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Ebrahimi N, Nezafat N, Esmaeilzadeh H, Ghasemi Y, Nabavizadeh SH, Alyasin S. In silico prediction of B-cell epitopes for twenty-five mite allergens: The therapeutic potentials for immunotherapy. Mol Cell Probes 2019; 46:101408. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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2
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Glesner J, Vailes LD, Schlachter C, Mank N, Minor W, Osinski T, Chruszcz M, Chapman MD, Pomés A. Antigenic Determinants of Der p 1: Specificity and Cross-Reactivity Associated with IgE Antibody Recognition. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:1334-1344. [PMID: 28039303 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Der p 1 and Der f 1 are major allergens from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and D. farinae, respectively. An analysis of antigenic determinants on both allergens was performed by site-directed mutagenesis. The analysis was based on the x-ray crystal structures of the allergens in complex with Fab fragments of three murine mAbs that interfere with IgE Ab binding: the two Der p 1-specific mAbs 5H8 and 10B9, and the cross-reactive mAb 4C1. On one hand, selected residues in the epitopes for mAb 5H8 and mAb 4C1 were substituted with amino acids that resulted in impaired Ab binding to Der p 1. On the other hand, an epitope for the Der p 1-specific mAb 10B9, which partially overlaps with mAb 4C1, was created in Der f 1. The mutation of 1-3 aa residues in Der f 1 was sufficient to bind mAb 10B9. These residues form hydrogen bonds with CDRs of the Ab other than H CDR3. This observation unveils an exception to the dominant role of H CDR3 commonly observed in Ag recognition. Overall, this study resulted in the identification of important residues for mAb and IgE Ab recognition in group 1 mite allergens. This information can be used to engineer allergen mutants with reduced IgE Ab binding for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Glesner
- Indoor Biotechnologies Inc., Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | - Lisa D Vailes
- Indoor Biotechnologies Inc., Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | | | - Nicholas Mank
- University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208; and
| | - Wladek Minor
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | | | | | | | - Anna Pomés
- Indoor Biotechnologies Inc., Charlottesville, VA 22903;
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Luzar J, Štrukelj B, Lunder M. Phage display peptide libraries in molecular allergology: from epitope mapping to mimotope-based immunotherapy. Allergy 2016; 71:1526-1532. [PMID: 27341497 DOI: 10.1111/all.12965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Identification of allergen epitopes is a key component in proper understanding of the pathogenesis of type I allergies, for understanding cross-reactivity and for the development of mimotope immunotherapeutics. Phage particles have garnered recognition in the field of molecular allergology due to their value not only in competitive immunoscreening of peptide libraries but also as immunogenic carriers of allergen mimotopes. They integrate epitope discovery technology and immunization functions into a single platform. This article provides an overview of allergen mimotopes identified through the phage display technique. We discuss the contribution of phage display peptide libraries in determining dominant B-cell epitopes of allergens, in developing mimotope immunotherapy, in understanding cross-reactivity, and in determining IgE epitope profiles of individual patients to improve diagnostics and individualize immunotherapy. We also discuss the advantages and pitfalls of the methodology used to identify and validate the mimotopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Luzar
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Biology; Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Ljubljana; Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - B. Štrukelj
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Biology; Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Ljubljana; Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - M. Lunder
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Biology; Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Ljubljana; Ljubljana Slovenia
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Radauer-Preiml I, Andosch A, Hawranek T, Luetz-Meindl U, Wiederstein M, Horejs-Hoeck J, Himly M, Boyles M, Duschl A. Nanoparticle-allergen interactions mediate human allergic responses: protein corona characterization and cellular responses. Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:3. [PMID: 26772182 PMCID: PMC4715273 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0113-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) interact with different biomolecules as soon as they are in contact, resulting in the formation of a biomolecule ‘corona’. Hence, the ‘corona’ defines the biological identity of the ENMs and could affect the response of the immune system to ENM exposure. With up to 40 % of the world population suffering from type I allergy, a possible modulation of allergen effects by binding to ENMs is highly relevant with respect to work place and consumer safety. Therefore, the aim of this present study was to gain an insight into the interactions of gold nanoparticles with different seasonally and perennially occurring outdoor and indoor allergens. Methods Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were conjugated with the major allergens of birch pollen (Bet v 1), timothy grass pollen (Phl p 5) and house dust mite (Der p 1). The AuNP-allergen conjugates were characterized by means of TEM negative staining, dynamic light scattering (DLS), z-potential measurements and hyperspectral imaging. Furthermore, 3D models were constructed, based on the characterization data, to visualize the interaction between the allergens and the AuNPs surface. Differences in the activation of human basophil cells derived from birch/grass pollen- and house dust mite-allergic patients in response to free allergen and AuNP-allergen conjugates were determined using the basophil activation assay (BAT). Potential allergen corona replacement during BAT was controlled for using Western blotting. The protease activity of AuNP-Der p 1 conjugates compared to free Der p 1 was assessed, by an enzymatic activity assay and a cellular assay pertaining to lung type II alveolar epithelial cell tight junction integrity. Results The formation of a stable corona was found for all three allergens used. Our data suggest, that depending on the allergen, different effects are observed after binding to ENMs, including enhanced allergic responses against Der p 1 and also, for some patients, against Bet v 1. Moreover elevated protease activity of AuNP-Der p 1 conjugates compared to free Der p 1 was found. Conclusion In summary, this study presents that conjugation of allergens to ENMs can modulate the human allergic response, and that protease activity can be increased. Cross-linking of IgE receptors and degranulation of human basophils due to epitope alignment of nanoparticle-coated allergens. ![]()
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-016-0113-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Radauer-Preiml
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr, 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Ancuela Andosch
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Plant Physiology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Thomas Hawranek
- Department of Dermatology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Ursula Luetz-Meindl
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Plant Physiology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Markus Wiederstein
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Jutta Horejs-Hoeck
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr, 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Martin Himly
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr, 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | | | - Albert Duschl
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr, 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
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5
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Cui Y. Immunoglobulin E-binding epitopes of mite allergens: from characterization to immunotherapy. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2015; 47:344-53. [PMID: 24218295 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-013-8396-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
House dust mites and storage mites produce a number of allergens that can induce hypersensitivity reactions in humans and result in allergic diseases like asthma, rhinitis, and dermatitis. Recent advances in identifying and characterizing these allergens--and, in particular, their immunoglobulin E (IgE)-binding epitopes--have produced a wealth of knowledge. Here, methods for identifying IgE-binding epitopes, from immunoassays to in silico approaches, are summarized and placed in context with the identification of epitopes of mite allergens, particularly from the Dermatophagoides spp. major allergen groups 1 and 2. Finally, the transfer of this information to the clinical development and application of new diagnostic and immunotherapeutic approaches is discussed. While progress in recent years has built on the specific immunotherapies established decades ago, much work remains to be done to mitigate mite allergic disease. Future studies should seek to identify epitopes for mite species beyond Dermatophagoides and for minor allergens. Efforts in translational medicine should use the current epitope data to develop modified allergens for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubao Cui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yancheng Health Vocational and Technical College, Jiefangnan Road 263, Yancheng, 224006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China,
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6
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Xin L, Jinyan G, Shengfa H, Yuanyuan W, Hongbing C. Identification of conformational antigenic epitopes and dominant amino acids of buffalo β-lactoglobulin. J Food Sci 2014; 79:T748-56. [PMID: 24689774 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Major allergen β-lactoglobulin exists in many mammalian types of milk except human breast. Buffalo milk also contains this major allergen but the detailed information on its epitopes is not available. The aim of this work was to map and characterize its conformational antigenic epitopes. Sixty mimotopes of buffalo β-lactoglobulin were produced by biopanning of phage display peptide library and then 2 mimotopes, specific for sera from rabbit 1 and 2, respectively, were predicted to be conformational epitope candidates by the use of DNAStar and web tool of MIMOX. On the basis of bioinformation analysis, 5 conserved amino acid residues PL-ENK were identified in 2 conformational epitope sequences and 7 conformational epitopes were derived from 2 mimotopes by molecular modeling. The result showed that these conformational epitopes were located in the 2 regions on buffalo β-lactoglobulin and composed of 5 hydrophilic and 2 hydrophobic amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang Univ, Nanchang, 330047, China; School of life sciences and food engineering Nanchang Univ, Nanchang, 330047, China
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7
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Ahmed N, Dhanapala P, Sadli N, Barrow CJ, Suphioglu C. Mimtags: the use of phage display technology to produce novel protein-specific probes. J Immunol Methods 2014; 405:121-9. [PMID: 24530568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent times the use of protein-specific probes in the field of proteomics has undergone evolutionary changes leading to the discovery of new probing techniques. Protein-specific probes serve two main purposes: epitope mapping and detection assays. One such technique is the use of phage display in the random selection of peptide mimotopes (mimtags) that can tag epitopes of proteins, replacing the use of monoclonal antibodies in detection systems. In this study, phage display technology was used to screen a random peptide library with a biologically active purified human interleukin-4 receptor (IL-4R) and interleukin-13 (IL-13) to identify mimtag candidates that interacted with these proteins. Once identified, the mimtags were commercially synthesised, biotinylated and used for in vitro immunoassays. We have used phage display to identify M13 phage clones that demonstrated specific binding to IL-4R and IL-13 cytokine. A consensus in binding sequences was observed and phage clones characterised had identical peptide sequence motifs. Only one was synthesised for use in further immunoassays, demonstrating significant binding to either IL-4R or IL-13. We have successfully shown the use of phage display to identify and characterise mimtags that specifically bind to their target epitope. Thus, this new method of probing proteins can be used in the future as a novel tool for immunoassay and detection technique, which is cheaper and more rapidly produced and therefore a better alternative to the use of monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayyar Ahmed
- NeuroAllergy Research Laboratory (NARL), Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Geelong, Victoria 3216 Australia
| | - Pathum Dhanapala
- NeuroAllergy Research Laboratory (NARL), Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Geelong, Victoria 3216 Australia
| | - Nadia Sadli
- NeuroAllergy Research Laboratory (NARL), Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Geelong, Victoria 3216 Australia
| | - Colin J Barrow
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Geelong, Victoria 3216 Australia
| | - Cenk Suphioglu
- NeuroAllergy Research Laboratory (NARL), Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Geelong, Victoria 3216 Australia.
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8
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Sharquie IK, Al-Ghouleh A, Fitton P, Clark MR, Armour KL, Sewell HF, Shakib F, Ghaemmaghami AM. An investigation into IgE-facilitated allergen recognition and presentation by human dendritic cells. BMC Immunol 2013; 14:54. [PMID: 24330349 PMCID: PMC3883479 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-14-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Allergen recognition by dendritic cells (DCs) is a key event in the allergic cascade leading to production of IgE antibodies. C-type lectins, such as the mannose receptor and DC-SIGN, were recently shown to play an important role in the uptake of the house dust mite glycoallergen Der p 1 by DCs. In addition to mannose receptor (MR) and DC-SIGN the high and low affinity IgE receptors, namely FcϵRI and FcϵRII (CD23), respectively, have been shown to be involved in allergen uptake and presentation by DCs. Objectives This study aims at understanding the extent to which IgE- and IgG-facilitated Der p 1 uptake by DCs influence T cell polarisation and in particular potential bias in favour of Th2. We have addressed this issue by using two chimaeric monoclonal antibodies produced in our laboratory and directed against a previously defined epitope on Der p 1, namely human IgE 2C7 and IgG1 2C7. Results Flow cytometry was used to establish the expression patterns of IgE (FcϵRI and FcϵRII) and IgG (FcγRI) receptors in relation to MR on DCs. The impact of FcϵRI, FcϵRII, FcγRI and mannose receptor mediated allergen uptake on Th1/Th2 cell differentiation was investigated using DC/T cell co-culture experiments. Myeloid DCs showed high levels of FcϵRI and FcγRI expression, but low levels of CD23 and MR, and this has therefore enabled us to assess the role of IgE and IgG-facilitated allergen presentation in T cell polarisation with minimal interference by CD23 and MR. Our data demonstrate that DCs that have taken up Der p 1 via surface IgE support a Th2 response. However, no such effect was demonstrable via surface IgG. Conclusions IgE bound to its high affinity receptor plays an important role in Der p 1 uptake and processing by peripheral blood DCs and in Th2 polarisation of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Amir M Ghaemmaghami
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Division of Immunology, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.
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9
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Bazan J, Całkosiński I, Gamian A. Phage display--a powerful technique for immunotherapy: 2. Vaccine delivery. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:1829-35. [PMID: 22906938 DOI: 10.4161/hv.21704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phage display is a powerful technique in medical and health biotechnology. This technology has led to formation of antibody libraries and has provided techniques for fast and efficient search of these libraries. The phage display technique has been used in studying the protein-protein or protein-ligand interactions, constructing of the antibody and antibody fragments and improving the affinity of proteins to receptors. Recently phage display has been widely used to study immunization process, develop novel vaccines and investigate allergen-antibody interactions. This technology can provide new tools for protection against viral, fungal and bacterial infections. It may become a valuable tool in cancer therapies, abuse and allergies treatment. This review presents the recent advancements in diagnostic and therapeutic applications of phage display. In particular the applicability of this technology to study the immunization process, construction of new vaccines and development of safer and more efficient delivery strategies has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Bazan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry; Wroclaw Medical University; Wroclaw, Poland
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10
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LI XIN, CHEN HONGBING, TONG PING, WEN XUEFANG. EPITOPE MAPPING OF BUFFALO BETA-LACTOGLOBULIN AGAINST RABBIT POLYCLONAL ANTIBODY FOLLOWING PHAGE DISPLAY TECHNIQUE. J Food Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2010.00502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Lukschal A, Fuhrmann J, Sobanov J, Neumann D, Wallmann J, Knittelfelder R, Hemmer W, Scheiner O, Vogel M, Stadler BM, Jensen-Jarolim E, Szalai K. Anti-idiotypic Fab Fragments Image a Conserved N-terminal Epitope Patch of Grass Pollen Allergen Phl p 1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 4:16-23. [PMID: 22318973 DOI: 10.2174/1874838401104010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Naturally occurring anti-idiotypic antibodies structurally mimic the original antibody epitope. Anti-idiotypes, therefore, are interesting tools for the portrayal of conformational B-cell epitopes of allergens. In this study we used this strategy particularly for major timothy grass pollen (Phleum pratense) allergen Phl p 1. METHODS AND RESULTS: We used a combinatorial phage display library constructed from the peripheral IgG repertoire of a grass pollen allergic patient which was supposed to contain anti-idiotypic Fab specificities. Using purified anti-Phl p 1 IgG for biopanning, several Fab displaying phage clones could be isolated. 100 amplified colonies were screened for their binding capacity to anti-Phl p 1-specific antibodies, finally resulting in four distinct Fab clones according to sequence analysis. Interestingly, heavy chains of all clones derived from the same germ line sequence and showed high homology in their CDRs. Projecting their sequence information on the surface of the natural allergen Phl p 1 (PDB ID: 1N10) indicated matches on the N-terminal domain of the homo-dimeric allergen, including the bridging region between the two monomers. The resulting epitope patches were formed by spatially distant sections of the primary allergen sequence. CONCLUSION: In this study we report that anti-idiotypic specificities towards anti-Phl p 1 IgG, selected from a Fab library of a grass pollen allergic patient, mimic a conformational epitope patch being distinct from a previously reported IgE epitope area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lukschal
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research; Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology; Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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12
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Dai YC, Chuang WJ, Chua KY, Shieh CC, Wang JY. Epitope mapping and structural analysis of the anti-Der p 1 monoclonal antibody: insight into therapeutic potential. J Mol Med (Berl) 2011; 89:701-12. [PMID: 21567139 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-011-0744-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Group 1 allergen from Dermatophagoid pteronyssinus (Der p 1) belongs to the papain-like cysteine protease family and is a major cause of allergic rhinitis and asthma. An anti-Der p 1 monoclonal antibody, mAb W108, was selected and isolated from Der p-specific IgG2b-producing hybridoma clones. Two-dimensional electrophoresis and immunoblotting showed that mAb W108 reacted with four components of Der p extracts with a molecular mass of 35 kDa and pI values varying from 4 to 6; it also reacted with IgE antibodies in the sera of Der p-sensitive patients. In the competitive assay and using azocasein as a substrate, we found that mAb W108 inhibited not only the binding of Der p 1, but also its cysteine protease activity in a dose-dependent manner. The two peptide segments of Der p 1 identified by mAb W108 (aa 151-197 and 286-320) were parts of inter-connecting loops located in the substrate-binding cleft and on the surface of the domain comprising mainly β-sheets. From the predicted interaction between the amino acid sequence in the CDR3 of mAb W108 and Der p 1-binding epitopes, the possible binding sites for mAb W108 to Der p 1 may sterically hinder the IgE epitope and the active site of cysteine protease activity. Administration of mAb W108 in the Der p-sensitized murine model of asthma alleviated allergen-induced airway inflammation and the Th2 cytokine immune response, suggesting its therapeutic potential. These findings can provide new insights into understanding IgE-mediated disease and the design of modified allergen vaccines for future allergen-specific immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chou Dai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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13
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Knittelfelder R, Riemer AB, Jensen-Jarolim E. Mimotope vaccination--from allergy to cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 9:493-506. [PMID: 19344285 DOI: 10.1517/14712590902870386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mimotopes are peptides mimicking protein, carbohydrates or lipid epitopes and can be generated by phage display technology. When selected by antibodies, they represent exclusively B-cell epitopes and are devoid of antigen/allergen-specific T-cell epitopes. Coupled to carriers or presented in a multiple antigenic peptide form mimotopes achieve immunogenicity and induce epitope-specific antibody responses upon vaccination. OBJECTIVE/METHODS In allergy IgG antibodies may block IgE binding to allergens, whereas other IgG antibody specificities enhance this and support the anaphylactic reaction. In cancer, inhibitory antibody specificities prevent growth signals derived from overexpressed oncogenes, whereas growth-promoting specificities enhance signalling and proliferation. Therefore, the mimotope concept is applicable to both fields for epitope-specific vaccination and analysis of conformational B-cell epitopes for the allergen/antigen. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Mimotope technology is a relatively young theme in allergology and oncology. Still, proof of concept studies testing allergen and tumour mimotope vaccines suggest that mimotopes are ready for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Knittelfelder
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Pathophysiology, Center of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Immunology Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, Austria
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14
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Na-ngam N, Kalambaheti T, Ekpo P, Pitaksajjakul P, Jamornthanyawat N, Chantratita N, Sirisinha S, Yamabhai M, Thamlikitkul V, Ramasoota P. Mimotope identification from monoclonal antibodies of Burkholderia pseudomallei using random peptide phage libraries. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2008; 102 Suppl 1:S47-54. [DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(08)70014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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15
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Shakib F, Ghaemmaghami AM, Sewell HF. The molecular basis of allergenicity. Trends Immunol 2008; 29:633-42. [PMID: 18951844 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Revised: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 08/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Allergens are mostly innocuous antigens that elicit powerful T helper cell type 2 (Th2) responses leading to hyper-immunoglobulin E (IgE) production and allergy. Research carried out over several years has highlighted the possible role of the inherent protease activity, surface features and glycosylation patterns of allergens in the engagement of a Th2 signalling pathway. It is thought that allergens possess common features and patterns that enable them to be recognized by innate immune defences as Th2-inducing antigens. These events are further amplified by proteolytically active allergens through digestion of cell surface molecules involved in regulating innate and adaptive immune functions, favouring Th2 responses. A greater understanding of the molecular features that make proteins allergenic will help define new therapeutic targets aimed at blocking allergen recognition and protease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farouk Shakib
- Division of Immunology, School of Molecular Medical Sciences, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.
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Kim K, Kim Y, Kim HY, Ro JY, Jeoung D. Inhibitory mechanism of anti-allergic peptides in RBL2H3 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 581:191-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Revised: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 11/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Szalai K, Fuhrmann J, Pavkov T, Scheidl M, Wallmann J, Brämswig KH, Vrtala S, Scheiner O, Keller W, Saint-Remy JM, Neumann D, Pali-Schöll I, Jensen-Jarolim E. Mimotopes identify conformational B-cell epitopes on the two major house dust mite allergens Der p 1 and Der p 2. Mol Immunol 2007; 45:1308-17. [PMID: 17964653 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2007] [Revised: 09/12/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
House dust mite allergy occurs in 10-20% of the population. Improvement of the present immunotherapy requires detailed knowledge about the structure of the allergens. Mimotopes selected from phage peptide libraries imitate the conformational epitopes of a natural allergen. The aim of our study was to generate epitope mimics for the two major allergens of house dust mite. When the monoclonal anti-Der p 1 and anti-Der p 2 antibodies were used for biopannings, mimotopes were selected which bound also specific IgE from human allergic patients' sera. The conformational matching of these mimotopes on the 3D structure of the natural allergens determined discontinuous epitopes in both cases, representing conformational B-cell epitopes relevant for binding of human IgE. Therefore, these mimotopes are potential candidates for the directed induction of blocking antibodies and epitope-specific immunotherapy of mite allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Szalai
- Department of Pathophysiology, Center of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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18
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Takai T, Kato T, Yasueda H, Okumura K, Ogawa H. Analysis of the structure and allergenicity of recombinant pro- and mature Der p 1 and Der f 1: major conformational IgE epitopes blocked by prodomains. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 115:555-63. [PMID: 15753904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2004.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The major house dust mite group 1 allergens Der p 1 and Der f 1, which belong to the papain-like cysteine protease family, are the most potent of indoor allergens. However, little information is available on the location of IgE epitopes. OBJECTIVE We investigated the allergenicities of recombinant proforms and mature forms of Der p 1 and Der f 1 to compare them with natural Der p 1 and Der f 1 and to obtain information on the conformational IgE-binding epitopes. METHODS Secreted pro-Der p 1 and pro-Der f 1 and their mutants without hyperglycosylation expressed in yeast were converted to mature forms. We purified the proforms and mature forms and analyzed their apparent molecular sizes and secondary structures by means of gel-filtration and circular dichroism analysis and their allergenicities by means of assays for IgE binding, IgE-binding inhibition, and basophil histamine release. The tertiary structure of pro-Der f 1 was predicted by molecular modeling. RESULTS The recombinant mature forms exhibited similar molecular sizes, secondary structures, and allergenicities as their natural types. On the other hand, their proforms exhibited different secondary structures and less allergenicities than the mature forms in all sera and volunteers tested. Molecular modeling revealed that the prosegment is anchored at the prosegment-binding loop and the substrate-binding cleft on the surface of the mature portion. CONCLUSIONS Our studies indicate that the prodomains of Der p 1 and Der f 1 reduce allergenicity and that the major conformational IgE epitopes commonly found in a broad population of patients exist within the 2 regions blocked by the prosegments. Recombinant Der p 1 and Der f 1 and the findings in the present study will be the basis for allergen standardization and the design of safer and more effective allergen vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Takai
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
The causative treatment of type I allergies is a long pursued goal in immunology. To design safe and efficient vaccine preparations, the interaction of the allergen and the symptom-inducing IgE antibodies still needs to be better understood. In this article, we describe the use of the phage display technique in allergy. It yields epitope mimics, so-called mimotopes, which can be employed for both, investigation of allergen-IgE interactions and definition of safe novel vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Riemer
- Institute of Pathophysiology, General Hospital Vienna, University of Vienna, Leitstelle 3Q, Vienna 1090, Austria
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Ferreira
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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21
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Vanhoorelbeke K, Depraetere H, Romijn RAP, Huizinga EG, De Maeyer M, Deckmyn H. A consensus tetrapeptide selected by phage display adopts the conformation of a dominant discontinuous epitope of a monoclonal anti-VWF antibody that inhibits the von Willebrand factor-collagen interaction. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:37815-21. [PMID: 12855711 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m304289200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) 82D6A3 is an anti-von Willebrand factor (VWF) mAb directed against the A3-domain of VWF that inhibits the VWF binding to fibrillar collagens type I and III in vitro and in vivo. To identify the discontinuous epitope of this mAb, we used phage display, mutant analysis, and peptide modeling. All 82D6A3-binding phages displayed peptides containing the consensus sequence SPWR that could be aligned with P981W982 in the VWF A3-domain. Next, the binding of mAb 82D6A3 to 27 Ala mutants with mutations in the A3-domain of VWF revealed that amino acids Arg963, Pro981, Asp1009, Arg1016, Ser1020, Met1022, and His1023 are part of the epitope of mAb 82D6A3. Inspection of residues Ser1020, Arg1016, Pro981, and Trp982 in the three-dimensional structure of the A3-domain demonstrated that these residues are close together in space, pointing out that the structure of the SPWR consensus sequence might mimic this discontinuous epitope. Modeling of a cyclic 6-mer peptide containing the consensus sequence and superposition of its three-dimensional structure onto the VWF A3-domain demonstrated that the Ser and Arg in the peptide matched the Ser1020 and Arg1016 in the A3-domain. The Pro residue of the peptide served as a spacer, and the side chain of the Trp pointed in the direction of Trp982. In conclusion, to our knowledge, this is the first report where a modeled peptide containing a consensus sequence could be fitted onto the three-dimensional structure of the antigen, indicating that it might adopt the conformation of the discontinuous epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Vanhoorelbeke
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, IRC, KU Leuven Campus Kortrijk, E. Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
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22
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Tsai WJ, Liu CH, Chen ST, Yang CY. Identification of the antigenic determinants of the American cockroach allergen Per a 1 by error-prone PCR. J Immunol Methods 2003; 276:163-74. [PMID: 12738370 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(03)00105-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The group I allergen of cockroach is found in both American and German cockroaches, designated as Per a 1 and Bla g 1, respectively. Members of these allergens so far identified are composed of tandem repeats that may cause the high allergenicity of Per a 1 allergen. In this study, we used monoclonal antibodies HW-8 and HW-19, which can inhibit the binding of patient IgE to Per a 1 allergen, to define the structure of the antigenic determinants in Per a 1.0103 (designated C3), an isoallergen of Per a 1 allergen. Two recognition sites are present, one in the N-terminus (aa 1-208) and the other in the C-terminus (aa 208-395). The N-terminal epitope is not accessible to antibody molecules on the pET-expressed C3 protein. The C-terminal epitope was further localized to the aa 267-354 region (C3E) by colony immunoscreening of the cDNA epitope library. By negative screening of the mutated C3E expression library generated by error-prone PCR (ER-PCR), an approach which has rarely been applied in epitope mapping, the functional epitope was identified to lie in aa 318-337 with aa 323-331 being the core motif. The minimal region of the functional epitope was further delineated, by sequence alignment, to be D-x-[I, L]-A-[I, L]-L-P-V-D-E-[L, I]-x-A-[L, I], where x represents any amino acids. This motif is found in all Per a 1 allergens and may serve as a basis for designing a peptide vaccine for allergen-specific immunotherapy. To our knowledge, this is the first report for (1) detailed mapping of the cockroach allergens and (2) use of error-prone PCR random mutagenesis and negative selection in molecular allergology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jen Tsai
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo Kuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan.
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23
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Abstract
The field of combinatorial peptide chemistry has emerged as a powerful tool in the study of many biological systems. This review focuses on combinatorial peptide library methodology, which includes biological library methods, spatially addressable parallel library methods, library methods requiring deconvolution, the "one-bead one-compound" library method, and affinity chromatography selection method. These peptide libraries have successfully been employed to study a vast array of cell surface receptors, as well as have been useful in identifying protein kinase substrates and inhibitors. In recent immunobiological applications, peptide libraries have proven monumental in the definition of MHC anchor residues, in lymphocyte epitope mapping, and in the development of peptide vaccines. Peptides identified from such libraries, when presented in a chemical microarray format, may prove useful in immunodiagnostics. Combinatorial peptide libraries offer a high-throughput approach to study limitless biological targets. Peptides discovered from such studies may be therapeutically and diagnostically useful agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiwu Liu
- UC Davis Cancer Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology, and Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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24
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Furtado PB, McElveen JE, Gough L, Armour KL, Clark MR, Sewell HF, Shakib F. The production and characterisation of a chimaeric human IgE antibody, recognising the major mite allergen Der p 1, and its chimaeric human IgG1 anti-idiotype. Mol Pathol 2002; 55:315-24. [PMID: 12354937 PMCID: PMC1187264 DOI: 10.1136/mp.55.5.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two mouse monoclonal antibodies have been described, namely: mAb 2C7 (IgG2bkappa), which is directed against the major house dust mite allergen Der p 1, and mAb 2G10 (IgG1kappa), which is an anti-idiotypic antibody raised against mAb 2C7. Given its broad IgE specificity, anti-idiotype mAb 2G10 could potentially have immunomodulatory applications. For example, a chimaeric human IgG version of mAb 2G10 could prove to be a useful molecule for binding to mast cell and basophil FcepsilonRI bound IgE, and in doing so co-ligating FcepsilonRI with FcgammaRIIB, which has been reported to have downregulatory effects. AIMS To produce a chimaeric human IgE version of mAb 2C7 (mAb 2C7huE) and a chimaeric human IgG1 version of its anti-idiotype mAb 2G10 (mAb 2G10huG1). METHODS The Vkappa and VH regions of mAb 2C7 and its anti-idiotype mAb 2G10 were engineered into human constant regions of the IgE and IgG1 isotypes, respectively. RESULTS The production of chimaeric mAb 2C7huE and its anti-idiotype mAb 2G10huG1 confirmed that the respective mouse antibody V regions were successfully engineered into human constant regions and still retained the specificity of the original murine V regions. CONCLUSION The newly constructed chimaeric antibodies will be useful to investigate the downregulation of IgE mediated hypersensitivity by the crosslinking of FcepsilonRI with FcgammaRIIB.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Furtado
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, University of Nottingham, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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25
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Jarnicki AG, Thomas WR. Stimulatory and inhibitory epitopes in the T cell responses of mice to Der p 1. Clin Exp Allergy 2002; 32:942-50. [PMID: 12047443 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2002.01407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The responses of mice to the mite allergen Der p 1 have been used to study the mechanisms of allergic sensitization and the development of new types of immunotherapy. Many of the studies require a knowledge of the T cell epitopes, and because Der p 1 is polymorphic, the effect of natural amino acid substitution in the allergen. The intranasal administration of peptides containing T cell epitopes can induce a mucosal tolerance but it is not known if the major activity is limited to stimulatory peptides and if, as found for autoimmunity, some epitopes are not inhibitory. OBJECTIVE To determine and compare the sequences of Der p 1 which contain stimulatory epitopes for the high responding H-2(b) and H-2(q) mice and the sequences which induce tolerance by intranasal administration of peptides. METHODS T cell responses of mice immunized with Der p 1 were measured by in vitro T cell stimulation assays so an extensive study of epitope recognition and intranasal tolerance could be made. Synthetic peptides were used to examine the stimulatory and inhibitory ability of all Der p 1 sequences and to map the major H-2(b) epitope in detail. This included the effect of the common polymorphic amino acid 124 substitution found within this epitope. RESULTS Three and two regions, respectively, were found to contain stimulatory T cell epitopes for H-2(b) and H-2(q) mice. The peptides in these regions were also the most active at inducing intranasal tolerance for the responding haplotype. The correspondence between inhibitory and stimulatory peptides was maintained for the fine mapping of the major H-2(b) epitope. This was found about a core region of 118-126 which was overlapping but separate to a consensus sequence for the binding of endogeneous peptides. Peptides with alanine at the naturally polymorphic residue 124 stimulated and inhibited responses to Der p 1 more effectively, while peptides with the valine 124 variant were immunogenic but poorly cross-reactive. CONCLUSIONS The intranasal administration of peptides representing each of five epitopes recognized by two strains of mice were able to induce mucosal tolerance and the major tolerizing activity was limited to these epitopes. The position of the core major epitope for C57 mice, which differs from a previously predicted epitope, and its specificity for the natural alanine 124 variant is described.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Allergens/administration & dosage
- Allergens/immunology
- Amino Acids/analysis
- Amino Acids/genetics
- Amino Acids/immunology
- Animals
- Antigens, Dermatophagoides/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Dermatophagoides/analysis
- Antigens, Dermatophagoides/immunology
- Arthropod Proteins
- Cysteine Endopeptidases
- DNA, Complementary/analysis
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Immunization
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Models, Animal
- Nasal Mucosa/immunology
- Peptides/administration & dosage
- Peptides/immunology
- Polymorphism, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Jarnicki
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, TVW Telethon Institute for Child health Research, West Perth, Western Australia
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26
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Suphioglu C, Schäppi G, Kenrick J, Levy D, Davies JM, O'Hehir RE. A novel grass pollen allergen mimotope identified by phage display peptide library inhibits allergen-human IgE antibody interaction. FEBS Lett 2001; 502:46-52. [PMID: 11478946 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(01)02661-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular basis of human IgE-allergen interaction by screening a phage-displayed peptide library with an allergen-specific human IgE-mimicking monoclonal antibody (mAb). A mAb that reacted with major grass pollen allergens was successfully identified and shown to inhibit human IgE-allergen interaction. Biopanning of a phage-displayed random peptide library with this mAb yielded a 12 amino acid long mimotope. A synthetic peptide based on this 12-mer mimotope inhibited mAb and human IgE binding to grass pollen extracts. Our results indicate that such synthetic peptide mimotopes of allergens have potential as novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Suphioglu
- Department of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Monash University Medical School, Commercial Road, Prahran, Vic. 3181, Australia.
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27
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Furtado PB, Furmonaviciene R, McElveen J, Sewell HF, Shakib F. Prediction of the interacting surfaces in a trimolecular complex formed between the major dust mite allergen Der p 1, a mouse monoclonal anti-Der p 1 antibody, and its anti-idiotype. Mol Pathol 2000; 53:324-32. [PMID: 11193052 PMCID: PMC1186988 DOI: 10.1136/mp.53.6.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been described recently; namely, mAb 2C7 (IgG2b kappa), which is directed against the major house dust mite allergen Der p 1, and mAb 2G10 (IgG1 kappa), which is an anti-idiotypic antibody raised against mAb 2C7. The anti-idiotype mAb 2G10 does not block the binding of mAb 2C7 to Der p 1, which means that mAb 2C7 can simultaneously bind to Der p 1 and to mAb 2G10, thereby generating a trimolecular complex consisting of antigen-idiotype-anti-idiotype. AIMS To sequence and model the V region of the anti-idiotypic antibody mAb 2G10 to enable the prediction of the interacting surfaces in the trimolecular complex consisting of Der p 1-mAb 2C7-mAb 2G10. METHODS DNA sequencing of mAb 2G10 was carried out and the Swiss Model and Swiss PDB-Viewer programs were used to build a three dimensional model of the trimolecular complex. RESULTS Complementarity of shape and charge was revealed when comparing the protrusion of the previously determined Der p 1 epitope (Leu147-Gln160) with the cavity formed by the complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of mAb 2C7. Such complementarity was also observed between the mAb 2C7 epitope predicted to be recognised by mAb 2G10 (residues Lys19 from framework region 1 (FRW1) and Ser74-Gln81 from FRW3) and residues from the CDRs of mAb 2G10 (a negatively charged patch flanked by the residues Asp55H/Glu58H and Glu27L/Glu27cL). As expected, the location of the mAb 2C7 epitope recognised by mAb 2G10 does not appear to interfere with the binding of Der p 1 to mAb 2C7. CONCLUSION Although the results obtained represent only an approximation, they nevertheless provide a rare insight into how an antigen (Der p 1) might bind to its antibody (mAb 2C7) while in complex with an anti-idiotype (mAb 2G10).
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Furtado
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, University of Nottingham, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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28
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Furmonaviciene R, Sewell HF, Shakib F. Comparative molecular modelling identifies a common putative IgE epitope on cysteine protease allergens of diverse sources. Clin Exp Allergy 2000; 30:1307-13. [PMID: 10971478 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2000.00897.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous approaches for studying common allergenic epitopes have mainly focused on sequence comparisons, which unfortunately yield little or no information on the shape of the epitope which is the most important determinant of cross-reactivity. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the structural basis for cross-reactivity between a previously identified immunodominant epitope of the house dust mite allergen Der p 1 (Leu147-Gln160) and the corresponding epitopes on other allergens that are either taxonomically closely related (i.e. cysteine proteases of other mite species) or representing evolutionary conserved structures (i.e. plant, human and parasite cysteine proteases). METHODS We carried out comparative molecular modelling on a range of cysteine proteases, including those of other mite species (Der f 1 and Eur m 1), human (cathepsins B, K, L, S and O), plants (papain, chymopapain and actinidin) and parasites (cruzain, cathepsin L-like Leishmania protease, Entamoeba ACP1 protease and Schistosoma Q26534, Q11003 and cathepsin L proteases). RESULTS Our study shows that all the cysteine proteases investigated here display an epitope corresponding to that previously identified on Der p 1, but with varying shapes and degree of accessibility. It appears that the core of the epitope on these homologous cysteine proteases consists of a centrally located conserved Tyr residue flanked on either sides by accessible amino acids. CONCLUSION Therefore, these cysteine proteases seem to use similar accessible structures, which may form the basis for the rational design of generic epitope-directed treatment strategies for controlling allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Furmonaviciene
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK
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29
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Shakib F, Furmonaviciene R. The significance of enzymic and other biological activities of proteins in relation to their capacity to serve as allergens. Clin Exp Allergy 2000; 30:1056-7. [PMID: 10931111 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2000.00898.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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Davies JM, O'hehir RE, Suphioglu C. Use of phage display technology to investigate allergen-antibody interactions. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 105:1085-92. [PMID: 10856140 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2000.107040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phage display is an advanced technology that can be used to characterize the interactions of antibody with antigen at the molecular level. It provides valuable data when applied to the investigation of IgE interaction with allergens. The aim of this rostrum article is to provide an explanation of the potential of phage display for increasing the understanding of allergen-IgE interaction, the discovery of diagnostic reagents, and the development of novel therapeutics for the treatment of allergic disease. The significance of initial studies that have applied phage display technology in allergy research will be highlighted. Phage display has been used to clone human IgE to timothy grass pollen allergen Phl p 5, to characterize the epitopes for murine and human antibodies to a birch pollen allergen Bet v 1, and to elucidate the epitopes of a murine mAb to the house dust mite allergen Der p 1. The technology has identified peptides that functionally mimic sites of human IgE constant domains and that were used to raise antiserum for blocking binding of IgE to the FcepsilonRI on basophils and subsequent release of histamine. Phage display has also been used to characterize novel peanut and fungal allergens. The method has been used to increase our understanding of the molecular basis of allergen-IgE interactions and to develop clinically relevant reagents with the pharmacologic potential to block the effector phase of allergic reactions. Many advances from these early studies are likely as phage display technology evolves and allergists gain expertise in its research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Davies
- Department of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Alfred Hospital and Monash University Medical School, Prahran, Australia
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