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Borman AM, Johnson EM. Changes in fungal taxonomy: mycological rationale and clinical implications. Clin Microbiol Rev 2023; 36:e0009922. [PMID: 37930182 PMCID: PMC10732072 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00099-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous fungal species of medical importance have been recently subjected to and will likely continue to undergo nomenclatural changes as a result of the application of molecular approaches to fungal classification together with abandonment of dual nomenclature. Here, we summarize those changes affecting key groups of fungi of medical importance, explaining the mycological (taxonomic) rationale that underpinned the changes and the clinical relevance/importance (where such exists) of the key nomenclatural revisions. Potential mechanisms to mitigate unnecessary taxonomic instability are suggested, together with approaches to raise awareness of important changes to minimize potential clinical confusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Borman
- UK HSA National Mycology Reference Laboratory, Science Quarter, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology (MRC CMM), University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth M. Johnson
- UK HSA National Mycology Reference Laboratory, Science Quarter, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology (MRC CMM), University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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2
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Kabtani J, Ranque S. A Comparative Description of Dermatophyte Genomes: A State-of-the-Art Review. Mycopathologia 2023; 188:1007-1025. [PMID: 37812320 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-023-00802-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The nomenclature and phylogeny of dermatophytes is currently based on the nucleotide sequence polymorphisms of a few genomic regions. However, the limitations of this multilocus sequence-based approach makes dermatophyte species identification difficult. Variation and adaptation are key to the persistence of species. Nevertheless, this heterogeneity poses a genuine problem for the classification and nomenclature of dermatophytes. The relatively high intra-species and low inter-species polymorphisms of this keratinophilic group of fungi hampers both species delineation and identification. Establishing the taxonomic boundaries of dermatophyte species complexes remains controversial. Furthermore, until recently, knowledge of molecular biology, genetics and genomics remained limited. This systematic review highlights the added value of whole genome sequencing and analysis data in dermatophyte classification that might enhance identification and, consequently, the diagnosis and management of dermatophytoses. Our approach consisted in describing and comparing the dermatophyte mitochondrial genomes, secretomes (Adhesins, LysM domains, proteases) and metabolic pathways, with the aim to provide new insights and a better understanding of the phylogeny and evolution of dermatophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kabtani
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - S Ranque
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005, Marseille, France.
- AP-HM, IRD, SSA, VITROME, Aix-Marseille Université, 13005, Marseille, France.
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3
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Kottferová L, Molnár L, Major P, Sesztáková E, Kuzyšinová K, Vrabec V, Kottferová J. Hedgehog Dermatophytosis: Understanding Trichophyton erinacei Infection in Pet Hedgehogs and Its Implications for Human Health. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1132. [PMID: 38132733 PMCID: PMC10744110 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Pet hedgehogs, which are increasingly favoured companions, have garnered attention due to their potential as carriers of zoonotic diseases. These small insectivorous mammals, native to Europe, Asia, and Africa, are commonly kept as pets. The encroachment of humans into hedgehog habitats has brought these animals closer to people, raising concerns about disease transmission. This article reviews the current knowledge regarding zoonotic disease associated with pet hedgehogs, with a particular focus on mycotic infections caused by Trichophyton erinacei. Data from various regions and hedgehog species are synthesised to assess the significance of pet hedgehogs as potential reservoirs and transmitters of zoonotic pathogens. Our study highlights the importance of understanding the health risks associated with pet hedgehogs and underscores the need for continued research to mitigate zoonotic disease transmission from these potentially disease-carrying companions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Kottferová
- Clinic of Birds, Exotic and Free Living Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia; (L.K.); (L.M.); (E.S.); (K.K.); (V.V.)
| | - Ladislav Molnár
- Clinic of Birds, Exotic and Free Living Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia; (L.K.); (L.M.); (E.S.); (K.K.); (V.V.)
| | - Peter Major
- Clinic of Birds, Exotic and Free Living Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia; (L.K.); (L.M.); (E.S.); (K.K.); (V.V.)
| | - Edina Sesztáková
- Clinic of Birds, Exotic and Free Living Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia; (L.K.); (L.M.); (E.S.); (K.K.); (V.V.)
| | - Katarína Kuzyšinová
- Clinic of Birds, Exotic and Free Living Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia; (L.K.); (L.M.); (E.S.); (K.K.); (V.V.)
| | - Vladimír Vrabec
- Clinic of Birds, Exotic and Free Living Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia; (L.K.); (L.M.); (E.S.); (K.K.); (V.V.)
| | - Jana Kottferová
- Department of Public Veterinary Medicine and Animal Welfare, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia;
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Winter P, Burmester A, Tittelbach J, Wiegand C. A New Genotype of Trichophyton quinckeanum with Point Mutations in Erg11A Encoding Sterol 14-α Demethylase Exhibits Increased Itraconazole Resistance. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1006. [PMID: 37888261 PMCID: PMC10607888 DOI: 10.3390/jof9101006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichophyton quinckeanum, the causative agent of mouse favus, has been responsible for several infections of animal owners in recent years and showed an infection peak around 2020 in Jena, Thuringia. The isolated T. quinckeanum strains from Thuringia differ in some positions of the ITS region compared to strains from the IHEM collection as well as to Trichophyton schoenleinii. All T. quinckeanum strains of the new genotype show up to a 100-fold increased itraconazole resistance as measured by microplate laser nephelometry (MLN) assays. Analysis of genes involved in Trichophyton indotineae azole resistance, such as Erg1, which encodes squalene epoxidase, and Erg11B, one of two copies of the sterol 14-α demethylase gene, show a 100% identity between the two T. quinckeanum genotypes. In contrast, Erg11A fragments differ in 15-nucleotide positions between both T. quinckeanum genotypes, resulting in the unique amino acid substitution Ala256Ser in resistant strains. The new T. quinckeanum genotype may have evolved through interspecies mating. Mating type analysis showed a nearly 100% identity of the minus type MAT1-1-1 fragment for all T. quinckeanum isolates. The closely related Trichophyton schoenleinii belongs to the plus mating type and has 100% identical fragments of Erg1 and Erg11B. Erg11A protein sequences of T. schoenleinii and T. quinckeanum showed increased diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Winter
- Department of Dermatology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Anke Burmester
- Department of Dermatology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Jörg Tittelbach
- Department of Dermatology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Cornelia Wiegand
- Department of Dermatology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, D-07747 Jena, Germany
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Kidd SE, Abdolrasouli A, Hagen F. Fungal Nomenclature: Managing Change is the Name of the Game. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofac559. [PMID: 36632423 PMCID: PMC9825814 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal species have undergone and continue to undergo significant nomenclatural change, primarily due to the abandonment of dual species nomenclature in 2013 and the widespread application of molecular technologies in taxonomy allowing correction of past classification errors. These have effected numerous name changes concerning medically important species, but by far the group causing most concern are the Candida yeasts. Among common species, Candida krusei, Candida glabrata, Candida guilliermondii, Candida lusitaniae, and Candida rugosa have been changed to Pichia kudriavzevii, Nakaseomyces glabrata, Meyerozyma guilliermondii, Clavispora lusitaniae, and Diutina rugosa, respectively. There are currently no guidelines for microbiology laboratories on implementing changes, and there is ongoing concern that clinicians will dismiss or misinterpret laboratory reports using unfamiliar species names. Here, we have outlined the rationale for name changes across the major groups of clinically important fungi and have provided practical recommendations for managing change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Kidd
- Correspondence: Sarah E. Kidd, BMedSc(Hons), PhD , National Mycology Reference Centre, SA Pathology, Frome Road, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia ()
| | - Alireza Abdolrasouli
- Department of Medical Microbiology, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom,Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ferry Hagen
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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A Comparative Study on the Phenotypic Versus Molecular Identification of Clinical Dermatophytes. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.16.2.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytosis is the superficial infection of keratinized tissue like skin, hair, and nails, in humans and animals, by a group of closely related fungi known as dermatophytes. Phenotypic identification of dermatophytes, especially through classical methods can be difficult and uncertain at times, especially when differentiating species with overlapping characteristics. Alternative identification methods based on amplification and sequence analysis of the highly polymorphic internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences flanking the 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene has proven to be quite sensitive and reliable. The objective of our study was to compare the phenotypic and the ITS sequencing-based methods for the identification of clinically isolated dermatophyte specimens from Puducherry, India. A total of 13 clinical samples from 39 suspected cases were found positive for dermatophytes using KOH/DMSO preparations. Specimens were subsequently cultured in Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) supplemented with chloramphenicol, gentamicin, and cycloheximide. Dermatophytes were identified based on culture characteristics and microscopic examination in lactophenol cotton blue preparations. ITS sequencing was additionally performed after PCR amplification for species identification. Identification based on phenotype through microscopy and culture methods confirmed infections with Trichophyton mentagrophytes (n = 11), T. rubrum (n = 1), and Microsporum gypseum (n = 1). The strains were confirmed by ITS sequencing without any discrepancy with phenotypic identification. Identification of common dermatophytes based on phenotypic characteristics may be used as a reliable method of diagnosis where sophisticated methods like ITS sequencing and PCR are unavailable.
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Abstract
AbstractThe order Onygenales is classified in the class Eurotiomycetes of the subphylum Pezizomycotina. Families in this order have classically been isolated from soil and dung, and two lineages contain causative agents of superficial, cutaneous and systemic infections in mammals. The ecology and habitat choices of the species are driven mainly by the keratin and cellulose degradation abilities. The present study aimed to investigate whether the ecological trends of the members of Onygenales can be interpreted in an evolutionary sense, linking phylogenetic parameters with habitat preferences, to achieve polyphasic definitions of the main taxonomic groups. Evolutionary processes were estimated by multiple gene genealogies and divergence time analysis. Previously described families, namely, Arthrodermataceae, Ajellomycetaceae, Ascosphaeraceae, Eremascaceae, Gymnoascaceae, Onygenaceae and Spiromastigoidaceae, were accepted in Onygenales, and two new families, Malbrancheaceae and Neogymnomycetaceae, were introduced. A number of species could not be assigned to any of the defined families. Our study provides a revised overview of the main lines of taxonomy of Onygenales, supported by multilocus analyses of ITS, LSU, TUB, TEF1, TEF3, RPB1, RPB2, and ribosomal protein 60S L10 (L1) (RP60S) sequences, combined with available data on ecology, physiology, morphology, and genomics.
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Faramarzi S, Motamedi M, Rezaei-Matehkolaei A, Aboutalebian S, Ansari S, Didehdar M, Bahadoran M, Mirhendi H. A simple multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for rapid identification of the common pathogenic dermatophytes: Trichophyton interdigitale, Trichophyton rubrum, and Epidermophyton floccosum. Curr Med Mycol 2022; 7:1-7. [PMID: 35028478 PMCID: PMC8740852 DOI: 10.18502/cmm.7.2.7030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: The most common etiological agents of human dermatophytosis in various parts of the world are Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton interdigitale, and Epidermophyton floccosum.
The main aim of this study was to design and evaluate a simple and straightforward multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for reliable identification/differentiation of these species
in clinical isolates. Materials and Methods: The reliable sequences of several molecular targets of dermatophytes species were used to design a multiplex PCR for the identification of common pathogenic dermatophytes.
The isolates and clinical specimens examined in this study included seven standard strains of dermatophytes, 101 isolates of dermatophytes and non-dermatophyte molds/yeasts which
had already been identified by sequencing or PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), and 155 clinical samples from patients suspected of cutaneous mycoses. Results: Species-specific primer pairs for T. rubrum and T. interdigitale/T. mentagrophytes were designed based on the sequence data of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene,
and the primers for E. floccosum targeted the specific sequence of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS). The multiplex PCR successfully
detected T. rubrum, T. interdigitale/T. mentagrophytes, and E. floccosum strains that were identified by sequencing or PCR-RFLP. However, the primer pairs selected
for T. interdigitale/T. mentagrophytes cross-reacted with Trichophyton tonsurans. In testing the PCR system directly for clinical samples, the proportion of positive
multiplex PCR was higher than positive culture (68.1% vs. 55.4%, respectively). Conclusion: The multiplex assay could detect three common agents out of several causal agents of dermatophytosis, namely T. rubrum, T. interdigitale, and E. floccosum. Therefore, by adding
pan-dermatophyte primers it can be used as a comprehensive detection/identification test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sama Faramarzi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Marjan Motamedi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Rezaei-Matehkolaei
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Shima Aboutalebian
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Saham Ansari
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Didehdar
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Mehran Bahadoran
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Mirhendi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Jabet A, Normand AC, Moreno-Sabater A, Guillot J, Risco-Castillo V, Brun S, Demar M, Blaizot R, Nabet C, Packeu A, Piarroux R. Investigations upon the Improvement of Dermatophyte Identification Using an Online Mass Spectrometry Application. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8010073. [PMID: 35050013 PMCID: PMC8780538 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Online MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry applications, such as MSI-2, have been shown to help identify dermatophytes, but recurrent errors are still observed between phylogenetically close species. The objective of this study was to assess different approaches to reduce the occurrence of such errors by adding new reference spectra to the MSI-2 application. Nine libraries were set up, comprising an increasing number of spectra obtained from reference strains that were submitted to various culture durations on two distinct culture media: Sabouraud gentamicin chloramphenicol medium and IDFP Conidia medium. The final library included spectra from 111 strains of 20 species obtained from cultures on both media collected every three days after the appearance of the colony. The performance of each library was then analyzed using a cross-validation approach. The spectra acquisitions were carried out using a Microflex Bruker spectrometer. Diversifying the references and adding spectra from various culture media and culture durations improved identification performance. The percentage of correct identification at the species level rose from 63.4 to 91.7% when combining all approaches. Nevertheless, residual confusion between close species, such as Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton violaceum and Trichophyton soudanense, remained. To distinguish between these species, mass spectrometry identification should take into account basic morphological and/or clinico-epidemiological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Jabet
- AP-HP (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris), Service de Parasitologie Mycologie, Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France; (A.J.); (C.N.); (R.P.)
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service de Parasitologie Mycologie, Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France;
| | - Anne-Cécile Normand
- AP-HP (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris), Service de Parasitologie Mycologie, Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France; (A.J.); (C.N.); (R.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alicia Moreno-Sabater
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service de Parasitologie Mycologie, Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France;
- Inserm, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jacques Guillot
- Dynamic Research Group, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UPEC, USC ANSES, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (J.G.); (V.R.-C.)
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de L’alimentation, Oniris, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - Veronica Risco-Castillo
- Dynamic Research Group, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UPEC, USC ANSES, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (J.G.); (V.R.-C.)
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Biopole Alfort, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire de la Faune Sauvage (Chuv-FS), Ecole nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sophie Brun
- AP-HP, Hôpital Avicenne, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, 93000 Bobigny, France;
| | - Magalie Demar
- EA3593 Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (M.D.); (R.B.)
- Hôpital Andrée Rosemon, Laboratoire Hospitalo-Universitaire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Romain Blaizot
- EA3593 Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (M.D.); (R.B.)
- Service de Dermatologie, Cayenne Hospital, CEDEX 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Cécile Nabet
- AP-HP (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris), Service de Parasitologie Mycologie, Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France; (A.J.); (C.N.); (R.P.)
- Inserm, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidemiologie et de Santé Publique, Sorbonne Université, 75571 Paris, France
| | - Ann Packeu
- Sciensano, BCCM/IHEM Collection, Mycology and Aerobiology Unit, 1000 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Renaud Piarroux
- AP-HP (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris), Service de Parasitologie Mycologie, Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France; (A.J.); (C.N.); (R.P.)
- Inserm, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidemiologie et de Santé Publique, Sorbonne Université, 75571 Paris, France
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Discovery of New Trichophyton Members, T. persicum and T. spiraliforme spp. nov., as a Cause of Highly Inflammatory Tinea Cases in Iran and Czechia. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0028421. [PMID: 34468188 PMCID: PMC8557871 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00284-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens from the Trichophyton benhamiae complex are one of the most important causes of animal mycoses with significant zoonotic potential. In light of the recently revised taxonomy of this complex, we retrospectively identified 38 Trichophyton isolates that could not be resolved into any of the existing species. These strains were isolated from Iranian and Czech patients during molecular epidemiological surveys on dermatophytosis and were predominantly associated with highly inflammatory tinea corporis cases, suggesting possible zoonotic etiology. Subsequent phylogenetic (4 markers), population genetic (10 markers), and phenotypic analyses supported recognition of two novel species. The first species, Trichophyton persicum sp. nov., was identified in 36 cases of human dermatophytosis and one case of feline dermatophytosis, mainly in Southern and Western Iran. The second species, Trichophyton spiraliforme sp. nov., is only known from a single case of tinea corporis in a Czech patient who probably contracted the infection from a dog. Although the zoonotic sources of infections summarized in this study are very likely, little is known about the host spectrum of these pathogens. Awareness of these new pathogens among clinicians should refine our knowledge about their poorly explored geographic distribution. IMPORTANCE In this study, we describe two novel agents of dermatophytosis and summarize the clinical manifestation of infections. These new pathogens were discovered thanks to long-term molecular epidemiological studies conducted in Czechia and Iran. Zoonotic origins of the human infections are highly probable, but the animal hosts of these pathogens are poorly known. Further research is needed to refine our knowledge about these new dermatophytes.
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Lysková P, Dobiáš R, Čmoková A, Kolařík M, Hamal P, Šmatláková K, Hušek J, Mencl K, Mallátová N, Poláčková Z, Krnáčová A, Palkovičová K, Jablonská D, Macháčová J, Drlík Z, Bázsóová D, Jaworská P, Svobodová L, Hubka V. An Outbreak of Trichophyton quinckeanum Zoonotic Infections in the Czech Republic Transmitted from Cats and Dogs. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:684. [PMID: 34575722 PMCID: PMC8465542 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichophyton quinckeanum, a zoophilic dermatophyte mostly known as the causative agent of rodent favus, is relatively rarely reported to cause human infections. Indeed, no infections were detected in Czechia between 2012 and 2015 despite routine verification of species identification by ITS rDNA sequencing. By contrast, 25 human and 11 animal cases of infection were documented from December 2016 to December 2020 and the rates tended to grow every following year. Interestingly, most of the cases were reported in the Olomouc region, suggesting a local outbreak. We bring the evidence that human T. quinckeanum infections are most commonly contracted from infected cats or, less frequently, dogs. Although rodents or contaminated soil and environment could be the source of infection to cats and dogs, the occurrence of infections in multiple animals in the same household suggests direct transmission among animals. Confirmation of the identification by molecular methods is highly recommended due to morphological similarity with T. mentagrophytes/T. interdigitale. Antifungal susceptibility testing of isolates to eight antifungals was performed using EUCAST methodology (E.Def 11.0). Among the tested antifungals, terbinafine, amorolfine, ciclopirox and efinaconazole were most potent in vitro and elevated minimum inhibitory concentrations were obtained for fluconazole and ketoconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlína Lysková
- Department of Parasitology, Mycology and Mycobacteriology, Public Health Institute in Ústí nad Labem, 186 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Radim Dobiáš
- Department of Bacteriology and Mycology, Public Health Institute Ostrava, 702 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (R.D.); (D.B.); (P.J.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Adéla Čmoková
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 01 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.Č.); (M.K.)
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Kolařík
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 01 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.Č.); (M.K.)
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Hamal
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Olomouc, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Kateřina Šmatláková
- Veterinární Klinika MVDr. Vlastimil Pospíšil, 68 201 Vyškov, Czech Republic;
| | - Jan Hušek
- Veterinární Klinika Veterix, 79 601 Prostějov, Czech Republic;
| | - Karel Mencl
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Pardubice Regional Hospital, 53 203 Pardubice, Czech Republic;
| | - Nad’a Mallátová
- Laboratory of Mycology and Parasitology, Hospital České Budějovice, 370 01 České Budějovice, Czech Republic;
| | - Zora Poláčková
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, University Hospital Olomouc, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (Z.P.); (Z.D.)
| | - Anežka Krnáčová
- Department of Dermatology, Přerov Hospital, 751 52 Přerov, Czech Republic;
| | | | - Daniela Jablonská
- Dermatology Center, Hranice Hospital, 753 22 Hranice, Czech Republic;
| | - Jitka Macháčová
- Dermatology Center, 757 01 Valašské Meziříčí, Czech Republic;
| | - Zdeněk Drlík
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, University Hospital Olomouc, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (Z.P.); (Z.D.)
- Dr. Drlik Dermatovenereology, 789 85 Mohelnice, Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Bázsóová
- Department of Bacteriology and Mycology, Public Health Institute Ostrava, 702 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (R.D.); (D.B.); (P.J.)
| | - Pavla Jaworská
- Department of Bacteriology and Mycology, Public Health Institute Ostrava, 702 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (R.D.); (D.B.); (P.J.)
| | - Lucie Svobodová
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Olomouc, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Vit Hubka
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 01 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.Č.); (M.K.)
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
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12
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Gnat S, Łagowski D, Nowakiewicz A, Dyląg M. Tinea corporis caused by Trichophyton equinum transmitted from asymptomatic dogs to two siblings. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 51:1433-1438. [PMID: 31820297 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00204-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Each year, millions of people worldwide are affected by superficial mycoses, which are frequently caused by dermatophytes having affinity to the scalp, nails, hair and the stratum corneum of the skin. The changing reservoirs of zoophilic dermatophytes, the numerous reports of animal carrier status, and the increasing number of pets make the diagnosis difficult, which is usually impossible based only on medical history. Herein we present a case report of tinea corporis caused by Trichophyton equinum in siblings who had no contact with horses. The routine laboratory diagnostic procedures for identification of isolates were based on phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, especially molecular techniques using rDNA internal transcribed spacer sequences. The results showed that both techniques proved to be insufficiently discriminatory to differentiate two closely related species, i.e. Trichophyton equinum and Trichophyton tonsurans. Introduction of a TEF1 sequence analysis to the diagnostic procedures revealed consistent differences between these two species and facilitated unambiguous identification. Interestingly, dogs that could leave the homestead freely were the source of the infection in children. In conclusion, Trichophyton equinum was considered in the past as a strict zoophilic dermatophyte associated with horses and rarely transmitted to humans. This study revealed that this species can have other reservoirs and live in the fur of asymptomatic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Gnat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Dominik Łagowski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Aneta Nowakiewicz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Mariusz Dyląg
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, Department of Mycology and Genetics, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland
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13
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Baumbach CM, Schrödl W, Nenoff P, Uhrlaß S, Mülling CKW, Michler JK. Modeling dermatophytosis: Guinea pig skin explants represent a highly suitable model to study Trichophyton benhamiae infections. J Dermatol 2019; 47:8-16. [PMID: 31782188 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.15150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dermatophyte infections are a growing health concern worldwide with increasing patient numbers, especially in children. However, detailed knowledge about infection mechanisms and virulence factors are scarce. This study aimed to establish an infection model based on guinea pig skin explants mimicking the in vivo situation as closely as possible to survey the pathogenesis of dermatophytoses. A fundamental prerequisite was the detailed description of native guinea pig skin and its morphological changes during tissue culture because comprehensive data on guinea pig skin characteristics were not available. Skin explants were harvested from healthy, adult guinea pigs and transferred to cell culture inserts. One group was inoculated with defined suspensions of colony-forming units of zoonotic Trichophyton benhamiae isolates; others served as controls to assess the tissue viability during the 10-day culture. Samples were taken on days 3, 5, 7 and 10 and processed for histological and immunohistochemical analysis. Standard tissue culture conditions provoked acantholysis and regional orthokeratotic alterations. The reduced desquamation caused hyperkeratosis paralleled by hypogranulosis or regional hyperplasia. During T. benhamiae infection, keratinocyte proliferation came to a complete halt on day 5 whereas the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay-positive cells increased moderately up to day 7. Hyphae grew massively into the skin explants causing strong keratinolysis and tricholysis. By the end of the culture, complete disintegration of the basement membrane and dermal tissue was observed. A realistic and reliable skin infection model was established to study dermatophytoses in general and cutaneous T. benhamiae infections in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina-Marie Baumbach
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Schrödl
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pietro Nenoff
- Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Mölbis, Germany
| | - Silke Uhrlaß
- Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Mölbis, Germany
| | - Christoph K W Mülling
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jule Kristin Michler
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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14
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Zhang M, Jiang L, Li F, Xu Y, Lv S, Wang B. Simultaneous dermatophytosis and keratomycosis caused by Trichophyton interdigitale infection: a case report and literature review. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:983. [PMID: 31752715 PMCID: PMC6873498 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4612-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dermatophytosis is a fungal infectious disease caused by dermatophytes, which produce protease and keratinase to digest keratin, leading to the colonization, invasion, and infection of the stratum corneum of the skin, hair shafts, and nails. Trichophyton interdigitale belongs to Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex, which is the common pathogen causing dermatophytosis. Fungal keratitis, also called keratomycosis, is an infectious disease of cornea. Case presentation Here, we report a case of simultaneous dermatophytosis and keratomycosis caused by Trichophyton interdigitale. A 67-year-old man presented with extensive erythema all over the body since 4 years ago, fungal infection of left eye for 2 years, and loss of vision in the eye. These symptoms had become aggravated in the last month. Dermatological examinations showed extensive erythematous plaques with clear borders and scales, scattered red papules with ulceration, and scabs throughout the body. Onychomycosis was observed on the nails of left hand, conjunctival infection with secretion and loss of vision were noted in left eye. Hyaline septate hyphae were observed under direct microscopic examination, fungal culture and internal transcribed spacer sequencing revealed T. interdigitale. Histopathological examination suggested infectious granuloma. A diagnosis of dermatophytosis and keratomycosis caused by T. interdigitale with loss of vision in left eye was made. The patient was treated with luliconazole cream (two applications per day) and itraconazole (100 mg, BID, PO). Complete clinical remission was achieved after 1 month. Subsequently, the patient underwent left eye enucleation in the ophthalmology department. Conclusions In the present study, we reported a case of simultaneous dermatophytosis and keratomycosis caused by T. interdigitale, and reviewed the literature on corneal infection caused by Trichophyton. A total of 10 articles with 45 patients were published between 1973 and 2018. The pathogen of 27 patient were identified to species level. There were T. schoenleinii (17), T. mentagrophytes (4), T. verrucosum (3), T. rubrum (1), T. erinacei (1), and T. interdigitale (1). Five patients had corneal trauma, one had contact lens use history. Direct microscopic examination, fungal culture, and analysis of physiological characteristics were the main methods of identification. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment may help improve the management and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingrui Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218, Ziqiang street, Nanguan district, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Lanxiang Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218, Ziqiang street, Nanguan district, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Fuqiu Li
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218, Ziqiang street, Nanguan district, Changchun, 130000, China.
| | - Yangchun Xu
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218, Ziqiang street, Nanguan district, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Sha Lv
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218, Ziqiang street, Nanguan district, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218, Ziqiang street, Nanguan district, Changchun, 130000, China
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15
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Metin B, Heitman J. She Loves Me, She Loves Me Not: On the Dualistic Asexual/Sexual Nature of Dermatophyte Fungi. Mycopathologia 2019; 185:87-101. [PMID: 31578669 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-019-00390-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dermatophytes are ascomycetous fungi whose sexuality is greatly influenced by their ecology. Sexual reproduction is ubiquitous among soil-related geophiles and some animal-associated zoophiles. In contrast, anthropophiles are generally present as a single mating type in the population and appear to reproduce asexually. In this article, the current knowledge on the sexuality of dermatophytes including reproduction modes, mating conditions, mating type distributions and the mating type (MAT) locus is presented in the context of revised taxonomy and discussed from an evolutionary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu Metin
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Halkali Cad, No: 2, Halkali, Kucukcekmece, 34303, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Joseph Heitman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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16
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Kandemir H, Dukik K, Hagen F, Ilkit M, Gräser Y, de Hoog GS. Polyphasic Discrimination of Trichophyton tonsurans and T. equinum from Humans and Horses. Mycopathologia 2019; 185:113-122. [PMID: 31278475 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-019-00344-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The anthropophilic dermatophyte Trichophyton tonsurans and its zoophilic counterpart T. equinum are phylogenetically closely related. The barcoding marker rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) shows limited variation between these two species. In the current study, we combined molecular approaches with phenotypic data to determine the species boundaries between T. tonsurans (n = 52) and T. equinum (n = 15) strains originating from humans (n = 40), horses (n = 26), and a mouse (n = 1). Culture characteristics and physiology on Trichophyton agar media 1 and 5 were evaluated. Multi-locus sequencing involving ITS, partial large rDNA subunit (LSU), β-tubulin (TUB), 60S ribosomal protein (RPB), and translation elongation factor-3 (TEF3) genes, and the mating-type (MAT) locus was performed. Amplified fragment length polymorphism data were added. None of the test results showed complete mutual correspondence. With the exception of strains from New Zealand, strains of equine origin required niacin for growth, whereas most strains from human origin did not show this dependence. It is concluded that T. tonsurans and T. equinum incompletely diverged from a common lineage relatively recently. MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 are the main distinguishing genes between the two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazal Kandemir
- Division of Mycology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Çukurova, Adana, Turkey.,Centre of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Centre/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Karolina Dukik
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ferry Hagen
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Macit Ilkit
- Division of Mycology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Çukurova, Adana, Turkey.
| | - Yvonne Gräser
- Institute für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie der Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - G Sybren de Hoog
- Centre of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Centre/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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17
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Gnat S, Nowakiewicz A, Zięba P. TAXONOMY OF DERMATOPHYTES – THE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS MAY CHANGE BUT THE IDENTIFICATION PROBLEMS REMAIN THE SAME. ADVANCEMENTS OF MICROBIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.21307/pm-2019.58.1.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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Pchelin IM, Azarov DV, Churina MA, Scherbak SG, Apalko SV, Vasilyeva NV, Taraskina AE. Species boundaries in the Trichophyton mentagrophytes / T. interdigitale species complex. Med Mycol 2018; 57:781-789. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe fungi Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. interdigitale are closely related species, causing superficial infections in humans and other mammals. The status of these taxa is a field of long-lasting debates. To clarify their phylogenetic relationships within the genus Trichophyton and sharpen the species boundaries, we performed sequencing of four T. mentagrophytes genomes and also evaluated three previously published multilocus data sets. We performed computational species delimitation analysis on all available in GenBank internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) sequences of Trichophyton spp. Phylogenomic data, phylogenetic network, and species delimitation analyses implied that T. mentagrophytes and T. interdigitale belong to the same phylogenetic species. However, we argue that taxonomic status quo should be retained, from the perspective of epidemiological data and the principle of taxonomic stability. Since there is a correlation between ITS genotype and epidemiological source of an isolate, restriction of T. interdigitale to purely anthropophilic ITS genotypes seems to be reasonable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan M Pchelin
- Kashkin Research Institute of Medical Mycology, North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Daniil V Azarov
- Department of Epidemiology, Parasitology and Disinfectology, North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria A Churina
- City Hospital No. 40, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Clinical Infectious Diseases Hospital named after S.P. Botkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey G Scherbak
- City Hospital No. 40, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Medical Faculty, Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Natalya V Vasilyeva
- Kashkin Research Institute of Medical Mycology, North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia E Taraskina
- Kashkin Research Institute of Medical Mycology, North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov, St. Petersburg, Russia
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19
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Ultra-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for Identification of Closely Related Dermatophytes with Different Clinical Predilections. J Clin Microbiol 2018; 56:JCM.00102-18. [PMID: 29695525 PMCID: PMC6018324 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00102-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, an innovative top-down liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the identification of clinically relevant fungi is tested using a model set of dermatophyte strains. The methodology characterizes intact proteins derived from Trichophyton species, which are used as parameters of differentiation. To test its resolving power compared to that of traditional Sanger sequencing and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF), 24 strains of closely related dermatophytes, Trichophyton rubrum, T. violaceum, T. tonsurans, T. equinum, and T. interdigitale, were subjected to this new approach. Using MS/MS and different deconvolution algorithms, we identified hundreds of individual proteins, with a subpopulation of these used as strain- or species-specific markers. Three species, i.e., T. rubrum, T. violaceum, and T. interdigitale, were identified correctly down to the species level. Moreover, all isolates associated with these three species were identified correctly down to the strain level. In the T. tonsurans-equinum complex, eight out of 12 strains showed nearly identical proteomes, indicating an unresolved taxonomic conflict already apparent from previous phylogenetic data. In this case, it was determined with high probability that only a single species can be present. Our study successfully demonstrates applicability of the mass spectrometric approach to identify clinically relevant filamentous fungi. Here, we present the first proof-of-principle study employing the mentioned technology to differentiate microbial pathogens. The ability to differentiate fungi at the strain level sets the stage to improve patient outcomes, such as early detection of strains that carry resistance to antifungals.
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20
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Nucleotide Sequence Database Comparison for Routine Dermatophyte Identification by Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 Genetic Region DNA Barcoding. J Clin Microbiol 2018; 56:JCM.00046-18. [PMID: 29491019 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00046-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional dermatophyte identification is based on morphological features. However, recent studies have proposed to use the nucleotide sequences of the rRNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as an identification barcode of all fungi, including dermatophytes. Several nucleotide databases are available to compare sequences and thus identify isolates; however, these databases often contain mislabeled sequences that impair sequence-based identification. We evaluated five of these databases on a clinical isolate panel. We selected 292 clinical dermatophyte strains that were prospectively subjected to an ITS2 nucleotide sequence analysis. Sequences were analyzed against the databases, and the results were compared to clusters obtained via DNA alignment of sequence segments. The DNA tree served as the identification standard throughout the study. According to the ITS2 sequence identification, the majority of strains (255/292) belonged to the genus Trichophyton, mainly T. rubrum complex (n = 184), T. interdigitale (n = 40), T. tonsurans (n = 26), and T. benhamiae (n = 5). Other genera included Microsporum (e.g., M. canis [n = 21], M. audouinii [n = 10], Nannizzia gypsea [n = 3], and Epidermophyton [n = 3]). Species-level identification of T. rubrum complex isolates was an issue. Overall, ITS DNA sequencing is a reliable tool to identify dermatophyte species given that a comprehensive and correctly labeled database is consulted. Since many inaccurate identification results exist in the DNA databases used for this study, reference databases must be verified frequently and amended in line with the current revisions of fungal taxonomy. Before describing a new species or adding a new DNA reference to the available databases, its position in the phylogenetic tree must be verified.
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21
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Gnat S, Nowakiewicz A, Ziółkowska G, Trościańczyk A, Majer-Dziedzic B, Zięba P. Evaluation of growth conditions and DNA extraction techniques used in the molecular analysis of dermatophytes. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122:1368-1379. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Gnat
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology; Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Life Sciences; Lublin Poland
| | - A. Nowakiewicz
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology; Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Life Sciences; Lublin Poland
| | - G. Ziółkowska
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology; Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Life Sciences; Lublin Poland
| | - A. Trościańczyk
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology; Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Life Sciences; Lublin Poland
| | - B. Majer-Dziedzic
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology; Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Life Sciences; Lublin Poland
| | - P. Zięba
- State Veterinary Laboratory; Lublin Poland
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22
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Deep Dermatophytosis Caused by Zoophilic Strain of Trichophyton interdigitale with Successful Treatment of Itraconazole. Mycopathologia 2017; 182:715-720. [PMID: 28154954 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-017-0120-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We report a 66-year-old female patient with deep dermatophytosis caused by zoophilic strain of Trichophyton interdigitale, a rare granulomatous presentation of Trichophyton species infection in patients with underlying systemic diseases, and she was successfully cured by itraconazole. Since the identification of Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex had been misused for years, a brief discussion of molecular diagnosis and taxonomy of T. mentagrophytes complex is given. The pathogenesis and comparison with cases reported in the literature are also discussed.
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23
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de Hoog GS, Dukik K, Monod M, Packeu A, Stubbe D, Hendrickx M, Kupsch C, Stielow JB, Freeke J, Göker M, Rezaei-Matehkolaei A, Mirhendi H, Gräser Y. Toward a Novel Multilocus Phylogenetic Taxonomy for the Dermatophytes. Mycopathologia 2016; 182:5-31. [PMID: 27783317 PMCID: PMC5283515 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-016-0073-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Type and reference strains of members of the onygenalean family Arthrodermataceae have been sequenced for rDNA ITS and partial LSU, the ribosomal 60S protein, and fragments of β-tubulin and translation elongation factor 3. The resulting phylogenetic trees showed a large degree of correspondence, and topologies matched those of earlier published phylogenies demonstrating that the phylogenetic representation of dermatophytes and dermatophyte-like fungi has reached an acceptable level of stability. All trees showed Trichophyton to be polyphyletic. In the present paper, Trichophyton is restricted to mainly the derived clade, resulting in classification of nearly all anthropophilic dermatophytes in Trichophyton and Epidermophyton, along with some zoophilic species that regularly infect humans. Microsporum is restricted to some species around M. canis, while the geophilic species and zoophilic species that are more remote from the human sphere are divided over Arthroderma, Lophophyton and Nannizzia. A new genus Guarromyces is proposed for Keratinomyces ceretanicus. Thirteen new combinations are proposed; in an overview of all described species it is noted that the largest number of novelties was introduced during the decades 1920–1940, when morphological characters were used in addition to clinical features. Species are neo- or epi-typified where necessary, which was the case in Arthroderma curreyi, Epidermophyton floccosum, Lophophyton gallinae, Trichophyton equinum, T. mentagrophytes, T. quinckeanum, T. schoenleinii, T. soudanense, and T. verrucosum. In the newly proposed taxonomy, Trichophyton contains 16 species, Epidermophyton one species, Nannizzia 9 species, Microsporum 3 species, Lophophyton 1 species, Arthroderma 21 species and Ctenomyces 1 species, but more detailed studies remain needed to establish species borderlines. Each species now has a single valid name. Two new genera are introduced: Guarromyces and Paraphyton. The number of genera has increased, but species that are relevant to routine diagnostics now belong to smaller groups, which enhances their identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sybren de Hoog
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Basic Pathology Department, Federal University of Paraná State, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. .,Peking University Health Science Center, Research Center for Medical Mycology, Beijing, China. .,Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China. .,Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Karolina Dukik
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Monod
- Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ann Packeu
- Mycology and Aerobiology, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dirk Stubbe
- Mycology and Aerobiology, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marijke Hendrickx
- Mycology and Aerobiology, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christiane Kupsch
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medicine Berlin - Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Benjamin Stielow
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Thermo Fisher Scientific, Landsmeer, The Netherlands
| | - Joanna Freeke
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Thermo Fisher Scientific, Landsmeer, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Göker
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Ali Rezaei-Matehkolaei
- Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hossein Mirhendi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yvonne Gräser
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medicine Berlin - Charité, Berlin, Germany.
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24
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Application of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and high resolution melting (HRM) analysis of beta-tubulin gene for species and strains differentiation in Trichophyton mentagrophytes species complex. J Dermatol Sci 2016; 83:247-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Abarca ML, Castellá G, Martorell J, Cabañes FJ. Trichophyton erinacei in pet hedgehogs in Spain: Occurrence and revision of its taxonomic status. Med Mycol 2016; 55:164-172. [PMID: 27486214 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myw057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehogs have increased in popularity as pets in Spain but there are no data of infection rates of this exotic animal with dermatophytes in our country. During the period of 2008-2011 a total of 20 pet hedgehogs (19 African pygmy hedgehogs and 1 Egyptian long-eared hedgehog) suspected of having dermatophytoses were studied. This is the first survey of the occurrence of T. erinacei in household hedgehogs in Spain. The T. erinacei infection rate was 50% (9 out of 19 African pygmy hedgehogs, and the one Egyptian long-eared hedgehog surveyed). Morphological identification of the isolates was confirmed by molecular analysis. All the strains had the same ITS sequence and showed 100% sequence similarity to T. erinacei type strain CBS 511.73 (AB 105793). The Spanish isolates were confirmed as T. erinacei urease positive. On the basis of ITS sequences, T. erinacei is a species close to but separate from the taxa included in the A. benhamiae complex. Review of the current literature on DNA-based methods for identification of species included in this complex has highlighted the urgent need to reach a consensus in species circumscription and classification system accepted by all mycologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Abarca
- Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy
| | - G Castellá
- Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy
| | - J Martorell
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery and Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F J Cabañes
- Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy
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26
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Verrier J, Monod M. Diagnosis of Dermatophytosis Using Molecular Biology. Mycopathologia 2016; 182:193-202. [PMID: 27480761 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-016-0038-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Identification of fungi in dermatological samples using PCR is reliable and provides significantly improved results in comparison with cultures. It is possible to identify the infectious agent when negative results are obtained from cultures. In addition, identification of the infectious agent can be obtained in 1 day. Conventional and real-time PCR methods used for direct fungus identification in collected samples vary by DNA extraction methods, targeted DNA and primers, and the way of analysing the PCR products. The choice of a unique method in a laboratory is complicated because the results expected from skin and hair sample analysis are different from those expected in cases of onychomycosis. In skin and hair samples, one dermatophyte among about a dozen possible species has to be identified. In onychomycosis, the infectious agents are mainly Trichophyton rubrum and, to a lesser extent, Trichophyton interdigitale, but also moulds insensitive to oral treatments used for dermatophytes, which renders fungal identification mandatory. The benefits obtained with the use of PCR methods for routine analysis of dermatological samples have to be put in balance with the relative importance of getting a result in a short time, the price of molecular biology reagents and equipment, and especially the time spent conducting laboratory manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Verrier
- Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène (GEIHP), Institut de Biologie en Santé (PBH-IRIS), CHU Angers, Université d'Angers, 4 rue Larrey, 49933, Angers, France
| | - Michel Monod
- Laboratoire de Mycologie, Service de Dermatologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, BT403, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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27
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Garcia Garces H, Hrycyk MF, Giacobino J, Capela Machado G, Domingos Arantes T, Theodoro RC, Bosco SDMG, Bagagli E. Molecular identification and phylogenetical analysis of dermatophyte fungi from Latin America. Mycoses 2016; 59:787-797. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Garcia Garces
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia; Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu; Universidade Estadual Paulista; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Marluce F. Hrycyk
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia; Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu; Universidade Estadual Paulista; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Juliana Giacobino
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia; Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu; Universidade Estadual Paulista; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Gabriel Capela Machado
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia; Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu; Universidade Estadual Paulista; São Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Raquel C. Theodoro
- Centro de Biociências; Universidade Federal de Rio Grande do Norte; Natal Brazil
| | - Sandra de M. G. Bosco
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia; Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu; Universidade Estadual Paulista; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Eduardo Bagagli
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia; Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu; Universidade Estadual Paulista; São Paulo Brazil
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28
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Ahmadi B, Mirhendi H, Makimura K, de Hoog GS, Shidfar MR, Nouripour-Sisakht S, Jalalizand N. Phylogenetic analysis of dermatophyte species using DNA sequence polymorphism in calmodulin gene. Med Mycol 2016; 54:500-14. [PMID: 26868901 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myw004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of phylogenetic species concepts based on rDNA internal transcribe spacer (ITS) regions have improved the taxonomy of dermatophyte species; however, confirmation and refinement using other genes are needed. Since the calmodulin gene has not been systematically used in dermatophyte taxonomy, we evaluated its intra- and interspecies sequence variation as well as its application in identification, phylogenetic analysis, and taxonomy of 202 strains of 29 dermatophyte species. A set of primers was designed and optimized to amplify the target followed by bilateral sequencing. Using pairwise nucleotide comparisons, a mean similarity of 81% was observed among 29 dermatophyte species, with inter-species diversity ranging from 0 to 200 nucleotides (nt). Intraspecies nt differences were found within strains of Trichophyton interdigitale, Arthroderma simii, T. rubrum and A. vanbreuseghemii, while T. tonsurans, T. violaceum, Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis, M. audouinii, M. cookei, M. racemosum, M. gypseum, T. mentagrophytes, T schoenleinii, and A. benhamiae were conserved. Strains of E. floccosum/M. racemosum/M. cookei, A. obtosum/A. gertleri, T. tonsurans/T. equinum and a genotype of T. interdigitale had identical calmodulin sequences. For the majority of the species, tree topology obtained for calmodulin gene showed a congruence with coding and non-coding regions including ITS, BT2, and Tef-1α. Compared with the phylogenetic tree derived from ITS, BT2, and Tef-1α genes, some species such as E. floccosum and A. gertleri took relatively remote positions. Here, characterization and obtained dendrogram of calmodulin gene on a broad range of dermatophyte species provide a basis for further discovery of relationships between species. Studies of other loci are necessary to confirm the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Ahmadi
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Para-Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran Departments of Medical Parasitology & Mycology, School of Public Health; National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Mirhendi
- Departments of Medical Parasitology & Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Koichi Makimura
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology and Genome Research Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - G Sybren de Hoog
- Fungal Biodiversity Center, Institute of the Royal Netherlands, Academy of Arts and Sciences, Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures-KNAW, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammad Reza Shidfar
- Departments of Medical Parasitology & Mycology, School of Public Health; National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Niloofar Jalalizand
- Departments of Medical Parasitology & Mycology, School of Public Health; National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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29
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Ansari S, Hedayati MT, Nouripour-Sisakht S, Rezaei-Matehkolaei A, Jannesar R, Mohammadi H, Fazli Y, Ilkit M, Seyedmousavi S. A 9-Month-Old Girl from Iran with Extensive Erythematous Plaques Due to Trichophyton simii, a Zoophilic Dermatophyte. Mycopathologia 2016; 181:451-5. [PMID: 26767834 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-015-9981-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of dermatophytosis due to Trichophyton simii is generally considered to be limited to endemic areas, particularly one area of India. However, the high similarity between the morphological features of atypical T. simii isolates and those of other dermatophytes such as Trichophyton interdigitale and Arthroderma benhamiae may lead to misidentification of the cause of dermatophytosis in many instances. We investigated a rare case of tinea corporis in a 9-month-old female with extensive erythematous lesions. Morphological features of the recovered isolate from the culture resulted in the identification of Trichophyton interdigitale. For accurate identification, the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1 and ITS2) of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) gene were sequenced and the isolate was ultimately identified as T. simii. In conclusion, T. simii, which has been formerly known to be restricted to specific endemic regions, appears to be not infrequent in non-endemic areas but instead simply less well-known and consequently underestimated. To determine its actual prevalence of infection, the application of DNA-based molecular methodologies is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saham Ansari
- Invasive Fungi Research Center (IFRC)/Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Km 18 Khazarabad Road, P.O. Box 48175-1665, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohammad T Hedayati
- Invasive Fungi Research Center (IFRC)/Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Km 18 Khazarabad Road, P.O. Box 48175-1665, Sari, Iran.
| | - Sadegh Nouripour-Sisakht
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Ali Rezaei-Matehkolaei
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ramin Jannesar
- Department of Medical Pathology, School of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Haniyeh Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Yousef Fazli
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Macit Ilkit
- Division of Mycology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Çukurova, Adana, Turkey
| | - Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi
- Invasive Fungi Research Center (IFRC)/Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Km 18 Khazarabad Road, P.O. Box 48175-1665, Sari, Iran.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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30
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Lyskova P, Hubka V, Petricakova A, Dobias R, Cmokova A, Kolarik M. Equine Dermatophytosis due to Trichophyton bullosum, a Poorly Known Zoophilic Dermatophyte Masquerading as T. verrucosum. Mycopathologia 2015; 180:407-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-015-9931-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Overy DP, Marron-Lopez F, Muckle A, Bourque A, Lund L, MacHattie D, Lopez A. Dermatophytosis in farmed mink (Mustela vison) caused by Trichophyton equinum. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015. [PMID: 26223793 DOI: 10.1177/1040638715596036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This report details 2 outbreaks of dermatophytosis in 2 different mink ranches. On the first farm, only kits were affected, while on the second farm, small numbers of adults were infected. Affected mink were otherwise clinically healthy and in good body condition. Three animals were euthanized and submitted for autopsy. Grossly, mink exhibited locally extensive to coalescing areas of crusting alopecia but no other significant gross lesions in internal organs. Microscopically, skin lesions were characterized by chronic hyperplastic dermatitis with folliculitis, furunculosis, occasional intracorneal pustules, and large numbers of intrafollicular fungal arthrospores and hyphae. The dermatophyte was cultured and identified as Trichophyton equinum based on molecular barcoding of the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal DNA gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Overy
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology (Overy, Marron-Lopez, Muckle, Bourque, Lopez) and Chemistry (Overy), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, CanadaDiagnostic Services (Muckle, Bourque, Lund), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, CanadaNautilus Biosciences Canada Inc., Duffy Research Center, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada (Overy)Middleton Veterinary Services, Middleton, Nova Scotia, Canada (MacHattie)
| | - Fany Marron-Lopez
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology (Overy, Marron-Lopez, Muckle, Bourque, Lopez) and Chemistry (Overy), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, CanadaDiagnostic Services (Muckle, Bourque, Lund), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, CanadaNautilus Biosciences Canada Inc., Duffy Research Center, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada (Overy)Middleton Veterinary Services, Middleton, Nova Scotia, Canada (MacHattie)
| | - Anne Muckle
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology (Overy, Marron-Lopez, Muckle, Bourque, Lopez) and Chemistry (Overy), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, CanadaDiagnostic Services (Muckle, Bourque, Lund), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, CanadaNautilus Biosciences Canada Inc., Duffy Research Center, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada (Overy)Middleton Veterinary Services, Middleton, Nova Scotia, Canada (MacHattie)
| | - Andrea Bourque
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology (Overy, Marron-Lopez, Muckle, Bourque, Lopez) and Chemistry (Overy), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, CanadaDiagnostic Services (Muckle, Bourque, Lund), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, CanadaNautilus Biosciences Canada Inc., Duffy Research Center, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada (Overy)Middleton Veterinary Services, Middleton, Nova Scotia, Canada (MacHattie)
| | - Lorraine Lund
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology (Overy, Marron-Lopez, Muckle, Bourque, Lopez) and Chemistry (Overy), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, CanadaDiagnostic Services (Muckle, Bourque, Lund), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, CanadaNautilus Biosciences Canada Inc., Duffy Research Center, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada (Overy)Middleton Veterinary Services, Middleton, Nova Scotia, Canada (MacHattie)
| | - David MacHattie
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology (Overy, Marron-Lopez, Muckle, Bourque, Lopez) and Chemistry (Overy), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, CanadaDiagnostic Services (Muckle, Bourque, Lund), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, CanadaNautilus Biosciences Canada Inc., Duffy Research Center, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada (Overy)Middleton Veterinary Services, Middleton, Nova Scotia, Canada (MacHattie)
| | - Alfonso Lopez
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology (Overy, Marron-Lopez, Muckle, Bourque, Lopez) and Chemistry (Overy), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, CanadaDiagnostic Services (Muckle, Bourque, Lund), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, CanadaNautilus Biosciences Canada Inc., Duffy Research Center, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada (Overy)Middleton Veterinary Services, Middleton, Nova Scotia, Canada (MacHattie)
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Zakeri H, Shokohi T, Badali H, Mayahi S, Didehdar M. Use of Padlock Probes and Rolling Circle Amplification (RCA) for Rapid Identification of Trichophyton Species, Related to Human and Animal Disorder. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e19107. [PMID: 26421127 PMCID: PMC4584133 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.19107v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The high degree of phenotypic similarity among Trichophyton species makes their identification difficult. Objectives: The current study aims to establish the use of rolling circle amplification (RCA) based on internal transcribed spacer ribosomal DNA (ITS rDNA) as a powerful, simple, and rapid procedure for distinguishing closely related organisms, and specifically to identify Trichophyton species, which cause human and animal disorders. Materials and Methods: A total of sixty-one isolates belonging to three species of Trichophyton were identified to the species level based on microscopic and macroscopic examinations and their ITS rDNA regions were sequenced. Three specific circular oligonucleotide probes targeting the ITS1 and ITS2 regions were designed to differentiate Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, and T. tonsurans. Results: Of the 61 putative Trichophyton clinical isolates, 52 were identified to the species level. The most common species was T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale (31 isolates), followed by T. rubrum (11 isolates), T. tonsurans (9 isolates), and T. violaceum (1 isolates); moreover, 9 isolates were identified as non-Trichophyton species. The RCA method correctly identified four Trichophyton species and was 100% specific for each species. Neither cross-reaction between the examined species of Trichophyton nor false positive or false negative results were observed. Conclusions: Species identification of Trichophyton is crucially important for epidemiological and phylogenetic purposes and for genotype delineation. RCA based on ITS polymorphisms can be used to generate identification barcodes and as an alternative to DNA sequencing; it is a very fast, specific, and economical tool for species identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Zakeri
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran
| | - Tahereh Shokohi
- Invasive Fungi Research Center (IFRC), Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Tahereh Shokohi, Invasive Fungi Research Center (IFRC), Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran. Tel: +98-1133543781, Fax: 98-1513543248, E-mail:
| | - Hamid Badali
- Invasive Fungi Research Center (IFRC), Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran
| | - Saba Mayahi
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran
| | - Mojtaba Didehdar
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran
- Arak Medical Faculty, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, IR Iran
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Chollet A, Cattin V, Fratti M, Mignon B, Monod M. Which Fungus Originally was Trichophyton mentagrophytes? Historical Review and Illustration by a Clinical Case. Mycopathologia 2015; 180:1-5. [PMID: 25912796 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-015-9893-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several dermatophytes producing numerous pyriform or round microconidia were called Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Among these dermatophytes are the teleomorph species Arthroderma benhamiae, Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii and Arthroderma simii, and other species such as Trichophyton interdigitale, Trichophyton erinacei and Trichophyton quinckeanum for which only the anamorph is known. Confusion exists about which fungus should be really called T. mentagrophytes and about the rational use of this name in practice. We report a case of beard ringworm (tinea barbae) with A. vanbreuseghemii. According to both clinical signs and the type of hair parasitism, this case was exactly compatible to the first description of a non-favic dermatophytosis by Gruby under the name of "mentagrophyte" from which was derived the dermatophyte epithet mentagrophytes. In addition, the phenotypic characters of the isolated fungus in cultures perfectly matched with those of the first description of a dermatophyte under T. mentagrophytes by Blanchard (Parasites animaux et parasites végétaux à l'exclusion des Bactéries, Masson, Paris, 1896). In conclusion, T. mentagrophytes corresponds to the fungus later named A. vanbreuseghemii. However, because the neotype of T. mentagrophytes was not adequately designated in regard to the ancient literature, we would privilege the use of A. vanbreuseghemii and abandon the name of T. mentagrophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemay Chollet
- Laboratoire de Mycologie, BT422, Service de Dermatologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
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34
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Irinyi L, Serena C, Garcia-Hermoso D, Arabatzis M, Desnos-Ollivier M, Vu D, Cardinali G, Arthur I, Normand AC, Giraldo A, da Cunha KC, Sandoval-Denis M, Hendrickx M, Nishikaku AS, de Azevedo Melo AS, Merseguel KB, Khan A, Parente Rocha JA, Sampaio P, da Silva Briones MR, e Ferreira RC, de Medeiros Muniz M, Castañón-Olivares LR, Estrada-Barcenas D, Cassagne C, Mary C, Duan SY, Kong F, Sun AY, Zeng X, Zhao Z, Gantois N, Botterel F, Robbertse B, Schoch C, Gams W, Ellis D, Halliday C, Chen S, Sorrell TC, Piarroux R, Colombo AL, Pais C, de Hoog S, Zancopé-Oliveira RM, Taylor ML, Toriello C, de Almeida Soares CM, Delhaes L, Stubbe D, Dromer F, Ranque S, Guarro J, Cano-Lira JF, Robert V, Velegraki A, Meyer W. International Society of Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM)-ITS reference DNA barcoding database--the quality controlled standard tool for routine identification of human and animal pathogenic fungi. Med Mycol 2015; 53:313-37. [PMID: 25802363 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myv008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human and animal fungal pathogens are a growing threat worldwide leading to emerging infections and creating new risks for established ones. There is a growing need for a rapid and accurate identification of pathogens to enable early diagnosis and targeted antifungal therapy. Morphological and biochemical identification methods are time-consuming and require trained experts. Alternatively, molecular methods, such as DNA barcoding, a powerful and easy tool for rapid monophasic identification, offer a practical approach for species identification and less demanding in terms of taxonomical expertise. However, its wide-spread use is still limited by a lack of quality-controlled reference databases and the evolving recognition and definition of new fungal species/complexes. An international consortium of medical mycology laboratories was formed aiming to establish a quality controlled ITS database under the umbrella of the ISHAM working group on "DNA barcoding of human and animal pathogenic fungi." A new database, containing 2800 ITS sequences representing 421 fungal species, providing the medical community with a freely accessible tool at http://www.isham.org/ and http://its.mycologylab.org/ to rapidly and reliably identify most agents of mycoses, was established. The generated sequences included in the new database were used to evaluate the variation and overall utility of the ITS region for the identification of pathogenic fungi at intra-and interspecies level. The average intraspecies variation ranged from 0 to 2.25%. This highlighted selected pathogenic fungal species, such as the dermatophytes and emerging yeast, for which additional molecular methods/genetic markers are required for their reliable identification from clinical and veterinary specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Irinyi
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney Medical School-Westmead Hospital, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Bioscurity, University of Sydney, Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Carolina Serena
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney Medical School-Westmead Hospital, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Bioscurity, University of Sydney, Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, Australia Unitat de Recerca, Hospital Joan XXIII, Institut de Investigacio Sanitaria Rovira I Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Dea Garcia-Hermoso
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Molecular Mycology Unit; CNRS URA3012, Paris, France
| | - Michael Arabatzis
- Mycology Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Medical School, the University of Athens Hellenic Collection of Pathogenic Fungi (UOA/HCPF), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marie Desnos-Ollivier
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Molecular Mycology Unit; CNRS URA3012, Paris, France
| | - Duong Vu
- CBS-KNAW, Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gianluigi Cardinali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences-Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ian Arthur
- Mycology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anne-Cécile Normand
- Parasitology - Mycology, APHM, CHU Timone-Adultes, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille University, UMR MD3 IP-TPT, Marseille, France
| | - Alejandra Giraldo
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Keith Cassia da Cunha
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Marcelo Sandoval-Denis
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Marijke Hendrickx
- BCCM/IHEM, Biomedical fungi and yeasts collection, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Angela Satie Nishikaku
- Laboratório Especial de Micologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Analy Salles de Azevedo Melo
- Laboratório Especial de Micologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Aziza Khan
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney Medical School-Westmead Hospital, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Bioscurity, University of Sydney, Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Juliana Alves Parente Rocha
- Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Paula Sampaio
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Biology Department, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Marcelo Ribeiro da Silva Briones
- Laboratório de Genômica e Biocomplexidade Evolutiva, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Carmona e Ferreira
- Laboratório de Genômica e Biocomplexidade Evolutiva, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mauro de Medeiros Muniz
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas (IPEC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Laura Rosio Castañón-Olivares
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología (Unidad de Micología), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Daniel Estrada-Barcenas
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología (Unidad de Micología), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Carole Cassagne
- Parasitology - Mycology, APHM, CHU Timone-Adultes, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille University, UMR MD3 IP-TPT, Marseille, France
| | - Charles Mary
- Parasitology - Mycology, APHM, CHU Timone-Adultes, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille University, UMR MD3 IP-TPT, Marseille, France
| | - Shu Yao Duan
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney Medical School-Westmead Hospital, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Bioscurity, University of Sydney, Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Fanrong Kong
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Annie Ying Sun
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Robinson Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Xianyu Zeng
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Zuotao Zhao
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Nausicaa Gantois
- BDEEP-EA4547, CIIL, Institut Pasteur de Lille, CHU de Lille, Université de Lille2, Lille, France
| | - Françoise Botterel
- Unité de Parasitologie - Mycologie, Dynamyc Team, CHU Henri Mondor, AP-HP, Créteil, France
| | - Barbara Robbertse
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Conrad Schoch
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Walter Gams
- CBS-KNAW, Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - David Ellis
- Mycology and Infectious Diseases, SA Pathology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Catriona Halliday
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Sharon Chen
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney Medical School-Westmead Hospital, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Bioscurity, University of Sydney, Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, Australia Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Tania C Sorrell
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney Medical School-Westmead Hospital, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Bioscurity, University of Sydney, Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Renaud Piarroux
- Parasitology - Mycology, APHM, CHU Timone-Adultes, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille University, UMR MD3 IP-TPT, Marseille, France
| | - Arnaldo L Colombo
- Laboratório Especial de Micologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Célia Pais
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Biology Department, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Sybren de Hoog
- CBS-KNAW, Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Maria Lucia Taylor
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología (Unidad de Micología), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Conchita Toriello
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología (Unidad de Micología), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Célia Maria de Almeida Soares
- Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Laurence Delhaes
- BDEEP-EA4547, CIIL, Institut Pasteur de Lille, CHU de Lille, Université de Lille2, Lille, France
| | - Dirk Stubbe
- BCCM/IHEM, Biomedical fungi and yeasts collection, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Françoise Dromer
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Molecular Mycology Unit; CNRS URA3012, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Ranque
- Parasitology - Mycology, APHM, CHU Timone-Adultes, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille University, UMR MD3 IP-TPT, Marseille, France
| | - Josep Guarro
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Jose F Cano-Lira
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Vincent Robert
- CBS-KNAW, Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aristea Velegraki
- Mycology Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Medical School, the University of Athens Hellenic Collection of Pathogenic Fungi (UOA/HCPF), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Wieland Meyer
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney Medical School-Westmead Hospital, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Bioscurity, University of Sydney, Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, Australia
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Elavarashi E, Kindo AJ, Kalyani J, Sudha R. Application of PCR fingerprinting using (GACA)4 primer in the rapid discrimination of dermatophytes. Indian J Med Microbiol 2015; 32:236-9. [PMID: 25008813 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.136548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Superficial fungal infections have a major impact on cosmetic health, affecting more than 20-25% of the global population, which is predominantly caused by dermatophytes. As per literature search, molecular strain typing of dermatophytes has not been investigated in India. Therefore, the present study was carried out to characterise the dermatophyte species and strains by molecular methods. OBJECTIVE To analyse the genotype variability by applying polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fingerprinting using a simple sequence repetitive oligonucleotide (GACA)4 primer to identify the species and strain variations among the dermatophytes isolated from a tertiary care centre in Chennai. MATERIALS AND METHODS From January 2010 to December 2010, 81 dermatophytes were isolated and included for the present study. A simple sequence repetitive oligonucleotide (GACA)4 was used as a single primer in the amplification process. RESULTS The (GACA)4-based PCR successfully amplified all the clinical isolates. Trichophyton rubrum and T. rubrum var. raubitschekii produced identical band profiles, where the latter could not be differentiated from the T. rubrum, which are being reported for the first time from south India. Epidermophyton floccosum produced species-specific band profiles. Intra-species variability was not observed among the T. rubrum and E. floccosum isolates. T. mentagrophytes produced three simple, distinct band patterns, which are surprisingly different from the earlier studies. CONCLUSION The PCR-based genotype using the short primer is rapid and precise in direct identification of dermatophyte isolates by one-step PCR to the species level and strain discrimination of the T. mentagrophytes variants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A J Kindo
- Departments of Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, India
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Hainsworth S, Hamblin JF, Vanniasinkam T. Isolation of dermatophytes (and other fungi) from human nail and skin dust produced by podiatric medical treatments in Australia. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2015; 105:111-20. [PMID: 25815649 DOI: 10.7547/0003-0538-105.2.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Podiatric physicians routinely use electric drills for the treatment of nail and skin conditions. The grinding process produces human nail and skin dust that is generally vacuumed into bags in the grinding unit. Many of the nails are thought to be mycotic, particularly because they are obtained from patients with symptoms of dermatophyte infections. Currently, there is limited information available on the detection of fungi from nail dust samples. Herein, we attempt to address this situation and outline some of the difficulties that pathology laboratories face in isolating and identifying dermatophytes from nail samples. METHODS Fifty nail dust bags from podiatric medical clinics across all of the states and territories of Australia were collected and analyzed. Samples from the bags were inoculated onto primary isolation media. Fungal colonies that grew were then inoculated onto potato dextrose agar for identification using standard morphological (macroscopic and microscopic) features. RESULTS One hundred fifty-one colonies of dermatophytes were identified from 43 of the 50 samples. In addition 471 nondermatophyte molds were isolated, along with some yeasts and bacteria. CONCLUSIONS The most common dermatophytes isolated were from the Trichophyton mentagrophytes/interdigitale complexes. Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton tonsurans, Trichophyton soudanense, and Epidermophyton floccosum were also isolated. An unidentified group of dermatophytes was also present. The three most common genera of nondermatophyte molds were Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Scopulariopsis, all of which have been implicated in onychomycosis and more general disease. The presence of viable fungal pathogens in the dust could potentially pose a health problem to podiatric physicians.
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Ziółkowska G, Nowakiewicz A, Gnat S, Trościańczyk A, Zięba P, Dziedzic BM. Molecular identification and classification of Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex strains isolated from humans and selected animal species. Mycoses 2015; 58:119-26. [PMID: 25643744 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Species differentiation within Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex group currently poses a major diagnostic challenge, with molecular methods increasingly supplementing classical identification based on the morphological and physiological properties of the fungi. Diagnostic and epidemiological research aimed at determining the source and means of transmission of dermatophytoses in both humans and animals requires not only species differentiation of isolates but also differentiation within species. The study was conducted on 24 isolates originating in humans and various animal species with clinical symptoms of dermatophytosis. The analysis included phenotypical identification methods and molecular methods: internal transcribed spacer sequencing and ITS-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) with multi-enzyme restriction. ITS sequence analysis identified the isolates to species - Trichophyton interdigitale, Arthroderma benhamiae and A. vanbreuseghemii, and ITS-RFLP detected six different genotypes. Genotypes I, II and III characterised strains belonging to A. benhamiae, genotype IV characterised the A. vanbreuseghemii strain, and genotypes V and VI occurred only within the species T. interdigitale. Strains isolated from guinea pigs were dominant within genotype I, while genotype II was found mainly in strains from foxes. Multi-enzyme restriction analysis of this region enables intraspecific differentiation, which may be useful in epidemiological research, particularly in determining the source of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grażyna Ziółkowska
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
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Ahmadi B, Mirhendi H, Shidfar MR, Nouripour-Sisakht S, Jalalizand N, Geramishoar M, Shokoohi GR. A comparative study on morphological versus molecular identification of dermatophyte isolates. J Mycol Med 2014; 25:29-35. [PMID: 25533610 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2014.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dermatophytes are taxonomically classified in the genera Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton. Pleomorphism, cultural variability, slow growth and sporulation, and the need for additional physiological tests make dermatophytes notoriously difficult to identify. The present study aimed to compare the results of morphological and molecular identification of certain groups of clinical isolates of dermatophytes with a view to evaluating the accuracy of molecular methods. PATIENTS AND METHODS For each sample, the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA region was amplified using the primers ITS1 and ITS4. PCR products were subjected to restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis using the enzyme MvaI and isolate identification was performed by comparing the electrophoretic RFLP patterns with reference profiles obtained previously. Finally, paired comparative analyses of molecular and conventional methods were performed. RESULTS While morphology results from routine daily reports of the laboratories indicated that 18 (6.8%) and 136 (52.10%) of the isolates were T. rubrum and T. interdigitale, respectively, PCR-RFLP results suggested that T. rubrum was the most common etiological agent of ringworm accounting for 94 (36.01%), followed by T. interdigitale accounting for 71 (27.20%). Interestingly, 80.8% out of the 94 isolates identified as T. rubrum by molecular testing had been identified by morphological examination as belonging to different species, such as T. interdigitale (75.5%), E. floccosum (2.1%) and M. canis, T. verrucosum, and T. tonsurans (each 1.06%). Ten strains out of 261 (T. interdigitale, n=8; E. floccosum, n=2) had been defined as unknown species by morphological tests. CONCLUSION An unexpected high percent of isolates identified as T. interdigitale by conventional methods were in effect T. rubrum shown by PCR-RFLP, and regarding the necessity of correct identification of dermatophytes recovered from different clinical forms of the infection, we highly recommend ITS-sequencing or ITS-RFLP of the isolates, particularly for epidemiological research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ahmadi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - H Mirhendi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - M R Shidfar
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Nouripour-Sisakht
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - N Jalalizand
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Geramishoar
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - G R Shokoohi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Rezaei-Matehkolaei A, Mirhendi H, Makimura K, de Hoog GS, Satoh K, Najafzadeh MJ, Shidfar MR. Nucleotide sequence analysis of beta tubulin gene in a wide range of dermatophytes. Med Mycol 2014; 52:674-88. [PMID: 25079222 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myu033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the resolving power of the beta tubulin protein-coding gene (BT2) for systematic study of dermatophyte fungi. Initially, 144 standard and clinical strains belonging to 26 species in the genera Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton were identified by internal transcribe spacer (ITS) sequencing. Subsequently, BT2 was partially amplified in all strains, and sequence analysis performed after construction of a BT2 database that showed length ranged from approximately 723 (T. ajelloi) to 808 nucleotides (M. persicolor) in different species. Intraspecific sequence variation was found in some species, but T. tonsurans, T. equinum, T. concentricum, T. verrucosum, T. rubrum, T. violaceum, T. eriotrephon, E. floccosum, M. canis, M. ferrugineum, and M. audouinii were invariant. The sequences were found to be relatively conserved among different strains of the same species. The species with the closest resemblance were Arthroderma benhamiae and T. concentricum and T. tonsurans and T. equinum with 100% and 99.8% identity, respectively; the most distant species were M. persicolor and M. amazonicum. The dendrogram obtained from BT2 topology was almost compatible with the species concept based on ITS sequencing, and similar clades and species were distinguished in the BT2 tree. Here, beta tubulin was characterized in a wide range of dermatophytes in order to assess intra- and interspecies variation and resolution and was found to be a taxonomically valuable gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rezaei-Matehkolaei
- Departments of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Mirhendi
- Departments of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Koichi Makimura
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - G Sybren de Hoog
- Fungal Biodiversity Center, Institute of the Royal Netherlands, Academy of Arts and Sciences, Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures-KNAW, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kazuo Satoh
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mohammad Javad Najafzadeh
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Ghaem Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Shidfar
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Jung HJ, Kim SY, Jung JW, Park HJ, Lee YW, Choe YB, Ahn KJ. Identification of dermatophytes by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of metalloproteinase-1. Ann Dermatol 2014; 26:338-42. [PMID: 24966633 PMCID: PMC4069644 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2014.26.3.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transgenic research on metalloproteinase-1 is an emerging field in the area of plant molecular biology. The new method reported here can similarly be applied in fungal molecular biology to identify different dermatophytes. Our method is more accurate than traditional methods such as molecular analyses. Objective To identify Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes, T. tonsurans, T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale, Microsporum canis and M. gypseum, by using the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect polymorphisms in the metalloproteinase-1 gene (MEP1). Methods From each fungal strain, we isolated genomic DNA and performed PCR to amplify the region coding for metalloproteinase-1. Primers for the metalloproteinase-1 gene were designed based on the sequence in NCBI GenBank. Subsequently, we purified the amplified PCR product and performed RFLP analysis. After restriction enzyme digestion, BsrDI (NEB, England), the samples were subjected to electrophoresis. Four different patterns of DNA fragments were observed among 6 fungal species. Results The DNA fragments for T. mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes, T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale and T. tonsurans showed similar patterns on electrophoresis and were not distinguishable, whereas T. rubrum, M. canis, and M. gypseum showed different patterns. Conclusion To our knowledge, it is the first study to introduce the analysis of the nucleotide sequence of metalloproteinase-1 enzyme to study differentiation in dermatophytes. Based on our results, more accurate differentiation and subtyping of T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale might be possible. This might contribute to better understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of dermatophyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Jung Jung
- Department of Dermatology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Young Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Wook Jung
- Department of Dermatology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Park
- Department of Dermatology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yang Won Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. ; Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Beom Choe
- Department of Dermatology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. ; Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu Joong Ahn
- Department of Dermatology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. ; Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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Hubka V, Dobiašova S, Dobiaš R, Kolařik M. Microsporum aenigmaticum sp. nov. from M. gypseum complex, isolated as a cause of tinea corporis. Med Mycol 2014; 52:387-96. [PMID: 24625678 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myt033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An undescribed Microsporum species was isolated from skin scales recovered from a 40-mm large, annular, scaling lesion on the wrist of a 46-year-old woman. The risk factors for dermatophyte infection in the patient were frequent work in the garden, hunting, and contact with dogs and horses. Direct microscopic examination of the scales revealed the presence of dermatophyte hyphae; when the samples were cultured, a morphologically similar fungus grew on all slants in pure culture. Both of these findings strongly suggested that the isolate was the true causal agent of infection. The possible geophilic nature of the species was based on phylogenetic analysis (internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA and β-tubulin gene) that placed it in between species of the M. gypseum complex. However, its divergencies from all other Microsporum species exceeded 4% base pairs. Based on β-tubulin phylogeny, the isolated species is a sister to M. gypseum. The species produces abundant chlamydospores and clumps of hyphae similar to those of ascomatal primordia but no conidia and ascospores. The species was unable to grow at 37°C and does not grow on T6 basal medium, which is unlike other Microsporum species; hair perforation and urease tests were positive. The addition of histidine to the T6 medium resulted in rapid growth of the fungus. The phylogenetic evidence, morphology, growth parameters, and physiology justified the proposal that the isolate is a new species, M. aenigmaticum, sp. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vit Hubka
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
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Nenoff P, Krüger C, Ginter-Hanselmayer G, Tietz HJ. Mycology - an update. Part 1: Dermatomycoses: causative agents, epidemiology and pathogenesis. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2014; 12:188-209; quiz 210, 188-211; quiz 212. [PMID: 24533779 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.12245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dermatomycoses are caused most commonly by dermatophytes. The anthropophilic dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum is still the most frequent causative agent worldwide. Keratinolytic enzymes, e.g. hydrolases and keratinases, are important virulence factors of T. rubrum. Recently, the cysteine dioxygenase was found as new virulence factor. Predisposing host factors play a similarly important role for the development of dermatophytosis of the skin and nails. Chronic venous insufficiency, diabetes mellitus, disorders of cellular immunity, and genetic predisposition should be considered as risk factors for onychomycosis. A new alarming trend is the increasing number of cases of onychomycosis - mostly due to T. rubrum - in infancy. In Germany, tinea capitis is mostly caused by zoophilic dermatophytes, in particular Microsporum canis. New zoophilic fungi, primarily Trichophyton species of Arthroderma benhamiae, should be taken into differential diagnostic considerations of tinea capitis, tinea faciei, and tinea corporis. Source of infection are small household pets, particularly rodents, like guinea pigs. Anthropophilic dermatophytes may be introduced by families which immigrate from Africa or Asia to Europe. The anthropophilic dermatophytes T. violaceum, T. tonsurans (infections occurring in fighting sports clubs as "tinea gladiatorum capitis et corporis") and M. audouinii are causing outbreaks of small epidemics of tinea corporis and tinea capitis in kindergartens and schools. Superficial infections of the skin and mucous membranes due to yeasts are caused by Candida species. Also common are infections due to the lipophilic yeast fungus Malassezia. Today, within the genus Malassezia more than 10 different species are known. Malassezia globosa seems to play the crucial role in pityriasis versicolor. Molds (also designated non-dermatophyte molds, NDM) are increasingly found as causative agents in onychomycosis. Besides Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, several species of Fusarium and Aspergillus are found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Nenoff
- Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Mölbis, Germany
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Ilkit M, Durdu M. Tinea pedis: the etiology and global epidemiology of a common fungal infection. Crit Rev Microbiol 2014; 41:374-88. [PMID: 24495093 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2013.856853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Tinea pedis, which is a dermatophytic infection of the feet, can involve the interdigital web spaces or the sides of the feet and may be a chronic or recurring condition. The most common etiological agents are anthropophiles, including Trichophyton rubrum sensu stricto, which is the most common, followed by Trichophyton interdigitale and Epidermophyton floccosum. There has been a change in this research arena, necessitating a re-evaluation of our knowledge on the topic from a multidisciplinary perspective. Thus, this review aimed to provide a solid overview of the current status and changing patterns of tinea pedis. The second half of the twentieth century witnessed a global increase in tinea pedis and a clonal spread of one major etiologic agent, T. rubrum. This phenomenon is likely due to increases in urbanization and the use of sports and fitness facilities, the growing prevalence of obesity and the aging population. For optimal patient care and management, the diagnosis of tinea pedis should be verified by microbiological analysis. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology, clinical forms, complications and mycological characteristics of tinea pedis and we highlight the pathogenesis, prevention and control parameters of this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macit Ilkit
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cukurova , Adana , Turkey and
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Hubka V, Cmokova A, Skorepova M, Mikula P, Kolarik M. Trichophyton onychocola sp. nov. isolated from human nail. Med Mycol 2014; 52:285-92. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myt010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Perrier P, Monod M. Tinea manuum caused by Trichophyton erinacei: first report in Switzerland. Int J Dermatol 2013; 54:959-60. [PMID: 24372169 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Perrier
- Department of Dermatology, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel Monod
- Department of Dermatology, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Cafarchia C, Iatta R, Latrofa MS, Gräser Y, Otranto D. Molecular epidemiology, phylogeny and evolution of dermatophytes. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 20:336-51. [PMID: 24060735 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dermatophytes are fungi that invade and propagate in the keratinized skin of mammals, including humans, often causing contagious infections. The species of medical concern belong to the genera Microsporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton (in their anamorphic state) and Arthroderma (in their telomorphic state), which were traditionally identified based on their morphology and biochemical characters. Nonetheless, limitations linked to the differentiation of closely related agents at species and strains level have been recently overcome by molecular studies. Indeed, an accurate identification of dermatophytes is pivotal for the establishment of effective control and prevention programs as well as for determining the most appropriate and effective antifungal therapies to be applied. This article reviews the DNA techniques and the molecular markers used to identify and to characterize dermatophyte species, as well as aspects of their phylogeny and evolution. The applications of typing molecular strain to both basic and applied research (e.g., taxonomy, ecology, typing of infection, antifungal susceptibility) have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cafarchia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Bari, Str. prov. le per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
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Mehlig L, Garve C, Ritschel A, Zeiler A, Brabetz W, Weber C, Bauer A. Clinical evaluation of a novel commercial multiplex-based PCR diagnostic test for differential diagnosis of dermatomycoses. Mycoses 2013; 57:27-34. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Mehlig
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - C. Garve
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - A. Ritschel
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - A. Zeiler
- Biotype Diagnostic GmbH; Dresden Germany
| | - W. Brabetz
- Biotype Diagnostic GmbH; Dresden Germany
| | - C. Weber
- Biotype Diagnostic GmbH; Dresden Germany
| | - A. Bauer
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden; Dresden Germany
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48
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Fourier transform infrared spectral evaluation for the differentiation of clinically relevant Trichophyton species. J Microbiol Methods 2013; 93:218-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Beguin H, Goens K, Hendrickx M, Planard C, Stubbe D, Detandt M. IsTrichophyton simiiendemic to the Indian subcontinent? Med Mycol 2013; 51:444-8. [DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2012.737032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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50
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The Use of Albino Adult Hair and Blond Prepubertal Hair Yields Equivalent Results in an In Vitro Hair Perforation Test to Differentiate Between Different Dermatophytic Fungi. Mycopathologia 2013; 176:23-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-013-9647-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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