed microcapillary network (MMCN), and two commercially available ektacytometers (RheoScan-D and LORRCA). By week 6, the elongation indexes measured with RheoScan-D and LORRCA decreased by 5.8–7.1% (5.4–6.9% for hypoxic storage). Over the same storage duration, the AMVN perfusion rate declined by 27.5% (24.5% for hypoxic) and the MMCN perfusion rate declined by 49.0% (42.4% for hypoxic). Unlike ektacytometry, both AMVN and MMCN measurements showed statistically significant differences between the two conditions after 1 week of storage. RBC morphology deteriorated continuously with the fraction of irreversibly-damaged (spherical) cells increasing significantly faster for normoxic than for hypoxic storage. Consequently, the number of MMCN capillary plugging events and the time MMCN capillaries spent plugged was consistently lower for hypoxic than for normoxic storage. These data suggest that capillary networks are significantly more sensitive to both the overall storage-induced decline of RBC deformability, and to the differences between the two storage conditions, than ektacytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Z Piety
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 3605 Cullen Blvd, Houston, TX, 77204-5060, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Julianne Stutz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 3605 Cullen Blvd, Houston, TX, 77204-5060, USA
| | - Nida Yilmaz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 3605 Cullen Blvd, Houston, TX, 77204-5060, USA
| | - Hui Xia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 3605 Cullen Blvd, Houston, TX, 77204-5060, USA
| | | | - Sergey S Shevkoplyas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 3605 Cullen Blvd, Houston, TX, 77204-5060, USA.
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34
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Yang Y, Geng J, Zhang H, Chen C, Li W, Qian Z, Li S. Image-guided simulation in comparison with laser speckle contrast imaging for full-field observation of blood flow in a microvasculature model. Microvasc Res 2021; 133:104092. [PMID: 33007315 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2020.104092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro reconstruction of the microvascular network model provides a reproducible platform for hemodynamic study with great biological relevance. In the present study, microvascular models with different parametric features were designed under the guidance of Murray's law and derived from representative natural vascular network topography in vivo. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to numerically simulate blood velocity distributions inside of the designed microvasculature models. Full-field blood flow in the vascular network was visualized in vivo using a laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) system, from which the measured relative velocity was compared with CFD computed flow distribution. The results have shown that, in comparison with the simplified flow patterns obtained from idealized geometries, the irregular vascular topography is expected to lead to nonuniform and poor regional blood velocity distribution. The velocity distribution acquired by in vivo LSCI experiment is in good agreement with that of numerical simulation, indicating the technical feasibility of using biomimetic microchannels as a reasonable approximation of the microcirculatory flow conditions. This study provides a new paradigm that can be well suited to the study of microvascular blood flow properties and can further expand to mimic other in-vivo scenarios for accurately recapitulating the physical and hemodynamic environment of the microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamin Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China.
| | - Jinfa Geng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Chunxiao Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Weitao Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Zhiyu Qian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Siwen Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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35
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Duarte Campos DF, De Laporte L. Digitally Fabricated and Naturally Augmented In Vitro Tissues. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001253. [PMID: 33191651 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Human in vitro tissues are extracorporeal 3D cultures of human cells embedded in biomaterials, commonly hydrogels, which recapitulate the heterogeneous, multiscale, and architectural environment of the human body. Contemporary strategies used in 3D tissue and organ engineering integrate the use of automated digital manufacturing methods, such as 3D printing, bioprinting, and biofabrication. Human tissues and organs, and their intra- and interphysiological interplay, are particularly intricate. For this reason, attentiveness is rising to intersect materials science, medicine, and biology with arts and informatics. This report presents advances in computational modeling of bioink polymerization and its compatibility with bioprinting, the use of digital design and fabrication in the development of fluidic culture devices, and the employment of generative algorithms for modeling the natural and biological augmentation of in vitro tissues. As a future direction, the use of serially linked in vitro tissues as human body-mimicking systems and their application in drug pharmacokinetics and metabolism, disease modeling, and diagnostics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela F. Duarte Campos
- Department of Advanced Materials for Biomedicine Institute of Applied Medical Engineering RWTH Aachen University Aachen 52074 Germany
| | - Laura De Laporte
- Department of Advanced Materials for Biomedicine Institute of Applied Medical Engineering RWTH Aachen University Aachen 52074 Germany
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Aachen 52074 Germany
- Department of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Aachen 52074 Germany
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36
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Kwak TJ, Lee E. Rapid multilayer microfabrication for modeling organotropic metastasis in breast cancer. Biofabrication 2020; 13. [PMID: 32998119 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/abbd28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most insidious forms of breast cancer with high rates of metastasis, resulting in major mortalities in breast cancer patients. To better understand and treat TNBC metastasis, investigation of TNBC interactions with blood vasculatures is crucial. Among multiple metastatic processes, a step of TNBC exit from the blood vessels ('extravasation') in the pre-metastatic organs determines the final site of the metastasis. Here, we present a rapid multilayer microfabrication method of transferring a three-dimensional (3D) overhang pattern to a substrate with a sacrificial layer to reconstitute a 3D blood vessel surrounded by the extracellular matrix containing organ-specific parenchymal cells. Bones and lungs are the most common sites of breast cancer metastasis. We modeled organotropic bone and lung metastasis in TNBC by introducing subpopulations of TNBC metastases into a vessel lumen surrounded by osteoblasts, bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells, and lung fibroblasts. We found that bone-like microenviroment with osteoblasts and mesenchymal stem cells promoted extravasation of the bone-tropic TNBC cells, whereas the lung-like microenviroment promoted extravasation of the lung-tropic TNBC cells. Given that these organ-specific parenchymal cells do not impact vascular permeability, our results suggest that the parenchymal cells dictate selective extravasation of the bone-tropic or lung-tropic TNBC cells in our system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Joon Kwak
- Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, 309A Weill hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, Ithaca, New York, 14853, UNITED STATES
| | - Esak Lee
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853-0001, UNITED STATES
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37
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Mantegazza A, Ungari M, Clavica F, Obrist D. Local vs. Global Blood Flow Modulation in Artificial Microvascular Networks: Effects on Red Blood Cell Distribution and Partitioning. Front Physiol 2020; 11:566273. [PMID: 33123027 PMCID: PMC7571285 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.566273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of cerebral blood flow (CBF) regulation during functional activation is still limited. Alongside with the accepted role of smooth muscle cells in controlling the arteriolar diameter, a new hypothesis has been recently formulated suggesting that CBF may be modulated by capillary diameter changes mediated by pericytes. In this study, we developed in vitro microvascular network models featuring a valve enabling the dilation of a specific micro-channel. This allowed us to investigate the non-uniform red blood cell (RBC) partitioning at microvascular bifurcations (phase separation) and the hematocrit distribution at rest and for two scenarios modeling capillary and arteriolar dilation. RBC partitioning showed similar phase separation behavior during baseline and activation. Results indicated that the RBCs at diverging bifurcations generally enter the high-flow branch (classical partitioning). Inverse behavior (reverse partitioning) was observed for skewed hematocrit profiles in the parent vessel of bifurcations, especially for high RBC velocity (i.e., arteriolar activation). Moreover, results revealed that a local capillary dilation, as it may be mediated in vivo by pericytes, led to a localized increase of RBC flow and a heterogeneous hematocrit redistribution within the whole network. In case of a global increase of the blood flow, as it may be achieved by dilating an arteriole, a homogeneous increase of RBC flow was observed in the whole network and the RBCs were concentrated along preferential pathways. In conclusion, overall increase of RBC flow could be obtained by arteriolar and capillary dilation, but only capillary dilation was found to alter the perfusion locally and heterogeneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Mantegazza
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Ungari
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Clavica
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Integrated Actuators Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Obrist
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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38
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Fleischer S, Tavakol DN, Vunjak-Novakovic G. From arteries to capillaries: approaches to engineering human vasculature. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:1910811. [PMID: 33708027 PMCID: PMC7942836 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201910811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
From micro-scaled capillaries to millimeter-sized arteries and veins, human vasculature spans multiple scales and cell types. The convergence of bioengineering, materials science, and stem cell biology has enabled tissue engineers to recreate the structure and function of different hierarchical levels of the vascular tree. Engineering large-scale vessels has been pursued over the past thirty years to replace or bypass damaged arteries, arterioles, and venules, and their routine application in the clinic may become a reality in the near future. Strategies to engineer meso- and microvasculature have been extensively explored to generate models to study vascular biology, drug transport, and disease progression, as well as for vascularizing engineered tissues for regenerative medicine. However, bioengineering of large-scale tissues and whole organs for transplantation, have failed to result in clinical translation due to the lack of proper integrated vasculature for effective oxygen and nutrient delivery. The development of strategies to generate multi-scale vascular networks and their direct anastomosis to host vasculature would greatly benefit this formidable goal. In this review, we discuss design considerations and technologies for engineering millimeter-, meso-, and micro-scale vessels. We further provide examples of recent state-of-the-art strategies to engineer multi-scale vasculature. Finally, we identify key challenges limiting the translation of vascularized tissues and offer our perspective on future directions for exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University
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39
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Fabrication of a Microfluidic System Using Micromolded Alginate Gel as a Sacrificial Material for Tissues Engineering. J CHEM-NY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/3148652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We described a sacrificial molding for the formation of microfluidic networks. In this molding, the micromolded calcium alginate (Ca-Alg) is introduced as a sacrificial template. The basis of this procedure is fabricating a micromolded Ca-Alg hydrogel and encapsulating this model within a second gel and removing it by ion-exchange to leave a microchannel in the remaining gel. This microfluidic system can readily deliver solutes into the channels and even control the transport of solutes from channels into the bulk of the gels. Furthermore, the perfused vascular channels can sustain the metabolic activity of encapsulated cells, indicating the feasibility of this microfluidic system in the field of tissue engineering.
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40
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Griffith CM, Huang SA, Cho C, Khare TM, Rich M, Lee GH, Ligler FS, Diekman BO, Polacheck WJ. Microfluidics for the study of mechanotransduction. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D: APPLIED PHYSICS 2020; 53:224004. [PMID: 33840837 PMCID: PMC8034607 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6463/ab78d4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical forces regulate a diverse set of biological processes at cellular, tissue, and organismal length scales. Investigating the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie the conversion of mechanical forces to biological responses is challenged by limitations of traditional animal models and in vitro cell culture, including poor control over applied force and highly artificial cell culture environments. Recent advances in fabrication methods and material processing have enabled the development of microfluidic platforms that provide precise control over the mechanical microenvironment of cultured cells. These devices and systems have proven to be powerful for uncovering and defining mechanisms of mechanotransduction. In this review, we first give an overview of the main mechanotransduction pathways that function at sites of cell adhesion, many of which have been investigated with microfluidics. We then discuss how distinct microfluidic fabrication methods can be harnessed to gain biological insight, with description of both monolithic and replica molding approaches. Finally, we present examples of how microfluidics can be used to apply both solid forces (substrate mechanics, strain, and compression) and fluid forces (luminal, interstitial) to cells. Throughout the review, we emphasize the advantages and disadvantages of different fabrication methods and applications of force in order to provide perspective to investigators looking to apply forces to cells in their own research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Griffith
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Stephanie A Huang
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Crescentia Cho
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Tanmay M Khare
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Matthew Rich
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Gi-Hun Lee
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Frances S Ligler
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Brian O Diekman
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - William J Polacheck
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
- Cancer Cell Biology Program, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilda Vanesa Ayala-Nunez
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM)—CNRS, Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Raphael Gaudin
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM)—CNRS, Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
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42
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Wang J, Yu Y, Guo J, Lu W, Wei Q, Zhao Y. The Construction and Application of Three-Dimensional Biomaterials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:e1900238. [PMID: 32293130 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterials have been widely explored and applied in many areas, especially in the field of tissue engineering. The interface of biomaterials and cells has been deeply investigated. However, it has been demonstrated that conventional 2D biomaterials fail to maintain the 3D structures and phenotypes of cells, which is the result of their limited ability to mimic the latter's complex extracellular matrix. To overcome this challenge, cell cultivation dependent on 3D biomaterials has emerged as an alternative strategy to make the recovery of 3D structures and functions of cells possible. Thus, with the thriving development of 3D cell culture in tissue engineering, a holistic review of the construction and application of 3D biomaterials is desired. Here, recent developments in 3D biomaterials for tissue engineering are reviewed. An overview of various approaches to construct 3D biomaterials, such as electro-jetting/-spinning, micro-molding, microfluidics, and 3D bio-printing, is first presented. Their typical applications in constructing cell sheets, vascular structures, cell spheroids, and macroscopic cellular constructs are described as well. Following these two sections, the current status and challenges are analyzed, as well as the future outlook of 3D biomaterials for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210031, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yunru Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Jiahui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Wei Lu
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210031, China
| | - Qiong Wei
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
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43
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Pradhan S, Banda OA, Farino CJ, Sperduto JL, Keller KA, Taitano R, Slater JH. Biofabrication Strategies and Engineered In Vitro Systems for Vascular Mechanobiology. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901255. [PMID: 32100473 PMCID: PMC8579513 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The vascular system is integral for maintaining organ-specific functions and homeostasis. Dysregulation in vascular architecture and function can lead to various chronic or acute disorders. Investigation of the role of the vascular system in health and disease has been accelerated through the development of tissue-engineered constructs and microphysiological on-chip platforms. These in vitro systems permit studies of biochemical regulation of vascular networks and parenchymal tissue and provide mechanistic insights into the biophysical and hemodynamic forces acting in organ-specific niches. Detailed understanding of these forces and the mechanotransductory pathways involved is necessary to develop preventative and therapeutic strategies targeting the vascular system. This review describes vascular structure and function, the role of hemodynamic forces in maintaining vascular homeostasis, and measurement approaches for cell and tissue level mechanical properties influencing vascular phenomena. State-of-the-art techniques for fabricating in vitro microvascular systems, with varying degrees of biological and engineering complexity, are summarized. Finally, the role of vascular mechanobiology in organ-specific niches and pathophysiological states, and efforts to recapitulate these events using in vitro microphysiological systems, are explored. It is hoped that this review will help readers appreciate the important, but understudied, role of vascular-parenchymal mechanotransduction in health and disease toward developing mechanotherapeutics for treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Pradhan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Omar A. Banda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Cindy J. Farino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - John L. Sperduto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Keely A. Keller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Ryan Taitano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - John H. Slater
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, 15 Innovation Way, Newark, DE 19711, USA
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44
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Xie R, Zheng W, Guan L, Ai Y, Liang Q. Engineering of Hydrogel Materials with Perfusable Microchannels for Building Vascularized Tissues. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1902838. [PMID: 31559675 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Vascular systems are responsible for various physiological and pathological processes related to all organs in vivo, and the survival of engineered tissues for enough nutrient supply in vitro. Thus, biomimetic vascularization is highly needed for constructing both a biomimetic organ model and a reliable engineered tissue. However, many challenges remain in constructing vascularized tissues, requiring the combination of suitable biomaterials and engineering techniques. In this review, the advantages of hydrogels on building engineered vascularized tissues are discussed and recent engineering techniques for building perfusable microchannels in hydrogels are summarized, including micromolding, 3D printing, and microfluidic spinning. Furthermore, the applications of these perfusable hydrogels in manufacturing organ-on-a-chip devices and transplantable engineered tissues are highlighted. Finally, current challenges in recapitulating the complexity of native vascular systems are discussed and future development of vascularized tissues is prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxiao Xie
- MOE Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenchen Zheng
- MOE Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Liandi Guan
- MOE Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yongjian Ai
- MOE Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qionglin Liang
- MOE Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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45
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Sun L, Yu Y, Chen Z, Bian F, Ye F, Sun L, Zhao Y. Biohybrid robotics with living cell actuation. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:4043-4069. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00120a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review comprehensively discusses recent advances in the basic components, controlling methods and especially in the applications of biohybrid robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology
- The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School
- 210008 Nanjing
- China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology
| | - Yunru Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering
- Southeast University
- 210096 Nanjing
- China
| | - Zhuoyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering
- Southeast University
- 210096 Nanjing
- China
| | - Feika Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering
- Southeast University
- 210096 Nanjing
- China
| | - Fangfu Ye
- Wenzhou Institute
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Wenzhou
- China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics
| | - Lingyun Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology
- The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School
- 210008 Nanjing
- China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology
- The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School
- 210008 Nanjing
- China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology
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