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Kraemer L, McKay DM, Russo RC, Fujiwara RT. Chemokines and chemokine receptors: insights from human disease and experimental models of helminthiasis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2022; 66:38-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Mao SH, Feng DD, Wang X, Zhi YH, Lei S, Xing X, Jiang RL, Wu JN. Magnolol protects against acute gastrointestinal injury in sepsis by down-regulating regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:10451-10463. [PMID: 35004977 PMCID: PMC8686136 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i34.10451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is a major medical challenge. Magnolol is an active constituent of Houpu that improves tissue function and exerts strong anti-endotoxin and anti-inflammatory effects, but the mechanism by which it reduces intestinal inflammation in sepsis is yet unclear.
AIM To assess the protective effect of magnolol on intestinal mucosal epithelial cells in sepsis and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.
METHODS Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) levels in serum and ileal tissue in animal studies. The histopathological changes of the ileal mucosa in different groups were observed under a microscope. Cell Counting Kit-8 and cell permeability assays were used to determine the concentration of drug-containing serum that did not affect the activity of Caco2 cells but inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced decrease in permeability. Immunofluorescence and Western blot assays were used to detect the levels of RANTES, inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase β (IKKβ), phosphorylated IKKβ (p-IKKβ), inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase α (IκBα), p65, and p-p65 proteins in different groups in vitro.
RESULTS In rats treated with LPS by intravenous tail injection in the presence or absence of magnolol, magnolol inhibited the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, magnolol suppressed the production of RANTES in LPS-stimulated sepsis rats. Moreover, in vitro studies suggested that magnolol inhibited the increase of p65 nucleation, thereby markedly downregulating the production of the phosphorylated form of IKKβ in LPS-treated Caco2 cells. Specifically, magnolol inhibited the translocation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) from the cytosol into the nucleus and down-regulated the expression level of the chemokine RANTES in LPS-stimulated Caco2 cells.
CONCLUSION Magnolol down-regulates RANTES levels by inhibiting the LPS/NF-κB signaling pathways, thereby suppressing IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α expression to alleviate the mucosal barrier dysfunction in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Hao Mao
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dan-Dan Feng
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Digestive Pathophysiology of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yi-Hui Zhi
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shu Lei
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xi Xing
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Rong-Lin Jiang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jian-Nong Wu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, China
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Fortin PY, Lepetit-Coiffé M, Genevois C, Debeissat C, Quesson B, Moonen CTW, Konsman JP, Couillaud F. Spatiotemporal control of gene expression in bone-marrow derived cells of the tumor microenvironment induced by MRI guided focused ultrasound. Oncotarget 2016; 6:23417-26. [PMID: 26299614 PMCID: PMC4695127 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is an interesting target for anticancer therapies but modifying this compartment is challenging. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of a gene therapy strategy that combined targeting to bone marrow-derived tumor microenvironment using genetically modified bone-marrow derived cells and control of transgene expression by local hyperthermia through a thermo-inducible promoter. Chimera were obtained by engraftment of bone marrow from transgenic mice expressing reporter genes under transcriptional control of heat shock promoter and inoculated sub-cutaneously with tumors cells. Heat shocks were applied at the tumor site using a water bath or magnetic resonance guided high intensity focused ultrasound device. Reporter gene expression was followed by bioluminescence and fluorescence imaging and immunohistochemistry. Bone marrow-derived cells expressing reporter genes were identified to be mainly tumor-associated macrophages. We thus provide the proof of concept for a gene therapy strategy that allows for spatiotemporal control of transgenes expression by macrophages targeted to the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Yves Fortin
- Laboratoire d'Imagerie Moléculaire et Fonctionnelle (IMF), CNRS/UMR 5231, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Institut de Bio-Imagerie (IBIO), CNRS/UMS 3428, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Matthieu Lepetit-Coiffé
- Laboratoire d'Imagerie Moléculaire et Fonctionnelle (IMF), CNRS/UMR 5231, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Coralie Genevois
- Laboratoire d'Imagerie Moléculaire et Fonctionnelle (IMF), CNRS/UMR 5231, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Institut de Bio-Imagerie (IBIO), CNRS/UMS 3428, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Christelle Debeissat
- Laboratoire d'Imagerie Moléculaire et Fonctionnelle (IMF), CNRS/UMR 5231, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Bruno Quesson
- Laboratoire d'Imagerie Moléculaire et Fonctionnelle (IMF), CNRS/UMR 5231, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Chrit T W Moonen
- Laboratoire d'Imagerie Moléculaire et Fonctionnelle (IMF), CNRS/UMR 5231, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jan Pieter Konsman
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (RMSB), CNRS/UMR 5536, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Franck Couillaud
- Laboratoire d'Imagerie Moléculaire et Fonctionnelle (IMF), CNRS/UMR 5231, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (RMSB), CNRS/UMR 5536, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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4
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Horsnell WGC, Vira A, Kirstein F, Mearns H, Hoving JC, Cutler AJ, Dewals B, Myburgh E, Kimberg M, Arendse B, White N, Lopata A, Burger PE, Brombacher F. IL-4Rα-responsive smooth muscle cells contribute to initiation of TH2 immunity and pulmonary pathology in Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infections. Mucosal Immunol 2011; 4:83-92. [PMID: 20737001 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2010.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infections generate pulmonary pathologies that can be associated with strong T(H)2 polarization of the host's immune response. We present data demonstrating N. brasiliensis-driven airway mucus production to be dependent on smooth muscle cell interleukin 4 receptor-α (IL-4Rα) responsiveness. At days 7 and 10 post infection (PI), significant airway mucus production was found in IL-4Rα(-/lox) control mice, whereas global knockout (IL-4Rα(-/-)) and smooth muscle-specific IL-4Rα-deficient mice (SM-MHC(Cre) IL-4Rα(-/lox)) showed reduced airway mucus responses. Furthermore, interleukin (IL)-13 and IL-5 cytokine production in SM-MHC(Cre) IL-4Rα(-/lox) mice was impaired along with a transient reduction in T-cell numbers in the lung. In vitro treatment of smooth muscle cells with secreted N. brasiliensis excretory-secretory antigen (NES) induced IL-6 production. Decreased protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent smooth muscle cell proliferation associated with cell cycle arrest was found in cells stimulated with NES. Together, these data demonstrate that both IL-4Rα and NES-driven responses by smooth muscle cells make important contributions in initiating T(H)2 responses against N. brasiliensis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G C Horsnell
- Division of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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5
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Shea-Donohue T, Notari L, Stiltz J, Sun R, Madden KB, Urban JF, Zhao A. Role of enteric nerves in immune-mediated changes in protease-activated receptor 2 effects on gut function. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010; 22:1138-e291. [PMID: 20626790 PMCID: PMC3693741 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are expressed on structural and immune cells. Control of initiation, duration, and magnitude of PAR effects is linked to the level of receptor expression, availability of proteases, and the intracellular signal transduction machinery. We investigated nematode infection-induced changes in PAR(2) expression and the impact on smooth muscle and epithelial responses to PAR(2) agonists. METHODS Smooth muscle and epithelial cell function were assessed in wild-type, and IL-4, IL-13 or STAT6 gene-deficient mice following treatment with vehicle, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis or Heligmosomoides polygyrus, or IL-13. The role of enteric nerves was determined using tetrodotoxin to block nerve conduction. Expression of PAR(2) was assessed by real-time PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry. KEY RESULTS Nematode infection induced a STAT6- and IL-13-dependent up-regulation of PAR(2) mRNA expression. The infection-induced hypercontractility to PAR(2) agonists required STAT6/IL-13 and was neurally mediated. In contrast, the infection-induced decrease in epithelial secretion to PAR(2) agonists was partly dependent on STAT6 and independent of enteric nerves. The hyposecretion was correlated with decreased PAR(2) immunofluorescent staining on the apical surface of epithelial cells, but enhanced lamina propria immunostaining for PAR(2). CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES This is the first study to demonstrate an immune regulation of PAR(2) expression that impacts both smooth muscle and epithelial cell responses to PAR(2) agonists. Differences in responses between smooth muscle and epithelial cells are related to the contribution of enteric nerves. These data provide a mechanism by which activation of PAR(2) in immune-based pathologies can induce both transient and long-lasting changes in gut function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terez Shea-Donohue
- Department of Medicine and Mucosal Biology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Luigi Notari
- Department of Medicine and Mucosal Biology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Jennifer Stiltz
- Department of Medicine and Mucosal Biology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Rex Sun
- Department of Medicine and Mucosal Biology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Kathleen B Madden
- Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Joseph F. Urban
- Diet, Genomics, & Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Aiping Zhao
- Department of Medicine and Mucosal Biology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
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6
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Macey MR, Sturgill JL, Morales JK, Falanga YT, Morales J, Norton SK, Yerram N, Shim H, Fernando J, Gifillan AM, Gomez G, Schwartz L, Oskeritzian C, Spiegel S, Conrad D, Ryan JJ. IL-4 and TGF-beta 1 counterbalance one another while regulating mast cell homeostasis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2010; 184:4688-95. [PMID: 20304823 PMCID: PMC3339193 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mast cell responses can be altered by cytokines, including those secreted by Th2 and regulatory T cells (Treg). Given the important role of mast cells in Th2-mediated inflammation and recent demonstrations of Treg-mast cell interactions, we examined the ability of IL-4 and TGF-beta1 to regulate mast cell homeostasis. Using in vitro and in vivo studies of mouse and human mast cells, we demonstrate that IL-4 suppresses TGF-beta1 receptor expression and signaling, and vice versa. In vitro studies demonstrated that IL-4 and TGF-beta1 had balancing effects on mast cell survival, migration, and FcepsilonRI expression, with each cytokine cancelling the effects of the other. However, in vivo analysis of peritoneal inflammation during Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection in mice revealed a dominant suppressive function for TGF-beta1. These data support the existence of a cytokine network involving the Th2 cytokine IL-4 and the Treg cytokine TGF-beta1 that can regulate mast cell homeostasis. Dysregulation of this balance may impact allergic disease and be amenable to targeted therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Homeostasis/immunology
- Humans
- Interleukin-4/physiology
- Mast Cells/immunology
- Mast Cells/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/biosynthesis
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/physiology
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I
- Receptors, Cell Surface/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cell Surface/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/physiology
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/physiology
- Tissue Culture Techniques
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/biosynthesis
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Macey
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
- Virginia Commonwealth University Allergy and Allergic Disease Cooperative Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Jamie L. Sturgill
- Virginia Commonwealth University Allergy and Allergic Disease Cooperative Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
- School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Johanna K. Morales
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
- Virginia Commonwealth University Allergy and Allergic Disease Cooperative Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Yves T. Falanga
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
- Virginia Commonwealth University Allergy and Allergic Disease Cooperative Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Joshua Morales
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Sarah K. Norton
- Virginia Commonwealth University Allergy and Allergic Disease Cooperative Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
- School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Nitin Yerram
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
- Virginia Commonwealth University Allergy and Allergic Disease Cooperative Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Hoon Shim
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
- Virginia Commonwealth University Allergy and Allergic Disease Cooperative Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Josephine Fernando
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
- Virginia Commonwealth University Allergy and Allergic Disease Cooperative Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Alasdair M. Gifillan
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Gregorio Gomez
- Virginia Commonwealth University Allergy and Allergic Disease Cooperative Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
- School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Lawrence Schwartz
- Virginia Commonwealth University Allergy and Allergic Disease Cooperative Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
- School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Carole Oskeritzian
- Virginia Commonwealth University Allergy and Allergic Disease Cooperative Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
- School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Sarah Spiegel
- Virginia Commonwealth University Allergy and Allergic Disease Cooperative Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
- School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Daniel Conrad
- Virginia Commonwealth University Allergy and Allergic Disease Cooperative Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
- School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - John J. Ryan
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
- Virginia Commonwealth University Allergy and Allergic Disease Cooperative Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
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7
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Song J, Wolf SE, Wu XW, Finnerty CC, Herndon DN, Jeschke MG. Proximal gut mucosal epithelial homeostasis in aged IL-1 type I receptor knockout mice after starvation. J Surg Res 2010; 169:209-13. [PMID: 20605606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2010.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Revised: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that starvation induces small bowel atrophy, and that atrophy diminishes with aging. In this experiment, we assessed whether starvation-induced atrophy of proximal gut mucosa is associated with the Interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) signaling pathway in aged mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty 26-month-old IL-1R knockout mice and age-matched wild-type C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into two groups: ad libitum fed and fasted. Mice were euthanized 12 or 48 hours after starvation. The proximal small bowel was harvested for morphologic analysis. Gut epithelial cell proliferation was detected using immunohistochemical staining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and apoptosis was identified using terminal deoxyuridine nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining. RESULTS Aged IL-1R knockout mice were larger than aged-matched wild-type mice (P < 0.05). Proximal gut mucosal height and mucosal cell number were not different between aged IL-1R knockout and wild-type groups. The apoptosis index in gut epithelial cells was higher in fed IL-1R knockout versus wild-type mice (P < 0.05), while there was no significant difference in cell proliferation between both groups. Mucosal atrophy was induced in both aged IL-1R knockout and wild-type groups by starvation (P < 0.05), however, aged IL-1R knockout mice experienced greater loss in proximal gut weight, mucosal length, and corresponding cell number than did wild-type mice at the 12-h time point (P < 0.05). The apoptosis index in gut epithelial cells significantly increased in both groups after starvation (P < 0.05). Starvation decreased cell proliferation in IL-1R knockout mice (P < 0.05), but not in wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS The response in aged IL-1R knockout mice differs from wild-type mice in that starvation increases atrophy and is associated with decreased cell proliferation rather than increased apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juquan Song
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Wiener Z, Pocza P, Racz M, Nagy G, Tolgyesi G, Molnar V, Jaeger J, Buzas E, Gorbe E, Papp Z, Rigo J, Falus A. IL-18 induces a marked gene expression profile change and increased Ccl1 (I-309) production in mouse mucosal mast cell homologs. Int Immunol 2008; 20:1565-73. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxn115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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9
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Innate immune response mechanisms in the intestinal epithelium: potential roles for mast cells and goblet cells in the expulsion of adult Trichinella spiralis. Parasitology 2008; 135:655-70. [PMID: 18413001 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182008004319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARYGastrointestinal infection with the nematode Trichinella spiralis is accompanied by a rapid and reversible expansion of the mucosal mast cell and goblet cell populations in the intestinal epithelium, which is associated with the release of their mediators into the gut lumen. Both goblet cell and mast cell hyperplasia are highly dependent on mucosal T-cells and augmented by the cytokines IL-4 and IL-13. However, the contribution of both mast and goblet cells, and the mediators they produce, to the expulsion of the adults of T. spiralis is only beginning to be elucidated through studies predominantly employing T. spiralis-mouse models. In the present article, we review the factors proposed to control T. spiralis-induced mucosal mast cell (MMC) and goblet cell differentiation in the small intestine, and focus on some key MMC and goblet cell effector molecules which may contribute to the expulsion of adult worms and/or inhibition of larval development.
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10
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Knight PA, Brown JK, Wright SH, Thornton EM, Pate JA, Miller HRP. Aberrant mucosal mast cell protease expression in the enteric epithelium of nematode-infected mice lacking the integrin alphavbeta6, a transforming growth factor-beta1 activator. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 171:1237-48. [PMID: 17702893 PMCID: PMC1988873 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.061245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Infection of mice with the nematode Trichinella spiralis triggers recruitment and differentiation of intraepithelial intestinal mucosal mast cells expressing mouse mast cell protease 1 (Mcpt-1), which contributes to expulsion of the parasite. Expression of Mcpt-1 is transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1-dependent in vitro. TGF-beta1, which is secreted within tissues as a biologically inactive complex with latency-associated peptide, requires extracellular modification to become functionally active. The integrin-alpha(nu)beta(6) mediates local activation of TGF-beta(1) in association with epithelia. Using T. spiralis-infected beta(6)(-/-) mice, we show accumulation of mucosal mast cells in the lamina propria of the small intestine with minimal recruitment into the epithelial compartment. This was accompanied by a coordinate reduction in expression of both Mcpt-1 and -2 in the jejunum and increased tryptase expression, whereas Mcpt-9 became completely undetectable. In contrast, the cytokine stem cell factor, a regulator of mast cell differentiation and survival, was significantly up-regulated in T. spiralis-infected beta(6)(-/-) mice compared with infected beta(6)(+/+) controls. Despite these changes, beta(6)(-/-) mice still appeared to expel the worms normally. We postulate that compromised TGF-beta(1) activation within the gastrointestinal epithelial compartment is a major, but not the only, contributing factor to the observed changes in mucosal mast cell protease and epithelial cytokine expression in beta(6)(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Knight
- Dept. of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
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11
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deSchoolmeester ML, Manku H, Else KJ. The innate immune responses of colonic epithelial cells to Trichuris muris are similar in mouse strains that develop a type 1 or type 2 adaptive immune response. Infect Immun 2006; 74:6280-6. [PMID: 17057095 PMCID: PMC1695505 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01609-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichuris muris resides in intimate contact with its host, burrowing within cecal epithelial cells. However, whether the enterocyte itself responds innately to T. muris is unknown. This study investigated for the first time whether colonic intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) produce cytokines or chemokines following T. muris infection and whether divergence of the innate response could explain differentially polarized adaptive immune responses in resistant and susceptible mice. Increased expression of mRNA for the proinflammatory cytokines gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor and the chemokine CCL2 (MCP-1) were seen after infection of susceptible and resistant strains, with the only difference in expression being a delayed increase in CCL2 in BALB/c IEC. These increases were ablated in MyD88-/- mice, and NF-kappaB p65 was phosphorylated in response to T. muris excretory/secretory products in the epithelial cell line CMT-93, suggesting involvement of the MyD88-NF-kappaB signaling pathway in IEC cytokine expression. These data reveal that IEC respond innately to T. muris. However, the minor differences identified between resistant and susceptible mice are unlikely to underlie the subsequent development of a susceptible type 1 (IFN-gamma-dominated) or resistant type 2 (interleukin-4 [IL-4]/IL-13-dominated) adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L deSchoolmeester
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
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12
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Van Nassauw L, Adriaensen D, Timmermans JP. The bidirectional communication between neurons and mast cells within the gastrointestinal tract. Auton Neurosci 2006; 133:91-103. [PMID: 17169619 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2006.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Revised: 09/26/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Normal or disordered behaviour of the gastrointestinal tract is determined by a complex interplay between the epithelial barrier, immune cells, blood vessels, smooth muscle and intramurally located nerve elements. Mucosal mast cells (MMCs), which are able to detect noxious and antigenic threats and to generate or amplify signals to the other cells, are assigned a rather central position in this complex network. Signal input from MMCs to intrinsic enteric neurons is particularly crucial, because the enteric nervous system fulfils a pivotal role in the control of gastrointestinal functions. Activated enteric neurons are able to generate an alarm program involving alterations in motility and secretion. MMC signalling to extrinsic nerve fibres takes part in pathways generating visceral pain or extrinsic reflexes contributing to the disturbed motor and secretory function. Morphological and functional studies, especially studies concerning physiological stress, have provided evidence that, apart from the interaction between the enteric nervous system and MMCs, there is also a functional communication between the central nervous system and these mast cells. Psychological factors trigger neuronal pathways, which directly or indirectly affect MMCs. Further basic and clinical research will be needed to clarify in more detail whether basic patterns of this type of interactions are conserved between species including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Van Nassauw
- Research Group Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
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Long KZ, Santos JI, Estrada Garcia T, Haas M, Firestone M, Bhagwat J, Dupont HL, Hertzmark E, Rosado JL, Nanthakumar NN. Vitamin A supplementation reduces the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 intestinal immune response of Mexican children. J Nutr 2006; 136:2600-5. [PMID: 16988133 DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.10.2600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of vitamin A supplementation on childhood diarrhea may be determined by the regulatory effect supplementation has on the mucosal immune response in the gut. Previous studies have not addressed the impact of vitamin A supplementation on the production of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), an essential chemokine involved in pathogen-specific mucosal immune response. Fecal MCP-1 concentrations, determined by an enzyme-linked immuno absorption assay, were compared among 127 Mexican children 5-15 mo of age randomized to receive a vitamin A supplement (<12 mo of age, 20,000 IU of retinol; > or =12 mo, 45,000 iu) every 2 mo or a placebo as part of a larger vitamin A supplementation trial. Stools collected during the summer months were screened for MCP-1 and gastrointestinal pathogens. Values of MCP-1 were categorized into 3 levels (nondetectable, <median, > or =median). Multinomial logistic regression models were used to determine whether vitamin A-supplemented children had different categorical values of MCP-1 compared with children in the placebo group. Differences in categorical values were also analyzed stratified by gastrointestinal pathogen infections and by diarrheal symptoms. Overall, children who received the vitamin A supplement had reduced fecal concentrations of MCP-1 compared with children in the placebo group (median pg/mg protein +/- interquartile range: 284.88 +/- 885.35 vs. 403.39 +/- 913.16; odds ratio 0.64, 95% CI 0.42-97, P = 0.03). Vitamin A supplemented children infected with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) had reduced MCP-1 levels (odds ratio = 0.38, 95% CI 0.18-0.80) compared with children in the placebo group. Among children not infected with Ascaris lumbricoides vitamin A supplemented children had reduced MCP-1 levels (OR = 0.62, 95% CI 0.41-0.94). These findings suggest that vitamin A has an anti-inflammatory effect in the gastrointestinal tract by reducing MCP-1 concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Z Long
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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14
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Crane IJ, Xu H, Wallace C, Manivannan A, Mack M, Liversidge J, Marquez G, Sharp PF, Forrester JV. Involvement of CCR5 in the passage of Th1-type cells across the blood-retina barrier in experimental autoimmune uveitis. J Leukoc Biol 2005; 79:435-43. [PMID: 16365158 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0305130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the recruitment of T helper cell type 1 (Th1)/Th2 cells into peripheral tissues is essential for inflammation and the host response to infection, the traffic signals that enable the distinct positioning of Th1/Th2 cells are unclear. We have determined the role of CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) in this using experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) as a model system. In EAU, Th1-like cells are preferentially recruited into the retina across the blood-retina barrier, partly as a result of expression of the adhesion molecules P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 and lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 on these cells. CD3+ T cells, infiltrating the retina, also expressed the chemokine receptor CCR5, and CCR5 ligands, macrophage-inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha), MIP-1beta, and regulated on activation, normal T expressed and secreted (RANTES), were strongly expressed in the retina at peak EAU. Th1-like cells, polarized in vitro, expressed high levels of CCR5. The trafficking of these CCR5+ cells was examined by tracking them after adoptive transfer in real time in vivo at an early disease stage using scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. Treatment of the cells with antibody against CCR5 prior to transfer resulted in a reduction in their infiltration into the retina. However, rolling velocity, rolling efficiency, and adherence of the cells to retinal endothelium were not reduced. CCR5 is clearly important for Th1 cell recruitment, and this study demonstrates for the first time in vivo that CCR5 may act at the level of transendothelial migration rather than at the earlier stage of rolling on the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel J Crane
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Aberdeen Medical School, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.
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15
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Zubkova I, Mostowski H, Zaitseva M. Up-Regulation of IL-7, Stromal-Derived Factor-1α, Thymus-Expressed Chemokine, and Secondary Lymphoid Tissue Chemokine Gene Expression in the Stromal Cells in Response to Thymocyte Depletion: Implication for Thymus Reconstitution. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:2321-30. [PMID: 16081802 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.4.2321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Three in vivo adult mouse models were established to study which signals are required to restore the postnatal thymus. Single administration of dexamethasone, estradiol, or exposure to sublethal dose of gamma irradiation served as prototype thymus-ablating therapies. In all models, transient thymic atrophy was manifested due to the loss of the predominant portion of CD4- CD8- double negative and CD4+ CD8+ double positive thymocytes and was followed by a complete regeneration of the thymuses. Acute atrophy/regeneration was observed in the dexamethasone and irradiation models; in the estradiol-treated animals, slow kinetics of atrophy and regeneration was observed. Importantly, in both acute and chronic models, high levels of IL-7 mRNA were detected in the thymuses isolated from mice during maximum atrophy. In addition, chemokine gene array analysis of involuted thymuses revealed high levels of mRNA expression of stromal-derived factor-1alpha (SDF-1alpha), thymus-expressed chemokine (TECK), and secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine (SLC) but not of other chemokines. The levels of IL-7, SDF-1alpha, TECK, and SLC mRNA inversely correlated with the kinetics of regeneration. RT-PCR analysis of stromal cells purified from involuted thymuses confirmed increased IL-7, SDF-1alpha, and SLC gene expression in MHC class II+ CD45- epithelial cells and increased IL-7 and TECK gene expression in class II+ CD45+ CD11c+ dendritic cells. Thus, our data showed for the first time that expression of IL-7, SDF-1alpha, TECK, and SLC mRNA is induced in the thymic stroma during T cell depletion and may play an important role in the reconstitution of the adult thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Zubkova
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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16
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Hausmann M, Bataille F, Spoettl T, Schreiter K, Falk W, Schoelmerich J, Herfarth H, Rogler G. Physiological Role of Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-3α Induction during Maturation of Intestinal Macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:1389-98. [PMID: 16034074 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.3.1389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal macrophages (IMAC) are a central component in the defense of the intestinal mucosa against luminal microbes. In normal mucosa, monocytes differentiate to immunologically tolerant IMAC with a typical phenotype lacking activation markers such as CD14 and TLRs 2 and 4. CD33+ IMAC were isolated from normal intestinal mucosa by immunomagnetic beads. A subtractive hybridization subtracting mRNA from normal IMAC from those of in vitro differentiated macrophages was performed. IMAC differentiation was studied in multicellular spheroids (MCS). Functional assays on migration of CD45R0+ T cells were performed in MCS coculture models. Of 76 clones, 3 obtained by subtractive mRNA hybridization showed >99% homology to mRNA of MIP-3alpha, indicating that this chemokine is induced in IMAC compared with in vitro differentiated macrophages. MIP-3alpha protein expression was confirmed in cryostat sections of normal intestinal mucosa by immunohistochemistry. IMAC in the lamina propria stained positive for MIP-3alpha. FACS of purified IMAC clearly indicated expression of MIP-3alpha in these cells. In the MCS-in vitro differentiation model for IMAC, MIP-3alpha protein expression was absent on day 1 but detectable on day 7 of coculture, demonstrating the induction of MIP-3alpha during differentiation of IMAC. IMAC attracted CD45R0+ T cells to migrate into an MCS coculture model. In human mucosa, a close contact between IMAC and CD45R0+ T cells could be demonstrated. MIP-3alpha is induced during the differentiation of monocytes into IMAC. Our data suggest that MIP-3alpha expression could be involved in the recruitment of CD45R0+ cells into the lamina propria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hausmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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17
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Knight PA, Pemberton AD, Robertson KA, Roy DJ, Wright SH, Miller HRP. Expression profiling reveals novel innate and inflammatory responses in the jejunal epithelial compartment during infection with Trichinella spiralis. Infect Immun 2004; 72:6076-86. [PMID: 15385512 PMCID: PMC517597 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.10.6076-6086.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with intestinal nematodes induces profound pathological changes to the gut that are associated with eventual parasite expulsion. We have applied expression profiling as an initial screening process with oligonucleotide microarrays (Affymetrix MG-U74AV2 gene chips) and time course kinetics to investigate gene transcription triggered by the intraepithelial nematode Trichinella spiralis in jejunal epithelium from BALB/c mice. Of the 4,114 genes detected, 2,617 were present in all uninfected and T. spiralis-infected replicates, 8% of which were notably upregulated, whereas 12% were downregulated at the time of worm expulsion (day 14 postinfection). Upregulation of goblet cell mucin gene transcripts intestinal mucin gene 3 (MUC3), calcium chloride channel 5 (CLCA5), and goblet cell gene 4 (GOB4) is consistent with enhanced production and alteration of mucus, whereas a 60- to 70-fold upregulation of transcripts for mast cell proteases 1 and 2 (MCPT-1 and -2) is consistent with intraepithelial mucosal mast cell recruitment. Importantly, there was novel expression of sialyltransferase 4C (SIAT4C), small proline-rich protein 2A (SPRR2A), and resistin-like molecule beta (RELMbeta) on day 14 postinfection. In contrast, DNase I and regenerating protein 3 (REG3) transcripts were substantially downregulated. Time course analyses revealed early (within 48 h of infection) induction of Siat4c, Sprr2A, and Relmbeta and later (within 120 h) induction of Mcpt-1 and -2. The findings demonstrate early innate responses and later inflammatory changes within the epithelium. The early epithelial responses may be associated both with repair (Sprr2A) and with the development of innate immunity (Siat4c and Relmbeta).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Knight
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom.
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18
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Pemberton AD, Knight PA, Gamble J, Colledge WH, Lee JK, Pierce M, Miller HRP. Innate BALB/c Enteric Epithelial Responses to Trichinella spiralis: Inducible Expression of a Novel Goblet Cell Lectin, Intelectin-2, and Its Natural Deletion in C57BL/10 Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:1894-901. [PMID: 15265922 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.3.1894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Infection of mice with the nematode parasite Trichinella spiralis induces changes in the proteome of the jejunal epithelium, including substantial up-regulation of a novel variant of interlectin. In this study we sequence this novel lectin, termed intelectin-2, and compare expression levels during T. spiralis infection of resistant (BALB/c) with susceptible (C57BL/10) mouse strains. Intelectin-2 was cloned and sequenced from BALB/c mRNA extracted on day 14 of infection, and was found to have 91% amino acid identity with intelectin (within our study termed intelectin-1). Intelectin-2 transcripts were up-regulated early (day 3) during infection with T. spiralis in BALB/c mice, suggesting an innate response, and levels remained high through to day 14 (time of parasite rejection). Immunohistochemistry of jejunal sections with a rabbit polyclonal Ab to Xenopus laevis 35-kDa cortical granule lectin (XL35; 68% identity with intelectin-2) followed a similar pattern, with intense labeling of goblet and Paneth cells at day 14. However, intelectin-2 transcripts and protein were absent, and immunohistochemistry negative when C57BL/10 mice were infected with T. spiralis. Genomic PCR and Southern blotting confirmed that the intelectin-2 gene is absent from the C57BL/10 genome. The presence of intelectin-2 in resistant BALB/c mice, its absence from the susceptible C57BL/10 strain and the kinetics of its up-regulation during T. spiralis infection suggest that this novel lectin may serve a protective role in the innate immune response to parasite infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D Pemberton
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom.
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19
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Xu H, Manivannan A, Jiang HR, Liversidge J, Sharp PF, Forrester JV, Crane IJ. Recruitment of IFN-gamma-producing (Th1-like) cells into the inflamed retina in vivo is preferentially regulated by P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1:P/E-selectin interactions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:3215-24. [PMID: 14978129 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.5.3215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although there is evidence that altering the Th1/Th2 balance toward Th2 cells may be important in the resolution of Th1-type autoimmune disease, adoptive transfer of Th2 cells is not effective in protecting against Th1-type disease and may cause disease. Therefore, we examined the recruitment of Th1- and Th2-like cells into the retina in the murine autoimmune disease experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis. CD4 T cells were polarized in vitro to IFN-gamma-producing Th1-like cells and non-IFN-gamma-producing Th2-like cells, labeled, and adoptively transferred. Trafficking to the retina in vivo was evaluated by scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and infiltration by confocal microscopy. There were more rolling and adherent Th1-like cells and they rolled more slowly than did Th2-like cells. Th1-like cells were preferentially recruited into the retinal parenchyma at both initiation and resolution. Surface P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1) and LFA-1 were up-regulated on both populations but were expressed at higher levels on Th1-like cells. Up-regulation of CD44 expression was higher on Th2-like cells. P-selectin, E-selectin, and ICAM-1 are up-regulated on postcapillary venules in the retina. Pretreatment of Th1-like cells with anti-PSGL-1 inhibited rolling and infiltration of Th1-like cells but not Th2-like cells, providing direct in vivo evidence for the inability of Th2 to respond to P/E-selectin despite increased expression of PSGL-1. Anti-LFA-1 pretreatment inhibited infiltration of both Th1- and Th2-like cells, but more so Th-1. We suggest that random trafficking of activated T cells (both Th1 and Th2) across the blood-retina barrier is mediated by CD44:CD44R and LFA-1:ICAM-1, whereas preferential recruitment of Th1 cells is mediated by PSGL-1:P/E-selectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heping Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
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20
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The mechanisms responsible for the Th2-mediated immune response to enteric nematode parasites are of interest for several reasons. First, intestinal parasites continue to be a major worldwide health issue. Second, the low incidence of parasite infection in industrial nations is cited as a factor in the increased prevalence of proinflammatory-based pathologies. Third, a seemingly paradoxical protection against Th2-mediated allergic reactions is afforded by helminth infection. This review focuses on studies that use enteral parasitic infections as a tool to investigate the functional consequences of upregulation of Th2-mediated immunity and that manipulate host-parasite interactions in an effort to identify mechanisms that can be exploited as potential therapeutic targets. RECENT FINDINGS Enteric helminth infection improved indices of inflammatory bowel disease in humans and murine models and diminished the allergy-induced changes in pulmonary function. There are emerging or enlarged roles for interleukin-10, interleukin-18, interleukin-9, chemokines, activation of nuclear factor-kappabeta, and factors that alter host resistance in the development of host immunity, and for interleukin-13Ralpha2 receptor in downregulating Th2 responses. As part of the growing appreciation for the contribution of nonimmune cells to parasite-induced changes in intestinal function, studies show that Th2 cytokines exert Stat6-dependent effects that promote worm expulsion. SUMMARY Further insight into the nature of host-parasite interactions, identification of the pathways and critical mediators that contribute to host resistance, identification of the factors that modulate susceptibility to infection, and the impact of enteric parasites on intestinal function hold much promise for development of novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terez Shea-Donohue
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Nutrient Requirements and Functions Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA.
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21
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Zhao X, Sato A, Dela Cruz CS, Linehan M, Luegering A, Kucharzik T, Shirakawa AK, Marquez G, Farber JM, Williams I, Iwasaki A. CCL9 is secreted by the follicle-associated epithelium and recruits dome region Peyer's patch CD11b+ dendritic cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:2797-803. [PMID: 12960300 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.6.2797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) secretes chemokines important in the recruitment of various cell types including CCL20 (MIP-3alpha). CCL20 is chemotactic to the CD11b(+) dendritic cells (DCs) distributed in the subepithelial dome regions of the Peyer's patches, and mice deficient in the receptor for CCL20, CCR6, have been reported to be devoid of the CD11b(+) DCs in the dome regions. Here, we describe another chemokine specifically secreted from the FAE of mouse Peyer's patches, CCL9 (MIP-1gamma, CCF18, MRP-2). By in situ hybridization, we demonstrated that CCL9 mRNA was expressed by the FAE but not by the villus epithelium. At the protein level, CCL9 was detected on the FAE and on extracellular matrix structures within the dome regions of the Peyer's patches. By RT-PCR, we demonstrated that one of the putative receptors for CCL9, CCR1, was expressed by the Peyer's patch CD11b(+) DCs and in a chemotaxis assay, CD11b(+) DCs migrated toward CCL9. To compare the abilities of the chemokines CCL20 and CCL9 to recruit CD11b(+) DCs to the dome regions, we examined the in vivo distribution of these cells in CCR6-deficient, CCL9-blocked wild type, or CCL9-blocked CCR6-deficient mice. To our surprise, using a sensitive immunofluorescence analysis, we observed that CD11b(+) DCs were present in the dome regions of the CCR6-deficient mice. In contrast, Ab neutralization of CCL9 in vivo resulted in significant reduction of the CD11b(+) DC number in the subepithelial dome regions of Peyer's patches of both wild type and CCR6 -/- mice. Taken together, these results demonstrate an important role of CCL9 in CD11b(+) DC recruitment to the dome regions of mouse Peyer's patches.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Blocking/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Blocking/pharmacology
- CD11b Antigen/biosynthesis
- Cell Migration Inhibition
- Chemokines/biosynthesis
- Chemokines, CC/deficiency
- Chemokines, CC/genetics
- Chemokines, CC/metabolism
- Chemotaxis/immunology
- Dendritic Cells, Follicular/cytology
- Dendritic Cells, Follicular/immunology
- Dendritic Cells, Follicular/metabolism
- Female
- Intestinal Mucosa/cytology
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/biosynthesis
- Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/deficiency
- Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/genetics
- Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/immunology
- Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/metabolism
- Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Microvilli/immunology
- Microvilli/metabolism
- Peyer's Patches/cytology
- Peyer's Patches/immunology
- Peyer's Patches/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Chemokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Chemokine/deficiency
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health and Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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22
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deSchoolmeester ML, Little MC, Rollins BJ, Else KJ. Absence of CC chemokine ligand 2 results in an altered Th1/Th2 cytokine balance and failure to expel Trichuris muris infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:4693-700. [PMID: 12707348 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.9.4693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite a growing understanding of the role of cytokines in immunity to intestinal helminth infections, the importance of chemokines has been neglected. As a chemokine with both chemoattractive properties and an ability to shape the quality of the adaptive immune response, CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) was investigated as an attractive candidate for controlling resistance to these types of infection, which require highly polarized Th cell responses. We show here for the first time that CCL2 plays an important role in the development of resistance to infection by the gastrointestinal nematode Trichuris muris. Thus, in the absence of CCL2, worm expulsion does not occur, and the lymph node draining the site of infection becomes a Th1-promoting environment. Elevated levels of IL-12 are produced by polarizing APCs, and the composition of the APC environment itself is perturbed, with reduced numbers of macrophages.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
- Cytokines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/genetics
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/immunology
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/parasitology
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/pathology
- Intestine, Large/immunology
- Intestine, Large/pathology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Macrophages/pathology
- Male
- Mesentery
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred AKR/blood
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, CCR2
- Receptors, Chemokine/deficiency
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/physiology
- Species Specificity
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/pathology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/pathology
- Trichuriasis/genetics
- Trichuriasis/immunology
- Trichuriasis/parasitology
- Trichuriasis/pathology
- Trichuris/growth & development
- Trichuris/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L deSchoolmeester
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology, and Development, University of Manchester School of Biological Sciences, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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23
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Santos AAD, Chiarini-Garcia H, Oliveira KR, Machado CRS. Development of different mast cell types in the opossum Didelphis albiventris. ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY 2003; 206:239-45. [PMID: 12592575 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-002-0293-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2002] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have disclosed three types of mast cell in opossums: connective tissue (CTMC), mucosal (MMC), and lymphatic sinus (LSMC). In contrast to most opossum lymph nodes, the mesenteric lymph node is virtually devoid of LSMC, displaying medullary cord CTMC. The present study aimed to describe the development of these mast cell populations. Toluidine blue staining and a histochemical method for demonstrating heparin allowed the identification of immature and mature mast cells. Immature CTMC devoid of detectable heparin were rare until postnatal day 10. Mature CTMC filled with heparin-containing granules became numerous by day 30 to day 40. In the ileum, despite the presence of mature CTMC in the submucosa and mucosa (villus base), immature mast cells first appeared in the villus core by day 65 and adult features were apparent by day 100. In LSMC-containing lymph nodes, immature mast cells were found in lymphatic sinuses by day 10. Clear signs of LSMC differentiation were observed from day 20. Compared with the 10-day value, the mean diameter of cytoplasmic granules at day 40 had doubled and that at day 110 had tripled. In the mesenteric lymph nodes, immature mast cells differentiated into lymphatic sinus CTMC-like cells. After day 80, most of them were located in medullary cords. Weaning and complete maturation of mucosa preceded the differentiation of MMC. In lymph nodes, LSMC differentiation occurred in parallel with the development of the medullary region and deep cortex units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Alice D Santos
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Uberlândia, PO Box 593-38400-066, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
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24
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Brown JK, Knight PA, Wright SH, Thornton EM, Miller HRP. Constitutive secretion of the granule chymase mouse mast cell protease-1 and the chemokine, CCL2, by mucosal mast cell homologues. Clin Exp Allergy 2003; 33:132-46. [PMID: 12534561 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mucosal mast cell (MMC) granule-specific beta-chymase, mouse mast cell protease-1 (mMCP-1), is released systemically into the bloodstream early in nematode infection before parasite-specific IgE responses develop and TGF-beta1 induces constitutive release of mMCP-1 by homologues of MMC in vitro. Intraepithelial MMC may also express the chemokine CCL2 (monocyte chemotactic protein-1) during nematode infection but the expression of this chemokine by MMC homologues has not been investigated. OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression and to compare the mechanisms of constitutive release of the chymase, mMCP-1, and the chemokine, CCL2. METHODS MMC homologues were generated by culturing bone marrow cells in the presence of TGF-beta1, IL-3, IL-9 and stem cell factor (SCF). The intracellular distribution of mMCP-1 and CCL2 was examined by confocal microscopy. The involvement of the Golgi complex and of protein synthesis in the constitutive release of mMCP-1 and CCL2 was investigated using the Golgi-disrupting agent brefeldin A and cycloheximide to block protein synthesis. Secreted analytes were quantified by ELISA. RESULTS mMCP-1 colocalized with Golgi matrix protein 130 but was most abundant in the granules, whereas CCL2 was not found in the granules but appeared to be located uniquely in the Golgi complex. Extracellular release of mMCP-1 was significantly inhibited ( approximately 40%) by cycloheximide and by the Golgi-disrupting agent brefeldin A, indicating both continuous protein synthesis and transportation via the Golgi complex are required for optimal mMCP-1 secretion. A similar but more marked inhibitory effect with both compounds was demonstrated on the constitutive secretion of CCL2. CONCLUSION The culture conditions that promote mMCP-1 expression and release by MMC homologues also promote the expression and release of CCL2. Constitutive release involves de novo protein synthesis and requires a functional Golgi complex, suggesting that similar mechanisms of extracellular secretion operate for both mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Brown
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
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25
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Rosbottom A, Scudamore CL, von der Mark H, Thornton EM, Wright SH, Miller HRP. TGF-beta 1 regulates adhesion of mucosal mast cell homologues to laminin-1 through expression of integrin alpha 7. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:5689-95. [PMID: 12421948 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.10.5689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal mast cells (MMC) or their precursors migrate through the intestinal lamina propria to reside intraepithelially, where expression of mouse mast cell protease-1 indicates the mature phenotype. Alterations in expression of integrins that govern cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix may regulate this process. As the key cytokine mediating differentiation of mouse mast cell protease-1-expressing MMC homologues in vitro, TGF-beta1 was considered a likely candidate for regulation of the integrins that facilitate intraepithelial migration of MMC. Therefore, we examined adhesion of bone marrow-derived mast cells cultured with and without TGF-beta1 to laminin-1, fibronectin, and vitronectin along with expression of integrins likely to regulate this adhesion. Adhesion of PMA-stimulated cultured mast cells to laminin-1 increased from 5.3 +/- 3.6% (mean +/- SEM) in the absence of TGF-beta1 to 58.7 +/- 4.0% (p < 0.05) when cultured mast cells had differentiated into MMC homologues in the presence of TGF-beta1. Increased adhesion of MMC homologues to laminin-1 was also stimulated by FcepsilonRI cross-linking and the calcium ionophore A23187. Expression of the laminin-binding integrin alpha(7) by MMC homologues grown in the presence of TGF-beta1 was demonstrated by RT-PCR and flow cytometry, and preincubation of MMC homologues with the alpha(7)-neutralizing Ab 6A11 inhibited adhesion to laminin-1 by 98% (p < 0.05), demonstrating a novel role for this molecule in adhesion of a hemopoietic cell to laminin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Rosbottom
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK EH25 9RG
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Frydas S, Madhappan B, Kempuraj D. Some aspects of Parasitology and Immunology in general Medicine. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2002; 15:165-170. [PMID: 12575916 DOI: 10.1177/039463200201500302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of these studies is to review the role of some parasites and their components in inflammation, allergy and immune system. We also report recent results published by others group as well as our own.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Frydas
- Parasitology Dept. Veterinary Faculty, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Greece
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Knight PA, Wright SH, Brown JK, Huang X, Sheppard D, Miller HRP. Enteric expression of the integrin alpha(v)beta(6) is essential for nematode-induced mucosal mast cell hyperplasia and expression of the granule chymase, mouse mast cell protease-1. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2002; 161:771-9. [PMID: 12213704 PMCID: PMC1867270 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64236-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The immunoregulatory cytokine transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta(1) is secreted as a biologically inactive complex with latency-associated peptide, which must be modified by local factors to expose the functionally active cytokine. The epithelial integrin alpha(v)beta(6) mediates local activation of TGF-beta(1) in the lung and beta(6)(-/-) mice exhibit exaggerated pulmonary inflammation, but their response to inflammatory stimuli in the gut has not been investigated. We found that both beta(6) and TGF-beta(1) are constitutively expressed in the jejunal epithelial compartment in uninfected mice and during infection with the intestinal nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. We also present data showing that beta(6)(-/-) mice are seriously compromised in their ability to mount a mucosal mast cell response after infection, and there is a significant reduction in the expression and systemic release of the granule chymase, mouse mast cell protease-1. Because in vitro expression of this chymase is regulated by TGF-beta(1), these data indicate that in the absence of alpha(v)beta(6) epithelially expressed TGF-beta(1) may not be activated, with a consequent absence of expression of mouse mast cell protease-1 and down-regulation of the mucosal mast cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Knight
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland.
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