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Ogundiran AI, Chang TL, Ivanov A, Kumari N, Nekhai S, Chandran PL. Shear-reversible clusters of HIV-1 in solution: stabilized by antibodies, dispersed by mucin. J Virol 2023; 97:e0075223. [PMID: 37712704 PMCID: PMC10617397 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00752-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The phenomenon of reversible clustering is expected to further nuance HIV immune stealth because virus surfaces can escape interaction with antibodies (Abs) by hiding temporarily within clusters. It is well known that mucin reduces HIV virulence, and the current perspective is that mucin aggregates HIV-1 to reduce infections. Our findings, however, suggest that mucin is dispersing HIV clusters. The study proposes a new paradigm for how HIV-1 may broadly evade Ab recognition with reversible clustering and why mucin effectively neutralizes HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayobami I. Ogundiran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Architecture, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tzu-Lan Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Architecture, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Andrey Ivanov
- Center for Sickle Cell Disease, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Namita Kumari
- Center for Sickle Cell Disease, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sergei Nekhai
- Center for Sickle Cell Disease, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Preethi L. Chandran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Architecture, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
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2
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Kakar E, Riaz S, Naseem S. Probing Relative Humidity Impact on Biological Protein Bovine Serum Albumin and Bovine Submaxillary Gland Mucin by Using Contact Resonance Atomic Force Microscopy. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:32765-32774. [PMID: 37720735 PMCID: PMC10500683 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
In biomaterials, a substantial amount of research has been placed on the mechanical properties of biomolecules and their interactions with body fluids. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) is a widely studied model protein, while bovine submaxillary gland mucin (BSM) is another cow-derived protein frequently employed in research. Films were examined with contact resonance atomic force microscopy (CR-AFM), and the results showed that the mechanical characteristics of the films were affected by the relative humidity. We quantitatively analyze the viscoelasticity of these proteins after they have been subjected to humidity by measuring the resonance frequency and quality factor. The findings indicate that prolonged humidity exposure has a different effect on the mechanical properties of BSA and BSM films. The results show that after exposure to humidity, the resonance peaks of BSA shift to the left, indicating stiffness, while those of BSM shift to the right, indicating hydration. Moreover, BSM's hydration is caused by relative humidity, leading to a constant increase in resonance frequency and material softness. Contrarily, BSA showed a decrease in contact resonance frequency due to ongoing strain-induced deformation, indicating increased material stiffness. The findings have significance for the design and development of biomaterials for a variety of applications, such as the delivery of drugs, the engineering of tissue, and the development of biosensors. Our research demonstrates that CR-AFM has the potential to become a non-invasive and sensitive method that can be used to characterize the mechanical characteristics of biomolecules and their interactions with bodily fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erum Kakar
- COE in Solid State
Physics, University of the Punjab, QAC, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
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3
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Del Castillo-Santaella T, Aguilera-Garrido A, Galisteo-González F, Gálvez-Ruiz MJ, Molina-Bolívar JA, Maldonado-Valderrama J. Hyaluronic acid and human/bovine serum albumin shelled nanocapsules: Interaction with mucins and in vitro digestibility of interfacial films. Food Chem 2022; 383:132330. [PMID: 35219153 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Liquid lipid nanocapsules are oil droplets surrounded by a protective shell, which enable high load and allow controlled delivery of lipophilic compounds. However, their use in food formulations requires analysing their digestibility and interaction with mucin. Here, serum albumins and hyaluronic acid shelled olive oil nanocapsules are analysed to discern differences between human and bovine variants, the latter usually used as model system. Interfacial interaction of albumins and hyaluronic acid reveals that human albumin presents limited conformational changes upon adsorption, which increase by complexation with the polysaccharide present at the interface. The latter also promotes hydrophobic interactions with mucin, especially at pH 3 and protects albumin interfacial layer under in vitro gastric digestion. The interfacial unfolding induced in human albumin by hyaluronic acid facilitates in vitro lipolysis while its limited conformational changes provide the largest protection against in vitro lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Del Castillo-Santaella
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Avenida de Fuente Nueva, s/n, C.P. 18071 Granada, Spain; Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Granada, Campus Universitario s/n, C.P. 1807 Granada, Spain
| | - Aixa Aguilera-Garrido
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Avenida de Fuente Nueva, s/n, C.P. 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Galisteo-González
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Avenida de Fuente Nueva, s/n, C.P. 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - María José Gálvez-Ruiz
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Avenida de Fuente Nueva, s/n, C.P. 18071 Granada, Spain; Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, Avda. del Hospicio, s/n, C.P. 18010 Granada, Spain
| | - José Antonio Molina-Bolívar
- Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, Avda. del Hospicio, s/n, C.P. 18010 Granada, Spain; Department of Applied Physics II, Engineering School, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Julia Maldonado-Valderrama
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Avenida de Fuente Nueva, s/n, C.P. 18071 Granada, Spain; Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, Avda. del Hospicio, s/n, C.P. 18010 Granada, Spain.
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4
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Butnarasu C, Petrini P, Bracotti F, Visai L, Guagliano G, Fiorio Pla A, Sansone E, Petrillo S, Visentin S. Mucosomes: Intrinsically Mucoadhesive Glycosylated Mucin Nanoparticles as Multi-Drug Delivery Platform. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2200340. [PMID: 35608152 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mucus is a complex barrier for pharmacological treatments and overcoming it is one of the major challenges faced during transmucosal drug delivery. To tackle this issue, a novel class of glycosylated nanoparticles, named "mucosomes," which are based on the most important protein constituting mucus, the mucin, is introduced. Mucosomes are designed to improve drug absorption and residence time on the mucosal tissues. Mucosomes are produced (150-300 nm), functionalized with glycans, and loaded with the desired drug in a single one-pot synthetic process and, with this method, a wide range of small and macro molecules can be loaded with different physicochemical properties. Various in vitro models are used to test the mucoadhesive properties of mucosomes. The presence of functional glycans is indicated by the interaction with lectins. Mucosomes are proven to be storable at 4 °C after lyophilization, and administration through a nasal spray does not modify the morphology of the mucosomes. In vitro and in vivo tests indicate mucosomes do not induce adverse effects under the investigated conditions. This study proposes mucosomes as a ground-breaking nanosystem that can be applied in several pathological contexts, especially in mucus-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosmin Butnarasu
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science University of Turin via Quarello 15 Torino 10135 Italy
| | - Paola Petrini
- Department of Chemistry Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano 20133 Italy
| | - Francesco Bracotti
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science University of Turin via Quarello 15 Torino 10135 Italy
| | - Livia Visai
- Molecular Medicine Department (DMM) Centre for Health Technologies (CHT) UdR INSTM University of Pavia Pavia 27100 Italy
- Medicina Clinica‐Specialistica UOR5 Laboratorio di Nanotecnologie ICS Maugeri IRCCS Pavia 27100 Italy
| | - Giuseppe Guagliano
- Department of Chemistry Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano 20133 Italy
| | - Alessandra Fiorio Pla
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology University of Torino via Accademia Albertina 13 Torino 10123 Italy
| | - Ettore Sansone
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology University of Torino via Accademia Albertina 13 Torino 10123 Italy
| | - Sara Petrillo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science University of Turin via Quarello 15 Torino 10135 Italy
| | - Sonja Visentin
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science University of Turin via Quarello 15 Torino 10135 Italy
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5
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Nakahata M, Tominaga N, Saito K, Nishiyama K, Tanino Y, Saiki K, Kojima M, Sakai S. A bio‐synthetic hybrid hydrogel formed under physiological conditions consisting of mucin and a synthetic polymer carrying boronic acid. Macromol Biosci 2022; 22:e2200055. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Nakahata
- Department of Macromolecular Science Graduate School of Science Osaka University 1‐1 Machikaneyama‐cho Toyonaka Osaka 560‐0043 Japan
- Division of Chemical Engineering Department of Materials Engineering Science Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University 1–3 Machikaneyama‐cho Toyonaka Osaka 560–8531 Japan
| | - Naoki Tominaga
- Division of Chemical Engineering Department of Materials Engineering Science Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University 1–3 Machikaneyama‐cho Toyonaka Osaka 560–8531 Japan
| | - Keishi Saito
- Division of Chemical Engineering Department of Materials Engineering Science Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University 1–3 Machikaneyama‐cho Toyonaka Osaka 560–8531 Japan
| | - Keita Nishiyama
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology School of Medicine Keio University 35 Shinanomachi Shinjuku Tokyo 160–8582 Japan
| | - Yuya Tanino
- Division of Chemical Engineering Department of Materials Engineering Science Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University 1–3 Machikaneyama‐cho Toyonaka Osaka 560–8531 Japan
| | - Kiyoshiro Saiki
- Division of Chemical Engineering Department of Materials Engineering Science Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University 1–3 Machikaneyama‐cho Toyonaka Osaka 560–8531 Japan
| | - Masaru Kojima
- Division of Chemical Engineering Department of Materials Engineering Science Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University 1–3 Machikaneyama‐cho Toyonaka Osaka 560–8531 Japan
| | - Shinji Sakai
- Division of Chemical Engineering Department of Materials Engineering Science Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University 1–3 Machikaneyama‐cho Toyonaka Osaka 560–8531 Japan
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6
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Xu Y, Yang Y, Yin Z, Cai X, Xia X, Donovan MJ, Chen L, Chen Z, Tan W. In Situ Gastric pH Imaging with Hydrogel Capsule Isolated Paramagnetic Metallo-albumin Complexes. Anal Chem 2021; 93:5939-5946. [PMID: 33787234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal gastric pH (pH > 3) has instructive significance for early diagnosis of various diseases, including cancer. However, for low patient compliance, limited penetration depth, high dependence on physiological function or unsafety issue, in situ noninvasive monitoring gastric pH is challenged. Herein, we developed a hydrogel capsule isolated human serum albumin-manganese complex (HSA-Mn) for in situ magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) gastric pH monitoring for the first time. In this strategy, the rotation motion restriction of Mn2+ after binding to HSA significantly increased the R1 (longitudinal relaxation rate) signal, and its high correlation with protonation imparted the HSA-Mn system sensitive responsiveness to varying pH (R1(pH 7)/R1(pH 1) = 8.2). Moreover, a screw jointed hydrogel capsule with signal confinement and internal standard abilities was designed. Such a nanoporous hydrogel capsule with size selectivity to surrounding molecules enabled a stable and sensitive response to different pH simulated gastric fluid within 0.5 h. In addition, with the unique structural outline and stable MRI characteristics, the capsule could also work as an internal standard, which facilitates the collection of signals and trace of the capsule in vivo. Through validating in a rabbit model, the precise abnormal gastric pH recognition capacity of the HSA-Mn hydrogel capsule was amply confirmed. Hence, the hydrogel capsule isolated HSA-Mn system strategy with great biocompatibility could be expected to be a potent tool for in situ anti-disturbance MRI of gastric pH in future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Xu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Yanxia Yang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Zhiwei Yin
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Xinqi Cai
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Xin Xia
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Michael J Donovan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Long Chen
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa 999078, Macau
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China.,The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
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7
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Persson C. Humoral First-Line Mucosal Innate Defence in vivo. J Innate Immun 2020; 12:373-386. [PMID: 32203966 DOI: 10.1159/000506515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on observations in vivo in guinea-pig and human airways, this review presents plasma exudation as non-sieved transmission of bulk plasma across an unperturbed mucosa that maintains its normal barrier functions. Several steps have led to the present understanding of plasma exudation as a non-injurious response to mucosal challenges. The implication of a swift appearance of all circulating multipotent protein systems (also including antimicrobial peptides that now are viewed as being exclusively produced by local cells) on challenged, but intact, mucosal surfaces cannot be trivial. Yet, involvement of early plasma exudation responses in innate mucosal immunology has dwelled below the radar. Admittedly, exploration of physiological plasma exudation mechanisms requires in vivo approaches beyond mouse studies. Plasma exudation also lacks the specificity that is a hallmark of biological revelations. These aspects separate plasma exudation from mainstream progress in immunology. The whole idea, presented here, thus competes with strong paradigms currently entertained in the accepted research front. The present focus on humoral innate immunity in vivo further deviates from most discussions, which concern cell-mediated innate defence. Indeed, plasma exudation has emerged as sole in vivo source of major mucosal defence proteins that now are viewed as local cell produce. In conclusion, this review highlights opportunities for complex actions and interactions provided by non-sieved plasma proteins/peptides on the surface of intact mucosal barriers in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Persson
- Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Lund, Lund, Sweden,
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8
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Development of Meloxicam-Human Serum Albumin Nanoparticles for Nose-to-Brain Delivery via Application of a Quality by Design Approach. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12020097. [PMID: 31991767 PMCID: PMC7076499 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to optimize the formulation of meloxicam (MEL)-containing human serum albumin (HSA) nanoparticles for nose-to-brain via a quality by design (QbD) approach. Liquid and dried formulations of nanoparticles containing Tween 80 and without the surfactant were investigated. Various properties, such as the Z-average, zeta potential, encapsulation efficacy (EE), conjugation of MEL and HSA, physical stability, in vitro dissolution, in vitro permeability, and in vivo plasma and brain distribution of MEL were characterized. From a stability point of view, a solid product (Mel-HSA-Tween) is recommended for further development since it met the desired critical parameters (176 ± 0.3 nm Z-average, 0.205 ± 0.01 PdI, -14.1 ± 0.7 mV zeta potential) after 6 months of storage. In vitro examination showed a significantly increased drug dissolution and permeability of MEL-containing nanoparticles, especially in the case of applying Tween 80. The in vivo studies confirmed both the trans-epithelial and axonal transport of nanoparticles, and a significantly higher cerebral concentration of MEL was detected with nose-to-brain delivery, in comparison with intravenous or per os administration. These results indicate intranasal the administration of optimized MEL-containing HSA formulations as a potentially applicable "value-added" product for the treatment of neuroinflammation.
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de Jesús Valle MJ, Coutinho P, Ribeiro MP, Sánchez Navarro A. Lyophilized tablets for focal delivery of fluconazole and itraconazole through vaginal mucosa, rational design and in vitro evaluation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 122:144-151. [PMID: 29969668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The present work deals with the rational design and in vitro evaluation of vaginal tablets for focal delivery of fluconazole (FLZ) and itraconazol (ITZ). Drug loaded liposomes with and without d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (vit E TPGS) were prepared by direct sonication of the components and mixed with albumin to obtain albusomes. Tablets were obtained by direct compression of the lyophilized cake. The influence of vit E TPGS on size, zeta potential and entrapment efficiency (EE%) of liposomes and albusomes was evaluated. Tablet swelling and drug release were studied by in vitro assays. Vit E TPGS neither affected the zeta potential nor the EE% of liposomes and albusomes, but affected the liposomes size and the tablet disintegration time. A rapid erosion was observed for the tablets with the highest content of vitamin, while a slow swelling for those lacking the vitamin (swelling index = 57.76 ± 13.51%). A faster drug release profile was obtained for the former compared to the latter. The in vitro assay showed that FLZ diffused and solved in the vaginal fluid simulant while ITZ remained into the albusomes, which slowly released ITZ-albumin complex and ITZ-loaded liposomes, both suitable carriers for drug transport to deeper vaginal endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria José de Jesús Valle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences of University of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Paula Coutinho
- CPIRN-IPG - Center of Potential and Innovation of Natural Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal; CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Maximiano Prata Ribeiro
- CPIRN-IPG - Center of Potential and Innovation of Natural Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal; CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Amparo Sánchez Navarro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences of University of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain.
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In Vitro Assessment of Spray Deposition Patterns in a Pediatric (12 Year-Old) Nasal Cavity Model. Pharm Res 2018; 35:108. [PMID: 29582159 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2385-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nasal sprays available for the treatment of cold and allergy symptoms currently use identical formulations and devices for adults as well as for children. Due to the obvious differences between the nasal airway dimensions of a child and those of an adult, the performance of nasal sprays in children was evaluated. METHODS Deposition patterns of nasal sprays administered to children were tested using a nasal cast based on MRI images obtained from a 12 year old child's nasal cavity. Test formulations emitting a range of spray patterns were investigated by actuating the device into the pediatric nasal cast under controlled conditions. RESULTS The results showed that the nasal sprays impacted in the anterior region of the 12 year old child's nasal cavity, and only limited spray entered the turbinate region - the effect site for most topical drugs and the primary absorptive region for systemically absorbed drugs. CONCLUSION Differences in deposition patterns following the administration of nasal sprays to adults and children may lead to differences in efficacy between these populations. Greater anterior deposition in children may result in decreased effectiveness, greater anterior dosage form loss, and the increased potential for patient non-compliance.
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Mackie AR, Goycoolea FM, Menchicchi B, Caramella CM, Saporito F, Lee S, Stephansen K, Chronakis IS, Hiorth M, Adamczak M, Waldner M, Nielsen HM, Marcelloni L. Innovative Methods and Applications in Mucoadhesion Research. Macromol Biosci 2017; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201600534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan R. Mackie
- Institute of Food Research; Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7UA UK
- School of Food Science and Nutrition; University of Leeds; LS2 9JT Leeds UK
| | - Francisco M. Goycoolea
- School of Food Science and Nutrition; University of Leeds; LS2 9JT Leeds UK
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Schlossgarten 3 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Bianca Menchicchi
- Department of Medicine 1; University of Erlangen-Nueremberg; Hartmanstrasse 14 91052 Erlangen Germany
- Nanotechnology Group; Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology; University of Münster; Schlossgarten 3 48149 Münster Germany
| | | | - Francesca Saporito
- Department of Drug Sciences; University of Pavia; Via Taramelli, 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Seunghwan Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Technical University of Denmark; Produktionstorvet 2800 Kgs Lyngby Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Karen Stephansen
- National Food Institute; Technical University of Denmark; Søltofts Plads, 2800 Kgs Lyngby Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Ioannis S. Chronakis
- National Food Institute; Technical University of Denmark; Søltofts Plads, 2800 Kgs Lyngby Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Marianne Hiorth
- School of Pharmacy; University of Oslo; Postboks 1068 Blindern 0316 OSLO Norway
| | - Malgorzata Adamczak
- School of Pharmacy; University of Oslo; Postboks 1068 Blindern 0316 OSLO Norway
| | - Max Waldner
- Medizinische Klinik 1; Ulmenweg 18 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Hanne Mørck Nielsen
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 2 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Luciano Marcelloni
- S.I.I.T. S.r.l Pharmaceutical & Health Food Supplements; Via Canova 5/7-20090 Trezzano S/N Milan Italy
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12
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Youngren-Ortiz SR, Gandhi NS, España-Serrano L, Chougule MB. Aerosol Delivery of siRNA to the Lungs. Part 2: Nanocarrier-based Delivery Systems. KONA : POWDER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN JAPAN 2016; 34:44-69. [PMID: 28392618 PMCID: PMC5381822 DOI: 10.14356/kona.2017005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In this article, applications of engineered nanoparticles containing siRNA for inhalation delivery are reviewed and discussed. Diseases with identified protein malfunctions may be mitigated through the use of well-designed siRNA therapeutics. The inhalation route of administration provides local delivery of siRNA therapeutics to the lungs for various pulmonary diseases. A siRNA delivery system can be used to overcome the barriers of pulmonary delivery, such as anatomical barriers, mucociliary clearance, cough clearance, and alveolar macrophage clearance. Apart from naked siRNA aerosol delivery, previously studied siRNA carrier systems include those of lipidic, polymeric, peptide, or inorganic origin. These delivery systems can achieve pulmonary delivery through the generation of an aerosol via an inhaler or nebulizer. The preparation methodologies for these siRNA nanocarrier systems will be discussed herein. The use of inhalable nanocarrier siRNA delivery systems have barriers to their effective delivery, but overcoming these constraints while formulating a safe and effective delivery system will offer unique advances to the field of inhaled medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne R. Youngren-Ortiz
- Translational Drug Delivery Research (TransDDR) Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
| | - Nishant S. Gandhi
- Translational Drug Delivery Research (TransDDR) Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
| | - Laura España-Serrano
- Translational Drug Delivery Research (TransDDR) Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
| | - Mahavir B. Chougule
- Translational Drug Delivery Research (TransDDR) Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
- Natural Products and Experimental Therapeutics Program, The Cancer Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
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13
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Abstract
Submucosal glands contribute to airway surface liquid (ASL), a film that protects all airway surfaces. Glandular mucus comprises electrolytes, water, the gel-forming mucin MUC5B, and hundreds of different proteins with diverse protective functions. Gland volume per unit area of mucosal surface correlates positively with impaction rate of inhaled particles. In human main bronchi, the volume of the glands is ∼ 50 times that of surface goblet cells, but the glands diminish in size and frequency distally. ASL and its trapped particles are removed from the airways by mucociliary transport. Airway glands have a tubuloacinar structure, with a single terminal duct, a nonciliated collecting duct, then branching secretory tubules lined with mucous cells and ending in serous acini. They allow for a massive increase in numbers of mucus-producing cells without replacing surface ciliated cells. Active secretion of Cl(-) and HCO3 (-) by serous cells produces most of the fluid of gland secretions. Glands are densely innervated by tonically active, mutually excitatory airway intrinsic neurons. Most gland mucus is secreted constitutively in vivo, with large, transient increases produced by emergency reflex drive from the vagus. Elevations of [cAMP]i and [Ca(2+)]i coordinate electrolyte and macromolecular secretion and probably occur together for baseline activity in vivo, with cholinergic elevation of [Ca(2+)]i being mainly responsive for transient increases in secretion. Altered submucosal gland function contributes to the pathology of all obstructive diseases, but is an early stage of pathogenesis only in cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Widdicombe
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California; and Department of Psychology and Cystic Fibrosis Research Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Jeffrey J Wine
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California; and Department of Psychology and Cystic Fibrosis Research Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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Madsen JB, Pakkanen KI, Duelund L, Svensson B, Hachem MA, Lee S. A simplified chromatographic approach to purify commercially available bovine submaxillary mucins (BSM). Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 45:84-99. [PMID: 24547990 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2014.887583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a simple purification protocol is developed to reduce the bovine serum albumin (BSA) content in commercially available bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM). This involved purification of the BSM by one-column anion-exchange chromatography protocol resulting in BSM with greatly reduced BSA content and homogeneously distributed size, and in a high yield of ∼43% from BSM as received from the manufacturer. The purity and composition of commercially acquired BSM were assessed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and mass spectrometry, which verified that BSA is the most abundant nonmucinous protein component. The purification effect was evident from a significantly altered circular dichroism (CD) spectrum of BSM after anion-exchange chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Busk Madsen
- a Department of Mechanical Engineering , Technical University of Denmark , Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
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Mizejewski GJ. Review of the adenocarcinoma cell surface receptor for human alpha-fetoprotein; proposed identification of a widespread mucin as the tumor cell receptor. Tumour Biol 2013; 34:1317-36. [PMID: 23446764 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-0704-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of a tumor cell receptor for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) has long been sought in the field of medicine. The uptake and endocytosis of AFP by rat tumor cells in 1983 sparked a series of confirmatory reports which were extended to include multiple tumor types in rats, mice, and humans. The following year, French investigators characterized the binding properties of the AFP receptor but they did not purify and characterize the receptor. It was not until 1991-1992 that an AFP receptor was partially purified and characterized from both human monocytes and breast cancer cells. By 1993, monoclonal antibodies had been raised against the "AFP receptor" derived from breast cancer extracts with claims that the receptor was a widespread oncoprotein biomarker for cancer. To date, that receptor has yet to be identified due to its complex multimeric structure and carbohydrate composition. The present report will review the literature of the multiple AFP receptors previously including their cellular uptake, transmembrane passage, and partial biochemical characterization. . In addition, evidence derived from computer modeling, proteolytic/fragmentation cleavage patterns, domain structure analysis, and protein binding software analysis will be presented in a proposed identification of a widespread protein/gene family of transmembrane proteins which fits many, if not most, of the criteria attributed to the AFP receptor. The proposed receptor protein family is tentatively identified as an epithelial cell surface mucin constituting one (or more) of many classes of single-pass transmembrane proteins. Present data do not support the concept that the AFP receptor is a "universal" tumor receptor and/or biomarker, but rather a widespread mucin protein that functions primarily in protecting and lubricating epithelial mucosal layers, and engaging in signal transduction; the mucin only binds AFP as a molecule serving in a subordinate or ancillary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Mizejewski
- Wadsworth Center, Division of Translational Medicine, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY, 12201, USA.
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Abstract
Early studies showed that airway cells secrete HCO(3)(-) in response to cAMP-mediated agonists and HCO(3)(-) secretion was impaired in cystic fibrosis (CF). Studies with Calu-3 cells, an airway serous model with high expression of CFTR, also show the secretion of HCO(3)(-) when cells are stimulated with cAMP-mediated agonists. Activation of basolateral membrane hIK-1 K(+) channels inhibits HCO(3)(-) secretion and stimulates Cl(-) secretion. CFTR mediates the exit of both HCO(3)(-) and Cl(-) across the apical membrane. Entry of HCO(3)(-) on a basolateral membrane NBC or Cl(-) on the NKCC determines which anion is secreted. Switching between these two secreted anions is determined by the activity of hIK-1 K(+) channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Bridges
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Sciences, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
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Changes in protein expression in the sheep abomasum following trickle infection with Teladorsagia circumcincta. Parasitology 2011; 139:375-85. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182011001983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARYContinual low-level exposure of sheep to the helminth Teladorsagia circumcincta elicits a temporary protective immunity, where factors in the immune abomasal mucosa prevent penetration of infective larvae, but which is essentially lost within 6 weeks of cessation of parasite challenge. Here, a proteomic approach was used to identify proteins that are differentially regulated in immune compared to naïve sheep, as potential key mediators of immunity. Six naïve sheep and 12 sheep trickle-infected with T. circumcincta were treated with anthelmintic, and the naïve (control) and 6 immune sheep were killed 7 days later. The remaining 6 sheep (immune waning) were killed 42 days after anthelmintic treatment. Abomasal tissue samples were subjected to 2D-gel electrophoresis and densitometric analysis. Selected spots (n=73) were identified by peptide mass fingerprinting and confirmatory Western blotting was carried out for 10 proteins. Spots selectively up-regulated in immune versus control, but not immune waning versus control sheep, included galectin-15 and thioredoxin, which were confirmed by Western blotting. In immune sheep, serum albumin was significantly down-regulated and albumin proteolytic cleavage fragments were increased compared to controls. Unexpectedly, albumin mRNA was relatively highly expressed in control mucosa, down-regulated in immune, and was immunolocalized to mucus-producing epithelial cells. Thus we have identified differential expression of a number of proteins following T. circumcincta trickle infection that may play a role in host protection and inhibition of parasite establishment.
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Lai H, Rogers DF. New pharmacotherapy for airway mucus hypersecretion in asthma and COPD: targeting intracellular signaling pathways. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2010; 23:219-31. [PMID: 20695774 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2009.0802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Airway mucus hypersecretion is a pathophysiological feature of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The hypersecretion is associated with phenotypic changes in the airways, notably, increases in the number of surface epithelial goblet cells (hyperplasia) and in the size of the submucosal glands (hypertrophy). The hyperplasia and hypertrophy are associated with increased production of mucin, the gel-forming component of mucus. The excess mucus production contributes to morbidity and mortality in many patients, particularly in those with more severe disease. Although current pharmacotherapy is effective in clinical management of patients with stable asthma, severe asthma is poorly treated and there is no current drug treatment for COPD. In neither disease is there specific, effective pharmacotherapy for the hypersecretion. Consequently, identification of potential drug targets for treatment of hypersecretion in asthma and COPD is warranted. The inflammatory mediators and the associated intracellular signaling pathways underlying upregulation of mucin synthesis and development of goblet cell hyperplasia are gradually being elucidated. These include Th2 cytokines (predominantly IL-9 and IL-13), and IL-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. IL-9 may act predominantly via calcium-activated chloride channels (CLCA), IL-13 via STAT-6 and FOXA2, TNF-alpha via NF-kappaB, and IL-1 beta via COX-2. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) signaling and FOXA2 appear to be convergent intracellular pathways for a number of inflammatory mediators, with EGF-R upregulated in the airways of asthmatic and COPD patients. Thus, preclinical studies have clearly identified a number of intracellular signaling pathways as possible targets for pharmacotherapy of airway mucus hypersecretion in asthma and COPD. Of these, the EGF-R and Th2 cytokine pathways may have the greatest potential for inhibition of excessive mucus production. However, because these targets are so often intimately involved with different aspects of airway (and systemic) homeostasis, there is potential for development of unwanted side effects with drug intervention. Thus, translation of the promising preclinical studies to the clinic will depend on development of drug moieties with low off-target activity. This may be accomplished by maximizing airway selectivity, which may be facilitated by appropriate delivery device design.
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Affiliation(s)
- HonYee Lai
- Airway Disease, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Mucus hypersecretion in asthma: intracellular signalling pathways as targets for pharmacotherapy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 10:67-76. [PMID: 19907312 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e328334643a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Airway mucus hypersecretion is a pathophysiological feature of asthma and, in many patients, contributes to morbidity and mortality. Although current pharmacotherapy is effective in patients with stable disease, severe asthma is poorly treated, and there is no specific treatment for the hypersecretion. Consequently, identification of potential targets for pharmacotherapy of hypersecretion in asthma is warranted. This review identifies intracellular signalling pathways as rational targets for treatment of excessive airway mucus production. RECENT FINDINGS The inflammatory mediators and the associated intracellular signalling pathways underlying development of goblet cell hyperplasia, an index of mucus hypersecretion, are becoming ever clearer, and include T-helper type 2 (Th2) cytokines, in particular interleukin (IL)-9 and IL-13, as well as IL-1beta, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. IL-9 may act predominantly via calcium-activated chloride channels (CLCAs), IL-13 via STAT-6 and FOXA2, TNF-alpha via nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, and IL-1beta via COX-2. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) and FOXA2 appear to be convergent pathways for a number of mediator signals, with EGF-R up-regulated in the airways of asthmatic patients. SUMMARY Although many potential intracellular signalling pathways have been identified as possible targets for pharmacotherapy of airway mucus hypersecretion in asthma, the EGF-R and Th2 cytokine pathways offer the greatest potential for inhibition of excessive mucus production.
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Innes AL, Carrington SD, Thornton DJ, Kirkham S, Rousseau K, Dougherty RH, Raymond WW, Caughey GH, Muller SJ, Fahy JV. Ex vivo sputum analysis reveals impairment of protease-dependent mucus degradation by plasma proteins in acute asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 180:203-10. [PMID: 19423716 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200807-1056oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Airway mucus plugs, composed of mucin glycoproteins mixed with plasma proteins, are an important cause of airway obstruction in acute severe asthma, and they are poorly treated with current therapies. OBJECTIVES To investigate mechanisms of airway mucus clearance in health and in acute severe asthma. METHODS We collected airway mucus from patients with asthma and nonasthmatic control subjects, using sputum induction or tracheal aspiration. We used rheological methods complemented by centrifugation-based mucin size profiling and immunoblotting to characterize the physical properties of the mucus gel, the size profiles of mucins, and the degradation products of albumin in airway mucus. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Repeated ex vivo measures of size and entanglement of mucin polymers in airway mucus from nonasthmatic control subjects showed that the mucus gel is normally degraded by proteases and that albumin inhibits this degradation. In airway mucus collected from patients with asthma at various time points during acute asthma exacerbation, protease-driven mucus degradation was inhibited at the height of exacerbation but was restored during recovery. In immunoblots of human serum albumin digested by neutrophil elastase and in immunoblots of airway mucus, we found that albumin was a substrate of neutrophil elastase and that products of albumin degradation were abundant in airway mucus during acute asthma exacerbation. CONCLUSIONS Rheological methods complemented by centrifugation-based mucin size profiling of airway mucins in health and acute asthma reveal that mucin degradation is inhibited in acute asthma, and that an excess of plasma proteins present in acute asthma inhibits the degradation of mucins in a protease-dependent manner. These findings identify a novel mechanism whereby plasma exudation may impair airway mucus clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh L Innes
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Zijlstra GS, J. Ponsioen B, A. Hummel S, Sanders N, Hinrichs WL, de Boer AH, Frijlink HW. Formulation and process development of (recombinant human) deoxyribonuclease I as a powder for inhalation. Pharm Dev Technol 2009; 14:358-68. [DOI: 10.1080/10837450802662820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ofokansi KC, Okorie O, Adikwu MU. Biodegradable Microspheres Based on Gelatin-Porcine Mucin Admixtures: in Vitro and in Vivo Delivery Studies. Biol Pharm Bull 2009; 32:1754-9. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.1754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ofokansi KC, Adikwu MU, Okore VC. Preparation and Evaluation of Mucin-Gelatin Mucoadhesive Microspheres for Rectal Delivery of Ceftriaxone Sodium. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008; 33:691-700. [PMID: 17613033 DOI: 10.1080/03639040701360876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Soluble mucin (S-mucin) processed from the small intestines (ileal region) of freshly slaughtered pigs via homogenization, dialysis, centrifugation and lyophilization and its admixtures with type A gelatin were dispersed in an aqueous medium and used to formulate ceftriaxone sodium-loaded mucoadhesive microspheres by the emulsification cross-linking method using arachis oil as the continuous phase. The release profile of ceftriaxone sodium from the microspheres was evaluated in both simulated gastric fluid (SGF) without pepsin (pH 1.2) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) without pancreatin (pH 7.4). The microspheres were further evaluated as possible novel delivery system for rectal delivery of ceftriaxone sodium in rats. Release of ceftriaxone sodium from the microspheres in both release media was found to occur predominantly by diffusion following non-Fickian transport mechanism and was higher and more rapid in SIF than in SGF. The results obtained from this study may indicate that ceftriaxone sodium could be successfully delivered rectally when embedded in microspheres formulated with either type A gelatin alone or its admixtures with porcine mucin; hence providing a therapeutically viable alternative route for the delivery of this acid-labile third generation cephalosporin.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Ofokansi
- Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
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Feiler AA, Sahlholm A, Sandberg T, Caldwell KD. Adsorption and viscoelastic properties of fractionated mucin (BSM) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) studied with quartz crystal microbalance (QCM-D). J Colloid Interface Sci 2007; 315:475-81. [PMID: 17706239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2007.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2007] [Revised: 07/11/2007] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The adsorption profile and viscoelastic properties of bovine submaxillary gland mucin (BSM) and bovine serum albumin (BSA), extracted from a commercial mucin preparation, adsorbing to polystyrene surfaces has been studied using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). A significant difference in the adsorption properties of the different proteins was detected; with the BSA adsorbing in a flat rigid layer whilst the mucin adsorbed in a diffuse, highly viscoelastic layer. Subsequent addition of BSA to the preadsorbed mucin layer resulted in stiffening of the protein layer which was attributed to complexation of the mucin by BSA. In contrast, a preadsorbed layer of BSA prevented mucin adsorption altogether. Combined mixtures of mucin and BSA in well defined ratios revealed intermediate properties between the two separate protein species which varied systematically with the protein ratios. The results shed light on the synergistic effects of complexation of lower molecular weight biomolecular species with mucin. The possibility to selectively control protein uptake and tailor the physical properties of the adsorbed layer makes mucin an attractive option for application in biomaterial coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A Feiler
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Surface Biotechnology, Box 577, BMC, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Copnell B, Tingay DG, Kiraly NJ, Sourial M, Gordon MJ, Mills JF, Morley CJ, Dargaville PA. A comparison of the effectiveness of open and closed endotracheal suction. Intensive Care Med 2007; 33:1655-62. [PMID: 17492268 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-007-0635-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2006] [Accepted: 03/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effectiveness of open and closed endotracheal suction in recovering thin and thick secretions in normal and injured lungs during conventional and high frequency ventilation. DESIGN AND SETTING Randomised study in a paediatric intensive care model in the animal research laboratory of a tertiary paediatric hospital. SUBJECTS 16 New Zealand White rabbits. INTERVENTIONS Anaesthetised animals were intubated with a 3.5-mm endotracheal tube. Simulated thin and thick secretions (iopamidol 2 ml, a watery radio-opaque fluid, and fluorescent mucin 1 ml) were instilled in turn 1 cm below the tube tip through a catheter placed via a tracheostomy. Open or closed suction, randomly assigned, was applied for 6s at -140 mmHg using a 6-F gauge catheter. Following lung injury with repeated saline lavage the procedure was repeated on conventional and high frequency ventilation. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Iopamidol recovery was determined by digitally subtracting the post-contrast and post-suction radiographic images. Mucin recovery was determined by fluorescence assay of the aspirate. In the normal lung similar amounts were recovered by both suction methods. In the lavaged lung closed suction recovered less iopamidol during conventional (22 +/- 7.5%) and high frequency ventilation (11 +/- 2.4%) than open suction (36 +/- 2% and 22 +/- 8.1%, respectively). Mucin recovery was less with closed suction during conventional 32 +/- 28 microl) and high frequency ventilation (30 +/- 31 microl) than with open suction (382 +/- 235 microl and 24 +/- 153 microl). CONCLUSIONS In the injured lung closed suction was less effective than open suction at recovering thin and thick simulated secretions, irrespective of ventilation mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverley Copnell
- Royal Children's Hospital, Department of Neonatology, Flemington Rd, VIC 3052, Parkville, Australia.
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Shah AJ, Donovan MD. Formulating gels for decreased mucociliary transport using rheologic properties: polyacrylic acids. AAPS PharmSciTech 2007; 8:Article 33. [PMID: 17622111 PMCID: PMC2750372 DOI: 10.1208/pt0802033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of these studies was to identify the rheologic properties of polyacrylic acid gels necessary for optimal reductions in mucociliary clearance. The mucociliary transport of 2 bioadhesive polyacrylic acid polymers, polycarbophil and carbopol, was assessed in vitro by measuring their clearance rates across explants of ciliated bovine tracheal tissue. The viscoelastic properties of polymer gels were measured in the presence of mucus using controlled stress rheometry. Combinations of apparent viscosity (eta) and complex modulus (G*) were found to be the most useful parameters in the identification of polyacrylic acid formulations capable of decreasing mucociliary transport rate (MTR). A narrow range of eta and G* values suitable for reducing mucociliary clearance, while remaining sufficiently fluid for intranasal administration, were identified. The correlations between the rheologic parameters of the polycarbophil gels and their mucociliary transport rates were used to identify other polyacrylic acid gels that also had suitable mucociliary clearance properties, demonstrating that these parameters can be used to direct the optimization of formulations using simple in vitro rheologic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur J. Shah
- />Division of Pharmaceutics, University of Iowa, 52242 Iowa City, IA
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Shah AJ, Donovan MD. Rheological characterization of neutral and anionic polysaccharides with reduced mucociliary transport rates. AAPS PharmSciTech 2007; 8:Article 32. [PMID: 17622110 PMCID: PMC2750371 DOI: 10.1208/pt0802032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to compare the viscoelastic properties of several neutral and anionic polysaccharide polymers with their mucociliary transport rates (MTR) across explants of ciliated bovine tracheal tissue to identify rheologic parameters capable of predicting the extent of reduction in mucociliary transport. The viscoelastic properties of the polymer gels and gels mixed with mucus were quantified using controlled stress rheometry. In general, the anionic polysaccharides were more efficient at decreasing the mucociliary transport rate than were the neutral polymers, and a concentration threshold, where no further decreases in mucociliary transport occurred with increasing polymer concentration, was observed for several of the neutral polysaccharides. No single rheologic parameter (eta, G', G'', tan delta, G*) was a good predictor of the extent of mucociliary transport reduction, but a combination of the apparent viscosity (eta), tangent to the phase angle (tan delta), and complex modulus (G*) was found to be useful in the identification of formulations capable of decreasing MTR. The relative values of each of the rheologic parameters were unique for each polymer, yet once the relationships between the rheologic parameters and mucociliary transport rate reduction were determined, formulations capable of resisting mucociliary clearance could be rapidly optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur J. Shah
- />Division of Pharmaceutics, University of Iowa, 52242 Iowa City, IA
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Yasueda SI, Yamakawa K, Nakanishi Y, Kinoshita M, Kakehi K. Decreased mucin concentrations in tear fluids of contact lens wearers. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 39:187-95. [PMID: 16085139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2005] [Revised: 02/21/2005] [Accepted: 02/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Characteristics of tear-film may be influenced by contact lens wear, because contact lenses present the habitual, direct rubbing action of the lids upon the covered ocular surface and may cause changes of tear-film. In the present paper, influence of contact lens on proteins in tear samples was studied using carbohydrates attached to the protein as a marker. We found that N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) was significantly decreased in tear samples of volunteers wearing contact lens (wearing, 86.1 +/- 57.7 nmol/ml; normal, 190.2 +/- 121.9 nmol/ml). Analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated that the amounts of major proteins in tear fluids, such as lactoferrin and secretory immunoglobulin A were not changed upon wearing contact lenses. In contrast, cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis revealed that mucin band in tear samples from contact lens wearers showed significant decrease as examined by lectin staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichi Yasueda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, Japan
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Shrivastava HY, Sreeram KJ, Nair BU. Aggregation of Mucin by Chromium(III) Complexes as Revealed by Electrokinetic and Rheological Studies: Influence on the Tryptic and O-glycanase Digestion of Mucin. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2004; 21:671-80. [PMID: 14769060 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2004.10506958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the impact of chromium(III) complexes ([Cr(salen)(H2O)2](+) (1), [Cr(en)3]3+ (2) and [Cr(EDTA)(H2O)]- (3)) on the biophysical properties of mucin like specific viscosity, zeta potential and particle size has been investigated. It is evident from the present investigation that the nature of the coordinated ligand has a major role to play in bringing about the changes in the physical characteristics of the glycoprotein. It was observed that (1) and (3) because of their coordinate mode of binding lead to decrease in the specific viscosity of mucin, whereas (2) on the other hand was found to bring about drastic increase in the mucin viscosity due to sol-gel transition in the mucin conformation. Complex (2) was found to gradually lower the zeta potential value of mucin (particle size=51.5 nm) from -24.8 +/- 1.31 mV to -0.58 +/- 0.30 mV, which reveals aggregation (particle size=216 nm) and subsequent sedimentation of mucin with an increase in the average diameter of mucin particles. The binding of (2) to mucin was found to impart resistance to mucin against both tryptic and O-glycanase digestion, suggesting that, the aggregation of mucin causes conformational as well as configurational changes in the glycoprotein; thus perturbing the location of carbohydrate domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yamini Shrivastava
- Chemical Laboratory, Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai 600 020, India
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Shrivastava HY, Nair BU. Structural modification and aggregation of mucin by chromium(III) complexes. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2003; 20:575-87. [PMID: 12529156 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2003.10506874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Metal ions binding to proteins regulate the functions of proteins and may also lead to structural changes. In this communication we demonstrate the interaction and subsequent conformational changes induced in pig gastric mucin (PGM) upon binding to certain chromium(III) complexes like, [Cr(salen)(H(2)O)(2)](ClO(4)) (1), [Cr(en)(3)]Cl(3) (2) and [Cr(EDTA)(H(2)O)]Na (3) which vary in charge and ionic character. Complexes 1 and 3 have been shown to interact coordinately with PGM whereas complex 2 binds through electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding. Steady state fluorescence experiment reveals that at lower concentration of complex 2 there is partial quenching of the tyrosine emission, whereas at higher concentration of the complex the emission intensity is enhanced. On the other hand with complexes 1 and 3 a decrease in fluorescence intensity was observed. PGM viscosity was found to decrease in the presence of complex 1 and 3 due to the formation of flexible fibres through coordinate interaction. Complex 2 was found to facilitate metal induced intertangling of PGM fibres which tends to stabilize the interaction and leads to sol-gel transition with subsequent increase in viscosity. A significant change in CD spectrum of PGM was observed in the presence of complex 2, where random coil spectrum became typical of a alpha-helical structure with 80% alpha helix content. In the case of complexes 1 and 3 only minor changes in the amplitude of the spectrum were observed. Histochemical analysis supports the contention that complex 2 favors the oligomerisation of PGM and leads to the formation of aggregated mass of macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yamini Shrivastava
- Chemical Laboratory, Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai 600 020, India
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Sanders NN, De Smedt SC, Cheng SH, Demeester J. Pegylated GL67 lipoplexes retain their gene transfection activity after exposure to components of CF mucus. Gene Ther 2002; 9:363-71. [PMID: 11960312 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2001] [Accepted: 01/14/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The highly viscous secretions lining the upper airways and bronchi of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients may pose a significant barrier to successful gene therapy of the lung. In this report we examined the influence of CF mucus components (albumin, DNA, mucin and phospholipids) on the gene transfection activity of cationic DOTAP-based lipoplexes and pegylated GL67-based lipoplexes which previously have been used in CF clinical studies. Upon exposure of the cationic DOTAP:DOPE lipoplexes to either albumin, linear DNA or mucin (at concentration ratios expected to occur in vivo) a significant decrease in gene transfection activity was observed. This was primarily due to aggregation of the lipoplexes. However, exposure of pegylated GL67 lipoplexes to the same components did not affect their gene transfection activity. Indeed, it was determined that CF mucus components did not interact significantly with these pegylated GL67 lipoplexes. These results suggest that charge shielding of cationic gene carriers with pEG may favor their physicochemical stability in CF mucus and thereby aid in preserving their transfection activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Sanders
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Huang K, Lee BP, Ingram DR, Messersmith PB. Synthesis and characterization of self-assembling block copolymers containing bioadhesive end groups. Biomacromolecules 2002; 3:397-406. [PMID: 11888328 DOI: 10.1021/bm015650p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl-L-alanine (DOPA) is an unusual amino acid found in mussel adhesive proteins (MAPs) that is believed to lend adhesive characteristics to these proteins. In this paper, we describe a route for the conjugation of DOPA moieties to poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-PPO-PEO) block copolymers. Hydroxyl end groups of PEO-PPO-PEO block copolymers were activated by N,N'-disuccinimidyl carbonate and then reacted with DOPA or its methyl ester with high coupling efficiencies from both aqueous and organic solvents. DOPA-modified PEO-PPO-PEO block copolymers were freely soluble in cold water, and dye partitioning and differential scanning calorimetry analysis of these solutions revealed that the copolymers aggregated into micelles at a characteristic temperature that was dependent on block copolymer composition and concentration in solution. Oscillatory rheometry demonstrated that above a block copolymer concentration of approximately 20 wt %, solutions of DOPA-modified PEO-PPO-PEO block copolymers exhibited sol-gel transitions upon heating. The gelation temperature could be tailored between approximately 23 and 46 degrees C by changing the composition, concentration, and molecular weight of the block copolymer. Rheological measurement of the bioadhesive interaction between DOPA-modified Pluronic and bovine submaxillary mucin indicated that DOPA-modified Pluronic was significantly more bioadhesive than unmodified Pluronic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Huang
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Robert R. McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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35
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Abstract
Aggregation phenomena in aqueous solutions of purified human tracheobronchial mucin have been studied by rheological methods, steady-state fluorescence, quasielastic light scattering, and spin probe techniques. At temperatures below 30 degrees C and concentrations above 15 mg/mL and in the absence of chaotropic agents, mucin solutions are viscoelastic gels. A gel-sol transition is observed at temperatures above 30 degrees C that is manifested by the diminishing storage modulus and a loss tangent above unity throughout the studied frequency range of the oscillatory shear. No decline in the mucin molecular weight is observed by size-exclusion chromatography above 30 degrees C in the absence of redox agents or proteolytic enzymes. Aggregation of hydrophobic protein segments of the mucin chains at 37 degrees C is indicated by QELS experiments. The decreasing polarity of the microenvironment of pyrene solubilized into mucin solutions at temperatures above 30 degrees C, concomitant with the gel-sol transition, shows the hydrophobicity of the formed aggregates. ESR spectra of the fatty acid spin probe, 16-doxylstearic acid indicate that the aggregate-aqueous interface becomes more developed at elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Bromberg
- Department of Physics, Center for Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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Sanders NN, De Smedt SC, Demeester J. The physical properties of biogels and their permeability for macromolecular drugs and colloidal drug carriers. J Pharm Sci 2000; 89:835-49. [PMID: 10861585 DOI: 10.1002/1520-6017(200007)89:7<835::aid-jps1>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecular drugs, either free or complexed with colloidal drug carriers, have created a great deal of interest during the last decade. If one wants to administer these new therapeutics via the oral, nasal, and cervical routes or through the conductive airways, one of the first barriers to overcome is the mucus layer that adheres to the related epithelia. In this review, the physicochemical properties of biogels, macromolecular drugs, and colloidal drug carriers that play a major role in transport through biogels are reviewed. Also, methods of studying the mobility of macromolecular drugs and colloidal drug carriers in and through biogels are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Sanders
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University, Belgium
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37
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Iontcheva I, Oppenheim FG, Offner GD, Troxler RF. Molecular mapping of statherin- and histatin-binding domains in human salivary mucin MG1 (MUC5B) by the yeast two-hybrid system. J Dent Res 2000; 79:732-9. [PMID: 10728974 DOI: 10.1177/00220345000790020601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
MGI is a high-molecular-weight mucin secreted by mucous acinar cells in human submandibular and sublingual glands. We have recently shown that the tracheobronchial mucin MUC5B is a major component of MG1. MUC5B is organized into cysteine-rich N- and C-terminal regions that flank a central tandem-repeat region containing cysteine-rich subdomains and imperfect 29-residue tandem repeats. In earlier work, we have shown that this mucin selectively forms heterotypic complexes with amylase, proline-rich proteins, statherin, and histatins in salivary secretions, and the aim of this study was to identify specific binding domains within MUC5B using the yeast two-hybrid system. Interactions of cysteine-rich domains in the tandem-repeat region (Cys1-Cys4) and C-terminal region (Cys8a, Cys8b, Cys8c) of MUC5B with statherin and histatins were investigated. These studies indicated that histatin 1 selectively bound to Cysl and Cys2, whereas statherin and histatin 1, 3, and 5 selectively bound to Cys8a. Analysis of the primary sequences of the identified binding domains suggests that these domains most probably can fold into globular-like structures in the native mucin. A ProDom blast search revealed that sequences in Cys1, Cys2, and Cys8a exhibit similarity to domains in evolutionarily diverse extracellular proteins known to participate in a wide variety of protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Iontcheva
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, MA 02118, USA
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Majima Y, Harada T, Shimizu T, Takeuchi K, Sakakura Y, Yasuoka S, Yoshinaga S. Effect of biochemical components on rheologic properties of nasal mucus in chronic sinusitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160:421-6. [PMID: 10430708 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.160.2.9805117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of biochemical components on the viscoelasticity of nasal mucus from 24 patients with chronic sinusitis (CS) was investigated by multiple stepwise regression analysis. The dynamic viscosity (eta') and the elastic modulus (G') of nasal mucus were determined with an oscillating sphere magnetic rheometer at oscillatory frequencies of 1 and 10 Hz. The eta' and G' values of mucus determined at 1 Hz were 1.6 +/- 1.5 Pa/s and 31.8 +/- 31.0 Pa, respectively, and these values were much higher than optimal viscoelasticity for mucociliary transport. The concentrations of fucose, N-acetyl neuraminic acid, albumin, IgG, secretory-IgA, and lysozyme were measured in the same mucus samples. The multiple regression analysis showed that the concentration of fucose, a marker of mucous glycoproteins, was the most important determinant of eta' and G'. The analysis also revealed that the level of IgG was the next important determinant. The coefficients of multiple determination for fucose and IgG were 0.732 and 0.733 when the response variables were eta' and G', respectively. The results indicate that locally produced mucous glycoproteins may largely contribute to the high viscoelasticity of nasal mucus in CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Majima
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
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Abstract
Physiological Basis of Cystic Fibrosis: A Historical Perspective. Physiol. Rev. 79, Suppl.: S3-S22, 1999. - Cystic fibrosis made a relatively late entry into medical physiology, although references to conditions probably reflecting the disease can be traced back well into the Middle Ages. This review begins with the origins of recognition of the symptoms of this genetic disease and proceeds to briefly review the early period of basic research into its cause. It then presents the two apparently distinct faces of cystic fibrosis: 1) as that of a mucus abnormality and 2) as that of defects in electrolyte transport. It considers principal findings of the organ and cell pathophysiology as well as some of the apparent conflicts and enigmas still current in understanding the disease process. It is written from the perspective of the author, whose career spans back to much of the initial endeavors to explain this fatal mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Quinton
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
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40
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Bhat PG, Flanagan DR, Donovan MD. Drug diffusion through cystic fibrotic mucus: steady-state permeation, rheologic properties, and glycoprotein morphology. J Pharm Sci 1996; 85:624-30. [PMID: 8773960 DOI: 10.1021/js950381s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
One manifestation of cystic fibrosis (CF) is the presence of a viscid mucus secretion in the lungs. The clearance of this mucus is significantly slower than in "normals" due to uncoordinated beating of the cilia and the increased viscosity of the mucus. In these studies, the permeabilities of p-aminosalicylic acid, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide through unpurified CF respiratory mucus and through purified pig gastric mucus solutions were compared in order to evaluate the relative barrier properties of these mucus solutions. These model compounds, while not often used clinically in CF, are used in other pulmonary diseases and have the potential to be administered by inhalation delivery systems. Permeability studies were carried out in Side-Bi-Side diffusion cells fitted with a custom membrane holder capable of retaining the mucus solutions. Permeabilities through CF mucus solution and its fractions were compared to those measured through buffer and reconstituted purified pig gastric mucus. There were 28--75% decreases in drug permeability when pig gastric mucus was replaced by different CF mucus solutions. This indicates that optimal drug delivery directly to the lungs must take into account the decreased drug transport rate across diseased mucus in addition to drug loss due to binding to the glycoproteins or inefficient delivery via aerosolization. Transmission electron microscopy revealed minor differences in the glycoprotein strand structure between reconstituted pig gastric mucus and CF mucus primarily with regard to glycoprotein chain length and extent of branching. Similar viscoelastic behaviors between the CF gel fraction and synthetic CF mucus were observed. This model CF mucus system can simulate diseased mucus and can be utilized for in vitro studies to optimize drug permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Bhat
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA
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41
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Mrsny RJ, Daugherty AL, Short SM, Widmer R, Siegel MW, Keller GA. Distribution of DNA and alginate in purulent cystic fibrosis sputum: implications to pulmonary targeting strategies. J Drug Target 1996; 4:233-43. [PMID: 9010813 DOI: 10.3109/10611869608995625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients frequently experience recurring airway infections characterized by thick, viscous sputum. The consistency and nature of these purulent secretions may produce a significant barrier to the successful delivery of drugs and gene therapy vectors designed to treat CF. We have carried out a series of in vitro studies to determine the distribution of two macromolecular components typically present in purulent sputum, bacterial alginate and neutrophil-derived DNA. Sputum samples were obtained from hospitalized CF patients. DNA and alginate were disrupted, respectively, by the in vitro additions of human recombinant deoxyribonuclease I (rhDNase) or alginate lyase prepared from a mucoid strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. N-acetyl-L-cysteine (acetylcysteine) was similarly used to collapse the mucin matrix of these samples for comparison. Using a centrifugation-based rheological method known as the compaction assay, a greater maximal response was observed for rhDNase compared to alginate lyase treatment. A simultaneous addition of these enzymes to purulent sputum produced an additive compaction response. Electron microscopy was used to identify alginate and DNA components within the mucin matrix of sputa and to evaluate changes following treatment with high concentrations of alginate lyase or rhDNase. DNA was more widely distributed throughout purulent samples than alginate. Differences in the distribution of DNA and alginate may explain, at least in part, the larger compaction response to rhDNase versus alginate lyase treatment. An improved understanding of DNA and alginate distribution within purulent CF sputum may lead to improvements in drug and vector delivery to airway epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Mrsny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080-4990, USA
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42
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Abstract
The nasal secretions are the first barrier that nasally administered drugs encounter. Therefore, the characterization of peptide metabolism in the nasal secretions is essential to predict nasal peptide bioavailability. Metabolism of bradykinin was measured in rat and sheep nasal secretions to estimate the extent of degradation of nasally administered peptide compounds. A single-pass, in situ nasal perfusion technique was employed to collect secretions for the investigation of peptide metabolism in rat nasal secretions. The protein content, mucin concentration, and degree of bradykinin metabolism in perfusate aliquots collected over a 2-h period showed that the early perfusate fractions contained most of the active secretory materials. Evidence of continuous mucus secretion and plasma extravasation was found in the nasal perfusate throughout the entire collection period. Sheep nasal secretions were collected with a cotton pledget inserted into the nasal cavity. Bradykinin and its fragments were degraded by carboxypeptidases and endopeptidases present in both rat and sheep nasal secretions. Hydrolysis of Phe5-Ser6 was the major metabolism pathway of bradykinin in the rat nasal perfusate, whereas in sheep nasal secretions, hydrolysis of the Pro7-Phe8 and Phe8-Arg9 bonds also occurred. Evidence of angiotensin converting enzyme, carboxypeptide N, and aminopeptidase activity was identified in the rat nasal perfusate with specific substrates and inhibitors. The activity of these and other enzymes in the nasal secretions may significantly limit the bioavailability of nasally administered peptide drugs prior to their exposure to the nasal mucosal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Y Chung
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA
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43
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Cheng PW, Boat TF, Shaikh S, Wang OL, Hu PC, Costa DL. Differential effects of ozone on lung epithelial lining fluid volume and protein content. Exp Lung Res 1995; 21:351-65. [PMID: 7621774 DOI: 10.3109/01902149509023713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Urea dilution has been used to estimate the volume of epithelial lining fluid (ELF) in the respiratory tract. However, ELF volume may be overestimated as the result of rapid net diffusion of urea from tissues into the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. This study established a protocol for rat BAL in a manner that minimizes this problem and then used this procedure to examine the edemagenic effects of ozone (O3) exposure on ELF volume and the concentrations of ELF protein and albumin. One passage lavage with variable dwell times up to 30 s showed no difference in recovered urea, protein, and albumin and ELF volume between 0 and 4 s, but a progressive increase of each thereafter. The calculated concentrations of protein and albumin in ELF did not vary significantly with dwell time. By increasing the number of lavage passages from one to three, the amounts of recovered urea, protein, and albumin and estimated ELF volume were increased with each passage. Again, the calculated concentrations of protein and albumin in ELF did not vary appreciably. When a single lavage passage and no added dwell time were used, it was observed that exposure of rats to 2 but not 0.5 and 1 ppm O3 increased urea, protein, and albumin in the BAL immediately after 6 h exposure. In addition, at 18 h postexposure to 1 ppm O3, ELF volume increased only 21%, but protein and albumin concentrations in ELF were 2.3- and 4.5-fold of control values, respectively. A higher O3 concentration (2 ppm) moderately increased ELF volume (+83%) and exerted even greater effects on concentrations of ELF protein (7.8-fold) and albumin (19-fold) while lower O3 dosage (0.5 ppm) had no significant effect. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that small serum proteins including albumin were greatly enriched in lung BAL fluid of 1 ppm O3-exposed rats. These results demonstrate that movement of water and protein into the airspaces after O3 exposure is not strictly coupled, and that protein recovery by BAL should cautiously be used to indicate airspace edema as a result of O3 injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599, USA
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44
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Fahy JV, Kim KW, Liu J, Boushey HA. Prominent neutrophilic inflammation in sputum from subjects with asthma exacerbation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1995; 95:843-52. [PMID: 7722165 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6749(95)70128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 488] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To infer possible mechanisms of acute airway inflammation and mucus hypersecretion in acute severe asthma, we performed cellular and biochemical analysis on sputum from 18 adults with acute severe asthma and compared the results with results of analysis of sputum from 12 adults with cystic fibrosis (CF). We found that in subjects with asthma neutrophils made up more than 75% of sputum cells in 10 samples whereas eosinophils made up more than 75% of cells in only three samples. Fifty percent of the subjects with asthma reported that their asthma exacerbation was precipitated by a respiratory tract infection, and these subjects had a significantly higher percentage of neutrophils in their sputum (85% +/- 6% vs 57% +/- 12%, p = 0.05). In the CF samples neutrophils made up more than 95% and eosinophils less than 1% of cells in all samples analyzed. Analysis of fluid phase chemicals in asthmatic and CF sputum samples showed that despite overall lower mean values of neutrophil elastase (27 +/- 11 micrograms/ml vs 466 +/- 121 micrograms/ml, p = 0.0001) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) (55 +/- 15 ng/ml vs 186 +/- 24 ng/ml, p = 0.0001), some of the asthmatic samples had values for these variables that overlapped those in the CF samples. In addition, the asthmatic samples were distinguished by the presence of higher tryptase (10 +/- 7 U/L vs 0.9 +/- 0.9 U/L, p = 0.0001) and interleukin-6 (1166 +/- 447 ng/ml vs 186 +/- 24 ng/ml; p = 0.0001) levels and by a higher ratio of albumin to mucin-like glycoprotein (0.8 +/- 0.5 vs 0.1 +/- 0.002, p = 0.02). DNA levels were lower in the asthmatic samples (0.5 +/- 0.3 mg/ml vs 3.5 +/- 1.2 mg/ml, p = 0.05). We conclude that neutrophils predominate more frequently than eosinophils as the major inflammatory cell in sputum from patients with asthma in acute exacerbation. We speculate that this may be because respiratory tract infections are a frequent precipitant of acute asthma. In addition, the high IL-8 levels and free neutrophil elastase activity observed in asthmatic sputum suggests that IL-8 may mediate airway neutrophilia in acute asthma and that neutrophil elastase may mediate mucin glycoprotein hypersecretion in acute asthma, as has been proposed for the mucin hypersecretion in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Fahy
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA
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45
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46
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Lundgren
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Carrie S, Hutton DA, Birchall JP, Green GG, Pearson JP. Otitis media with effusion: components which contribute to the viscous properties. Acta Otolaryngol 1992; 112:504-11. [PMID: 1441992 DOI: 10.3109/00016489209137432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Middle ear effusions from children undergoing myringotomy were classified into thick (mucoid) and thin (serous) on the basis of their flow properties. Their composition was analysed and their rheological properties measured. The viscosity of the effusions was measured using a Contraves low shear viscometer and expressed as specific viscosity per mg/ml of non-dialysable solids present. In order to measure the effusion viscosity it was necessary to solubilize the effusion by mild homogenisation in a phosphate buffer pH 6.7 containing a cocktail of proteolytic inhibitors. The viscosity of mucoid effusions was significantly greater than that of the serous effusions. There was a small but measurable amount of proteolytic activity in the effusions, range 0.05-1.79 micrograms/mg of non-dialysable solids. This proteolytic activity was not significantly different between the thick and thin effusions and was therefore unlikely to explain the difference in viscosity. Analysis of the constituents of the effusions showed that glycoprotein and DNA but not protein nor lipid were significantly higher in the mucoid effusions compared to the serous effusions. The viscosity of the effusions correlated with the glycoprotein concentration but not with the protein or lipid concentration. Under certain circumstances the DNA concentration did correlate with the viscosity of the effusion. However, digestion with a proteinase free DNase did not reduce the viscosity of the effusion. These results demonstrate that classifying effusions as thick and thin based on visual inspection and flow properties is valid and that the only constituent present in the effusions that determines viscosity is mucin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Carrie
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
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49
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Abstract
Considerable advances have been made in recent years in our understanding of the biochemistry of mucin-type glycoproteins. This class of compounds is characterized mainly by a high level of O-linked oligosaccharides. Initially, the glycoproteins were solely known as the major constituents of mucus. Recent studies have shown that mucins from the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, salivary glands, sweat glands, breast, and tumor cells are structurally related to high-molecular-weight glycoproteins, which are produced by epithelial cells as membrane proteins. During mucin synthesis, an orchestrated sequence of events results in giant molecules of Mr 4 to 6 x 10(6), which are stored in mucous granules until secretion. Once secreted, mucin forms a barrier, not only to protect the delicate epithelial cells against the extracellular environment, but also to select substances for binding and uptake by these epithelia. This review is designed to critically examine relations between structure and function of the different compounds categorized as mucin glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Strous
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
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50
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Sellers LA, Allen A, Morris ER, Ross-Murphy SB. The rheology of pig small intestinal and colonic mucus: weakening of gel structure by non-mucin components. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1115:174-9. [PMID: 1764470 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(91)90027-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical spectroscopy has been used to study the structure and properties of pig small intestinal and colonic adherent mucus gel. Both mucus secretions had properties of viscoelastic gels, but that from the small intestine was substantially weaker in quality. Small intestinal mucus gel was disrupted by acid (pH 1), detergents (bile) and protein denaturants while that from the colon remained stable following these treatments. Concentration of purified colonic mucin produced a gel with the same rheological properties as the native secretion. Purified small intestinal mucin when concentrated produced a stronger gel than the native secretion and, in contrast to the latter, one which was not disrupted by acid or denaturants. The instability of native small intestinal mucus was shown not to be a function of the mucin components (which alone could account for the gel-forming properties), but to arise from the presence of insoluble material largely from sloughed mucosal cells. These studies show (1) that mucus gels from the colon and small intestine have similar mechanical behaviour and properties to those from the stomach and duodenum, and (2) emphasise the caution that should be exercised when interpreting the rheological properties of mucus preparations, particularly with respect to their content of mucosal cellular material.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Sellers
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
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