Phase formation and dielectric properties of MgFe2O4 nanoparticles synthesized by hydrothermal technique

In the recent development of energy storage devices, the scientific study has demonstrated a significant interest in the applications of the magnesium iron oxide (MgFe2O4) nanoparticles. In this work, we present synthesized novel MgFe2O4 nanoparticles at different molarities (0.1-0.5 M), via hydrothermal technique. An X-ray Diffractometer was used to study the phase analysis of the prepared samples at different molarities. A pure cubic phase of the MgFe2O4 is observed at molar concentrations of 0.3 M and 0.4 M. However, the mixed phases consisting of (MgFe2O4 + γ-Fe2O3) were also observed at 0.1 M, 0.2 M, and 0.5 M. The pure cubic MgFe2O4 nanoparticles depict the large value of crystallite size, 19.5 nm, and the lowest dislocation density and strain. The vibrating Sample Magnetometer shows the ferromagnetic nature of the pure MgFe2O4 with a high saturation magnetization. The value of saturation magnetization surged from 36.88 emu/g to 55.2 emu/g at 0.4 M concentration. The dielectric response of the materials as a function of applied frequency was studied thoroughly by using an Impedance Analyzer. The highest value of dielectric constant and low tangent loss was also reported at 0.4 M. Cole-Cole plots are the affirmation of the contribution of both grains and grain boundaries in the charge mechanism. These distinctive features make the synthesized material an excellent choice for future spintronics and energy storage devices.

Assessment of heavy metals level in chicken with indeterminate analysis in localities of Lahore, Pakistan

The poultry industry is a significant source of animal protein, vitamins, and minerals, particularly through the consumption of chicken meat. In order to conduct the study, 100 samples of liver, chicken feed, and drinking water were collected in nearby areas of Lahore. The investigation aims to detect the presence of specific heavy metals in the collected samples. For this purpose, atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) was used to detect heavy metals after proper preparation of the samples. The experimentally observed data were analyzed through a novel statistical approach known as neutrosophic statistics. It was observed that copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) were the most prominent metals detected with contamination above the safe limits (for chicken drinking water (Zn = 23.09±13.67 mg/L, Cu = 3.84±3.04 mg/L, Cd = 0.805±0.645 mg/L, Pb = 0.275±0.095 mg/L, As = 0.982±0.978 mg/L), for chicken feed (Zn = 2.705±0.715 mg/kg, Cu = 1.85±0.53 mg/kg, Cd = 3.065±1.185 mg/kg, Pb = 0.215±0.175 mg/kg, As = 0.68±0.22 mg/kg), and chicken's liver (Zn = 3.93±0.66 mg/kg, Cu = 1.2±0.52 mg/kg, Cd = 0.07±0.05 mg/kg, Pb = 0.805±0.775 mg/kg, As = 1.05±0.8 mg/kg)). Similarly, the statistical analysis leads that the findings emphasize the importance of monitoring and mitigating heavy metal contamination in the poultry industry to ensure the safety and quality of poultry products.

Chemically processed CdTe thin films for potential applications in solar cells - Effect of Cu doping

Thin films of cadmium telluride (CdTe) have attained the attention of researchers due to the potential application in solar cells. However, cost-effective fabrication of solar cells based on thin films along with remarkable efficiency and control over optical properties is still a challenging task. This study presents an analysis of the structural, optical and electrical properties of undoped and Cu-doped CdTe thin films fabricated on ITO coated glass substrates using an electrodeposition process with a focus on practical applications. Electrolytes of cadmium (Cd), tellurium (Te) and copper (Cu) are prepared with a low molarity of 0.1 M. Thin films are deposited by keeping current density in the range of 0.12-0.3 mA/cm2. Copper doping is varied (2-10 wt%) for the optimized sample. X-ray diffraction crystallography indicates that both undoped CdTe and Cu-doped CdTe films crystallize into a dominant hexagonal lattice. Direct energy band gap is observed for both undoped and doped conditions. The study revealed a drop in the optical band gap energy to ∼1.46 eV with the increase in doping (Cu) concentration from 2 to 10 wt%. Increase in mobility and conductivity is observed with the increase in current density of the deposited undoped CdTe thin films. Whereas, Cu doping of 6 wt% produced thin films with acceptable mobility and conductivity for the doped samples. Furthermore, photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy unveiled a multitude of emission peaks encompassing the visible spectrum, arising from the combination of electrons and holes through both direct and indirect recombination processes. Findings of this study suggest that chemically produced CdTe thin films would be suitable for use as low-cost applications pertaining to solar cells.

Tuning phase separation in DPPDTT/PMMA blend to achieve molecular self-assembly in the conducting polymer for organic field effect transistors

The semiconductor/insulator blends for organic field-effect transistors are a potential solution to improve the charge transport in the active layer by inducing phase separation in the blends. However, the technique is less investigated for long-chain conducting polymers such as Poly[2,5-(2-octyldodecyl)-3,6-diketopyrrolopyrrole-alt-5,5-(2,5-di(thien-2-yl)thieno [3,2-b]thiophene)] (DPPDTT), and lateral phase separation is generally reported due to the instability during solvent evaporation, which results in degraded device performance. Herein, we report how to tailor the dominant mechanism of phase separation in such blends and the molecular assembly of the polymer. For DPPDTT/PMMA blends, we found that for higher DPPDTT concentrations (more than 75%) where the vertical phase separation mechanism is dominant, PMMA assisted in the self-assembly of DPPDTT to form nanowires and micro-transport channels on top of PMMA. The formation of nanowires yielded 13 times higher mobility as compared to pristine devices. For blend ratios with DPPDTT ≤ 50%, both the competing mechanisms, vertical and lateral phase separation, are taking place. It resulted in somewhat lower charge carrier mobilities. Hence, our results show that by systematic tuning of the blend ratio, PMMA can act as an excellent binding material in long-chain polymers such as DPPDTT and produce vertically stratified and aligned structures to ensure high mobility devices.

Investigation and optimization of In-Vitro behaviour of Perovskite barium titanate as a scaffold and protective coatings

The piezoelectric effect is widely known to have a significant physiological function in bone development, remodeling, and fracture repair. As a well-known piezoelectric material, barium titanate is particularly appealing as a scaffold layer to improve bone tissue engineering applications. Currently, the chemical bath deposition method is used to prepare green synthesized barium titanate coatings to improve mechanical and biological characteristics. Molarity of the solutions, an essential parameter in chemical synthesis, is changed at room temperature (0.1-1.2 Molar) to prepare coatings. The XRD spectra for as deposited coatings indicate amorphous behavior, while polycrystalline nature of coatings is observed after annealing (300 °C). Coatings prepared with solutions of relatively low molarities, i.e. from 0.1 to 0.8 M, exhibit mixed tetragonal - cubic phases. However, the tetragonal phase of Perovskite barium titanate is observed using solution molarities of 1.0 M and 1.2 M. Relatively high value of transmission, i.e. ∼80%, is observed for the coatings prepared with high molarities. Band gap of annealed coatings varies between 3.47 and 3.70 eV. For 1.2 M sample, the maximum spontaneous polarization (Ps) is 0.327x10-3 (μC/cm2) and the residual polarization (Pr) is 0.072x10-3 (μC/cm2). For 1.2M solution, a high hardness value (1510 HV) is recorded, with a fracture toughness of 28.80 MPam-1/2. Low values of weight loss, after dipping the coatings in simulated body fluid, is observed. The antibacterial activity of BaTiO3 is tested against E. coli and Bacillus subtilis. Drug encapsulation capability is also tested for different time intervals. As a result, CBD-based coatings are a promising nominee for use as scaffold and protective coatings.

Investigation of Photoluminescence and Optoelectronics Properties of Transition Metal-Doped ZnO Thin Films

Thin films of zinc oxide (ZnO) doped with transition metals have recently gained significant attention due to their potential applications in a wide range of optoelectronic devices. This study focuses on ZnO thin films doped with the transition metals Co, Fe, and Zr, exploring various aspects of their structural, morphological, optical, electrical, and photoluminescence properties. The thin films were produced using RF and DC co-sputtering techniques. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that all the doped ZnO thin films exhibited a stable wurtzite crystal structure, showcasing a higher structural stability compared to the undoped ZnO, while the atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging highlighted a distinctive granular arrangement. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was employed to confirm the presence of transition metals in the thin films, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was utilized to investigate the presence of chemical bonding. The optical characterizations indicated that doping induced changes in the optical properties of the thin films. Specifically, the doped ZnO thin film's bandgap experienced a significant reduction, decreasing from 3.34 to 3.30 eV. The photoluminescence (PL) analysis revealed distinguishable emission peaks within the optical spectrum, attributed to electronic transitions occurring between different bands or between a band and an impurity. Furthermore, the introduction of these transition metals resulted in decreased resistivity and increased conductivity, indicating their positive influence on the electrical conductivity of the thin films. This suggests potential applications in solar cells and light-emitting devices.

Morphological, Photoluminescence, and Electrical Measurements of Rare-Earth Metal-Doped Cadmium Sulfide Thin Films

This work is aimed at investigating the viability of utilizing cadmium sulfide (CdS) as a buffer layer in CdTe solar cells by analyzing and assessing its optical, photoluminescence, morphological, and electrical properties. These films were fabricated using a thermal coating technique. Optical microscopy was used to observe the changes in morphology resulting from the doping of rare-earth metals such as samarium (Sm) and lanthanum (La) to CdS, while the granular-like structure of the sample was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. The objective of incorporating Sm and La ions into CdS was to enhance photoconductivity and optimize the optical bandgap, aiming to create a viable charge transport material for photovoltaic devices with enhanced efficiency. Through that process, a noticeable decrease in transmission, from approximately 80 to 68% in the visible region, was observed. Additionally, the bandgap value was reduced from 2.43 to 2.27 eV. Furthermore, during the analysis of the photoluminescence spectra, it was observed that emission peaks occurred in the visible region. These emissions were attributed to electronic transitions that took place via band-to-band and band-to-impurity interactions. The electrical measurements showed an enhancement in conductivity due to the decrease in the bandgap. This notable consequence of the doped materials suggests their utilization in photovoltaic systems.

Probing Relative Humidity Impact on Biological Protein Bovine Serum Albumin and Bovine Submaxillary Gland Mucin by Using Contact Resonance Atomic Force Microscopy

In biomaterials, a substantial amount of research has been placed on the mechanical properties of biomolecules and their interactions with body fluids. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) is a widely studied model protein, while bovine submaxillary gland mucin (BSM) is another cow-derived protein frequently employed in research. Films were examined with contact resonance atomic force microscopy (CR-AFM), and the results showed that the mechanical characteristics of the films were affected by the relative humidity. We quantitatively analyze the viscoelasticity of these proteins after they have been subjected to humidity by measuring the resonance frequency and quality factor. The findings indicate that prolonged humidity exposure has a different effect on the mechanical properties of BSA and BSM films. The results show that after exposure to humidity, the resonance peaks of BSA shift to the left, indicating stiffness, while those of BSM shift to the right, indicating hydration. Moreover, BSM's hydration is caused by relative humidity, leading to a constant increase in resonance frequency and material softness. Contrarily, BSA showed a decrease in contact resonance frequency due to ongoing strain-induced deformation, indicating increased material stiffness. The findings have significance for the design and development of biomaterials for a variety of applications, such as the delivery of drugs, the engineering of tissue, and the development of biosensors. Our research demonstrates that CR-AFM has the potential to become a non-invasive and sensitive method that can be used to characterize the mechanical characteristics of biomolecules and their interactions with bodily fluids.

Role of Citrullus colocynthis and Psidium guajava Mediated Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles in Disease Resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila Challenge in Labeo rohita

Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles is an auspicious method of preparing nanoparticles using plant extracts that have lesser toxicity to animal cells and the host. In the present work, we analyzed the antibacterial activity of Citrullus colocynthis and Psidium guajava-mediated silver nanoparticles (Cc-AgNPs and Pg-AgNPs, respectively) against Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) in an in vivo assay employing Labeo rohita (L. rohita). L. rohita were divided into six groups for both Cc-AgNPs and Pg-AgNPs treatments separately: Control, A. hydrophila infected, A. hydrophila + Ampicillin, A. hydrophila + Cc/Pg-AgNPs (25 µg/L), A. hydrophila + Cc/Pg-AgNPs (50 µg/L), and A. hydrophila + Cc/Pg-AgNPs (75 µg/L). Changes in different bio-indicators such as hematological, histological, oxidative stress, and cytokine analysis were observed. Interestingly, the infected fish treated with both types of AgNPs (Cc-AgNPs and Pg-AgNPs) exhibited a higher survival rate than the untreated infected fish and demonstrated signs of recovery from the infection, providing a compelling indication of the positive impact of phytosynthesized AgNPs. Disruptions in hematological and histological parameters were found in the infected fish. Both Cc-AgNPs and Pg-AgNPs showed recovery on the hematological and histological parameters. Analysis of oxidative stress and cytokine markers also revealed provoking evidence of the positive impact of Cc-AgNPs and Pg-AgNPs treatment against disease progression in the infected fish. The major finding of the study was that the higher concentrations of the nanoparticles (50 µg/L in the case of Cc-AgNPs and 75 µg/L in the case of Pg-AgNPs) were more effective in fighting against disease. In conclusion, our work presents novel insights for the use of green-synthesized AgNPs as economic and innocuous antibacterial candidates in aquaculture.

In-Vivo Bactericidal Potential of Mangifera indica Mediated Silver Nanoparticles against Aeromonas hydrophila in Cirrhinus mrigala

The present study reports the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from leaves' extract of Mangifera indica (M. indica) and their antibacterial efficacy against Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) in Cirrhinus mrigala (C. mrigala). The prepared M. indica mediated silver nanoparticles (Mi-AgNPs) were found to be polycrystalline in nature, spherical in shapes with average size of 62 ± 13 nm. C. mrigala (n = ±15/group) were divided into six groups i.e., G1: control, G2: A. hydrophila challenged, G3: A. hydrophila challenged + Mi-AgNPs (0.01 mg/L), G4: A. hydrophila challenged + Mi-AgNPs (0.05 mg/L), G5: A. hydrophila challenged + Mi-AgNPs (0.1 mg/L) and G6: A. hydrophila challenged + M. indica extract (0.1 mg/L). Serum biochemical, hematological, histological and oxidative biomarkers were evaluated after 15 days of treatment. The liver enzyme activities, serum proteins, hematological parameters and oxidative stress markers were found to be altered in the challenged fish but showed retrieval effects with Mi-AgNPs treatment. The histological analysis of liver, gills and kidney of the challenged fish also showed regaining effects following Mi-AgNPs treatment. A CFU assay from muscle tissue provided quantitative data that Mi-AgNPs can hinder the bacterial proliferation in challenged fish. The findings of this work suggest that M. indica based silver nanoparticles can be promising candidates for the control and treatment of microbial infections in aquaculture.

Role of time-dependent foreign molecules bonding in the degradation mechanism of polymer field-effect transistors in ambient conditions

Long-standing research efforts have enabled the widespread introduction of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) in next-generation technologies. Concurrently, environmental and operational stability is the major bottleneck in commercializing OFETs. The underpinning mechanism behind these instabilities is still elusive. Here we demonstrate the effect of ambient air on the performance of p-type polymer field-effect transistors. After exposure to ambient air, the device showed significant variations in performance parameters for around 30 days, and then relatively stable behaviour was observed. Two competing mechanisms influencing environmental stability are the diffusion of moisture and oxygen in the metal-organic interface and the active organic layer of the OFET. We measured the time-dependent contact and channel resistances to probe which mechanism is dominant. We found that the dominant role in the degradation of the device stability is the channel resistance rather than the contact resistance. Through time-dependent Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, we systematically prove that moisture and oxygen cause performance variation in OFETs. FTIR spectra revealed that water and oxygen interact with the polymer chain and perturb its conjugation, thus resulting in degraded performance of the device upon prolonged exposure to ambient air. Our results are important in addressing the environmental instability of organic devices.

Improved osteointegration response using high strength perovskite BaTiO3 coatings prepared by chemical bath deposition

A wide range of bioactive materials have been investigated for tissue engineering and regeneration. Barium titanate is a promising smart material to be used as scaffold for bone tissue engineering. Barium titanate coatings are prepared in the present study using chemical bath deposition technique. Coatings are prepared at room temperature with the variation in solution molarity from 0.1 to 1.2 M. Perovskite tetragonal phase is observed after annealing the samples at 300 °C using 1.0-1.2 M solutions. Normal-anomalous dielectric response is observed for annealed coatings. Maximum transmission of ∼55% and ∼82% is observed under as-prepared and annealed coatings, respectivly. Variation in direct band gap, i.e. 3.45-3.64 eV, is observed with varying molarity. High hardness of the coatings (∼1180 HV) is observed at 1.2M with fracture toughness of ∼22 MPam^-1/2. Biodegradation studies show smaller values of weight loss even after immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) after 26 weeks. Barium titanate coatings also show high antioxidant activity. BaTiO₃'s antibacterial reaction is evaluated against microorganisms such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus. Antibacterial activity shows highest zone of inhibition (∼31 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Quantitative real-time PCR is used to assess the gene expression profile in cultivated cells. Thus, coatings produced without the use of hazardous solvents/reagents utilizing CBD technique are a potential material for biomedical applications.

A Study of the Structural and Surface Morphology and Photoluminescence of Ni-Doped AlN Thin Films Grown by Co-Sputtering

Aluminum nitride (AlN) is a semiconductor material possessing a hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure with a large band gap of 6.2 eV. AlN thin films have several potential applications and areas for study, particularly in optoelectronics. This research study focused on the preparation of Ni-doped AlN thin films by using DC and RF magnetron sputtering for optoelectronic applications. Additionally, a comparative analysis was also carried out on the as-deposited and annealed thin films. Several spectroscopy and microscopy techniques were considered for the characterization of structural (X-ray diffraction), morphological (SEM), chemical bonding (FTIR), and emission (PL spectroscopy) properties. The XRD results show that the thin films have an oriented c-axis hexagonal structure. SEM analysis validated the granular-like morphology of the deposited sample, and FTIR results confirm the presence of chemical bonding in deposited thin films. The photoluminescence (PL) emission spectra exhibit different peaks in the visible region when excited at different wavelengths. A sharp and intense photoluminescence peak was observed at 426 nm in the violet-blue region, which can be attributed to inter-band transitions due to the incorporation of Ni in AlN. Most of the peaks in the PL spectra occurred due to direct-band recombination and indirect impurity-band recombination. After annealing, the intensity of all observed peaks increases drastically due to the development of new phases, resulting in a decrease in defects and a corresponding increase in the crystallinity of the thin film. The observed structural, morphological, and photoluminescence results suggest that Ni: AlN is a promising candidate to be used in optoelectronics applications, specifically in photovoltaic devices and lasers.

Citrullus colocynthis-Mediated Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Antiproliferative Action against Breast Cancer Cells and Bactericidal Roles against Human Pathogens

The present study investigated the biomedical potential of eco-friendly Citrullus colocynthis-mediated silver nanoparticles (Cc-AgNPs). The antibacterial efficacy of Cc-AgNPs was evaluated against two multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacterial strains, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antiproliferative and antilipidemic performance of the prepared particles was determined against the MCF7 cell line, a breast cancer cell line. The in vitro antibacterial assay revealed that Cc-AgNPs induced dose-dependent bactericidal activity, as a considerable increase in the zone of inhibition (ZOI) was noted at higher concentrations. Reduced proliferation, migration, spheroid size, and colony formation exhibited the substantial antiproliferative potential of Cc-AgNPs against MCF7 cells. Significant alterations in the expression of cell surface markers, apoptosis, and cell proliferation genes further confirmed the antiproliferative impact of Cc-AgNPs. Moreover, Cc-AgNPs exhibited antilipidemic activity by reducing cellular cholesterol and triglyceride levels and regulating key genes involved in lipogenesis. In conclusion, these results propose that Cc-AgNPs can be employed as a potent tool for future antibacterial and anticancer applications.

Non-invasive cardiac output monitoring with electrical velocimetry after cardiac surgery in infants

INTRODUCTION

Low cardiac output following cardiac surgery is a major determinant of outcome that may be improved by early detection, yet there are no widely accepted methods for its measurement in young children. We evaluated the feasibility of the routine use of electrical velocimetry, a non-invasive technique providing continuous measurement of cardiac output, in infants in the early postoperative period.

METHODS

With ethical approval and parental consent, infants undergoing cardiac surgery were recruited. The ICON electrical velocimetry monitor was attached on admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) and remained for up to 24h.

RESULTS

A total of 15 infants were recruited, median age 3 months (interquartile range (IQR) 0.5-7.5) and weight 4.8kg (IQR 3.9-7.1), undergoing various operations. Cardiac index had a weak correlation with arterial lactate (r=-0.24, p=0.02) and no correlation with blood pressure, central venous pressure or arteriovenous oxygen difference. Data were recorded for a median of 19h (range 5-24), with lead detachment or movement artefact the most common causes of data loss. There was marked minute-to-minute variability, with 25% of consecutive measurements having >5% variability.

CONCLUSION

Cardiac index measured by electrical velocimetry in infants in the early postoperative period is impaired by frequent data loss and marked intrapatient variability. Our feasibility study suggests that it is unsuitable for use as a routine monitoring tool in the setting of postsurgical ICU care.

Evaluation of prognostic risk models for postoperative pulmonary complications in adult patients undergoing major abdominal surgery: a systematic review and international external validation cohort study

BACKGROUND

Stratifying risk of postoperative pulmonary complications after major abdominal surgery allows clinicians to modify risk through targeted interventions and enhanced monitoring. In this study, we aimed to identify and validate prognostic models against a new consensus definition of postoperative pulmonary complications.

METHODS

We did a systematic review and international external validation cohort study. The systematic review was done in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. We searched MEDLINE and Embase on March 1, 2020, for articles published in English that reported on risk prediction models for postoperative pulmonary complications following abdominal surgery. External validation of existing models was done within a prospective international cohort study of adult patients (≥18 years) undergoing major abdominal surgery. Data were collected between Jan 1, 2019, and April 30, 2019, in the UK, Ireland, and Australia. Discriminative ability and prognostic accuracy summary statistics were compared between models for the 30-day postoperative pulmonary complication rate as defined by the Standardised Endpoints in Perioperative Medicine Core Outcome Measures in Perioperative and Anaesthetic Care (StEP-COMPAC). Model performance was compared using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROCC).

FINDINGS

In total, we identified 2903 records from our literature search; of which, 2514 (86·6%) unique records were screened, 121 (4·8%) of 2514 full texts were assessed for eligibility, and 29 unique prognostic models were identified. Nine (31·0%) of 29 models had score development reported only, 19 (65·5%) had undergone internal validation, and only four (13·8%) had been externally validated. Data to validate six eligible models were collected in the international external validation cohort study. Data from 11 591 patients were available, with an overall postoperative pulmonary complication rate of 7·8% (n=903). None of the six models showed good discrimination (defined as AUROCC ≥0·70) for identifying postoperative pulmonary complications, with the Assess Respiratory Risk in Surgical Patients in Catalonia score showing the best discrimination (AUROCC 0·700 [95% CI 0·683-0·717]).

INTERPRETATION

In the pre-COVID-19 pandemic data, variability in the risk of pulmonary complications (StEP-COMPAC definition) following major abdominal surgery was poorly described by existing prognostication tools. To improve surgical safety during the COVID-19 pandemic recovery and beyond, novel risk stratification tools are required.

FUNDING

British Journal of Surgery Society.

Antifungal Potential of Green Synthesized Magnetite Nanoparticles Black Coffee-Magnetite Nanoparticles Against Wilt Infection by Ameliorating Enzymatic Activity and Gene Expression in Solanum lycopersicum L

Tomato plants are prone to various biotic and abiotic stresses. Fusarium wilt is one of the most devasting diseases of tomatoes caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, causing high yield and economic losses annually. Magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) are one of the potent candidates to inhibit fungal infection by improving plant growth parameters. Spinach has been used as a starting material to synthesize green-synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs). Various extracts, i.e., pomegranate juice, white vinegar, pomegranate peel, black coffee (BC), aloe vera peel, and aspirin, had been used as reducing/stabilizing agents to tune the properties of the Fe3O4 NPs. After utilizing spinach as a precursor and BC as a reducing agent, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern showed cubic magnetite (Fe3O4) phase. Spherical-shaped nanoparticles (∼20 nm) with superparamagnetic nature indicated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) monographs, whereas energy-dispersive X-ray gives good elemental composition in Fe3O4 NPs. A characteristic band of Fe-O at ∼ 561 cm-1 was exhibited by the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results confirmed the binding energies of Fe 2p3/2 (∼710.9 eV) and Fe 2p1/2 (∼724.5 eV) while, Raman bands at ∼310 cm-1 (T2 g ), ∼550 cm-1 (T2 g ), and 670 cm-1 (A1 g ) indicated the formation of Fe3O4 NPs synthesized using BC extract. The in vitro activity of BC-Fe3O4 NPs significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of F. oxysporum both at the third and seventh day after incubation, in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo studies also exhibited a substantial reduction in disease severity and incidence by improving plant growth parameters after treatment with different concentrations of BC-Fe3O4 NPs. The increasing tendency in enzymatic activities had been measured after treatment with different concentrations of NPs both in roots and shoot of tomato plants as compared to the control. Correspondingly, the upregulation of PR-proteins and defense genes are in line with the results of the enzymatic activities. The outcome of the present findings suggests that Fe3O4 NPs has the potential to control wilt infection by enhancing plant growth. Hence, Fe3O4 NPs, being non-phytotoxic, have impending scope in the agriculture sector to attain higher yield by managing plant diseases.

Sustainable synthesis of microwave-assisted IONPs using Spinacia oleracea L. for control of fungal wilt by modulating the defense system in tomato plants

BACKGROUND

Changing climate enhances the survival of pests and pathogens, which eventually affects crop yield and reduces its economic value. Novel approaches should be employed to ensure sustainable food security. Nano-based agri-chemicals provide a distinctive mechanism to increase productivity and manage phytopathogens, with minimal environmental distress. In vitro and in greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the potential of green-synthesized iron-oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) in suppressing wilt infection caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycospersici, and improving tomato growth (Solanum lycopersicum) and fruit quality.

RESULTS

Various microwave powers (100-1000 W) were used to modulate the properties of the green-synthesized IONPs, using spinach as a starting material. The IONPs stabilized with black coffee extract were substantively characterized using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, dielectric and impedance spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM, respectively), and magnetization analysis. XRD revealed a cubic magnetite (Fe3O4) phase with super-paramagnetic nature, detected at all microwave powers. The binding energies of Fe 2p3/2 (710.9 eV) and Fe 2p1/2 (724.5 eV) of Fe3O4 NPs were confirmed using XPS analysis at a microwave power of 1000 W. Uniform, spherical/cubical-shaped particles with an average diameter of 4 nm were confirmed using SEM and TEM analysis. A significant reduction in mycelial growth and spore germination was observed upon exposure to different IONP treatments. Malformed mycelium, DNA fragmentation, alternation in the cell membrane, and ROS production in F. oxysporum indicated the anti-microbial potential of the IONPs. The particles were applied both through the root (before transplantation) and by means of foliar application (after two weeks) to the infected seedlings. IONPs significantly reduced disease severity by an average of 47.8%, resulting in increased plant growth variables after exposure to 12.5 µg/mL of IONPs. Analysis of photosynthetic pigments, phenolic compounds, and anti-oxidant enzymes in the roots and shoots showed an increasing trend after exposure to various concentrations of IONPs. Correspondingly, lycopene, vitamin C, total flavonoids, and protein content were substantially improved in tomato fruits after treatment with IONPs.

CONCLUSION

The findings of the current investigation suggested that the synthesized IONPs display anti-fungal and nutritional properties that can help to manage Fusarium wilt disease, resulting in enhanced plant growth and fruit quality.

Tyrosine kinase domain mutations in chronic myelogenous leukemia patients: A single center experience

Introduction:

Despite the impressive responses achieved with tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy, treatment resistance develops in 16–33% of patients of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Of the BCR-ABL1 dependent mechanisms, mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain (TKD) are the commonest cause of resistance.

Material and Methods:

Allele specific oligonucleotide - polymerase chain reaction (ASO-PCR) was done for testing the six common TKD mutations, T315I, G250E, E255K, M244V, M351T, and Y253F.

Results and Conclusion:

TKD mutation study was done on 83 patients. Of these 44 (53%) were positive for one or more mutations. On analyzing specific mutations, E255K was the commonest mutation seen in 24 (29%) cases, followed by T315I in 23(28%) cases. Y253F mutation was not seen in the present study sample. In the present cohort of 83 patients, 29 (35%) cases were positive for single mutation, 12 (14%) had two mutations and 3 (4%) had three mutations.

118 Trauma in COVID-19: A comparison analysis of trauma calls at a Major Trauma Centre in the UK during the CoVID pandemic restrictions

Aim

Varying restrictions placed on the UK public to manage the COVID-19 Pandemic impacted on the day-to-day lives of most people and changed the presentation and nature of trauma presenting at our UK Major Trauma Centre. Trauma activity during the November and March 2020 lockdown periods were compared and the changes in trauma activity were used to inform workforce planning. During the most restrictive period, March 2020, trauma activity initially decreased compared with 6 weeks preceding lockdown, before returning and then exceeding beyond pre-lockdown levels.

Method

Prospective data was collected for all ED trauma calls and regional referrals to the Major Trauma Service. We compared the initial 27-day lockdown periods in November to March 2020; specifically comparing trends in code red calls, silver trauma, road traffic collisions and injuries resulting from deliberate self-harm.

Results

There were a similar number of RTCs (18 vs 16) in both periods. There was a 28% increase in the number of trauma calls (103 vs 80), and a 4-fold increase in Code RED calls (8 vs 2) and injuries due to deliberate self-harm (8 vs 2). There were almost double the number of silver trauma patients. Interestingly, there was a 30% decrease in alcohol related trauma alerts.

Conclusions

Our results reflected the level of restrictions in place; a higher incidence of trauma calls including code reds and RTCs in November. The higher incidence of self-harm noticed in the second lockdown may reflect the psychological impact of the pandemic and change in restrictions over time.

Tangerine mediated synthesis of zirconia as potential protective dental coatings

Demand of bioactive materials that may create a bacteria-free environment while healing and regenerating the defect area is increasing day by day. Zirconia is a very interesting material because of its biocompatibility and high fracture toughness. In this research work, zirconia nanoparticles (NPs) have been synthesized using sol-gel method. Molarity of sols is varied in the range of 25 to 125 mM. The effect of acidic and basic nature of sols is studied by maintaining acidic (2) and basic (9) pH. As-synthesized NPs are made soluble in deionized (DI) water using tangerine drops. Dissolved NPs are spin coated onto glass substrate prior to characterization. Pure tetragonal phase, observed under all conditions using basic medium (pH 9), is accompanied by smaller crystallite size and unit cell volume. Presence of stabilized zirconia phase leads to higher value of density and higher mechanical strength. Nanodendrites with distinct features are observed for the sample prepared with high molarity using basic medium. Whereas, soft agglomerated nanodendrites are observed using acidic medium. Optical properties show transmission of 60-80% in the visible and infrared regions for acidic based samples and ~84% for basic samples. Direct energy band gap is varied from 4.96 eV to 5.1 eV in acidic (pH 2) and 4.91 eV to 4.97 eV in basic (pH 9) media. FTIR spectra show the formation of fundamental tetragonal band at 490 cm^-1 for basic samples. Antibacterial response of zirconia is tested against E. coli, Streptococcus and Bacillus bacteria. Human teeth, bare and zirconia coated, are tested for their possible weight loss after dipping in various beverages. Zirconia coated tooth shows negligible degradation in hardness and weight after 24 hr dipping period. Thus, coatings prepared using water soluble zirconia (WSZ) nanoparticles, without the use of toxic solvents/reagents, are promising material to be used as protective coatings in biomedical applications.

Biosynthesis, characterization and anti-dengue vector activity of silver nanoparticles prepared from Azadirachta indica and Citrullus colocynthis

We report here biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous extracts of (i) Azadirachta indica leaves and (ii) Citrullus colocynthis fruit and their larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti. The UV-Vis spectroscopy absorption peaks occurred in the range of 412-416 nm for A. indica AgNPs and 416-431 nm for C. colocynthis AgNPs indicating the silver nature of prepared colloidal samples. The scanning electron microscopy examination revealed the spherical morphology of both types of NPs with average size of 17 ± 4 nm (A. indica AgNPs) and 26 ± 5 nm (C. colocynthis AgNPs). The X-ray diffraction pattern confirmed the face-centred cubic (FCC) structure with crystallite size of 11 ± 1 nm (A. indica AgNPs) and 15 ± 1 nm (C. colocynthis AgNPs) while characteristic peaks appearing in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated the attachment of different biomolecules on AgNPs. The larvicidal activity at different concentrations of synthesized AgNPs (1-20 mg l-1) and extracts (0.5-1.5%) against Aedes aegypti was examined for 24 h. A concentration-dependent larvicidal potential of both types of AgNPs was observed. The LC50 values were found to be 0.3 and 1.25 mg l-1 for C. colocynthis AgNPs and A. indica AgNPs, respectively. However, both extracts did not exhibit any notable larvicidal activity.

Ethylene glycol assisted three-dimensional floral evolution of BiFeO3-based nanostructures with effective magneto-electric response

Controlled growth of nanostructures plays a vital role in tuning the physical and chemical properties of functional materials for advanced energy and memory storage devices. Herein, we synthesized hierarchical micro-sized flowers, built by the self-assembly of highly crystalline, two-dimensional nanoplates of Co- and Ni-doped BiFeO3, using a simple ethylene glycol-mediated solvothermal method. Pure BiFeO3 attained scattered one-dimensional nanorods-type morphology having diameter nearly 60 nm. Co-doping of Co and Ni at Fe-site in BiFeO3 does not destabilize the morphology; rather it generates three-dimensional floral patterns of self-assembled nanoplates. Unsaturated polarization loops obtained for BiFeO3 confirmed the leakage behaviour of these rhombohedrally distorted cubic perovskites. These loops were then used to determine the energy density of the BiFeO3 perovskites. Enhanced ferromagnetic behaviour with high coercivity and remanence was observed for these nanoplates. A detailed discussion about the origin of ferromagnetic behaviour based on Goodenough-Kanamori's rule is also a part of this paper. Impedance spectroscopy revealed a true Warburg capacitive behaviour of the synthesized nanoplates. High magneto-electric (ME) coefficient of 27 mV cm-1 Oe-1 at a bias field of -0.2 Oe was observed which confirmed the existence of ME coupling in these nanoplates.

Microwave-Assisted Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Melia azedarach for the Management of Fusarium Wilt in Tomato

These days, research in agriculture is focusing on the theme of sustainability along with protection of agriculture produce. Nanotechnology in the agriculture sector aims for the enhancement of agricultural produce and the reduction of pesticides through providing innovative agrochemical agents and their novel delivery mechanisms. The current investigation involved the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from the aqueous leaf extract of Melia azedarach by following a microwave-assisted method to control Fusarium oxysporum, the causal agent of tomato wilt. Biosynthesized Melia leaf extract (MLE)-AgNPs were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometry, dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and zeta potential analysis. The intensity of the peak at 434 nm in UV-vis spectra, attributed to the surface plasmon resonance of MLE-AgNPs, changes with reaction parameters. TEM exhibits spherical shaped nanoparticles with an average particle size range from 12 to 46 nm. Efficient inhibition of F. oxysporum, the causal agent of tomato wilt, was achieved after exposure to MLE-AgNPs both in vivo and in vitro. In vitro studies exhibited repressed fungal mycelial growth with 79-98% inhibition as compared to the control. Significant increases in growth parameters of tomato seedlings were observed after treatment with biosynthesized nanoparticles as compared to F. oxysporum-infected plants grown without them under greenhouse conditions. Furthermore, SEM imaging was done to reveal the prominent damage on the cell wall of hyphae and spores after MLE-AgNP treatment. Propidium iodide (PI) staining of mycelium indicated the extent of cell death, causing irretrievable damage and disintegration of cellular membranes by altering the membrane permeability. Also, 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) fluorescence specifies intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in F. oxysporum after treatment with MLE-AgNPs. The current investigation suggested that biosynthesized nanoparticles can revolutionize the field of plant pathology by introducing an environment-friendly approach for disease management and playing a potential part in agriculture industry. However, to date, little work has been done to integrate nanotechnology into phytopathology so, this area of research is in need of adoption and exploration for the management of plant diseases.

Structural and magnetization crossover in electrodeposited FeAl2O4 - effect of in situ oxidation

Amongst other spinels, iron aluminium oxide (FeAl₂O₄) exhibits exceptional chemical and physical properties. However, magnetic properties of FeAl₂O₄ still need further investigation. DC electrodeposition is used to deposit intermetallic Fe₃Al thin films. Oxidation time is varied from 0 to 20 min with a constant metallic layer deposition time of 10 min. Electrodeposited iron aluminium oxide thin films are annealed in the presence of 500 Oe applied magnetic field (MF) at 300 °C in a vacuum. Mixed structural phases, i.e. FeAl₂O₄ & χ-Al₂O₃, are observed at 5 min, 10 min and 15 min oxidation time. Whereas phase pure FeAl₂O₄ is observed at 20 min oxidation time. Magnetization loops show ferromagnetic behavior of iron aluminum oxide thin films with anisotropic nature for in-plane and out-plane configurations. The law of approach to saturation magnetization (LAS) is used to calculate magnetocrystalline anisotropy. Phase purity at 20 min oxidation time results in high saturation magnetization of 29.5 emu cm⁻³ with a low value anistopy constant of 1.28 × 10⁸ erg cm⁻³. Easy axis of magnetization is shifted from perpendicular to parallel at an oxidation time of 20 min. Results show that in situ oxidation of thin films for 20 min leads to structural and magnetization crossover from impure to phase pure FeAl₂O₄ thin films with a high value of magnetization.

Amongst other spinels, iron aluminium oxide (FeAl₂O₄) exhibits exceptional chemical and physical properties.

Fluoride ion assisted growth of hierarchical flowerlike nanostructures of Co/Ni ferrites and their magnetoresistive response

One-dimensional nanorod arrays exhibiting hierarchical flowerlike morphologies, of Co and Ni based ferrites were synthesized by hydrothermal treatment and using ammonium fluoride (NH₄F) as a mineralizing agent. The effects of NH₄F concentration and synthesis temperature were probed to control the morphology of these nanorods that were formed as a result of crystal nucleation. It was observed that a higher concentration of NH₄F leads to several other nucleation sites above these nanorods while controlled concentration of precursors and NH₄F results in the synthesis of floral patterns. The specific geometries of these nanorods leads to a shape anisotropy effect resulting in increased magnetic coercive fields. To study the effect of magnetic field on the resistance and current density, impedance spectroscopy and I–V–R characteristics, respectively, were performed. Nanorods show enhanced values for resistance with the increase in magnetic field confirming the effect of magnetoresistive coupling while a decrease in current densities with increasing magnetic field highlights the potential of these structures for magnetoresistive applications.

One-dimensional nanorod arrays of Co/Ni ferrites emerging into hierarchical flowerlike morphologies, prepared by hydrothermal treatment, using ammonium fluoride (NH₄F) as a mineralizing agent.

Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticle-decorated cobalt nanocomposites (Co@AgNPs) and their density-dependent antibacterial activity

Magnetic cores loaded with metallic nanoparticles can be promising nano-carriers for successful drug delivery at infectious sites. We report fabrication, characteristic analysis and in vitro antibacterial performance of nanocomposites comprising cobalt cores (Co-cores) functionalized with a varied concentration of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). A two-step polyol process synchronized with the transmetalation reduction method was used. Co-cores were synthesized with cobalt acetate, and decoration of AgNPs was carried out with silver acetate. The density of AgNPs was varied by changing the amount of silver content as 0.01, 0.1 and 0.2 g in the synthesis solution. Both AgNPs and Co-cores were spherical having a size range of 30-80 nm and 200 nm to more than 1 µm, respectively, as determined by scanning electron microscopy. The metallic nature and face-centred cubic crystalline phase of prepared nanocomposites were confirmed by X-ray diffraction. Biocompatibility analysis confirmed high cell viability of MCF7 at low concentrations of tested particles. The antibacterial performance of nanocomposites (Co@AgNPs) against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis was found to be AgNPs density-dependent, and nanocomposites with the highest AgNPs density exhibited the maximum bactericidal efficacy. We therefore propose that Co@AgNPs as effective drug containers for various biomedical applications.

A Comparative Assessment of Nanotoxicity Induced by Metal (Silver, Nickel) and Metal Oxide (Cobalt, Chromium) Nanoparticles in Labeo rohita

In the present in vivo study, we provide a comparison of toxicological consequences induced by four different types of spherical nanoparticles (NPs)—silver nanoparticles (AgNPs, 40 ± 6 nm), nickel (NiNPs, 43 ± 6 nm), cobalt oxide (Co₃O₄NPs, 60 ± 6 nm), and chromium oxide (Cr₃O₄NPs, 50 ± 5 nm)—on freshwater fish Labeo rohita. Fish were exposed to NPs (25 mg/L) for 21 days. We observed a NPs type-dependent toxicity in fish. An altered behavior showing signs of stress and a substantial reduction in total leukocyte count was noticed in all NP-treated groups. A low total erythrocyte count in all NP-treated fish except for Co₃O₄NPs was discerned while a low survival rate in the case of Cr₃O₄NP-treated fish was observed. A significant decrease in growth and hemoglobin were noticed in NiNP- and Cr₃O₄NP-treated fish. A considerable total protein elevation was detected in NiNP-, Co₃O₄NP-, and Cr₃O₄NP-treated groups. An upgrading in albumin level was witnessed in Co₃O₄NP- and Cr₃O₄NP-treated groups while a high level of globulin was noted in NiNP- and Co₃O₄NP-exposed groups. In all NP-treated groups, a depleted activity of antioxidative enzymes and pathological lesions in liver and kidney were noticed.

Magnetic Properties of Polyvinyl Alcohol and Doxorubicine Loaded Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Anticancer Drug Delivery Applications

The current study emphasizes the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) and impact of hydrophilic polymer polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) coating concentration as well as anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) loading on saturation magnetization for target drug delivery applications. Iron oxide nanoparticles particles were synthesized by a reformed version of the co-precipitation method. The coating of polyvinyl alcohol along with doxorubicin loading was carried out by the physical immobilization method. X-ray diffraction confirmed the magnetite (Fe₃O₄) structure of particles that remained unchanged before and after polyvinyl alcohol coating and drug loading. Microstructure and morphological analysis was carried out by transmission electron microscopy revealing the formation of nanoparticles with an average size of 10 nm with slight variation after coating and drug loading. Transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive, and Fourier transform infrared spectra further confirmed the conjugation of polymer and doxorubicin with iron oxide nanoparticles. The room temperature superparamagnetic behavior of polymer-coated and drug-loaded magnetite nanoparticles were studied by vibrating sample magnetometer. The variation in saturation magnetization after coating evaluated that a sufficient amount of polyvinyl alcohol would be 3 wt. % regarding the externally controlled movement of IONPs in blood under the influence of applied magnetic field for in-vivo target drug delivery.

Vortex-dislodged cells from bone marrow trephine biopsy yield satisfactory results for flow cytometric immunophenotyping

INTRODUCTION

A good bone marrow (BM) sample is essential in evaluating many hematologic disorders. An unsuccessful BM aspiration (BMA) procedure precludes a successful flow cytometric immunophenotyping (FCI) in most hematologic malignancies. Apart from FCI, most ancillary diagnostic techniques in hematology are less informative. We describe the feasibility of FCI in vortex-dislodged cell preparation obtained from unfixed trephine biopsy (TB) specimens.

METHODS

In pancytopenic patients and dry tap cases, routine diagnostic BMA and TB samples were complemented by additional trephine biopsies. These supplementary cores were immediately transferred into sterile tubes filled with phosphate-buffered saline, vortexed, and centrifuged. The cell pellet obtained was used for flow cytometric immunophenotyping.

RESULTS

Of 7955 BMAs performed in 42 months, 34 dry tap cases were eligible for the study. Vortexing rendered a cell pellet in 94% of the cases (32 of 34), and FCI rendered a rapid diagnosis in 100% of the cases (32 of 32) where cell pellets were available.

CONCLUSION

We describe an efficient procedure which could be effectively utilized in resource-limited centers and reduce the frequency of repeat BMA procedures.