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Wang L, Huang N, Cai Q, Guo S, Ai H. Differences in physiology and behavior between male winner and loser mice in the tube test. Behav Processes 2024; 216:105013. [PMID: 38460912 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Social hierarchy is a crucial element for survival, reproduction, fitness, and the maintenance of a stable social group in social animals. This study aimed to investigate the physiological indicators, nociception, unfamiliar female mice preference, spatial learning memory, and contextual fear memory of male mice with different social status in the same cage. Our findings revealed significant differences in the trunk temperature and contextual fear memory between winner and loser mice. However, there were no major discrepancies in body weight, random and fasting blood glucose levels, whisker number, frontal and perianal temperature, spleen size, mechanical and thermal pain thresholds, preference for unfamiliar female mice, and spatial memory. In conclusion, social status can affect mice in multiple ways, and, therefore, its influence should be considered when conducting studies using these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Nan Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qian Cai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Siyuan Guo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Heng Ai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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2
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Mannosylated liposomes formulated with whole parasite P. falciparum blood-stage antigens are highly immunogenic in mice. Vaccine 2020; 38:1494-1504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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3
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Zhao M, Liu XD, Li XY, Chen HB, Jin H, Zhou R, Zhu MJ, Zhao SH. Systems infection biology: a compartmentalized immune network of pig spleen challenged with Haemophilus parasuis. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:46. [PMID: 23339624 PMCID: PMC3610166 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Network biology (systems biology) approaches are useful tools for elucidating the host infection processes that often accompany complex immune networks. Although many studies have recently focused on Haemophilus parasuis, a model of Gram-negative bacterium, little attention has been paid to the host's immune response to infection. In this article, we use network biology to investigate infection with Haemophilus parasuis in an in vivo pig model. RESULTS By targeting the spleen immunogenome, we established an expression signature indicative of H. parasuis infection using a PCA/GSEA combined method. We reconstructed the immune network and estimated the network topology parameters that characterize the immunogene expressions in response to H. parasuis infection. The results showed that the immune network of H. parasuis infection is compartmentalized (not globally linked). Statistical analysis revealed that the reconstructed network is scale-free but not small-world. Based on the quantitative topological prioritization, we inferred that the C1R-centered clique might play a vital role in responding to H. parasuis infection. CONCLUSIONS Here, we provide the first report of reconstruction of the immune network in H. parasuis-infected porcine spleen. The distinguishing feature of our work is the focus on utilizing the immunogenome for a network biology-oriented analysis. Our findings complement and extend the frontiers of knowledge of host infection biology for H. parasuis and also provide a new clue for systems infection biology of Gram-negative bacilli in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhao
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
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4
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Zhang ZW, Cheng J, Xu F, Chen YE, Du JB, Yuan M, Zhu F, Xu XC, Yuan S. Red blood cell extrudes nucleus and mitochondria against oxidative stress. IUBMB Life 2012; 63:560-5. [PMID: 21698761 DOI: 10.1002/iub.490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mammal red blood cells (erythrocytes) contain neither nucleus nor mitochondria. Traditional theory suggests that the presence of a nucleus would prevent big nucleated erythrocytes to squeeze through these small capillaries. However, nucleus is too small to hinder erythrocyte deformation. And, there is no sound reason to abandon mitochondria for the living cells. Here, we found that mammal erythrocyte reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels kept stable under diabetes, ischemia reperfusion, and malaria conditions or in vitro sugar/heme treatments, whereas bird erythrocyte ROS levels increased dramatically in these circumstances. Nuclear and mitochondrial extrusion may help mammal erythrocytes to better adapt to high-sugar and high-heme conditions by limiting ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Wei Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, China
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5
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Good MF. Our impasse in developing a malaria vaccine. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:1105-13. [PMID: 21327616 PMCID: PMC11115129 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0634-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Malaria presents a challenge to world health that to date has been beyond the abilities of researchers to conquer. This critique presents some of the strategies employed by the parasite to overcome immunity and the immunological challenges that we face to develop vaccines. A conclusion is that a vaccine must identify novel antigens or epitopes that are not normally immunogenic and which are therefore not under immune pressure and most likely to be conserved between different strains. Such antigens are most likely to be targets of cellular immunity. The case for a whole parasite blood stage vaccine is presented based on these premises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Good
- Institute for Glycomics, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia.
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6
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Zhang ZW, Cheng J, Xu F, Yuan M, Du JB, Shang J, Wang Y, Du L, Li ZL, Yuan S. Mammal cells double their total RNAs against diabetes, ischemia reperfusion and malaria-induced oxidative stress. Mol Med 2010; 17:533-41. [PMID: 21152696 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2010.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Total cellular RNA level is stable usually, although it may increase gradually during growth or decrease gradually under certain stressors. However, we found that mammal cell RNAs could be doubled within 24 h in response to free heme accumulation (ischemia reperfusion and malaria infection) or a high level of glucose treatment (diabetes). Clinical investigations in rats showed that pretreatment with heme (24 h for doubling total RNAs) alleviated oxidative damages caused by diabetes, and pretreatment with glucose (24 h for trebling total RNAs) alleviated oxidative damages caused by ischemia reperfusion or malaria infection. Therefore, this rapid RNA amplification may play an important role in mammal adaptation to diabetes, ischemia reperfusion and malaria infection-derived oxidative stress. This rapid RNA amplification is derived from glucose and heme, but not from their accompanying reactive oxygen species. Hexokinases endure glucose-derived reactive oxygen species accumulation but are not related glucose-derived RNA amplification. In contrast, the TATA box-binding protein (TBP) mediates all glucose- and heme-induced RNA amplification in mammal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Wei Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, China
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7
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Abstract
The concept of a malaria vaccine has sparked great interest for decades; however, the challenge is proving to be a difficult one. Immune dysregulation by Plasmodium and the ability of the parasite to mutate critical epitopes in surface antigens have proved to be strong defense weapons. This has led to reconsideration of polyvalent and whole parasite strategies and ways to enhance cellular immunity to malaria that may be more likely to target conserved antigens and an expanded repertoire of antigens. These and other concepts will be discussed in this review.
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8
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Aguilar-Medina M, Ramos-Payán R, Arámbula-Meraz E, Sánchez-Torres L, Favila-Castillo L. Parasitaemia levels in Plasmodium chabaudi infected-mice modify IFN-gamma and IL-10 expression after a homologous or heterologous challenge. Parasite Immunol 2010; 32:267-74. [PMID: 20398227 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01183.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
CB6F1 mice infected with the nonlethal Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS suffer parasitaemia levels up to 40% (full parasitaemia, FP) and develop both homologous and heterologous (against the lethal Plasmodium yoelii 17XL) protective immunity. However, if mice are treated with anti-malarial drug when parasitaemia is below 10% (low parasitaemia, LP), they only develop homologous immunity. For the better understanding of this interesting dissociation related to the degree of parasitaemia, in this work, we studied the genetic expression of some cytokines. We found that during primary parasitaemia both FP and LP mice showed at first a TNF-alpha, IL-2 and IFN-gamma response which is followed by an IL-4 and IL-10 response. When FP and LP mice were challenged with either the homologous (FP + AS and LP + AS mice) or the heterologous parasite (FP + 17XL and LP + 17XL mice), we observed that LP + 17XL mice, which failed to develop heterologous immunity and succumbed to the challenge, showed a stronger IFN-gamma and a weaker IL-10 expression than FP + 17XL mice, which developed heterologous immunity and survived the challenge. The importance and the possible implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aguilar-Medina
- Doctorado en Biotecnología y Maestría en Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, México.
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9
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Guilbride DL, Gawlinski P, Guilbride PDL. Why functional pre-erythrocytic and bloodstage malaria vaccines fail: a meta-analysis of fully protective immunizations and novel immunological model. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10685. [PMID: 20502667 PMCID: PMC2873430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinically protective malaria vaccines consistently fail to protect adults and children in endemic settings, and at best only partially protect infants. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We identify and evaluate 1916 immunization studies between 1965-February 2010, and exclude partially or nonprotective results to find 177 completely protective immunization experiments. Detailed reexamination reveals an unexpectedly mundane basis for selective vaccine failure: live malaria parasites in the skin inhibit vaccine function. We next show published molecular and cellular data support a testable, novel model where parasite-host interactions in the skin induce malaria-specific regulatory T cells, and subvert early antigen-specific immunity to parasite-specific immunotolerance. This ensures infection and tolerance to reinfection. Exposure to Plasmodium-infected mosquito bites therefore systematically triggers immunosuppression of endemic vaccine-elicited responses. The extensive vaccine trial data solidly substantiate this model experimentally. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We conclude skinstage-initiated immunosuppression, unassociated with bloodstage parasites, systematically blocks vaccine function in the field. Our model exposes novel molecular and procedural strategies to significantly and quickly increase protective efficacy in both pipeline and currently ineffective malaria vaccines, and forces fundamental reassessment of central precepts determining vaccine development. This has major implications for accelerated local eliminations of malaria, and significantly increases potential for eradication.
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10
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Abstract
Malaria is a serious cause of morbidity and mortality and yet a vaccine is not available. Studies have used animal models to understand the pathogenesis of disease and a large amount of data on parasite biology, immune regulation and disease processes have been gained from these studies. Moreover, these models have been used for pre-clinical testing of various drugs and vaccines. Here, we discuss the features of various mouse models used to study the immunobiology of malaria and test pre-clinical vaccines and conclude that animal models have a role in the study of malaria but the experimental conditions used for testing must reflect the environment of infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle N Wykes
- The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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11
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Wave expansion of CD34+ progenitor cells in the spleen in rodent malaria. Exp Parasitol 2008; 121:230-7. [PMID: 19068215 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2008.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Revised: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Defense against malaria depends upon amplification of the spleen structure and function for the clearance of parasitized red blood cells (pRBC). We studied the distribution and amount of CD34(+) cells in the spleens of mice infected with rodent malaria. We sought to identify these cells in the spleen and determine their relationship to infection. C57BL/6J mice were infected with self-resolving, Plasmodium chabaudi CR, or one of the lethal rodent malaria strains, P. chabaudi AJ and P. berghei ANKA. We then recorded parasitemia, mortality, and the presence of CD34(+) cells in spleen, as determined by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. In the non-lethal strain, the spleen structure was maintained during amplification, but disrupted in lethal models. The abundance of CD34(+) cells increased in the red pulp on the 4th and 6th days p.i. in all models, and subsided on the 8th day p.i. Faint CD34(+) staining on the 8th day p.i., was probably due to differentiation of committed cell lineages. In this work, increase of spleen CD34(+) cells did not correlate with infection control.
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12
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Wykes MN, Liu XQ, Beattie L, Stanisic DI, Stacey KJ, Smyth MJ, Thomas R, Good MF. Plasmodium strain determines dendritic cell function essential for survival from malaria. PLoS Pathog 2007; 3:e96. [PMID: 17616976 PMCID: PMC1904473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The severity of malaria can range from asymptomatic to lethal infections involving severe anaemia and cerebral disease. However, the molecular and cellular factors responsible for these differences in disease severity are poorly understood. Identifying the factors that mediate virulence will contribute to developing antiparasitic immune responses. Since immunity is initiated by dendritic cells (DCs), we compared their phenotype and function following infection with either a nonlethal or lethal strain of the rodent parasite, Plasmodium yoelii, to identify their contribution to disease severity. DCs from nonlethal infections were fully functional and capable of secreting cytokines and stimulating T cells. In contrast, DCs from lethal infections were not functional. We then transferred DCs from mice with nonlethal infections to mice given lethal infections and showed that these DCs mediated control of parasitemia and survival. IL-12 was necessary for survival. To our knowledge, our studies have shown for the first time that during a malaria infection, DC function is essential for survival. More importantly, the functions of these DCs are determined by the strain of parasite. Our studies may explain, in part, why natural malaria infections may have different outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle N Wykes
- The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Xue Q Liu
- The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lynette Beattie
- The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Immunology and Infection Unit, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Danielle I Stanisic
- The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Infection and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katryn J Stacey
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, CRC for Chronic Inflammatory Diseases, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark J Smyth
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ranjeny Thomas
- Centre for Immunology and Cancer Research, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael F Good
- The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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13
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Good MF, Stanisic D, Xu H, Elliott S, Wykes M. The immunological challenge to developing a vaccine to the blood stages of malaria parasites. Immunol Rev 2004; 201:254-67. [PMID: 15361246 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00178.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-one years after malaria antigens were first cloned, a vaccine still appears to be a long way off. There have been periods of great excitement, and in model systems, subunit vaccine homologs can induce robust protection. However, significant challenges exist concerning antigenic variation and polymorphism, immunological non-responsiveness to individual vaccine antigens, parasite-induced apoptosis of immune effector and memory cells, and immune deviation as a result of maternal immunity and alterations of dendritic cell function. Novel approaches will be required. This review addresses some of the approaches that might present malaria antigens in a way designed to induce superior immune responses or that target novel conserved epitopes. Cell-mediated immunity, acting independently of antibody, may exert potent anti-parasite effects, and identification of multiple target antigens/epitopes could lead to the development of vaccines with profound efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Good
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia.
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14
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Adam E, Pierrot C, Lafitte S, Godin C, Saoudi A, Capron M, Khalife J. The age-related resistance of rats to Plasmodium berghei infection is associated with differential cellular and humoral immune responses. Int J Parasitol 2003; 33:1067-78. [PMID: 13129529 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(03)00176-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated how the age of rats would affect the course of infection of and the immune response to Plasmodium berghei. Both young (4-week-old) and adult rats (8-week-old) can be infected with P. berghei ANKA strain, with significantly higher levels of infected red blood cells in young rats. While 100% of young rats succumbed to infection, adult rats were able to clear blood parasites and no mortality was observed. Analysis of cellular distribution and circulating cytokines demonstrated the persistence of CD4+/CD25+ T cells and high expression of circulating interleukin-10 (IL-10) during the progression of infection in young-susceptible rats, whereas high levels of CD8+ T cells and natural killer T cells are detected in adult-resistant rats. Analysis of antibody isotypes showed that adult rats produced significantly higher levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-dependent IgG2c antibodies than young rats during infection. Further evaluation of the role of IL-10, IFN-gamma and of immune cells showed that only the adoptive transfer of spleen cells from adult-resistant rats was able to convert susceptibility of young-susceptible rats to a resistant phenotype. These observations suggest that cell-mediated mechanisms are crucial for the control of a primary infection with P. berghei in young rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Adam
- INSERM U547, IFR 17, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 rue du Pr. Calmette, 59019 Lille Cedex, France
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15
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Good MF, Xu H, Batzloff M. Adapting immunity with subunit vaccines: case studies with group A Streptococcus and malaria. Int J Parasitol 2002; 32:575-80. [PMID: 11943230 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(01)00360-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although vaccines have widely been regarded as the most cost-effective way to improve public health, for some organisms new technological advances in vaccine design and delivery, incurring additional developmental costs, will be essential. These organisms are typically those for which natural immunity is either slow to develop or does not develop at all. Clearly, such organisms have evolved strategies to evade immune responses and innovative approaches will be required to induce a type of immune response which is both different to that which develops naturally and is effective. This article describes some approaches to develop vaccines for two such organisms (malaria parasites and Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus)) that are associated with widespread mortality and morbidity, mostly in the poorest countries of the world. At this stage, the challenges are primarily scientific, but if these hurdles are surmounted then the challenges will become financial ones--developing much needed vaccines for people least able to afford them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Good
- The Cooperative Research Centre for Vaccine Technology, The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, P.O. Royal Brisbane Hospital, QLD 4029, Herston, Australia.
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16
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Sanchez-Torres L, Rodriguez-Ropon A, Aguilar-Medina M, Favila-Castillo L. Mouse splenic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells undergo extensive apoptosis during a Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS infection. Parasite Immunol 2001; 23:617-26. [PMID: 11737664 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3024.2001.00422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The presence and phenotype of apoptotic lymphocytes was studied in spleen cell suspensions taken from CB6F1 mice infected with Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS. High levels of apoptotic cells were found, associated with high parasitaemias and splenomegaly. This was also accompanied by expansion and disarray of spleen white pulp. Apoptosis levels lowered when parasitaemia was cleared, but were still higher than in normal mice. At this time, the spleen was diminishing in size and the white pulp was contracting and rearranging. When parasitaemia was patent, the cells most affected by apoptosis were CD4+ T cells followed by CD8+ T cells, and to a lesser extent B220+ B cells. When parasitaemia was cleared, CD8+ T cells and B220+ B cells returned to basal levels of apoptosis, while CD4+ T cells still had higher apoptosis levels than normal mice. A similar pattern of lymphocyte subpopulation apoptosis was found in infected BALB/c mice, despite the fact that, for this mouse model, it has been reported that B cells are the cells that are most affected by apoptosis. We consider that the high levels of apoptosis in CD4+ T cells when parasitaemias are still high are not easily explained by a normal mechanism of down regulation of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sanchez-Torres
- Department of Immunology, National School of Biological Sciences, IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
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17
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Abstract
Although the malaria parasite was discovered more than 120 years ago, it is only during the past 20 years, following the cloning of malaria genes, that we have been able to think rationally about vaccine design and development. Effective vaccines for malaria could interrupt the life cycle of the parasite at different stages in the human host or in the mosquito. The purpose of this review is to outline the challenges we face in developing a vaccine that will limit growth of the parasite during the stage within red blood cells--the stage responsible for all the symptoms and pathology of malaria. More than 15 vaccine trials have either been completed or are in progress, and many more are planned. Success in current trials could lead to a vaccine capable of saving more than 2 million lives per year.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Good
- Cooperative Research Centre for Vaccine Technology, The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Australia.
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18
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Kobayashi E, Favila-Castillo L, Kamada N. Antibody formation in the transplanted spleen: a simple method of splenic transplantation in the rat using the cuff technique. Microsurgery 2000; 17:221-5. [PMID: 9140955 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2752(1996)17:4<221::aid-micr9>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To study whether transplanted spleens produce antibodies or not, a simplified model of spleen transplantation using the cuff technique was developed. The whole spleen with vascular pedicles was implanted in the syngeneic DA (RT1a) rat combination, using the cuff technique applied to the renal artery and vein of the recipient. The functions of the grafted spleen were tested by antibody formation-titers of antibody in the serum and plaque-forming cells in the graft spleen against xenogeneic [BALB/c (H-2d) mouse] antigen. The grafted spleens included a number of plaque-forming cells, as did the host spleen. This report shows direct evidence that vascularized splenic grafts produced antibodies. The technique is described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kobayashi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan
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19
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Abstract
Malaria, a disease responsible for immense human suffering, is caused by infection with Plasmodium spp. parasites, which have a very complex life cycle - antigenically unique stages infect different tissues of the body. This review details recent developments in our understanding of immunity both to pre-erythrocytic stage antigens and to erythrocytic stage antigens. The former is largely mediated via CD8(+) T cells and involves IFN-gamma, nitric oxide, IL-12 and natural killer cells; the latter varies (in different hosts and with different parasites) but is largely mediated by antibody, helper T cells, nitric oxide and gammadelta T cells. The recent progress towards clinical trials of vaccine candidates against both the pre-erythrocytic stage and erythrocytic stage is also summarized, in particular the use of heterologous prime/boost strategies for the former and the use of MSP1 as a candidate vaccine for the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Good
- The Cooperative Research Centre for Vaccine Technology, The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, PO Royal Brisbane Hospital 4029, Queensland, Australia.
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20
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Hirunpetcharat C, Finkelman F, Clark IA, Good MF. Malaria parasite-specific Th1-like T cells simultaneously reduce parasitemia and promote disease. Parasite Immunol 1999; 21:319-29. [PMID: 10354354 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3024.1999.00234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells have been implicated in immunity to the blood stages of malaria and cytokines associated with both monocyte and T cell activation have been implicated in disease. To determine whether specific T cells capable of inhibiting parasite growth can also mediate pathology we have transfused populations of Plasmodium berghei-specific T cells into normal and immunodeficient naive mice. We observed that they could inhibit parasite growth but were unable to save the animals which exhibited significantly greater anaemia and weight loss than control infected animals receiving either no T cells or T cells specific for ovalbumin. T cell-dependent tomour necrosis factor (TNF)alpha was a critical component in both parasite killing and disease promotion. Experiments with blocking antibodies demonstrated that all T-cell mediated antiparasitic immunity and all T-cell mediated weight loss was TNF-dependent. Blocking TNF-alpha in mice that received parasite-specific T cells prolonged the survival of the mice. Nitric oxide demonstrated no antiparasite effect, but was involved in the regulation of T-cell mediated weight loss. The data thus show that while parasite-specific CD4+ T cells can significantly limit parasite growth, such an effect need not be beneficial to the host, and that TNF-alpha and nitric oxide are critical effector molecules operating downstream of parasite-specific T cells in both immunity and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hirunpetcharat
- The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane 4029, Australia
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21
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Fell AH, Smith NC. Immunity to Asexual Blood Stages of Plasmodium: Is Resistance to Acute Malaria Adaptive or Innate? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 14:364-9. [PMID: 17040818 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-4758(98)01298-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Current models of immunity to blood stages of Plasmodium invoke a primary role for T-cell dependent processes and much recent evidence implicates Th1-type responses as crucial to the control of acute malaria. But do these data stand up to close scrutiny? Here, Andy Fell and Nick Smith review recent data from rodent and human studies and suggest that Th1-type responses may not after all be important in controlling malaria infection in the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Fell
- Human Biology Program, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
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Smith NC, Favila-Castillo L, Monroy-Ostria A, Hirunpetcharat C, Good MF. The spleen, IgG antibody subsets and immunity to Plasmodium berghei in rats. Immunol Cell Biol 1997; 75:318-23. [PMID: 9243299 DOI: 10.1038/icb.1997.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of IgG subclass-specific antibody responses to Plasmodium berghei in spleen-chimeric rats were monitored to determine if there was any relationship between IgG subset profiles and resistance. Strongly immune eusplenic rats respond to challenge with P. berghei by producing high levels of parasite-specific IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG2c but only modest levels of IgG1. Splenectomy profoundly affects the antibody response to infection. Thus, in splenectomized immunized rats, which harbour a chronic parasitaemia of 1%, the IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG2c responses peak 1 week later than in eusplenic immunized rats although the size of the peak is similar. More marked effects are apparent in the IgG1 response, the magnitude of which is far greater in splenectomized immunized rats than eusplenic immunized rats. Similar antibody profiles are seen in splenectomized immunized rats transplanted with a naive spleen. In contrast, splenectomized naive rats receiving either a transplant of a spleen from an immune rat or a transfer of immune spleen cells have high levels of IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG2c but modest levels of IgG1. However, only the former group of rats completely clears the parasite, the latter maintaining a chronic 1% parasitaemia. Thus, although complete resistance to P. berghei is always associated with high levels of parasite-specific IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG2c plus modest levels of IgG1, this is not a sufficient set of conditions to guarantee complete immunity. The IgG subset profile may be related to cytokine production; IFN-gamma was detected in the sera of rats receiving spleens from rats immune to P. berghei (modest IgG1 responses) but not in rats receiving spleens from naive animals (pronounced IgG1 responses).
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Smith
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Bancroft Centre, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Queensland, Australia.
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