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Vora SM, Fontana P, Mao T, Leger V, Zhang Y, Fu TM, Lieberman J, Gehrke L, Shi M, Wang L, Iwasaki A, Wu H. Targeting stem-loop 1 of the SARS-CoV-2 5' UTR to suppress viral translation and Nsp1 evasion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2117198119. [PMID: 35149555 PMCID: PMC8892331 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2117198119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a highly pathogenic virus that evades antiviral immunity by interfering with host protein synthesis, mRNA stability, and protein trafficking. The SARS-CoV-2 nonstructural protein 1 (Nsp1) uses its C-terminal domain to block the messenger RNA (mRNA) entry channel of the 40S ribosome to inhibit host protein synthesis. However, how SARS-CoV-2 circumvents Nsp1-mediated suppression for viral protein synthesis and if the mechanism can be targeted therapeutically remain unclear. Here, we show that N- and C-terminal domains of Nsp1 coordinate to drive a tuned ratio of viral to host translation, likely to maintain a certain level of host fitness while maximizing replication. We reveal that the stem-loop 1 (SL1) region of the SARS-CoV-2 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) is necessary and sufficient to evade Nsp1-mediated translational suppression. Targeting SL1 with locked nucleic acid antisense oligonucleotides inhibits viral translation and makes SARS-CoV-2 5' UTR vulnerable to Nsp1 suppression, hindering viral replication in vitro at a nanomolar concentration, as well as providing protection against SARS-CoV-2-induced lethality in transgenic mice expressing human ACE2. Thus, SL1 allows Nsp1 to switch infected cells from host to SARS-CoV-2 translation, presenting a therapeutic target against COVID-19 that is conserved among immune-evasive variants. This unique strategy of unleashing a virus' own virulence mechanism against itself could force a critical trade-off between drug resistance and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setu M Vora
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Pietro Fontana
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Tianyang Mao
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Valerie Leger
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Ying Zhang
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Tian-Min Fu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Judy Lieberman
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Lee Gehrke
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, MA 02115
| | - Ming Shi
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Longfei Wang
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520;
- HHMI, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
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Ramírez-Toloza G, Aguilar-Guzmán L, Valck C, Menon SS, Ferreira VP, Ferreira A. Is It Possible to Intervene in the Capacity of Trypanosoma cruzi to Elicit and Evade the Complement System? Front Immunol 2021; 12:789145. [PMID: 34975884 PMCID: PMC8716602 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.789145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas' disease is a zoonotic parasitic ailment now affecting more than 6 million people, mainly in Latin America. Its agent, the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, is primarily transmitted by endemic hematophagous triatomine insects. Transplacental transmission is also important and a main source for the emerging global expansion of this disease. In the host, the parasite undergoes intra (amastigotes) and extracellular infective (trypomastigotes) stages, both eliciting complex immune responses that, in about 70% of the cases, culminate in permanent immunity, concomitant with the asymptomatic presence of the parasite. The remaining 30% of those infected individuals will develop a syndrome, with variable pathological effects on the circulatory, nervous, and digestive systems. Herein, we review an important number of T. cruzi molecules, mainly located on its surface, that have been characterized as immunogenic and protective in various experimental setups. We also discuss a variety of parasite strategies to evade the complement system - mediated immune responses. Within this context, we also discuss the capacity of the T. cruzi infective trypomastigote to translocate the ER-resident chaperone calreticulin to its surface as a key evasive strategy. Herein, it is described that T. cruzi calreticulin inhibits the initial stages of activation of the host complement system, with obvious benefits for the parasite. Finally, we speculate on the possibility to experimentally intervene in the interaction of calreticulin and other T. cruzi molecules that interact with the complement system; thus resulting in significant inhibition of T. cruzi infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galia Ramírez-Toloza
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Livestock Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lorena Aguilar-Guzmán
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Livestock Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Valck
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Smrithi S. Menon
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Viviana P. Ferreira
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Arturo Ferreira
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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3
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Yin H, Pu N, Chen Q, Zhang J, Zhao G, Xu X, Wang D, Kuang T, Jin D, Lou W, Wu W. Gut-derived lipopolysaccharide remodels tumoral microenvironment and synergizes with PD-L1 checkpoint blockade via TLR4/MyD88/AKT/NF-κB pathway in pancreatic cancer. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:1033. [PMID: 34718325 PMCID: PMC8557215 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04293-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as an important inflammatory mediator activates the innate/adaptive immune system. The existence of LPS in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has been reported, however, its biological function in PDAC remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that circulating and tumoral LPS was significantly increased by intestinal leakage in the orthotopic murine PDAC model, and LPS administration promoted T cell infiltration but exhaustion paradoxically in the subcutaneous murine PDAC model. By bioinformatic analysis, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), LPS receptor, was further found to enrich in immune tolerance signaling in PDAC tissues. Then, a significant positive correlation was found between TLR4 and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) in clinical PDAC tissues, as well as serum LPS and tumoral PD-L1. Meanwhile, LPS stimulation in vitro and in vivo obviously upregulated tumor PD-L1 expression, and effectively promoted cancer cells resistance to T cell cytotoxicity. Mechanistically, the activation of TLR4/MyD88/AKT/NF-κB cascade was found to participate in LPS mediated PD-L1 transcription via binding to its promoter regions, which was enhanced by crosstalk between NF-κB and AKT pathways. Finally, PD-L1 blockade could significantly reverse LPS-induced immune escape, and synergized with LPS treatment. Taken together, LPS can remodel tumor microenvironment, and synergize with PD-L1 blockade to suppress tumor growth, which may be a promising comprehensive strategy for PDAC.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Aged
- Animals
- B7-H1 Antigen/genetics
- B7-H1 Antigen/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/immunology
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Gastrointestinal Tract/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Immune Evasion/drug effects
- Immune Tolerance/drug effects
- Lipopolysaccharides
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/drug effects
- Male
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Models, Biological
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/metabolism
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/immunology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlin Yin
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ning Pu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qiangda Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jicheng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Guochao Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Dansong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Tiantao Kuang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Dayong Jin
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wenhui Lou
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Wenchuan Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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4
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Bhowmik D, Du M, Tian Y, Ma S, Wu J, Chen Z, Yin Q, Zhu F. Cooperative DNA binding mediated by KicGAS/ORF52 oligomerization allows inhibition of DNA-induced phase separation and activation of cGAS. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:9389-9403. [PMID: 34387695 PMCID: PMC8450086 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a key DNA sensor that detects aberrant cytosolic DNA arising from pathogen invasions or genotoxic stresses. Upon binding to DNA, cGAS is activated and catalyzes the synthesis of cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), which induces potent antimicrobial and antitumor responses. Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a human DNA tumor virus that causes Kaposi sarcoma and several other malignancies. We previously reported that KSHV inhibitor of cGAS (KicGAS) encoded by ORF52, inhibits cGAS enzymatic activity, but the underlying mechanisms remained unclear. To define the inhibitory mechanisms, here we performed in-depth biochemical and functional characterizations of KicGAS, and mapped its functional domains. We found KicGAS self-oligomerizes and binds to double stranded DNA cooperatively. This self-oligomerization is essential for its DNA binding and cGAS inhibition. Interestingly, KicGAS forms liquid droplets upon binding to DNA, which requires collective multivalent interactions with DNA mediated by both structured and disordered domains coordinated through the self-oligomerization of KicGAS. We also observed that KicGAS inhibits the DNA-induced phase separation and activation of cGAS. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism by which DNA viruses target the host protein phase separation for suppression of the host sensing of viral nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debipreeta Bhowmik
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Mingjian Du
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390-9148, USA
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Siming Ma
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Jianjun Wu
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Zhijian Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390-9148, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 4000 Jones Bridge Rd, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Qian Yin
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Fanxiu Zhu
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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5
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Brägelmann J, Lorenz C, Borchmann S, Nishii K, Wegner J, Meder L, Ostendorp J, Ast DF, Heimsoeth A, Nakasuka T, Hirabae A, Okawa S, Dammert MA, Plenker D, Klein S, Lohneis P, Gu J, Godfrey LK, Forster J, Trajkovic-Arsic M, Zillinger T, Haarmann M, Quaas A, Lennartz S, Schmiel M, D'Rozario J, Thomas ES, Li H, Schmitt CA, George J, Thomas RK, von Karstedt S, Hartmann G, Büttner R, Ullrich RT, Siveke JT, Ohashi K, Schlee M, Sos ML. MAPK-pathway inhibition mediates inflammatory reprogramming and sensitizes tumors to targeted activation of innate immunity sensor RIG-I. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5505. [PMID: 34535668 PMCID: PMC8448826 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25728-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinase inhibitors suppress the growth of oncogene driven cancer but also enforce the selection of treatment resistant cells that are thought to promote tumor relapse in patients. Here, we report transcriptomic and functional genomics analyses of cells and tumors within their microenvironment across different genotypes that persist during kinase inhibitor treatment. We uncover a conserved, MAPK/IRF1-mediated inflammatory response in tumors that undergo stemness- and senescence-associated reprogramming. In these tumor cells, activation of the innate immunity sensor RIG-I via its agonist IVT4, triggers an interferon and a pro-apoptotic response that synergize with concomitant kinase inhibition. In humanized lung cancer xenografts and a syngeneic Egfr-driven lung cancer model these effects translate into reduction of exhausted CD8+ T cells and robust tumor shrinkage. Overall, the mechanistic understanding of MAPK/IRF1-mediated intratumoral reprogramming may ultimately prolong the efficacy of targeted drugs in genetically defined cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Brägelmann
- Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
- Department of Translational Genomics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
- Mildred Scheel School of Oncology Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Carina Lorenz
- Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Translational Genomics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sven Borchmann
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Else-Kröner-Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kazuya Nishii
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Julia Wegner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lydia Meder
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Mildred Scheel School of Oncology Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jenny Ostendorp
- Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Translational Genomics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - David F Ast
- Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Translational Genomics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Mildred Scheel School of Oncology Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alena Heimsoeth
- Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Translational Genomics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Takamasa Nakasuka
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Atsuko Hirabae
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Sachi Okawa
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Marcel A Dammert
- Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Translational Genomics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dennis Plenker
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
- Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Sebastian Klein
- Else-Kröner-Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Lohneis
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jianing Gu
- Institute for Developmental Cancer Therapeutics, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Division of Solid Tumor Translational Oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK, partner site Essen) and German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura K Godfrey
- Institute for Developmental Cancer Therapeutics, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Division of Solid Tumor Translational Oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK, partner site Essen) and German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Forster
- Division of Solid Tumor Translational Oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK, partner site Essen) and German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- Genome Informatics, Institute of Human Genetics, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marija Trajkovic-Arsic
- Institute for Developmental Cancer Therapeutics, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Division of Solid Tumor Translational Oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK, partner site Essen) and German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Zillinger
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mareike Haarmann
- Mildred Scheel School of Oncology Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Quaas
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefanie Lennartz
- Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Translational Genomics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marcel Schmiel
- Department of Translational Genomics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Joshua D'Rozario
- Department of Translational Genomics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Emily S Thomas
- Department of Translational Genomics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Henry Li
- Crown Bioscience, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Clemens A Schmitt
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité - University Medical Center, Virchow Campus, and Molekulares Krebsforschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Julie George
- Department of Translational Genomics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Roman K Thomas
- Department of Translational Genomics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Silvia von Karstedt
- Department of Translational Genomics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gunther Hartmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Reinhard Büttner
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Roland T Ullrich
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens T Siveke
- Institute for Developmental Cancer Therapeutics, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Division of Solid Tumor Translational Oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK, partner site Essen) and German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kadoaki Ohashi
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Japan, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Martin Schlee
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin L Sos
- Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
- Department of Translational Genomics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
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Shah M, Woo HG. Molecular Perspectives of SARS-CoV-2: Pathology, Immune Evasion, and Therapeutic Interventions. Mol Cells 2021; 44:408-421. [PMID: 34059561 PMCID: PMC8245319 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2021.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has not only affected human health but also diverted the focus of research and derailed the world economy over the past year. Recently, vaccination against COVID-19 has begun, but further studies on effective therapeutic agents are still needed. The severity of COVID-19 is attributable to several factors such as the dysfunctional host immune response manifested by uncontrolled viral replication, type I interferon suppression, and release of impaired cytokines by the infected resident and recruited cells. Due to the evolving pathophysiology and direct involvement of the host immune system in COVID-19, the use of immune-modulating drugs is still challenging. For the use of immune-modulating drugs in severe COVID-19, it is important to balance the fight between the aggravated immune system and suppression of immune defense against the virus that causes secondary infection. In addition, the interplaying events that occur during virus-host interactions, such as activation of the host immune system, immune evasion mechanism of the virus, and manifestation of different stages of COVID-19, are disjunctive and require thorough streamlining. This review provides an update on the immunotherapeutic interventions implemented to combat COVID-19 along with the understanding of molecular aspects of the immune evasion of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which may provide opportunities to develop more effective and promising therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaud Shah
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Hyun Goo Woo
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
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7
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Kemp SA, Collier DA, Datir RP, Ferreira IATM, Gayed S, Jahun A, Hosmillo M, Rees-Spear C, Mlcochova P, Lumb IU, Roberts DJ, Chandra A, Temperton N, Sharrocks K, Blane E, Modis Y, Leigh KE, Briggs JAG, van Gils MJ, Smith KGC, Bradley JR, Smith C, Doffinger R, Ceron-Gutierrez L, Barcenas-Morales G, Pollock DD, Goldstein RA, Smielewska A, Skittrall JP, Gouliouris T, Goodfellow IG, Gkrania-Klotsas E, Illingworth CJR, McCoy LE, Gupta RK. SARS-CoV-2 evolution during treatment of chronic infection. Nature 2021. [PMID: 33545711 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03291-y.33545711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is critical for virus infection through the engagement of the human ACE2 protein1 and is a major antibody target. Here we show that chronic infection with SARS-CoV-2 leads to viral evolution and reduced sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies in an immunosuppressed individual treated with convalescent plasma, by generating whole-genome ultra-deep sequences for 23 time points that span 101 days and using in vitro techniques to characterize the mutations revealed by sequencing. There was little change in the overall structure of the viral population after two courses of remdesivir during the first 57 days. However, after convalescent plasma therapy, we observed large, dynamic shifts in the viral population, with the emergence of a dominant viral strain that contained a substitution (D796H) in the S2 subunit and a deletion (ΔH69/ΔV70) in the S1 N-terminal domain of the spike protein. As passively transferred serum antibodies diminished, viruses with the escape genotype were reduced in frequency, before returning during a final, unsuccessful course of convalescent plasma treatment. In vitro, the spike double mutant bearing both ΔH69/ΔV70 and D796H conferred modestly decreased sensitivity to convalescent plasma, while maintaining infectivity levels that were similar to the wild-type virus.The spike substitution mutant D796H appeared to be the main contributor to the decreased susceptibility to neutralizing antibodies, but this mutation resulted in an infectivity defect. The spike deletion mutant ΔH69/ΔV70 had a twofold higher level of infectivity than wild-type SARS-CoV-2, possibly compensating for the reduced infectivity of the D796H mutation. These data reveal strong selection on SARS-CoV-2 during convalescent plasma therapy, which is associated with the emergence of viral variants that show evidence of reduced susceptibility to neutralizing antibodies in immunosuppressed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Kemp
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dami A Collier
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rawlings P Datir
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Isabella A T M Ferreira
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Salma Gayed
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cambridge University NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Aminu Jahun
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Myra Hosmillo
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chloe Rees-Spear
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Petra Mlcochova
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ines Ushiro Lumb
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford and BRC Haematology Theme, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David J Roberts
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford and BRC Haematology Theme, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anita Chandra
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Katherine Sharrocks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cambridge University NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elizabeth Blane
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yorgo Modis
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kendra E Leigh
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - John A G Briggs
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marit J van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kenneth G C Smith
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John R Bradley
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Bioresource, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chris Smith
- Department of Virology, Cambridge University NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rainer Doffinger
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Gabriela Barcenas-Morales
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- FES-Cuautitlán, UNAM, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico
| | - David D Pollock
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Anna Smielewska
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Virology, Cambridge University NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jordan P Skittrall
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cambridge University NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Laboratory, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Theodore Gouliouris
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cambridge University NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Christopher J R Illingworth
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Laura E McCoy
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ravindra K Gupta
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.
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8
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Kemp SA, Collier DA, Datir RP, Ferreira IATM, Gayed S, Jahun A, Hosmillo M, Rees-Spear C, Mlcochova P, Lumb IU, Roberts DJ, Chandra A, Temperton N, Sharrocks K, Blane E, Modis Y, Leigh K, Briggs J, van Gils M, Smith KGC, Bradley JR, Smith C, Doffinger R, Ceron-Gutierrez L, Barcenas-Morales G, Pollock DD, Goldstein RA, Smielewska A, Skittrall JP, Gouliouris T, Goodfellow IG, Gkrania-Klotsas E, Illingworth CJR, McCoy LE, Gupta RK. SARS-CoV-2 evolution during treatment of chronic infection. Nature 2021; 592:277-282. [PMID: 33545711 PMCID: PMC7610568 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03291-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 616] [Impact Index Per Article: 205.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is critical for virus infection through the engagement of the human ACE2 protein1 and is a major antibody target. Here we show that chronic infection with SARS-CoV-2 leads to viral evolution and reduced sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies in an immunosuppressed individual treated with convalescent plasma, by generating whole-genome ultra-deep sequences for 23 time points that span 101 days and using in vitro techniques to characterize the mutations revealed by sequencing. There was little change in the overall structure of the viral population after two courses of remdesivir during the first 57 days. However, after convalescent plasma therapy, we observed large, dynamic shifts in the viral population, with the emergence of a dominant viral strain that contained a substitution (D796H) in the S2 subunit and a deletion (ΔH69/ΔV70) in the S1 N-terminal domain of the spike protein. As passively transferred serum antibodies diminished, viruses with the escape genotype were reduced in frequency, before returning during a final, unsuccessful course of convalescent plasma treatment. In vitro, the spike double mutant bearing both ΔH69/ΔV70 and D796H conferred modestly decreased sensitivity to convalescent plasma, while maintaining infectivity levels that were similar to the wild-type virus.The spike substitution mutant D796H appeared to be the main contributor to the decreased susceptibility to neutralizing antibodies, but this mutation resulted in an infectivity defect. The spike deletion mutant ΔH69/ΔV70 had a twofold higher level of infectivity than wild-type SARS-CoV-2, possibly compensating for the reduced infectivity of the D796H mutation. These data reveal strong selection on SARS-CoV-2 during convalescent plasma therapy, which is associated with the emergence of viral variants that show evidence of reduced susceptibility to neutralizing antibodies in immunosuppressed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Kemp
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dami A Collier
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rawlings P Datir
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Isabella ATM Ferreira
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Salma Gayed
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cambridge University NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Aminu Jahun
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge
| | - Myra Hosmillo
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge
| | - Chloe Rees-Spear
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Petra Mlcochova
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ines Ushiro Lumb
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford and BRC Haematology Theme, University of Oxford, UK
| | - David J Roberts
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford and BRC Haematology Theme, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Anita Chandra
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, UK
| | - The CITIID-NIHR BioResource COVID-19 Collaboration BakerStephen23Principal InvestigatorsDouganGordon23Principal InvestigatorsHessChristoph232627Principal InvestigatorsKingstonNathalie2012Principal InvestigatorsLehnerPaul J.23Principal InvestigatorsLyonsPaul A.23Principal InvestigatorsMathesonNicholas J.23Principal InvestigatorsOwehandWillem H.20Principal InvestigatorsSaundersCaroline19Principal InvestigatorsSummersCharlotte3242528Principal InvestigatorsThaventhiranJames E.D.2322Principal InvestigatorsToshnerMark32425Principal InvestigatorsWeekesMichael P.2Principal InvestigatorsBuckeAshlea19CRF and Volunteer Research NursesCalderJo19CRF and Volunteer Research NursesCannaLaura19CRF and Volunteer Research NursesDomingoJason19CRF and Volunteer Research NursesElmerAnne19CRF and Volunteer Research NursesFullerStewart19CRF and Volunteer Research NursesHarrisJulie41CRF and Volunteer Research NursesHewittSarah19CRF and Volunteer Research NursesKennetJane19CRF and Volunteer Research NursesJoseSherly19CRF and Volunteer Research NursesKourampaJenny19CRF and Volunteer Research NursesMeadowsAnne19CRF and Volunteer Research NursesO’BrienCriona41CRF and Volunteer Research NursesPriceJane19CRF and Volunteer Research NursesPublicoCherry19CRF and Volunteer Research NursesRastallRebecca19CRF and Volunteer Research NursesRibeiroCarla19CRF and Volunteer Research NursesRowlandsJane19CRF and Volunteer Research NursesRuffoloValentina19CRF and Volunteer Research NursesTordesillasHugo19CRF and Volunteer Research NursesBullmanBen2Sample LogisticsDunmoreBenjamin J3Sample LogisticsFawkeStuart30Sample LogisticsGräfStefan31220Sample LogisticsHodgsonJosh3Sample LogisticsHuangChristopher3Sample LogisticsHunterKelvin23Sample LogisticsJonesEmma29Sample LogisticsLegchenkoEkaterina3Sample LogisticsMataraCecilia3Sample LogisticsMartinJennifer3Sample LogisticsMesciaFederica23Sample LogisticsO’DonnellCiara3Sample LogisticsPointonLinda3Sample LogisticsPondNicole23Sample LogisticsShihJoy3Sample LogisticsSutcliffeRachel3Sample LogisticsTillyTobias3Sample LogisticsTreacyCarmen3Sample LogisticsTongZhen3Sample LogisticsWoodJennifer3Sample LogisticsWylotMarta36Sample LogisticsBergamaschiLaura23Sample Processing and Data AcquisitionBetancourtAriana23Sample Processing and Data AcquisitionBowerGeorgie23Sample Processing and Data AcquisitionCossettiChiara23Sample Processing and Data AcquisitionDe SaAloka3Sample Processing and Data AcquisitionEppingMadeline23Sample Processing and Data AcquisitionFawkeStuart32Sample Processing and Data AcquisitionGleadallNick20Sample Processing and Data AcquisitionGrenfellRichard31Sample Processing and Data AcquisitionHinchAndrew23Sample Processing and Data AcquisitionHuhnOisin32Sample Processing and Data AcquisitionJacksonSarah3Sample Processing and Data AcquisitionJarvisIsobel3Sample Processing and Data AcquisitionLewisDaniel3Sample Processing and Data AcquisitionMarsdenJoe3Sample Processing and Data AcquisitionNiceFrancesca39Sample Processing and Data AcquisitionOkechaGeorgina3Sample Processing and Data AcquisitionOmarjeeOmmar3Sample Processing and Data AcquisitionPereraMarianne3Sample Processing and Data AcquisitionRichozNathan3Sample Processing and Data AcquisitionRomashovaVeronika23Sample Processing and Data AcquisitionYarkoniNatalia Savinykh3Sample Processing and Data AcquisitionSharmaRahul3Sample Processing and Data AcquisitionStefanucciLuca20Sample Processing and Data AcquisitionStephensJonathan20Sample Processing and Data AcquisitionStrezleckiMateusz31Sample Processing and Data AcquisitionTurnerLori23Sample Processing and Data AcquisitionDe BieEckart M.D.D.3Clinical Data CollectionBunclarkKatherine3Clinical Data CollectionJosipovicMasa40Clinical Data CollectionMackayMichael3Clinical Data CollectionMesciaFederica23Clinical Data CollectionMichaelAlice25Clinical Data CollectionRossiSabrina35Clinical Data CollectionSelvanMayurun3Clinical Data CollectionSpencerSarah15Clinical Data CollectionYongCissy35Clinical Data CollectionAnsaripourAli25Royal Papworth Hospital ICUMichaelAlice25Royal Papworth Hospital ICUMwauraLucy25Royal Papworth Hospital ICUPattersonCaroline25Royal Papworth Hospital ICUPolwarthGary25Royal Papworth Hospital ICUPolgarovaPetra28Addenbrooke’s Hospital ICUdi StefanoGiovanni28Addenbrooke’s Hospital ICUFaheyCodie34Cambridge and Peterborough Foundation TrustMichelRachel34Cambridge and Peterborough Foundation TrustBongSze-How21ANPC and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative TherapeuticsCoudertJerome D.33ANPC and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative TherapeuticsHolmesElaine37ANPC and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative TherapeuticsAllisonJohn2012NIHR BioResourceButcherHelen1238NIHR BioResourceCaputoDaniela1238NIHR BioResourceClapham-RileyDebbie1238NIHR BioResourceDewhurstEleanor1238NIHR BioResourceFurlongAnita1238NIHR BioResourceGravesBarbara1238NIHR BioResourceGrayJennifer1238NIHR BioResourceIversTasmin1238NIHR BioResourceKasanickiMary1228NIHR BioResourceLe GresleyEmma1238NIHR BioResourceLingerRachel1238NIHR BioResourceMeloySarah1238NIHR BioResourceMuldoonFrancesca1238NIHR BioResourceOvingtonNigel1220NIHR BioResourcePapadiaSofia1238NIHR BioResourcePhelanIsabel1238NIHR BioResourceStarkHannah1238NIHR BioResourceStirrupsKathleen E1220NIHR BioResourceTownsendPaul1220NIHR BioResourceWalkerNeil1220NIHR BioResourceWebsterJennifer1238NIHR BioResourceCambridge Clinical Research Centre, NIHR Clinical Research Facility, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UKDepartment of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UKAustralian National Phenome Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia WA 6150, AustraliaMRC Toxicology Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UKR&D Department, Hycult Biotech, 5405 PD Uden, The NetherlandsHeart and Lung Research Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UKRoyal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UKDepartment of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital Basel, 4031Basel, SwitzerlandBotnar Research Centre for Child Health (BRCCH) University Basel & ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, SwitzerlandAddenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UKDepartment of Veterinary Medicine, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UKCambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UKCancer Research UK, Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge CB2 0RE, UKDepartment of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Rosie Maternity Hospital, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SW, UKCentre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, AustraliaCambridge and Peterborough Foundation Trust, Fulbourn Hospital, Fulbourn, Cambridge CB21 5EF, UKDepartment of Surgery, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UKDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UKCentre of Computational and Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Harry Perkins Building, Perth, WA 6150, AustraliaDepartment of Public Health and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UKCancer Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UKMetabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UKDepartment of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Katherine Sharrocks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cambridge University NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elizabeth Blane
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yorgo Modis
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kendra Leigh
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - John Briggs
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marit van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kenneth GC Smith
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John R Bradley
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, NIHR Cambridge Clinical Research Facility, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chris Smith
- Department of Virology, Cambridge University NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust
| | - Rainer Doffinger
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Addenbrookes Hospital
| | | | - Gabriela Barcenas-Morales
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Addenbrookes Hospital, FES-Cuautitlán, UNAM, Mexico
| | - David D Pollock
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Anna Smielewska
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge,Department of Virology, Cambridge University NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust
| | - Jordan P Skittrall
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cambridge University NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK,Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, UK,Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Laboratory, Addenbrookes’ Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Theodore Gouliouris
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cambridge University NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Christopher JR Illingworth
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, UK, MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Laura E McCoy
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ravindra K Gupta
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
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9
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You L, Zhao Y, Kuca K, Wang X, Oleksak P, Chrienova Z, Nepovimova E, Jaćević V, Wu Q, Wu W. Hypoxia, oxidative stress, and immune evasion: a trinity of the trichothecenes T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol (DON). Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:1899-1915. [PMID: 33765170 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03030-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol (DON) are type A and B trichothecenes, respectively. They widely occur as pollutants in food and crops and cause a series of toxicities, including immunotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. Oxidative stress is the primary mechanistic basis of these toxic effects. Increasing amounts of evidence have shown that mitochondria are significant targets of apoptosis caused by T-2 toxin- and DON-induced oxidative stress via regulation of Bax/B-cell lymphoma-2 and caspase-3/caspase-9 signaling. DNA methylation and autophagy are involved in oxidative stress related to apoptosis, and hypoxia and immune evasion are related to oxidative stress in this context. Hypoxia induces oxidative stress by stimulating mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and regulates the expression of cytokines, such as interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α. Programmed cell death-ligand 1 is upregulated by these cytokines and by hypoxia-inducible factor-1, which allows it to bind to programmed cell death-1 to enable escape of immune cell surveillance and achievement of immune evasion. This review concentrates on novel findings regarding the oxidative stress mechanisms of the trichothecenes T-2 toxin and DON. Importantly, we discuss the new evidence regarding the connection of hypoxia and immune evasion with oxidative stress in this context. Finally, the trinity of hypoxia, oxidative stress and immune evasion is highlighted. This work will be conducive to an improved understanding of the oxidative stress caused by trichothecene mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li You
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Yingying Zhao
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 500 03, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan, China
| | - Patrik Oleksak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 500 03, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Zofia Chrienova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 500 03, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 500 03, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Vesna Jaćević
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 500 03, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
- Department for Experimental Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Poison Control Centre, Military Medical Academy, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
- Department of Pharmacological Science, Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 500 03, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Wenda Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 500 03, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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10
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Litchfield K, Reading JL, Puttick C, Thakkar K, Abbosh C, Bentham R, Watkins TBK, Rosenthal R, Biswas D, Rowan A, Lim E, Al Bakir M, Turati V, Guerra-Assunção JA, Conde L, Furness AJS, Saini SK, Hadrup SR, Herrero J, Lee SH, Van Loo P, Enver T, Larkin J, Hellmann MD, Turajlic S, Quezada SA, McGranahan N, Swanton C. Meta-analysis of tumor- and T cell-intrinsic mechanisms of sensitization to checkpoint inhibition. Cell 2021; 184:596-614.e14. [PMID: 33508232 PMCID: PMC7933824 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 140.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) augment adaptive immunity. Systematic pan-tumor analyses may reveal the relative importance of tumor-cell-intrinsic and microenvironmental features underpinning CPI sensitization. Here, we collated whole-exome and transcriptomic data for >1,000 CPI-treated patients across seven tumor types, utilizing standardized bioinformatics workflows and clinical outcome criteria to validate multivariable predictors of CPI sensitization. Clonal tumor mutation burden (TMB) was the strongest predictor of CPI response, followed by total TMB and CXCL9 expression. Subclonal TMB, somatic copy alteration burden, and histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA) evolutionary divergence failed to attain pan-cancer significance. Dinucleotide variants were identified as a source of immunogenic epitopes associated with radical amino acid substitutions and enhanced peptide hydrophobicity/immunogenicity. Copy-number analysis revealed two additional determinants of CPI outcome supported by prior functional evidence: 9q34 (TRAF2) loss associated with response and CCND1 amplification associated with resistance. Finally, single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of clonal neoantigen-reactive CD8 tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), combined with bulk RNA-seq analysis of CPI-responding tumors, identified CCR5 and CXCL13 as T-cell-intrinsic markers of CPI sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Litchfield
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - James L Reading
- Cancer Immunology Unit, Research Department of Hematology, University College London Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Clare Puttick
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Krupa Thakkar
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Chris Abbosh
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Robert Bentham
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Thomas B K Watkins
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Rachel Rosenthal
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Dhruva Biswas
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Andrew Rowan
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Emilia Lim
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Maise Al Bakir
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Virginia Turati
- Stem Cell Group, Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - José Afonso Guerra-Assunção
- Bill Lyons Informatics Centre, University College London Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Lucia Conde
- Bill Lyons Informatics Centre, University College London Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Andrew J S Furness
- Renal and Skin Units, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Sunil Kumar Saini
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sine R Hadrup
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Javier Herrero
- Bill Lyons Informatics Centre, University College London Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Se-Hoon Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Peter Van Loo
- Cancer Genomics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Tariq Enver
- Stem Cell Group, Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - James Larkin
- Renal and Skin Units, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Matthew D Hellmann
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, and Parker Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, 885 2nd Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA
| | - Samra Turajlic
- Renal and Skin Units, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK; Cancer Dynamics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Sergio A Quezada
- Cancer Immunology Unit, Research Department of Hematology, University College London Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Nicholas McGranahan
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Charles Swanton
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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11
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Engin AB, Engin ED, Engin A. The effect of environmental pollution on immune evasion checkpoints of SARS-CoV-2. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 81:103520. [PMID: 33132153 PMCID: PMC7580701 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Many diverse strategies allow and facilitate severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to evade antiviral innate immune mechanisms. Although the type I interferon (IFN) system has a critical role in restricting the dissemination of viral infection, suppression of IFN receptor signals by SARS-CoV-2 constitutes a checkpoint that plays an important role in the immune escape of the virus. Environmental pollution not only facilitates SARS-CoV-2 infection but also increases infection-associated fatality risk, which arises due to Systemic Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) Activation Syndrome. The intracellular accumulation of endogenous kynurenic acid due to overexpression of the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) by AhR activation induces AhR-interleukin-6 (IL-6)-signal transducers and activators of the transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway. The AhR-IDO1-Kynurenine pathway is an important checkpoint, which leads to fatal consequences in SARS-CoV-2 infection and immune evasion in the context of Treg/Th17 imbalance and cytokine storm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Basak Engin
- Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Evren Doruk Engin
- Ankara University, Biotechnology Institute, Gumusdere Campus, Kecioren, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Atilla Engin
- Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Ankara, Turkey
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12
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Su R, Dong L, Li Y, Gao M, Han L, Wunderlich M, Deng X, Li H, Huang Y, Gao L, Li C, Zhao Z, Robinson S, Tan B, Qing Y, Qin X, Prince E, Xie J, Qin H, Li W, Shen C, Sun J, Kulkarni P, Weng H, Huang H, Chen Z, Zhang B, Wu X, Olsen MJ, Müschen M, Marcucci G, Salgia R, Li L, Fathi AT, Li Z, Mulloy JC, Wei M, Horne D, Chen J. Targeting FTO Suppresses Cancer Stem Cell Maintenance and Immune Evasion. Cancer Cell 2020; 38:79-96.e11. [PMID: 32531268 PMCID: PMC7363590 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO), an RNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) demethylase, plays oncogenic roles in various cancers, presenting an opportunity for the development of effective targeted therapeutics. Here, we report two potent small-molecule FTO inhibitors that exhibit strong anti-tumor effects in multiple types of cancers. We show that genetic depletion and pharmacological inhibition of FTO dramatically attenuate leukemia stem/initiating cell self-renewal and reprogram immune response by suppressing expression of immune checkpoint genes, especially LILRB4. FTO inhibition sensitizes leukemia cells to T cell cytotoxicity and overcomes hypomethylating agent-induced immune evasion. Our study demonstrates that FTO plays critical roles in cancer stem cell self-renewal and immune evasion and highlights the broad potential of targeting FTO for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Su
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Lei Dong
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Yangchan Li
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineer (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Li Han
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA; School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Mark Wunderlich
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Xiaolan Deng
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Hongzhi Li
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Yue Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA; Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chenying Li
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA; Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 31003, China
| | - Zhicong Zhao
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA; Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Sean Robinson
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Brandon Tan
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Ying Qing
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Xi Qin
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Emily Prince
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Jun Xie
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Hanjun Qin
- The Integrative Genomics Core, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Chao Shen
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Prakash Kulkarni
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Hengyou Weng
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Huilin Huang
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Zhenhua Chen
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Xiwei Wu
- The Integrative Genomics Core, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Mark J Olsen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy-Glendale, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Markus Müschen
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Guido Marcucci
- Department of Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Ravi Salgia
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Amir T Fathi
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Zejuan Li
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - James C Mulloy
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Minjie Wei
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - David Horne
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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13
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Encinar JA, Menendez JA. Potential Drugs Targeting Early Innate Immune Evasion of SARS-Coronavirus 2 via 2'-O-Methylation of Viral RNA. Viruses 2020; 12:E525. [PMID: 32397643 PMCID: PMC7291090 DOI: 10.3390/v12050525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing the COVID-19 respiratory disease pandemic utilizes unique 2'-O-methyltransferase (2'-O-MTase) capping machinery to camouflage its RNA from innate immune recognition. The nsp16 catalytic subunit of the 2'-O-MTase is unusual in its requirement for a stimulatory subunit (nsp10) to catalyze the ribose 2'-O-methylation of the viral RNA cap. Here we provide a computational basis for drug repositioning or de novo drug development based on three differential traits of the intermolecular interactions of the SARS-CoV-2-specific nsp16/nsp10 heterodimer, namely: (1) the S-adenosyl-l-methionine-binding pocket of nsp16, (2) the unique "activating surface" between nsp16 and nsp10, and (3) the RNA-binding groove of nsp16. We employed ≈9000 U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved investigational and experimental drugs from the DrugBank repository for docking virtual screening. After molecular dynamics calculations of the stability of the binding modes of high-scoring nsp16/nsp10-drug complexes, we considered their pharmacological overlapping with functional modules of the virus-host interactome that is relevant to the viral lifecycle, and to the clinical features of COVID-19. Some of the predicted drugs (e.g., tegobuvir, sonidegib, siramesine, antrafenine, bemcentinib, itacitinib, or phthalocyanine) might be suitable for repurposing to pharmacologically reactivate innate immune restriction and antagonism of SARS-CoV-2 RNAs lacking 2'-O-methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Encinar
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Biotechnology of Elche (IDiBE) and Molecular and Cell Biology Institute (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), 03202 Alicante, Spain
| | - Javier A. Menendez
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Metabolism and Cancer Group, Catalan Institute of Oncology, 17005 Girona, Spain
- Girona Biomedical Research Institute, 17007 Girona, Spain
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14
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Yang C, Li Y, Yang Y, Chen Z. Overview of Strategies to Improve Therapy against Tumors Using Natural Killer Cell. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:8459496. [PMID: 32411806 PMCID: PMC7201677 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8459496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells are lymphocytes with antitumor properties and can directly lyse tumor cells in a non-MHC-restricted manner. However, the tumor microenvironment affects the immune function of NK cells, which leads to immune evasion. This may be related to the pathogenesis of some diseases. Therefore, great efforts have been made to improve the immunotherapy effect of natural killer cells. NK cells from different sources can meet different clinical needs, in order to minimize the inhibition of NK cells and maximize the response potential of NK cells, for example, modification of NK cells can increase the number of NK cells in tumor target area, change the direction of NK cells, and improve their targeting ability to malignant cells. Checkpoint blocking is also a promising strategy for NK cells to kill tumor cells. Combination therapy is another strategy for improving antitumor ability, especially in combination with oncolytic viruses and nanomaterials. In this paper, the mechanisms affecting the activity of NK cells were reviewed, and the therapeutic potential of different basic NK cell strategies in tumor therapy was focused on. The main strategies for improving the immune function of NK cells were described, and some new strategies were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaopin Yang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
- Experimental Center, The Liwan Hospital of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510176, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
- Experimental Center, The Liwan Hospital of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510176, China
| | - Yaozhang Yang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
- Experimental Center, The Liwan Hospital of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510176, China
| | - Zhiyi Chen
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
- Experimental Center, The Liwan Hospital of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510176, China
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15
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Qiu Y, Geng X, Ban J, Liu Y. MicroRNA-218 inhibits type I interferon production and facilitates virus immune evasion via targeting RIG-I. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 67:396-403. [PMID: 31912548 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The host protective immunity against viral infection requires the effective detection of viral antigens and the subsequent production of type I interferons (IFNs) by host immune cells. Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) is the crucial signaling element responsible for sensing viral RNA component and initiating the downstream antiviral signaling pathways, leading to the production of type I IFNs. In this work, we identified microRNA-218 (miR-218) as a new virus-induced miRNA that dampens the expression of RIG-I in mouse and human macrophages, leading to the impaired production of type I IFNs. Interfering miR-218 expression rescued RIG-I-mediated antiviral signaling and thus protected macrophages from viral infection. Hence, our results provide new understanding of miRNA-mediated viral immune evasion and may be potentially useful for the treatment of viral infection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongle Qiu
- Department of Stomatology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xixue Geng
- Department of Pathology, Chinese Medicine Hospital in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jiandong Ban
- Department of Stomatology, Hebei Eye Hospital, Xingtai, Hebei, China
| | - Yuanhang Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Second Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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16
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Ruan Z, Liang M, Lai M, Shang L, Deng X, Su X. KYA1797K down-regulates PD-L1 in colon cancer stem cells to block immune evasion by suppressing the β-catenin/STT3 signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 78:106003. [PMID: 31812723 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are considered to mediate tumorigenesis, recurrence, and metastasis. KYA1797K, a β-catenin inhibitor, has been identified for its functionality as a tumor suppressor gene in colorectal cancer through inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. However, it remains uncertain whether KYA1797K attenuates immune evasion of colon CSCs. Hence, this study is designed for evaluating the function of KYA1797K in colon CSCs. The expression of β-catenin and STT3A/B in colon cancer tissues was initially detected by immunohistochemistry, followed by correlation analyses of the survival rate with the expression of β-catenin and STT3A/B as well as identification of the interaction between β-catenin and STT3A/B. Besides, β-catenin in colon CSCs was knocked down or inhibited by KYA1797K to explore its role in immune evasion and the subsequent underlying mechanism associated with STT3A/B expression and PD-L1 glycosylation. Additionally, the in vivo regulatory effects of β-catenin silencing and KYA1797K were evaluated by assessing tumor formation, detecting CD8 and GZMB expression and CD8+ T cell viability. The results collected displayed that β-catenin and STT3A/B showed high expression in colon cancer tissues, both of which were correlated with poor survival of colon cancer patients. β-catenin was found to positively regulate STT3A/B expression. Besides, β-catenin silencing or KYA1797K treatment down-regulated the expression of STT3A/B, inhibited PD-L1 glycosylation and suppressed immune evasion of colon CSCs both in vivo and in vitro. Altogether, KYA1797K inhibits the β-catenin/STT3 signaling pathway to reduce the stability of PD-L1, thus further inhibiting immune evasion and inducing apoptosis of colon CSCs, which contributes to the development of immunotherapy for colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyan Ruan
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou 510520, PR China
| | - Minhua Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou 510520, PR China
| | - Manxiang Lai
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou 510520, PR China
| | - Ling Shang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou 510520, PR China
| | - Xiangliang Deng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Xinguo Su
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou 510520, PR China.
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17
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Lin A, Liu Y, Zhu X, Chen X, Liu J, Zhou Y, Qin X, Liu J. Bacteria-Responsive Biomimetic Selenium Nanosystem for Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Infection Detection and Inhibition. ACS Nano 2019; 13:13965-13984. [PMID: 31730327 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b05766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections are a severe threat to public health owing to their high risk of fatality. Noticeably, the premature degradation and undeveloped imaging ability of antibiotics still remain challenging. Herein, a selenium nanosystem in response to a bacteria-infected microenvironment is proposed as an antibiotic substitute to detect and inhibit methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with a combined strategy. Using natural red blood cell membrane (RBCM) and bacteria-responsive gelatin nanoparticles (GNPs), the Ru-Se@GNP-RBCM nanosystem was constructed for effective delivery of Ru-complex-modified selenium nanoparticles (Ru-Se NPs). Taking advantage of natural RBCM, the immune system clearance was reduced and exotoxins were neutralized efficiently. GNPs could be degraded by gelatinase in pathogen-infected areas in situ; therefore, Ru-Se NPs were released to destroy the bacteria cells. Ru-Se NPs with intense fluorescence imaging capability could accurately monitor the infection treatment process. Moreover, excellent in vivo bacteria elimination and a facilitated wound healing process were confirmed by two kinds of MRSA-infected mice models. Overall, the above advantages proved that the prepared nanosystem is a promising antibiotic alternative to combat the ever-threatening multidrug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ange Lin
- Department of Chemistry , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Chemistry , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
- College of Life Sciences , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518060 , China
| | - Xufeng Zhu
- Department of Chemistry , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Jiawei Liu
- Department of Chemistry , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Yanhui Zhou
- Department of Chemistry , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Xiuying Qin
- Department of Chemistry , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Chemistry , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
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18
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Sun Y, Lv X, Ding P, Wang L, Sun Y, Li S, Zhang H, Gao Z. Exploring the functions of polymers in adenovirus-mediated gene delivery: Evading immune response and redirecting tropism. Acta Biomater 2019; 97:93-104. [PMID: 31386928 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adenovirus (Ad) is a promising viral carrier in gene therapy because of its unique attribution. However, clinical applications of Ad vectors are currently restricted by their immunogenicity and broad native tropism. To address these obstacles, a variety of nonimmunogenic polymers are utilized to modify Ad vectors chemically or physically. In this review, we systemically discuss the functions of polymers in Ad-mediated gene delivery from two aspects: evading the host immune responses to Ads and redirecting Ad tropism. With polyethylene glycol (PEG) first in order, a variety of polymers have been developed to shield the surface of Ad vectors and well accomplished to evade the host immune response, block CAR-dependant cellular uptake, and reduce accumulation in the liver. In addition, shielding Ad vectors with targeted polymers (including targeting ligand-conjugated polymers and bio-responsive polymers) can also efficiently retarget Ad vectors to tumor tissues and reduce their distribution in nontargeted tissues. With its potential to evade the immune response and retarget Ad vectors, modification with polymers has been generally regarded as a promising strategy to facilitate the clinical applications of Ad vectors for virotherapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: There is no doubt that Adenovirus (Ads) are attractive vectors for gene therapy, with high sophistication and effectiveness in overcoming both extra- and intracellular barriers, which cannot be exceeded by any other nonviral gene vectors. Unfortunately, their clinical applications are still restricted by some critical hurdles, including immunogenicity and native broad tropism. Therefore, a variety of elegant strategies have been developed from various angles to address these hurdles. Among these various strategies, coating Ads with nonimmunogenic polymers has attracted much attention. In this review, we systemically discuss the functions of polymers in Ad-mediated gene delivery from two aspects: evading the host immune responses to Ads and redirecting Ad tropism. In addition, the key factors in Ad modification with polymers have been highlighted and summarized to provide guiding theory for the design of more effective and safer polymer-Ad hybrid gene vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base - Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drugs, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; Hebei Research Center of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Xiaoqian Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Pingtian Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base - Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drugs, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
| | - Yongjun Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; Hebei Research Center of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Shuo Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base - Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drugs, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base - Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drugs, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Zibin Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base - Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drugs, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; Hebei Research Center of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China.
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Reznichenko O, Quillévéré A, Martins RP, Loaëc N, Kang H, Lista MJ, Beauvineau C, González-García J, Guillot R, Voisset C, Daskalogianni C, Fåhraeus R, Teulade-Fichou MP, Blondel M, Granzhan A. Novel cationic bis(acylhydrazones) as modulators of Epstein-Barr virus immune evasion acting through disruption of interaction between nucleolin and G-quadruplexes of EBNA1 mRNA. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 178:13-29. [PMID: 31173968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The oncogenic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) evades the immune system through limiting the expression of its highly antigenic and essential genome maintenance protein, EBNA1, to the minimal level to ensure viral genome replication, thereby also minimizing the production of EBNA1-derived antigenic peptides. This regulation is based on inhibition of translation of the virally-encoded EBNA1 mRNA, and involves the interaction of host protein nucleolin (NCL) with G-quadruplex (G4) structures that form in the glycine-alanine repeat (GAr)-encoding sequence of the EBNA1 mRNA. Ligands that bind to these G4-RNA can prevent their interaction with NCL, leading to disinhibition of EBNA1 expression and antigen presentation, thereby interfering with the immune evasion of EBNA1 and therefore of EBV (M.J. Lista et al., Nature Commun., 2017, 8, 16043). In this work, we synthesized and studied a series of 20 cationic bis(acylhydrazone) derivatives designed as G4 ligands. The in vitro evaluation showed that most derivatives based on central pyridine (Py), naphthyridine (Naph) or phenanthroline (Phen) units were efficient G4 binders, in contrast to their pyrimidine (Pym) counterparts, which were poor G4 binders due to a significantly different molecular geometry. The influence of lateral heterocyclic units (N-substituted pyridinium or quinolinium residues) on G4-binding properties was also investigated. Two novel compounds, namely PyDH2 and PhenDH2, used at a 5 μM concentration, were able to significantly enhance EBNA1 expression in H1299 cells in a GAr-dependent manner, while being significantly less toxic than the prototype drug PhenDC3 (GI50 > 50 μM). Antigen presentation, RNA pull-down and proximity ligation assays confirmed that the effect of both drugs was related to the disruption of NCL-EBNA1 mRNA interaction and the subsequent promotion of GAr-restricted antigen presentation. Our work provides a novel modular scaffold for the development of G-quadruplex-targeting drugs acting through interference with G4-protein interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Reznichenko
- CNRS UMR9187, INSERM U1196, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 91405, Orsay, France; CNRS UMR9187, INSERM U1196, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Alicia Quillévéré
- INSERM UMR1078, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (UBO), Établissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, CHRU Brest, 29200, Brest, France
| | - Rodrigo Prado Martins
- INSERM UMR1131, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire (IGM), Université Paris 7, Hôpital St. Louis, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Nadège Loaëc
- INSERM UMR1078, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (UBO), Établissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, CHRU Brest, 29200, Brest, France
| | - Hang Kang
- CNRS UMR9187, INSERM U1196, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 91405, Orsay, France; CNRS UMR9187, INSERM U1196, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - María José Lista
- INSERM UMR1078, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (UBO), Établissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, CHRU Brest, 29200, Brest, France
| | - Claire Beauvineau
- CNRS UMR9187, INSERM U1196, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 91405, Orsay, France; CNRS UMR9187, INSERM U1196, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Jorge González-García
- CNRS UMR9187, INSERM U1196, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 91405, Orsay, France; CNRS UMR9187, INSERM U1196, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Régis Guillot
- CNRS UMR8182, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Cécile Voisset
- INSERM UMR1078, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (UBO), Établissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, CHRU Brest, 29200, Brest, France
| | - Chrysoula Daskalogianni
- INSERM UMR1131, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire (IGM), Université Paris 7, Hôpital St. Louis, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Robin Fåhraeus
- INSERM UMR1131, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire (IGM), Université Paris 7, Hôpital St. Louis, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Paule Teulade-Fichou
- CNRS UMR9187, INSERM U1196, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 91405, Orsay, France; CNRS UMR9187, INSERM U1196, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France.
| | - Marc Blondel
- INSERM UMR1078, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (UBO), Établissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, CHRU Brest, 29200, Brest, France.
| | - Anton Granzhan
- CNRS UMR9187, INSERM U1196, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 91405, Orsay, France; CNRS UMR9187, INSERM U1196, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France.
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Otsuka Y, Schmitt K, Quinlan BD, Gardner MR, Alfant B, Reich A, Farzan M, Choe H. Diverse pathways of escape from all well-characterized VRC01-class broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007238. [PMID: 30125330 PMCID: PMC6117093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) were shown effective in animal models, and are currently evaluated in clinical trials. However, use of these antibodies in humans is hampered by the rapid emergence of resistant viruses. Here we show that soft-randomization can be used to accelerate the parallel identification of viral escape pathways. As a proof of principle, we soft-randomized the epitope regions of VRC01-class bNAbs in replication-competent HIV-1 and selected for resistant variants. After only a few passages, a surprisingly diverse population of antibody-resistant viruses emerged, bearing both novel and previously described escape mutations. We observed that the escape variants resistant to some VRC01-class bNAbs are resistant to most other bNAbs in the same class, and that a subset of variants was completely resistant to every well characterized VRC01-class bNAB, including VRC01, NIH45-46, 3BNC117, VRC07, N6, VRC-CH31, and VRC-PG04. Thus, our data demonstrate that soft randomization is a suitable approach for accelerated detection of viral escape, and highlight the challenges inherent in administering or attempting to elicit VRC01-class antibodies. Several potent antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) have been evaluated in clinical trials. Use of these antibodies in humans, however, is problematic, because easy viral escape remains a major concern. To gain greater insights, we sought to develop an approach to rapidly assess the likelihood of viral escape from such antibodies. We show here that soft-randomization mutagenesis is a suitable approach to introduce a controlled number of changes into defined target regions. As a proof of concept, we used this approach to detect the HIV-1 variants fully resistant to VRC01-class of antibodies. We observed that within a few passages of the soft-randomized library of viruses in the presence of potent HIV-1 antibodies, a remarkably wide array of variants emerged, including variants resistant to every VRC01-class antibody. This study provides insights into a wide range of escape pathways, and describes a method for rapidly assessing the likelihood of viral escape from antibodies or small molecules targeting the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Otsuka
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Schmitt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Brian D. Quinlan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Matthew R. Gardner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Barnett Alfant
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Adrian Reich
- Informatics Core, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Michael Farzan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Hyeryun Choe
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Feng L, Sheng J, Vu GP, Liu Y, Foo C, Wu S, Trang P, Paliza-Carre M, Ran Y, Yang X, Sun X, Deng Z, Zhou T, Lu S, Li H, Liu F. Human cytomegalovirus UL23 inhibits transcription of interferon-γ stimulated genes and blocks antiviral interferon-γ responses by interacting with human N-myc interactor protein. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006867. [PMID: 29377960 PMCID: PMC5805366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) represents one of the most important innate immunity responses in a host to combat infections of many human viruses including human herpesviruses. Human N-myc interactor (Nmi) protein, which has been shown to interact with signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins including STAT1, is important for the activation of IFN-γ induced STAT1-dependent transcription of many genes responsible for IFN-γ immune responses. However, no proteins encoded by herpesviruses have been reported to interact with Nmi and inhibit Nmi-mediated activation of IFN-γ immune responses to achieve immune evasion from IFN-γ responses. In this study, we show strong evidence that the UL23 protein of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a human herpesvirus, specifically interacts with Nmi. This interaction was identified through a yeast two-hybrid screen and co-immunoprecipitation in human cells. We observed that Nmi, when bound to UL23, was not associated with STAT1, suggesting that UL23 binding of Nmi disrupts the interaction of Nmi with STAT1. In cells overexpressing UL23, we observed (a) significantly reduced levels of Nmi and STAT1 in the nuclei, the sites where these proteins act to induce transcription of IFN-γ stimulated genes, and (b) decreased levels of the induction of the transcription of IFN-γ stimulated genes. UL23-deficient HCMV mutants induced higher transcription of IFN-γ stimulated genes and exhibited lower titers than parental and control revertant viruses expressing functional UL23 in IFN-γ treated cells. Thus, UL23 appears to interact directly with Nmi and inhibit nuclear translocation of Nmi and its associated protein STAT1, leading to a decrease of IFN-γ induced responses and an increase of viral resistance to IFN-γ. Our results further highlight the roles of UL23-Nmi interactions in facilitating viral immune escape from IFN-γ responses and enhancing viral resistance to IFN antiviral effects. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) responses are vital for a host to combat infections of many human viruses including human herpesviruses. Upon treatment of IFN-γ, transcription of many genes responsible for IFN-γ immune responses is activated primarily by the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins such as STAT1 protein. Human N-myc interactor (Nmi) protein has been shown to interact with STAT proteins including STAT1 and activate IFN-γ induced STAT-dependent transcription. However, no proteins encoded by herpesviruses have been reported to interact with Nmi and inhibit Nmi-mediated activation of IFN-γ immune responses to achieve immune evasion from IFN-γ responses. In this study, we show strong evidence that the UL23 protein of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a human herpesvirus, specifically interacts with Nmi protein. UL23 appears to interact directly with Nmi and inhibit nuclear translocation of Nmi and its associated protein STAT1, leading to a decrease of IFN-γ responses and an increase of viral resistance to IFN-γ. Blocking UL23 expression led to higher transcription of IFN-γ stimulated genes and significant inhibition of viral growth in infected cells. These results suggest that interfering with Nmi function may represent an effective mechanism for a herpesvirus to block Nmi-mediated IFN-γ responses and increase viral resistance to IFN-γ. This also provides a potentially new therapeutic strategy to treat HCMV infection by modulating Nmi activity with blocking the expression of a viral protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyuan Feng
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingxue Sheng
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Gia-Phong Vu
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Yujun Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- School of Medicine, St. George’s University, Grenada, West Indies
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chingman Foo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Songbin Wu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Phong Trang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Marco Paliza-Carre
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Yanhong Ran
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xu Sun
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zemin Deng
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Tianhong Zhou
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Sangwei Lu
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Hongjian Li
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (FL); (HL)
| | - Fenyong Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (FL); (HL)
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DeDiego ML, Nogales A, Lambert-Emo K, Martinez-Sobrido L, Topham DJ. NS1 Protein Mutation I64T Affects Interferon Responses and Virulence of Circulating H3N2 Human Influenza A Viruses. J Virol 2016; 90:9693-9711. [PMID: 27535054 PMCID: PMC5068522 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01039-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza NS1 protein is the main viral protein counteracting host innate immune responses, allowing the virus to efficiently replicate in interferon (IFN)-competent systems. In this study, we analyzed NS1 protein variability within influenza A (IAV) H3N2 viruses infecting humans during the 2012-2013 season. We also evaluated the impact of the mutations on the ability of NS1 proteins to inhibit host innate immune responses and general gene expression. Surprisingly, a previously unidentified mutation in the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-binding domain (I64T) decreased NS1-mediated general inhibition of host protein synthesis by decreasing its interaction with cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor 30 (CPSF30), leading to increased innate immune responses after viral infection. Notably, a recombinant A/Puerto Rico/8/34 H1N1 virus encoding the H3N2 NS1-T64 protein was highly attenuated in mice, most likely because of its ability to induce higher antiviral IFN responses at early times after infection and because this virus is highly sensitive to the IFN-induced antiviral state. Interestingly, using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) collected at the acute visit (2 to 3 days after infection), we show that the subject infected with the NS1-T64 attenuated virus has diminished responses to interferon and to interferon induction, suggesting why this subject could be infected with this highly IFN-sensitive virus. These data demonstrate the importance of influenza virus surveillance in identifying new mutations in the NS1 protein, affecting its ability to inhibit innate immune responses and, as a consequence, the pathogenicity of the virus. IMPORTANCE Influenza A and B viruses are one of the most common causes of respiratory infections in humans, causing 1 billion infections and between 300,000 and 500,000 deaths annually. Influenza virus surveillance to identify new mutations in the NS1 protein affecting innate immune responses and, as a consequence, the pathogenicity of the circulating viruses is highly relevant. Here, we analyzed amino acid variability in the NS1 proteins from human seasonal viruses and the effect of the mutations in innate immune responses and virus pathogenesis. A previously unidentified mutation in the dsRNA-binding domain decreased NS1-mediated general inhibition of host protein synthesis and the interaction of the protein with CPSF30. This mutation led to increased innate immune responses after viral infection, augmented IFN sensitivity, and virus attenuation in mice. Interestingly, using PBMCs, the subject infected with the virus encoding the attenuating mutation induced decreased antiviral responses, suggesting why this subject could be infected with this virus.
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MESH Headings
- A549 Cells
- Animals
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Cleavage And Polyadenylation Specificity Factor/genetics
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Immune Evasion/drug effects
- Immune Evasion/genetics
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Interferons/pharmacology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Mutation/genetics
- RNA, Double-Stranded/genetics
- Vero Cells
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/genetics
- Virulence/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta L DeDiego
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Aitor Nogales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Kris Lambert-Emo
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Luis Martinez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - David J Topham
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
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Pfeilmeier S, Saur IML, Rathjen JP, Zipfel C, Malone JG. High levels of cyclic-di-GMP in plant-associated Pseudomonas correlate with evasion of plant immunity. Mol Plant Pathol 2016; 17:521-31. [PMID: 26202381 PMCID: PMC4982027 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The plant innate immune system employs plasma membrane-localized receptors that specifically perceive pathogen/microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs). This induces a defence response called pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) to fend off pathogen attack. Commensal bacteria are also exposed to potential immune recognition and must employ strategies to evade and/or suppress PTI to successfully colonize the plant. During plant infection, the flagellum has an ambiguous role, acting as both a virulence factor and also as a potent immunogen as a result of the recognition of its main building block, flagellin, by the plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including FLAGELLIN SENSING2 (FLS2). Therefore, strict control of flagella synthesis is especially important for plant-associated bacteria. Here, we show that cyclic-di-GMP [bis-(3'-5')-cyclic di-guanosine monophosphate], a central regulator of bacterial lifestyle, is involved in the evasion of PTI. Elevated cyclic-di-GMP levels in the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pto) DC3000, the opportunist P. aeruginosa PAO1 and the commensal P. protegens Pf-5 inhibit flagellin synthesis and help the bacteria to evade FLS2-mediated signalling in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana. Despite this, high cellular cyclic-di-GMP concentrations were shown to drastically reduce the virulence of Pto DC3000 during plant infection. We propose that this is a result of reduced flagellar motility and/or additional pleiotropic effects of cyclic-di-GMP signalling on bacterial behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Pfeilmeier
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Isabel Marie-Luise Saur
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - John Paul Rathjen
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jacob George Malone
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
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Ren YX, Wang SJ, Fan JH, Sun SJ, Li X, Padhiar AA, Zhang JN. CD147 stimulates hepatoma cells escaping from immune surveillance of T cells by interaction with Cyclophilin A. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 80:289-297. [PMID: 27133068 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells play an important role in tumor immune surveillance. CD147 is a member of immunoglobulin superfamily present on the surface of many tumor cells and mediates malignant cell behaviors. Cyclophilin A (CypA) is an intracellular protein promoting inflammation when released from cells. CypA is a natural ligand for CD147. In this study, CD147 specific short hairpin RNAs (shRNA) were transfected into murine hepatocellular carcinoma Hepa1-6 cells to assess the effects of CD147 on hepatoma cells escaping from immune surveillance of T cells. We found extracellular CypA stimulated cell proliferation through CD147 by activating ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Downregulation of CD147 expression on Hepa1-6 cells significantly suppressed tumor progression in vivo, and decreased cell viability when co-cultured with T cells in vitro. Importantly, knockdown of CD147 on Hepa1-6 cells resulted in significantly increased T cells chemotaxis induced by CypA both in vivo and in vitro. These findings provide novel mechanisms how tumor cells escaping from immune surveillance of T cells. We provide a potential therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting CD147 or CD147-CypA interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xin Ren
- Department of Biochemistry, Dalian Medical University, 9 South Lvshun Road Western Section, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, China; Department of Parasitology, Dalian Medical University, 9 South Lvshun Road Western Section, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, China
| | - Shu-Jing Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Dalian Medical University, 9 South Lvshun Road Western Section, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, China
| | - Jian-Hui Fan
- Department of Biochemistry, Dalian Medical University, 9 South Lvshun Road Western Section, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, China
| | - Shi-Jie Sun
- Department of Immunology, Dalian Medical University, 9 South Lvshun Road Western Section, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Immunology, Dalian Medical University, 9 South Lvshun Road Western Section, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, China
| | - Arshad Ahmed Padhiar
- Department of Biochemistry, Dalian Medical University, 9 South Lvshun Road Western Section, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, China
| | - Jia-Ning Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Dalian Medical University, 9 South Lvshun Road Western Section, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, China; School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China.
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25
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Lundholm M, Schröder M, Nagaeva O, Baranov V, Widmark A, Mincheva-Nilsson L, Wikström P. Prostate tumor-derived exosomes down-regulate NKG2D expression on natural killer cells and CD8+ T cells: mechanism of immune evasion. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108925. [PMID: 25268476 PMCID: PMC4182531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-derived exosomes, which are nanometer-sized extracellular vesicles of endosomal origin, have emerged as promoters of tumor immune evasion but their role in prostate cancer (PC) progression is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the ability of prostate tumor-derived exosomes to downregulate NKG2D expression on natural killer (NK) and CD8+ T cells. NKG2D is an activating cytotoxicity receptor whose aberrant loss in cancer plays an important role in immune suppression. Using flow cytometry, we found that exosomes produced by human PC cells express ligands for NKG2D on their surface. The NKG2D ligand-expressing prostate tumor-derived exosomes selectively induced downregulation of NKG2D on NK and CD8+ T cells in a dose-dependent manner, leading to impaired cytotoxic function in vitro. Consistent with these findings, patients with castration-resistant PC (CRPC) showed a significant decrease in surface NKG2D expression on circulating NK and CD8+ T cells compared to healthy individuals. Tumor-derived exosomes are likely involved in this NKG2D downregulation, since incubation of healthy lymphocytes with exosomes isolated from serum or plasma of CRPC patients triggered downregulation of NKG2D expression in effector lymphocytes. These data suggest prostate tumor-derived exosomes as down-regulators of the NKG2D-mediated cytotoxic response in PC patients, thus promoting immune suppression and tumor escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Lundholm
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Mona Schröder
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Olga Nagaeva
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Clinical Immunology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Vladimir Baranov
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Clinical Immunology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Widmark
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Pernilla Wikström
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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26
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Kareva I. Immune evasion through competitive inhibition: the shielding effect of cancer non-stem cells. J Theor Biol 2014; 364:40-8. [PMID: 25195001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
It has been recently proposed that the two emerging hallmarks of cancer, namely altered glucose metabolism and immune evasion, may in fact be fundamentally linked. This connection comes from up-regulation of glycolysis by tumor cells, which can lead to active competition for resources in the tumor microenvironment between tumor and immune cells. Here it is further proposed that cancer stem cells (CSCs) can circumvent the anti-tumor immune response by creating a "protective shield" of non-stem cancer cells around them. This shield can protect the CSCs both by creating a physical barrier between them and cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs), and by promoting competition for the common resources, such as glucose, between non-stem cancer cells and CTLs. The implications of this hypothesis are investigated using an agent-based model, leading to a prediction that relative CSC to non-CSC ratio will vary depending on the strength of the host immune response. A discussion of possible therapeutic approaches concludes the paper, suggesting that a chemotherapeutic regimen consisting of regular pulsed doses, i.e., metronomic chemotherapy, would yield the best clinical outcome by removing the "protective shield" and thus allowing CTLs to most effectively reach and eliminate CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kareva
- Newman Lakka Institute, Floating Hospital for Children at Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, United States
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27
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Fielding CA, Aicheler R, Stanton RJ, Wang ECY, Han S, Seirafian S, Davies J, McSharry BP, Weekes MP, Antrobus PR, Prod'homme V, Blanchet FP, Sugrue D, Cuff S, Roberts D, Davison AJ, Lehner PJ, Wilkinson GWG, Tomasec P. Two novel human cytomegalovirus NK cell evasion functions target MICA for lysosomal degradation. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004058. [PMID: 24787765 PMCID: PMC4006889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
NKG2D plays a major role in controlling immune responses through the regulation of natural killer (NK) cells, αβ and γδ T-cell function. This activating receptor recognizes eight distinct ligands (the MHC Class I polypeptide-related sequences (MIC) A andB, and UL16-binding proteins (ULBP)1-6) induced by cellular stress to promote recognition cells perturbed by malignant transformation or microbial infection. Studies into human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) have aided both the identification and characterization of NKG2D ligands (NKG2DLs). HCMV immediate early (IE) gene up regulates NKGDLs, and we now describe the differential activation of ULBP2 and MICA/B by IE1 and IE2 respectively. Despite activation by IE functions, HCMV effectively suppressed cell surface expression of NKGDLs through both the early and late phases of infection. The immune evasion functions UL16, UL142, and microRNA(miR)-UL112 are known to target NKG2DLs. While infection with a UL16 deletion mutant caused the expected increase in MICB and ULBP2 cell surface expression, deletion of UL142 did not have a similar impact on its target, MICA. We therefore performed a systematic screen of the viral genome to search of addition functions that targeted MICA. US18 and US20 were identified as novel NK cell evasion functions capable of acting independently to promote MICA degradation by lysosomal degradation. The most dramatic effect on MICA expression was achieved when US18 and US20 acted in concert. US18 and US20 are the first members of the US12 gene family to have been assigned a function. The US12 family has 10 members encoded sequentially through US12-US21; a genetic arrangement, which is suggestive of an 'accordion' expansion of an ancestral gene in response to a selective pressure. This expansion must have be an ancient event as the whole family is conserved across simian cytomegaloviruses from old world monkeys. The evolutionary benefit bestowed by the combinatorial effect of US18 and US20 on MICA may have contributed to sustaining the US12 gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceri A. Fielding
- Section of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Aicheler
- Section of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Stanton
- Section of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Eddie C. Y. Wang
- Section of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Song Han
- Section of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sepehr Seirafian
- Section of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - James Davies
- Section of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Brian P. McSharry
- Section of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P. Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - P. Robin Antrobus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Virginie Prod'homme
- Section of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Fabien P. Blanchet
- Section of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Sugrue
- Section of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Cuff
- Section of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Dawn Roberts
- Section of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Davison
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Lehner
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin W. G. Wilkinson
- Section of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter Tomasec
- Section of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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28
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Green AM, Beatty PR, Hadjilaou A, Harris E. Innate immunity to dengue virus infection and subversion of antiviral responses. J Mol Biol 2013; 426:1148-60. [PMID: 24316047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Dengue is a major public health issue in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. The four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV1-DENV4) are spread primarily by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, whose geographic range continues to expand. Humans are the only host for epidemic strains of DENV, and the virus has developed sophisticated mechanisms to evade human innate immune responses. The host cell's first line of defense begins with an intracellular signaling cascade resulting in production of interferon α/β (IFN-α/β), which promotes intracellular antiviral responses and helps initiates the adaptive response during the course of DENV infection. In response, DENV has developed numerous ways to subvert these intracellular antiviral responses and directly inhibit cellular signaling cascades. Specifically, DENV manipulates the unfolded protein response and autophagy to counter cellular stress and delay apoptosis. The DENV non-structural protein NS4B and subgenomic flavivirus RNA interfere with the RNA interference pathway by inhibiting the RNase Dicer. During heterotypic secondary DENV infection, subneutralizing antibodies can enable viral uptake through Fcγ receptors and down-regulate signaling cascades initiated via the pattern recognition receptors TLR-3 and MDA5/RIG-I, thus reducing the antiviral state of the cell. The DENV NS2B/3 protein cleaves human STING/MITA, interfering with induction of IFN-α/β. Finally, DENV NS2A, NS4A, and NS4B complex together to block STAT1 phosphorylation, while NS5 binds and promotes degradation of human STAT2, thus preventing formation of the STAT1/STAT2 heterodimer and its transcriptional induction of interferon stimulating genes. Here, we discuss the host innate immune response to DENV and the mechanisms of immune evasion that DENV has developed to manipulate cellular antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Green
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA
| | - P Robert Beatty
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA
| | - Alexandros Hadjilaou
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA.
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29
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Goswami KK, Barik S, Banerjee S, Bhowmick AK, Biswas J, Bose A, Baral R. Supraglottic laryngeal tumor microenvironmental factors facilitate STAT3 dependent pro-tumorigenic switch in tumor associated macrophages to render utmost immune evasion. Immunol Lett 2013; 156:7-17. [PMID: 24029664 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Content of tumor microenvironment (TME) is varied greatly among different types of laryngeal tumors, namely, supraglottic, glottic and subglottic tumors. These three different TMEs shape infiltrating monocytes/macrophages toward M2 genotypes in variable degrees. Results obtained from in vitro studies demonstrated extent of expression of M2 phenotypic features on macrophages was maximum after their exposure to supraglottic laryngeal tumor cell lysates (SLTCL) than glottic or subglottic lysates. Moreover, M2 macrophages generated under influence of SLTCL show less nitric oxide production, greater IL-10: IL-12 ratio and poor antigen presentation. Co-culture of such M2 macrophages with T cells from healthy donors resulted decreased activation of T cells and T cell mediated tumor cell cytotoxicity, than, glottic or subglottic. SLTCL mediated macrophage polarization is STAT3 dependent and might be one of the major factors for severe immune paralysis leading to poor prognosis of supraglottic laryngeal tumor bearer following standard treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntal Kanti Goswami
- Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata 700026, India
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30
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Bar-On Y, Glasner A, Meningher T, Achdout H, Gur C, Lankry D, Vitenshtein A, Meyers AFA, Mandelboim M, Mandelboim O. Neuraminidase-mediated, NKp46-dependent immune-evasion mechanism of influenza viruses. Cell Rep 2013; 3:1044-50. [PMID: 23602571 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play an essential role in the defense against influenza virus, one of the deadliest respiratory viruses known today. The NKp46 receptor, expressed by NK cells, is critical for controlling influenza infections, as influenza-virus-infected cells are eliminated through the recognition of the viral hemagglutinin (HA) protein by NKp46. Here, we describe an immune-evasion mechanism of influenza viruses that is mediated by the neuraminidase (NA) protein. By using various NA blockers, we show that NA removes sialic acid residues from NKp46 and that this leads to reduced recognition of HA. Furthermore, we provide in vivo and in vitro evidence for the existence of this NA-mediated, NKp46-dependent immune-evasion mechanism and demonstrate that NA inhibitors, which are commonly used for the treatment of influenza infections, are useful not only as blockers of virus budding but also as boosters of NKp46 recognition.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Ly/genetics
- Antigens, Ly/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/metabolism
- Humans
- Immune Evasion/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/enzymology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/enzymology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/physiology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 1/deficiency
- Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 1/genetics
- Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 1/metabolism
- Neuraminidase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neuraminidase/metabolism
- Orthomyxoviridae/enzymology
- Orthomyxoviridae/physiology
- Oseltamivir/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yotam Bar-On
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Ariella Glasner
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Tal Meningher
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Public Health Services, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 52662, Israel
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Hagit Achdout
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Chamutal Gur
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Dikla Lankry
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Alon Vitenshtein
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Adrienne F A Meyers
- National Laboratory for HIV Immunology, National HIV and Retrovirology Laboratories, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg R3E 3R2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Michal Mandelboim
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Public Health Services, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 52662, Israel
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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31
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Bar KJ, Tsao CY, Iyer SS, Decker JM, Yang Y, Bonsignori M, Chen X, Hwang KK, Montefiori DC, Liao HX, Hraber P, Fischer W, Li H, Wang S, Sterrett S, Keele BF, Ganusov VV, Perelson AS, Korber BT, Georgiev I, McLellan JS, Pavlicek JW, Gao F, Haynes BF, Hahn BH, Kwong PD, Shaw GM. Early low-titer neutralizing antibodies impede HIV-1 replication and select for virus escape. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002721. [PMID: 22693447 PMCID: PMC3364956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Single genome sequencing of early HIV-1 genomes provides a sensitive, dynamic assessment of virus evolution and insight into the earliest anti-viral immune responses in vivo. By using this approach, together with deep sequencing, site-directed mutagenesis, antibody adsorptions and virus-entry assays, we found evidence in three subjects of neutralizing antibody (Nab) responses as early as 2 weeks post-seroconversion, with Nab titers as low as 1∶20 to 1∶50 (IC(50)) selecting for virus escape. In each of the subjects, Nabs targeted different regions of the HIV-1 envelope (Env) in a strain-specific, conformationally sensitive manner. In subject CH40, virus escape was first mediated by mutations in the V1 region of the Env, followed by V3. HIV-1 specific monoclonal antibodies from this subject mapped to an immunodominant region at the base of V3 and exhibited neutralizing patterns indistinguishable from polyclonal antibody responses, indicating V1-V3 interactions within the Env trimer. In subject CH77, escape mutations mapped to the V2 region of Env, several of which selected for alterations of glycosylation. And in subject CH58, escape mutations mapped to the Env outer domain. In all three subjects, initial Nab recognition was followed by sequential rounds of virus escape and Nab elicitation, with Nab escape variants exhibiting variable costs to replication fitness. Although delayed in comparison with autologous CD8 T-cell responses, our findings show that Nabs appear earlier in HIV-1 infection than previously recognized, target diverse sites on HIV-1 Env, and impede virus replication at surprisingly low titers. The unexpected in vivo sensitivity of early transmitted/founder virus to Nabs raises the possibility that similarly low concentrations of vaccine-induced Nabs could impair virus acquisition in natural HIV-1 transmission, where the risk of infection is low and the number of viruses responsible for transmission and productive clinical infection is typically one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine J. Bar
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Chun-yen Tsao
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Shilpa S. Iyer
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Julie M. Decker
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Yongping Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mattia Bonsignori
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Xi Chen
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kwan-Ki Hwang
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Peter Hraber
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - William Fischer
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Hui Li
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Shuyi Wang
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sarah Sterrett
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Brandon F. Keele
- SAIC-Frederick Inc, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vitaly V. Ganusov
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Alan S. Perelson
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Bette T. Korber
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Ivelin Georgiev
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jason S. McLellan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey W. Pavlicek
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Feng Gao
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Beatrice H. Hahn
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - George M. Shaw
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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32
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Guggenberger C, Wolz C, Morrissey JA, Heesemann J. Two distinct coagulase-dependent barriers protect Staphylococcus aureus from neutrophils in a three dimensional in vitro infection model. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002434. [PMID: 22253592 PMCID: PMC3257306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a pyogenic abscess-forming facultative pathogenic microorganism expressing a large set of virulence-associated factors. Among these, secreted proteins with binding capacity to plasma proteins (e.g. fibrinogen binding proteins Eap and Emp) and prothrombin activators such as Coagulase (Coa) and vWbp are involved in abscess formation. By using a three-dimensional collagen gel (3D-CoG) supplemented with fibrinogen (Fib) we studied the growth behavior of S. aureus strain Newman and a set of mutants as well as their interaction with mouse neutrophils by real-time confocal microscopy. In 3D-CoG/Fib, S. aureus forms microcolonies which are surrounded by an inner pseudocapsule and an extended outer dense microcolony-associated meshwork (MAM) containing fibrin. Coa is involved in formation of the pseudocapsule whereas MAM formation depends on vWbp. Moreover, agr-dependent dispersal of late stage microcolonies could be observed. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the pseudocapsule and the MAM act as mechanical barriers against neutrophils attracted to the microcolony. The thrombin inhibitor argatroban is able to prevent formation of both pseudocapsule and MAM and supports access of neutrophils to staphylococci. Taken together, this model can simulate specific stages of S. aureus abscess formation by temporal dissection of bacterial growth and recruitment of immune cells. It can complement established animal infection models in the development of new treatment options. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most frequent pathogens causing divers localized and metastatic abscess-forming infections. Here we studied the role of the staphylocoagulases Coa and vWbp in the formation of microcolony-associated fibrin structures. By using a three-dimensional collagen gel (3D-CoG) supplemented with human fibrinogen as a growth environment for staphylococci and as a neutrophil migration matrix, we were able to demonstrate that Coa is involved in producing a fibrin-containing pseudocapsule wrapping the staphylococcal microcolony whereas vWbp is required for establishing an extended outer fibrin meshwork. The pseudocapsule and the outer meshwork hinder neutrophils from attacking the staphylococci. Addition of the thrombin inhibitor argatroban prevents conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin and thus abolishes barrier formation. This in vitro model provides us with new options to study formation as well as prevention of staphylococcal abscesses under tissue-like conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Guggenberger
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Christiane Wolz
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julie A. Morrissey
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Jürgen Heesemann
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Guilbride DL, Gawlinski P, Guilbride PDL. Why functional pre-erythrocytic and bloodstage malaria vaccines fail: a meta-analysis of fully protective immunizations and novel immunological model. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10685. [PMID: 20502667 PMCID: PMC2873430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinically protective malaria vaccines consistently fail to protect adults and children in endemic settings, and at best only partially protect infants. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We identify and evaluate 1916 immunization studies between 1965-February 2010, and exclude partially or nonprotective results to find 177 completely protective immunization experiments. Detailed reexamination reveals an unexpectedly mundane basis for selective vaccine failure: live malaria parasites in the skin inhibit vaccine function. We next show published molecular and cellular data support a testable, novel model where parasite-host interactions in the skin induce malaria-specific regulatory T cells, and subvert early antigen-specific immunity to parasite-specific immunotolerance. This ensures infection and tolerance to reinfection. Exposure to Plasmodium-infected mosquito bites therefore systematically triggers immunosuppression of endemic vaccine-elicited responses. The extensive vaccine trial data solidly substantiate this model experimentally. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We conclude skinstage-initiated immunosuppression, unassociated with bloodstage parasites, systematically blocks vaccine function in the field. Our model exposes novel molecular and procedural strategies to significantly and quickly increase protective efficacy in both pipeline and currently ineffective malaria vaccines, and forces fundamental reassessment of central precepts determining vaccine development. This has major implications for accelerated local eliminations of malaria, and significantly increases potential for eradication.
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Irie T, Nagata N, Igarashi T, Okamoto I, Sakaguchi T. Conserved charged amino acids within Sendai virus C protein play multiple roles in the evasion of innate immune responses. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10719. [PMID: 20502666 PMCID: PMC2873429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the accessory proteins of Sendai virus (SeV), C, translated from an alternate reading frame of P/V mRNA has been shown to function at multiple stages of infection in cell cultures as well as in mice. C protein has been reported to counteract signal transduction by interferon (IFN), inhibit apoptosis induced by the infection, enhance the efficiency of budding of viral particles, and regulate the polarity of viral genome-length RNA synthesis to maximize production of infectious particles. In this study, we have generated a series of SeV recombinants containing substitutions of highly conserved, charged residues within the C protein, and characterized them together with previously-reported C′/C(−), 4C(−), and F170S recombinant viruses in infected cell cultures in terms of viral replication, cytopathogenicity, and antagonizing effects on host innate immunity. Unexpectedly, the amino acid substitutions had no or minimal effect on viral growth and viral RNA synthesis. However, all the substitutions of charged amino acids resulted in the loss of a counteracting effect against the establishment of an IFN-α-mediated anti-viral state. Infection by the virus (Cm2′) containing mutations at K77 and D80 induced significant IFN-β production, severe cytopathic effects, and detectable amounts of viral dsRNA production. In addition to the Cm2′ virus, the virus containing mutations at E114 and E115 did not inhibit the poly(I:C)-triggered translocation of cellular IRF-3 to the nucleus. These results suggest that the C protein play important roles in viral escape from induction of IFN-β and cell death triggered by infection by means of counteracting the pathway leading to activation of IRF-3 as well as of minimizing viral dsRNA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Irie
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
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