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Ali U, Lu S, Fadlalla T, Iqbal S, Yue H, Yang B, Hong Y, Wang X, Guo L. The functions of phospholipases and their hydrolysis products in plant growth, development and stress responses. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 86:101158. [PMID: 35134459 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cell membranes are the initial site of stimulus perception from environment and phospholipids are the basic and important components of cell membranes. Phospholipases hydrolyze membrane lipids to generate various cellular mediators. These phospholipase-derived products, such as diacylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, inositol phosphates, lysophopsholipids, and free fatty acids, act as second messengers, playing vital roles in signal transduction during plant growth, development, and stress responses. This review focuses on the structure, substrate specificities, reaction requirements, and acting mechanism of several phospholipase families. It will discuss their functional significance in plant growth, development, and stress responses. In addition, it will highlight some critical knowledge gaps in the action mechanism, metabolic and signaling roles of these phospholipases and their products in the context of plant growth, development and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Ali
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shaoping Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tarig Fadlalla
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Sidra Iqbal
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Department of Agriculture, University of Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Hong Yue
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Bao Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yueyun Hong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA; Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Liang Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Kanchan M, Ramkumar TR, Himani, Sembi JK. Genome-wide characterization and expression profiling of the Phospholipase C (PLC) gene family in three orchids of economic importance. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:124. [PMID: 34420115 PMCID: PMC8380223 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00217-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Phospholipases hydrolyze glycerophospholipids and generate diverse lipid-derived molecules with secondary messenger activity. Out of these, phospholipase C (PLC) specifically cleaves the phospholipids at ester linkages and yields diacylglycerol (DAG) and phosphorylated head groups. PLCs are classified further as phosphatidylinositol-specific PLCs (PI-PLCs) and non-specific PLCs with biased specificity for phosphatidylcholine (NPC/PC-PLC). Results In the present report, we identified and characterized PLC genes in the genomes of three orchids, Phalaenopsis equestris (seven PePLCs), Dendrobium catenatum (eight DcPLCs), and Apostasia shenzhenica (seven AsPLCs). Multiple sequence alignment analysis confirmed the presence of conserved X and Y catalytic domains, calcium/lipid-binding domain (C2 domain) at the C terminal region, and EF-hand at the N-terminal region in PI-PLC proteins and esterase domain in PC-PLC. Systematic phylogenetic analysis established the relationship of the PLC protein sequences and clustered them into two groups (PI-PLC and PC-PLC) along with those of Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa. Gene architecture studies showed the presence of nine exons in all PI-PLC genes while the number varied from one to five in PC-PLCs. RNA-seq-based spatio-temporal expression profile for PLC genes was generated, which showed that PePC-PLC1, PePC-PLC2A, DcPC-PLC1A, DcPC-PLC1B, DcPC-PLC2, DcPC-PLC1B, and AsPC-PLC1 had significant expression in all reproductive and vegetative tissues. The expression profile is matched to their upstream cis-regulatory promoter elements, which indicates that PLC genes have a role in various growth and development processes and during stress responses. Conclusions The present study unwrapped the opportunity for functional characterization of selected PLC genes in planta for plant improvement. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s43141-021-00217-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhvi Kanchan
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Thakku R Ramkumar
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Himani
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Jaspreet K Sembi
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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Chen ZF, Ru JN, Sun GZ, Du Y, Chen J, Zhou YB, Chen M, Ma YZ, Xu ZS, Zhang XH. Genomic-Wide Analysis of the PLC Family and Detection of GmPI-PLC7 Responses to Drought and Salt Stresses in Soybean. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:631470. [PMID: 33763092 PMCID: PMC7982816 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.631470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase C (PLC) performs significant functions in a variety of biological processes, including plant growth and development. The PLC family of enzymes principally catalyze the hydrolysis of phospholipids in organisms. This exhaustive exploration of soybean GmPLC members using genome databases resulted in the identification of 15 phosphatidylinositol-specific PLC (GmPI-PLC) and 9 phosphatidylcholine-hydrolyzing PLC (GmNPC) genes. Chromosomal location analysis indicated that GmPLC genes mapped to 10 of the 20 soybean chromosomes. Phylogenetic relationship analysis revealed that GmPLC genes distributed into two groups in soybean, the PI-PLC and NPC groups. The expression patterns and tissue expression analysis showed that GmPLCs were differentially expressed in response to abiotic stresses. GmPI-PLC7 was selected to further explore the role of PLC in soybean response to drought and salt stresses by a series of experiments. Compared with the transgenic empty vector (EV) control lines, over-expression of GmPI-PLC7 (OE) conferred higher drought and salt tolerance in soybean, while the GmPI-PLC7-RNAi (RNAi) lines exhibited the opposite phenotypes. Plant tissue staining and physiological parameters observed from drought- and salt-stressed plants showed that stress increased the contents of chlorophyll, oxygen free radical (O2 -), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and NADH oxidase (NOX) to amounts higher than those observed in non-stressed plants. This study provides new insights in the functional analysis of GmPLC genes in response to abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Feng Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, China
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Na Ru
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Zhong Sun
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Du
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Bin Zhou
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - You-Zhi Ma
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Shi Xu
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, China
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Sagar S, Biswas DK, Singh A. Genomic and expression analysis indicate the involvement of phospholipase C family in abiotic stress signaling in chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Gene 2020; 753:144797. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Winnicki K. The Winner Takes It All: Auxin-The Main Player during Plant Embryogenesis. Cells 2020; 9:E606. [PMID: 32138372 PMCID: PMC7140527 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, the first asymmetrical division of a zygote leads to the formation of two cells with different developmental fates. The establishment of various patterns relies on spatial and temporal gene expression, however the precise mechanism responsible for embryonic patterning still needs elucidation. Auxin seems to be the main player which regulates embryo development and controls expression of various genes in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, local auxin maxima and minima which are provided by polar auxin transport underlie cell fate specification. Diverse auxin concentrations in various regions of an embryo would easily explain distinct cell identities, however the question about the mechanism of cellular patterning in cells exposed to similar auxin concentrations still remains open. Thus, specification of cell fate might result not only from the cell position within an embryo but also from events occurring before and during mitosis. This review presents the impact of auxin on the orientation of the cell division plane and discusses the mechanism of auxin-dependent cytoskeleton alignment. Furthermore, close attention is paid to auxin-induced calcium fluxes, which regulate the activity of MAPKs during postembryonic development and which possibly might also underlie cellular patterning during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Winnicki
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lódź, Poland
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Biochemical characterization of phospholipases C from Coffea arabica in response to aluminium stress. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 204:110951. [PMID: 31926370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Signal transduction in plants determines their successful adaptation to diverse stress factors. Our group employed suspension cells to study the phosphoinositide pathway, which is triggered by aluminium stress. We investigated about members of the PI-specific phospholipase C (PLC) family and evaluated their transcription profiles in Coffea arabica (Ca) suspension cells after 14days of culture when treated or not with 100μM AlCl3. The four CaPLC1-4 members showed changes in their transcript abundance upon AlCl3 treatment. The expression profiles of CaPLC1/2 exhibited a rapid and transitory increase in abundance. In contrast, CaPLC3 and CaPLC4 showed that transcript levels were up-regulated in short times (at 30s), while only CaPLC4 kept high levels and CaPLC3 was reduced to basal after 3h of treatment. CaPLC proteins were heterologously expressed, and CaPLC2 and CaPLC4 were tested for in vitro activity in the presence or absence of AlCl3 and compared to Arabidopsis PLC2 (AtPLC2). A crude extract was isolated from coffee cells. CaPLC2 showed a similar inhibition (30%) as in AtPLC2 and in the crude extract, while in CaPLC4, the activity was enhanced by AlCl3. Additionally, we visualized the yellow fluorescent protein PH domain of human PLCδ1 (YFP-PHPLCδ1) subcellular localization in cells that were treated or not with AlCl3. In non-treated cells, we observed a polar fluorescence signal towards the fused membrane. However, when cells were treated with AlCl3, these signals were disrupted. Finally, this is the first time that PLC activity has been shown to be stimulated in vitro by AlCl3.
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Lee HJ, Park OK. Lipases associated with plant defense against pathogens. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 279:51-58. [PMID: 30709493 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
When facing microbe invaders, plants activate genetic and metabolic defense mechanisms and undergo extracellular and intracellular changes to obtain a certain level of host resistance. Dynamic adjustment and adaptation occur in structures containing lipophilic compounds and cellular metabolites. Lipids encompassing fatty acids, fatty acid-based polymers, and fatty acid derivatives are part of the fundamental architecture of cells and tissues and are essential compounds in numerous biological processes. Lipid-associated plant defense responses are mostly facilitated by the activation of lipases (lipid hydrolyzing proteins), which cleave or transform lipid substrates in various subcellular compartments. In this review, several types of plant defense-associated lipases are described, including their molecular aspects, enzymatic actions, cellular functions, and possible functional relevance in plant defense. Defensive roles are discussed considering enzyme properties, lipid metabolism, downstream regulation, and phenotypic traits in loss-of-function mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jung Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ohkmae K Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Li L, Wang F, Yan P, Jing W, Zhang C, Kudla J, Zhang W. A phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C pathway elicits stress-induced Ca 2+ signals and confers salt tolerance to rice. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:1172-1187. [PMID: 28157263 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In animal cells, phospholipase C (PLC) isoforms predominantly hydrolyze phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphates [PtdIns(4,5)P2 ] into the second messengers diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate [Ins(1,4,5)P3 ] to regulate diverse biological processes. By contrast, the molecular mechanisms and physiological significance of PLC signaling in plants still awaits full elucidation. Here, we identified a rice (Oryza sativa cv) PI-PLC, OsPLC1, which preferred to hydrolyze phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PtdIns4P) and elicited stress-induced Ca2+ signals regulating salt tolerance. Analysis by ion chromatography revealed that the concentration of PtdIns4P was c. 28 times of that of PtdIns(4,5)P2 in shoots. OsPLC1 not only converted PtdIns(4,5)P2 but also - and even more efficiently - converted PtdIns4P into DAG and Ins(1,4,5)P3 in vitro and in vivo. Salt stress induced the recruitment of OsPLC1 from cytoplasm to plasma membrane, where it hydrolyzed PtdIns4P. The stress-induced Ca2+ signaling was dependent on OsPLC1, and the PLC-mediated Ca2+ signaling was essential for controlling Na+ accumulation in leaf blades, thus establishing whole plant salt tolerance. Our work identifies a conversion pathway and physiological function for PtdIns4P pools in rice and reveals the connection between phosphoinositides and Ca2+ signals mediated by PLC during salt stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fawei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Peiwen Yan
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wen Jing
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chunxia Zhang
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Jörg Kudla
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, Münster, 48149, Germany
- College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Hong Y, Zhao J, Guo L, Kim SC, Deng X, Wang G, Zhang G, Li M, Wang X. Plant phospholipases D and C and their diverse functions in stress responses. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 62:55-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Wang F, Deng Y, Zhou Y, Dong J, Chen H, Dong Y, Wang N, Li X, Li H. Genome-Wide Analysis and Expression Profiling of the Phospholipase C Gene Family in Soybean (Glycine max). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138467. [PMID: 26421918 PMCID: PMC4589352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) hydrolyses phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate to produce diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. It plays an important role in plant development and abiotic stress responses. However, systematic analysis and expression profiling of the phospholipase C (PLC) gene family in soybean have not been reported. In this study, 12 putative PLC genes were identified in the soybean genome. Soybean PLCs were found on chromosomes 2, 11, 14 and 18 and encoded 58.8-70.06 kD proteins. Expression pattern analysis by RT-PCR demonstrated that expression of the GmPLCs was induced by PEG, NaCl and saline-alkali treatments in roots and leaves. GmPLC transcripts accumulated specifically in roots after ABA treatment. Furthermore, GmPLC transcripts were analyzed in various tissues. The results showed that GmPLC7 was highly expressed in most tissues, whereas GmPLC12 was expressed in early pods specifically. In addition, subcellular localization analysis was carried out and confirmed that GmPLC10 was localized in the plasma membrane in Nicotiana benthamiana. Our genomic analysis of the soybean PLC family provides an insight into the regulation of abiotic stress responses and development. It also provides a solid foundation for the functional characterization of the soybean PLC gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Deng
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yonggang Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinye Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Huan Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuanyuan Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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Zhang K, Jin C, Wu L, Hou M, Dou S, Pan Y. Expression analysis of a stress-related phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C gene in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). PLoS One 2014; 9:e105061. [PMID: 25121594 PMCID: PMC4133336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant phosphoinositide-specific phospholipases C (PI-PLCs) function in several essential plant processes associated with either development or environmental stress. In this report, we examined the expression patterns of TaPLC1 under drought and high salinity stress at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. TaPLC1 mRNA was expressed in all wheat organs examined. U73122 and edelfosine, the PLC inhibitor, impaired seedling growth and enhanced seedling sensitivity to drought and high salinity stress. Though TaPLC1 expression in wheat was lowest at the seedling stage, it was strongly induced under conditions of stress. When 6-day-old wheat seedlings were treated with 200 mM NaCl or 20% (w/v) PEG 6000 for 6 or 12 h, respectively, the TaPLC1 transcript level increased by 16-fold compared to the control. Western blotting showed that the TaPLC protein concentration was also maintained at a high level from 24 to 48 h during stress treatment. Together, our results indicate the possible biological functions of TaPLC1 in regulating seedling growth and the response to drought and salinity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- College of Life Science, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
| | - Congcong Jin
- College of Life Science, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
| | - Lizhu Wu
- College of Life Science, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
| | - Mingyu Hou
- College of Life Science, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
| | - Shijuan Dou
- College of Life Science, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
| | - Yanyun Pan
- College of Life Science, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
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Pokotylo I, Kolesnikov Y, Kravets V, Zachowski A, Ruelland E. Plant phosphoinositide-dependent phospholipases C: variations around a canonical theme. Biochimie 2013; 96:144-57. [PMID: 23856562 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) cleaves, in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PI-4,5-P2) into diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol triphosphate (IP3). PI-PLCs are multidomain proteins that are structurally related to the PI-PLCζs, the simplest animal PI-PLCs. Like these animal counterparts, they are only composed of EF-hand, X/Y and C2 domains. However, plant PI-PLCs do not have a conventional EF-hand domain since they are often truncated, while some PI-PLCs have no EF-hand domain at all. Despite this simple structure, plant PI-PLCs are involved in many essential plant processes, either associated with development or in response to environmental stresses. The action of PI-PLCs relies on the mediators they produce. In plants, IP3 does not seem to be the sole active soluble molecule. Inositol pentakisphosphate (IP5) and inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) also transmit signals, thus highlighting the importance of coupling PI-PLC action with inositol-phosphate kinases and phosphatases. PI-PLCs also produce a lipid molecule, but plant PI-PLC pathways show a peculiarity in that the active lipid does not appear to be DAG but its phosphorylated form, phosphatidic acid (PA). Besides, PI-PLCs can also act by altering their substrate levels. Taken together, plant PI-PLCs show functional differences when compared to their animal counterparts. However, they act on similar general signalling pathways including calcium homeostasis and cell phosphoproteome. Several important questions remain unanswered. The cross-talk between the soluble and lipid mediators generated by plant PI-PLCs is not understood and how the coupling between PI-PLCs and inositol-kinases or DAG-kinases is carried out remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Pokotylo
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, NAS of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine.
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Singh A, Kanwar P, Pandey A, Tyagi AK, Sopory SK, Kapoor S, Pandey GK. Comprehensive genomic analysis and expression profiling of phospholipase C gene family during abiotic stresses and development in rice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62494. [PMID: 23638098 PMCID: PMC3640072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phospholipase C (PLC) is one of the major lipid hydrolysing enzymes, implicated in lipid mediated signaling. PLCs have been found to play a significant role in abiotic stress triggered signaling and developmental processes in various plant species. Genome wide identification and expression analysis have been carried out for this gene family in Arabidopsis, yet not much has been accomplished in crop plant rice. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS An exhaustive in-silico exploration of rice genome using various online databases and tools resulted in the identification of nine PLC encoding genes. Based on sequence, motif and phylogenetic analysis rice PLC gene family could be divided into phosphatidylinositol-specific PLCs (PI-PLCs) and phosphatidylcholine- PLCs (PC-PLC or NPC) classes with four and five members, respectively. A comparative analysis revealed that PLCs are conserved in Arabidopsis (dicots) and rice (monocot) at gene structure and protein level but they might have evolved through a separate evolutionary path. Transcript profiling using gene chip microarray and quantitative RT-PCR showed that most of the PLC members expressed significantly and differentially under abiotic stresses (salt, cold and drought) and during various developmental stages with condition/stage specific and overlapping expression. This finding suggested an important role of different rice PLC members in abiotic stress triggered signaling and plant development, which was also supported by the presence of relevant cis-regulatory elements in their promoters. Sub-cellular localization of few selected PLC members in Nicotiana benthamiana and onion epidermal cells has provided a clue about their site of action and functional behaviour. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE The genome wide identification, structural and expression analysis and knowledge of sub-cellular localization of PLC gene family envisage the functional characterization of these genes in crop plants in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarjeet Singh
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Poonam Kanwar
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Amita Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Akhilesh K. Tyagi
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sanjay Kapoor
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Girdhar K. Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
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15
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Rupwate SD, Rajasekharan R. Plant phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C: an insight. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2012; 7:1281-3. [PMID: 22902702 PMCID: PMC3493414 DOI: 10.4161/psb.21436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) belongs to an important class of enzymes involved in signaling related to lipids. They hydrolyze a membrane-associated phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate, to produce inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. The role of PI-PLC and the mechanism behind its functioning is well studied in animal system; however, mechanism of plant PI-PLC functioning remains largely obscure. Here, we attempted to summarize the understanding regarding plant PI-PLC mechanism of regulation, localization, and domain association. Using sedimentation based phospholipid binding assay and surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, it was demonstrated that C2 domain of plant PI-PLC alone is capable of targeting membranes. Moreover, change in surface hydrophobicity upon calcium stimulus is the key element in targeting plant PI-PLC from soluble fractions to membranes. This property of altering surface hydrophobicity plays a pivot role in regulation of PI-PLC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny D. Rupwate
- Department of Biochemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore, India
| | - Ram Rajasekharan
- Department of Biochemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore, India
- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants; Council of Scientific and Industrial Research; Lucknow, India
- Correspondence to: Ram Rajasekharan,
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16
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Rupwate SD, Rajasekharan R. C2 domain is responsible for targeting rice phosphoinositide specific phospholipase C. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 78:247-58. [PMID: 22124893 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-011-9862-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC) is involved in Ca²⁺ mediated signalling events that lead to altered cellular status. Using various sequence-analysis methods, we identified two conserved motifs in known PLC sequences. The identified motifs are located in the C2 domain of plant PLCs and are not found in any other protein. These motifs are specifically found in the Ca²⁺ binding loops and form adjoining beta strands. Further, we identified certain conserved residues that are highly distinct from corresponding residues of animal PLCs. The motifs reported here could be used to annotate plant-specific phospholipase C sequences. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the C2 domain alone is capable of targeting PLC to the membrane in response to a Ca²⁺ signal. We also showed that the binding event results from a change in the hydrophobicity of the C2 domain upon Ca²⁺ binding. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that all PLCs from Arabidopsis and rice lack a transmembrane domain, myristoylation and GPI-anchor protein modifications. Our bioinformatic study indicates that plant PLCs are located in the cytoplasm, the nucleus and the mitochondria. Our results suggest that there are no distinct isoforms of plant PLCs, as have been proposed to exist in the soluble and membrane associated fractions. The same isoform could potentially be present in both subcellular fractions, depending on the calcium level of the cytosol. Overall, these data suggest that the C2 domain of PLC plays a vital role in calcium signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny D Rupwate
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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17
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Abstract
Plant phospholipases can be grouped into four major types, phospholipase D, phospholipase C, phospholipase A1 (PLA(1)), and phospholipase A2 (PLA(2)), that hydrolyze glycerophospholipids at different ester bonds. Within each type, there are different families or subfamilies of enzymes that can differ in substrate specificity, cofactor requirement, and/or reaction conditions. These differences provide insights into determining the cellular function of specific phospholipases in plants, and they can be explored for different industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geliang Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO, USA
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18
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Altúzar-Molina AR, Muñoz-Sánchez JA, Vázquez-Flota F, Monforte-González M, Racagni-Di Palma G, Hernández-Sotomayor SMT. Phospholipidic signaling and vanillin production in response to salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate in Capsicum chinense J. cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2011; 49:151-8. [PMID: 21147536 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The phospholipidic signal transduction system involves generation of second messengers by hydrolysis or changes in phosphorylation state. Several studies have shown that the signaling pathway forms part of plant response to phytoregulators such as salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MJ), which have been widely used to stimulate secondary metabolite production in cell cultures. An evaluation was made of the effect of SA and MJ on phospholipidic signaling and capsaicinoid production in Capsicum chinense Jacq. suspension cells. Treatment with SA inhibited phospholipase C (PLC) (EC: 3.1.4.3) and phospholipase D (PLD) (EC: 3.1.4.4) activities in vitro, but increased lipid kinase activities in vitro at different SA concentrations. Treatment with MJ produced increases in PLC and PLD activities, while lipid kinase activities were variable and dose-dependent. The production of vanillin, a precursor of capsaicinoids, increased at specific SA or MJ doses. Preincubation with neomycin, a phospholipase inhibitor, before SA or MJ treatment inhibits increase in vanillin production which suggests that phospholipidic second messengers may participate in the observed increase in vanillin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma R Altúzar-Molina
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Calle 43 No. 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97200 Merida, Yucatán, Mexico
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19
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The Emerging Roles of Phospholipase C in Plant Growth and Development. LIPID SIGNALING IN PLANTS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-03873-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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20
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Georges F, DAS S, Ray H, Bock C, Nokhrina K, Kolla VA, Keller W. Over-expression of Brassica napus phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C2 in canola induces significant changes in gene expression and phytohormone distribution patterns, enhances drought tolerance and promotes early flowering and maturation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2009; 32:1664-81. [PMID: 19671099 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.02027.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PtdIns-PLC2) plays a central role in the phosphatidylinositol-specific signal transduction pathway. It catalyses the hydrolysis of membrane-bound phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate to produce two second messengers, sn-1,2-diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. The former is a membrane activator of protein kinase C in mammalian systems, and the latter is a Ca(2+) modulator which induces distinctive oscillating bursts of cytosolic Ca(2+), resulting in regulation of gene expression and activation of proteins. Sustained over-expression of BnPtdIns-PLC2 in transgenic Brassica napus lines brought about an early shift from vegetative to reproductive phases, and shorter maturation periods, accompanied by notable alterations in hormonal distribution patterns in various tissues. The photosynthetic rate increased, while stomata were partly closed. Numerous gene expression changes that included induction of stress-related genes such as glutathione S-transferase, hormone-regulated and regulatory genes, in addition to a number of kinases, calcium-regulated factors and transcription factors, were observed. Other changes included increased phytic acid levels and phytohormone organization patterns. These results suggest the importance of PtdIns-PLC2 as an elicitor of a battery of events that systematically control hormone regulation, and plant growth and development in what may be a preprogrammed mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawzy Georges
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 0W9.
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21
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Nakamura K, Sano H. A plasma-membrane linker for the phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C in tobacco plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2009; 4:26-9. [PMID: 19704699 PMCID: PMC2634064 DOI: 10.4161/psb.4.1.7222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We previously screened genes that were transcriptionally activated during the early stage of wound response in tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum), and isolated a particular clone, which encoded a membrane-located protein, designated as NtC7. Upon overexpression in tobacco plants, NtC7 conferred a marked tolerance to osmotic stress, suggesting it to be involved in maintenance of osmotic adjustments. In this study, we searched for proteins which interact with NtC7 by the yeast two-hybrid screening, and isolated a clone encoding phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C, designated as NtPI-PLC. Physical interaction between NtC7 and C2 domain of NtPI-PLC was confirmed by the pull-down assay. Expression of fused protein to green-fluorescence protein in onion epidermal cell layers indicated both proteins to predominantly localize to the plasma membrane. Their interaction in planta was shown by the bimolecular fluorescence complementation, which exhibited a clear fluorescence of reconstituted yellow fluorescence protein. Transcripts of NtC7 and NtPI-PLC were markedly increased 30 to 60 min after wounding. PI-PLC is one of key enzymes in metabolism of inositol phospholipids, which function in signal transduction and also in response to stresses including osmotic changes. It was shown to localize to plasma-membrane and, to a lesser extent, to cytosol. However, molecular mechanism of membrane localization has remained to be determined, because of the apparent lack of domains for membrane association. The present results suggest that one of such mechanisms is tethering NtPI-PLC to the plasma membrane through interaction with NtC7, which possesses a transmembrane domain at the C-terminus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiyo Nakamura
- Research and Education Center for Genetic Information; Nara Institute of Science and Technology; Nara Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sano
- Research and Education Center for Genetic Information; Nara Institute of Science and Technology; Nara Japan
- Department of Botany; Stockholm University; Stockholm Sweden
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22
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Tasma IM, Brendel V, Whitham SA, Bhattacharyya MK. Expression and evolution of the phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2008; 46:627-637. [PMID: 18534862 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2007] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C cleaves the substrate phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and generates inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and 1,2-diacylglycerol, both of which are second messengers in the phosphoinositide signal transduction pathways operative in animal cells. Five PI-PLC isoforms, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon and zeta, have been identified in mammals. Plant PI-PLCs are structurally close to the mammalian PI-PLC-zeta isoform. The Arabidopsis genome contains nine AtPLC genes. Expression patterns of all nine genes in different organs and in response to various environmental stimuli were studied by applying a quantitative RT-PCR approach. Multiple members of the gene family were differentially expressed in Arabidopsis organs, suggesting putative roles for this enzyme in plant development, including tissue and organ differentiation. This study also shows that a majority of the AtPLC genes are induced in response to various environmental stimuli, including cold, salt, nutrients Murashige-Skoog salts, dehydration, and the plant hormone abscisic acid. Results of this and previous studies strongly suggest that transcriptional activation of the PI-PLC gene family is important for adapting plants to stress environments. Expression patterns and phylogenetic relationships indicates that AtPLC gene members probably evolved through multiple rounds of gene duplication events, with AtPLC4 and AtPLC5 and AtPLC8 and AtPLC9 being duplicated in tandem in recent times.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Made Tasma
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, G303 Agronomy Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Volker Brendel
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology and Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Steven A Whitham
- Department of Plant Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Madan K Bhattacharyya
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, G303 Agronomy Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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23
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Tuteja N, Sopory SK. Plant signaling in stress: G-protein coupled receptors, heterotrimeric G-proteins and signal coupling via phospholipases. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2008; 3:79-86. [PMID: 19516978 PMCID: PMC2633988 DOI: 10.4161/psb.3.2.5303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and development are coordinalely controlled by several internal factors and environmental signals. To sense these environmental signals, the higher plants have evolved a complex signaling network, which may also cross talk with each other. Plants can respond to the signals as individual cells and as whole organisms. Various receptors including phytochromes, G-proteins coupled receptors (GPCR), kinase and hormone receptors play important role in signal transduction but very few have been characterized in plant system. The heterotrimeric G-proteins mediate the coupling of signal transduction from activated GPCR to appropriate downstream effectors and thereby play an important role in signaling. In this review we have focused on some of the recent work on G-proteins and two of the effectors, PLC and PLD, which have been shown to interact with Galpha subunit and also discussed their role in abiotic stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Tuteja
- Plant Molecular Biology Group; International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB); Aruna Asaf Ali Marg; New Delhi, India
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24
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Echevarría-Machado I, Martínez-Estévez M, Muñoz-Sánchez JA, Loyola-Vargas VM, Hernández-Sotomayor SMT, De Los Santos-Briones C. Membrane-associated phosphoinositides-specific phospholipase C forms from Catharanthus roseus transformed roots. Mol Biotechnol 2007; 35:297-309. [PMID: 17652793 DOI: 10.1007/bf02686015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported that Catharanthus roseus transformed roots contain at least two phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate-phospholipase C (PLC) activities, one soluble and the other membrane associated. Detergent, divalent cations, and neomycin differentially regulate these activities and pure protein is required for a greater understanding of the function and regulation of this enzyme. In this article we report a partia purification of membrane-associated PLC. We found that there are at least two forms of membraneassociated PLC in transformed roots of C. roseus. These forms were separated on the basis of their affinity for heparin. One form shows an affinity for heparin and elutes at approx 600 mM KCl. This form has a molecular mass of 67 kDa by size exclusion chromatography and Western blot analysis, whereas the other form does not bind to heparin and has a molecular mass of 57 kDa. Possible differential regulation of these forms during transformed root growth is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Echevarría-Machado
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciòn Científica de Yucatán A.C., Calle 43 No. 130, Chuburná de Hidalgo, C. P. 97200, Mérida, Yucatán, México
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25
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Cao Z, Zhang J, Li Y, Xu X, Liu G, Bhattacharrya MK, Yang H, Ren D. Preparation of polyclonal antibody specific for AtPLC4, an Arabidopsis phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C in rabbits. Protein Expr Purif 2007; 52:306-12. [PMID: 17142056 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2006.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2006] [Revised: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase Cs (PI-PLCs) are important enzymes in eukaryotes, which catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate into the two second messengers inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. The Arabidopsis genome contains nine putative PI-PLC genes. AtPLC4, an abiotic stress induced gene, has been reported to encode an active PI-PLC isoform. However, the exact roles of putative AtPLC4 in plant remain to be elicited. The first 108 amino acid residues of the N-terminal of AtPLC4, referred to as AtPLC4 N, was expressed as a recombinant protein in Escherichia coli and used as antigen in generating antibody. Purified recombinant proteins including AtPLC1 to AtPLC5, AtPLC8, AtPLC9 and AtPLC4 N were transferred onto the same blot to test specificity of the prepared antibody. Western blot result shows that only AtPLC4 and AtPLC4 N can be recognized by the antibody. The antibody recognized a protein of approximately 68kDa in the plasma membrane fraction and cytosolic fractions prepared from Arabidopsis thaliana plants. This corresponds very well with the calculated molecular weight of AtPLC4. The results suggest that AtPLC4 may encode a plasma membrane-associated protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
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26
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Helling D, Possart A, Cottier S, Klahre U, Kost B. Pollen tube tip growth depends on plasma membrane polarization mediated by tobacco PLC3 activity and endocytic membrane recycling. THE PLANT CELL 2006; 18:3519-34. [PMID: 17172355 PMCID: PMC1785407 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.106.047373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Revised: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidyl inositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI 4,5-P2) accumulates in a Rac/Rop-dependent manner in the pollen tube tip plasma membrane, where it may control actin organization and membrane traffic. PI 4,5-P2 is hydrolyzed by phospholipase C (PLC) activity to the signaling molecules inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacyl glycerol (DAG). To investigate PLC activity during tip growth, we cloned Nt PLC3, specifically expressed in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) pollen tubes. Recombinant Nt PLC3 displayed Ca2+-dependent PI 4,5-P2-hydrolyzing activity sensitive to U-73122 and to mutations in the active site. Nt PLC3 overexpression, but not that of inactive mutants, inhibited pollen tube growth. Yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) fused to Nt PLC3, or to its EF and C2 domains, accumulated laterally at the pollen tube tip plasma membrane in a pattern complementary to the distribution of PI 4,5-P2. The DAG marker Cys1:YFP displayed a similar intracellular localization as PI 4,5-P2. Blocking endocytic membrane recycling affected the intracellular distribution of DAG but not of PI 4,5-P2. U-73122 at low micromolar concentrations inhibited and partially depolarized pollen tube growth, caused PI 4,5-P2 spreading at the apex, and abolished DAG membrane accumulation. We show that Nt PLC3 is targeted by its EF and C2 domains to the plasma membrane laterally at the pollen tube tip and that it maintains, together with endocytic membrane recycling, an apical domain enriched in PI 4,5-P2 and DAG required for polar cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Helling
- Heidelberg Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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27
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Ma H, Lou Y, Lin WH, Xue HW. MORN motifs in plant PIPKs are involved in the regulation of subcellular localization and phospholipid binding. Cell Res 2006; 16:466-78. [PMID: 16699542 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cr.7310058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple repeats of membrane occupation and recognition nexus (MORN) motifs were detected in plant phosphatidylinositl monophosphate kinase (PIPK), a key enzyme in PI-signaling pathway. Structural analysis indicates that all the MORN motifs (with varied numbers at ranges of 7-9), which shared high homologies to those of animal ones, were located at N-terminus and sequentially arranged, except those of OsPIPK1 and AtPIPK7, in which the last MORN motif was separated others by an approximately 100 amino-acid "island" region, revealing the presence of two kinds of MORN arrangements in plant PIPKs. Through employing a yeast-based SMET (sequence of membrane-targeting) system, the MORN motifs were shown being able to target the fusion proteins to cell plasma membrane, which were further confirmed by expression of fused MORN-GFP proteins. Further detailed analysis via deletion studies indicated the MORN motifs in OsPIPK1, together with the 104 amino-acid "island" region are involved in the regulation of differential subcellular localization, i.e. plasma membrane or nucleus, of the fused proteins. Fat Western blot analysis of the recombinant MORN polypeptide, expressed in Escherichia coli, showed that MORN motifs could strongly bind to PA and relatively slightly to PI4P and PI(4,5)P2. These results provide informative hints on mechanisms of subcellular localization, as well as regulation of substrate binding, of plant PIPKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Science (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200032 Shanghai, China
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28
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Liu HT, Huang WD, Pan QH, Weng FH, Zhan JC, Liu Y, Wan SB, Liu YY. Contributions of PIP(2)-specific-phospholipase C and free salicylic acid to heat acclimation-induced thermotolerance in pea leaves. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 163:405-16. [PMID: 16455354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2005.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2005] [Accepted: 04/26/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the accumulation in endogenous free salicylic acid (SA) induced by heat acclimation (37 degrees C) and the activity of PIP(2)-phospholipase C (PIP(2)-PLC; EC 3.1.4.3) in the plasma membrane fraction was investigated in pea (Pisum sativum L.) leaves. We focused our attention on the hypothesis that positive SA signals induced by heat acclimation may be relayed by PIP(2)-PLC. Heat acclimation induced an abrupt elevation of free SA preceding the activation of PLC toward PIP(2). Immunoblotting indicated a molecular mass with 66.5kDa PLC plays key role in the development of thermotolerance in pea leaves. In addition, some characterizations of PLC toward PIP(2) isolated from pea leaves with two-phase purification containing calcium concentration, pH and a protein concentration were also studied. Neomycin sulfate, a well-known PIP(2)-PLC inhibitor, was employed to access the involvement of PIP(2)-PLC in the acquisition of heat acclimation induced-thermotolerance. We were able to identify a PIP(2)-PLC, which was similar to a conventional PIP(2)-PLC in higher plants, from pea leaves suggesting that PIP(2)-PLC was involved in the signal pathway that leads to the acquisition of heat acclimation induced-thermotolerance. On the basis of these results, we conclude that the involvement of free SA may function as the upstream event in the stimulation of PIP(2)-PLC in response to heat acclimation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Tao Liu
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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29
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Lou Y, Ma H, Lin WH, Chu ZQ, Mueller-Roeber B, Xu ZH, Xue HW. The highly charged region of plant beta-type phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase is involved in membrane targeting and phospholipid binding. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 60:729-46. [PMID: 16649109 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-005-5548-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2005] [Accepted: 11/29/2005] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa, two types of PI 4-kinase (PI4Ks) have been isolated and functionally characterized. The alpha-type PI4Ks (approximately 220 kDa) contain a PH domain, which is lacking in beta-type PI4Ks (approximately 120 kDa). Beta-type PI4Ks, exemplified by Arabidopsis AtPI4Kbeta and rice OsPI4K2, contain a highly charged repetitive segment designated PPC (Plant PI4K Charged) region, which is an unique domain only found in plant beta-type PI4Ks at present. The PPC region has a length of approximately 300 amino acids and harboring 11 (AtPI4Kbeta) and 14 (OsPI4K2) repeats, respectively, of a 20-aa motif. Studies employing a modified yeast-based "Sequence of Membrane-Targeting Detection" system demonstrate that the PPC(OsPI4K2) region, as well as the former 8 and latter 6 repetitive motifs within the PPC region, are able to target fusion proteins to the plasma membrane. Further detection on the transiently expressed GFP fusion proteins in onion epidermal cells showed that the PPC(OsPI4K2) region alone, as well as the region containing repetitive motifs 1-8, was able to direct GFP to the plasma membrane, while the regions containing less repetitive motifs, i.e. 6, 4, 2 or single motif(s) led to predominantly intracellular localization. Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression of PPC-GFP fusion protein further confirms the membrane-targeting capacities of PPC region. In addition, the predominant plasma membrane localization of AtPI4Kbeta was mediated by the PPC region. Recombinant PPC peptide, expressed in E. coli, strongly binds phosphatidic acid, PI and PI4P, but not phosphatidylcholine, PI5P, or PI(4,5)P2 in vitro, providing insights into potential mechanisms for regulating sub-cellular localization and lipid binding for the plant beta-type PI4Ks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lou
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Science (SiBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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Pan YY, Wang X, Ma LG, Sun DY. Characterization of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) from Lilium daviddi pollen. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 46:1657-65. [PMID: 16085656 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pci181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) activity is detected in purified Lilium pollen protoplasts. Two PI-PLC full length cDNAs, LdPLC1 and LdPLC2, were isolated from pollen of Lilium daviddi. The amino acid sequences for the two PI-PLCs deduced from the two cDNA sequences contain X, Y catalytic motifs and C2 domains. Blast analysis shows that LdPLCs have 60-65% identities to the PI-PLCs from other plant species. Both recombinant PI-PLCs proteins expressed in E. coli cells show the PIP(2)-hydrolyzing activity. The RT-PCR analysis shows that both of them are expressed in pollen grains, whereas expression level of LdPLC2 is induced in germinating pollen. The exogenous purified calmodulin (CaM) is able to stimulate the activity of the PI-PLC when it is added into the pollen protoplast medium, while anti-CaM antibody suppresses the stimulation effect caused by exogenous CaM. PI-PLC activity is enhanced by G protein agonist cholera toxin and decreased by G protein antagonist pertussis toxin. Increasing in PI-PLC activity caused by exogenous purified CaM is also inhibited by pertussis toxin. A PI-PLC inhibitor, U-73122, inhibited the stimulation of PI-PLC activity caused by cholera toxin and it also leads to the decrease of [Ca(2+)](cyt) in pollen grains. Those results suggest that the PPI-PLC signaling pathway is present in Lilium daviddi pollen, and PI-PLC activity might be regulated by a heterotrimeric G protein and extracellular CaM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yun Pan
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
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31
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Zhai S, Sui Z, Yang A, Zhang J. Characterization of a Novel Phosphoinositide-Specific Phospholipase C from Zea mays and its Expression in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Lett 2005; 27:799-804. [PMID: 16086263 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-005-5802-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2005] [Revised: 04/08/2005] [Accepted: 04/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A cDNA encoding a phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) has been isolated from Zea mays by screening a cDNA library. The cDNA, designated ZmPLC, encodes a polypeptide of 586 amino acids, containing the catalytic X, Y and C2 domains found in all PI-PLCs from plants. Northern blot analysis showed that the expression of the ZmPLC gene in roots is up-regulated under conditions of high salt, dehydration, cold or low osmotic stress conditions. Recombinant ZmPLC protein was expressed in Esch- erichia coli, purified and used to produce polyclonal antibody, this polyclonal antibody is important for further studies to assess the ultimate function of the ZmPLC gene in plants.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Immunoblotting
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phosphatidylinositol Diacylglycerol-Lyase/genetics
- Phosphatidylinositol Diacylglycerol-Lyase/metabolism
- Phosphatidylinositols/metabolism
- Phosphoinositide Phospholipase C
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Proteins/isolation & purification
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Type C Phospholipases/genetics
- Type C Phospholipases/metabolism
- Zea mays/enzymology
- Zea mays/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Zhai
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P.R. China
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32
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Das S, Hussain A, Bock C, Keller WA, Georges F. Cloning of Brassica napus phospholipase C2 (BnPLC2), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (BnVPS34) and phosphatidylinositol synthase1 (BnPtdIns S1)--comparative analysis of the effect of abiotic stresses on the expression of phosphatidylinositol signal transduction-related genes in B. napus. PLANTA 2005; 220:777-84. [PMID: 15480754 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-004-1389-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2004] [Accepted: 08/17/2004] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The cloning and identification of full-length cDNA fragments coding for the Brassica napus phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C2 (BnPLC2), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (BnVPS34) and phosphatidylinositol synthase (BnPtdIns S1) is described. In addition, two complementary fragments (120 nucleotides long) corresponding to Arabidopsis PtdIns 4-kinase (PtdIns 4-K) and PtdIns-4-phosphate 5-kinase (PtdIns4P 5-K) sequences were chemically synthesized. These, as well as the cDNA clones, were used as probes to study the corresponding steady state mRNA levels in different tissues and developmental stages of B. napus, as well as in response to different environmental conditions. Transcripts corresponding to BnPLC2, BnPtdIns S1, BnVPS34 and PtdIns 4-K were found constitutively expressed at different levels in most tissues, with young leaves, siliques, and developing seeds showing the lowest levels. No detectable PtdIns4P 5-K transcripts were found in buds or flowers. Up-regulation of BnPLC2 was seen in response to low temperature stress, which was notably accompanied by a parallel down-regulation of BnPtdIns S1, while BnVPS34 and PtdIns 4-K remained at control levels. A moderate increase in PtdIns4P 5-K levels was noted. In high salinity conditions BnPtdIns S1, BnVPS34 and BnPLC2 transcripts had similar responses but at different levels, with no major changes detected for PtdIns 4-K or PtdIns4P 5-K. Significantly, all five transcripts increased under drought stress conditions and all stressed plants clearly showed relatively higher levels of total inositol trisphosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar Das
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W9, Canada
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Chou WM, Shigaki T, Dammann C, Liu YQ, Bhattacharyya MK. Inhibition of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C results in the induction of pathogenesis-related genes in soybean. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2004; 6:664-72. [PMID: 15570470 DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-830351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) content is decreased in soybean cells following infection with Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea (Psg). In this investigation, a differential display approach was applied to isolate soybean genes that are transcriptionally up-regulated by the inhibition of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) activity and to study if the transcription of those genes is altered following Psg infection. Four genes, transcriptionally activated following treatment with the PI-PLC-specific inhibitor U-73122, were cloned. Three of the four genes were induced following infection with Psg. The transcripts of a hydrolase homologue (GmHy) were induced in the incompatible but not compatible soybean-Psg interaction. The transcripts of a putative ascorbate oxidase gene (GmAO) were induced in both compatible and incompatible interactions. GmHy and GmAO may represent new classes of pathogenesis-related genes. In addition to these two novel genes, homologues of PR-10 and polygalacturonase inhibitor protein (GmPR10 and GmPGIP, respectively) were identified. These two genes have previously been reported as pathogenesis-related. Transcripts of GmPR-10, but not GmPGIP, were induced in both compatible and incompatible soybean-Psg interactions. Induction of these genes, except for GmPGIP, following inhibition of PI-PLC by either the U-73122 treatment or bacterial infection suggests that PI-PLC may negatively regulate the expression of defence genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-M Chou
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, P.O. Box 2180, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73402, USA
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34
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Repp A, Mikami K, Mittmann F, Hartmann E. Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C is involved in cytokinin and gravity responses in the moss Physcomitrella patens. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 40:250-9. [PMID: 15447651 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2004.02205.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The phosphoinositide signalling pathway is important in plant responses to extracellular and intracellular signals. To elucidate the physiological functions of phosphoinositide-specific phopspholipase C, PI-PLC, targeted knockout mutants of PpPLC1, a gene encoding a PI-PLC from the moss Physcomitrella patens, were generated via homologous recombination. Protonemal filaments of the plc1 lines show a dramatic reduction in gametophore formation relative to wild type: this was accompanied by a loss of sensitivity to cytokinin. Moreover, plc1 appeared paler than the wild type, the result of an altered differentiation of chloroplasts and reduced chlorophyll levels compared with wild type filaments. In addition, the protonemal filaments of plc1 have a strongly reduced ability to grow negatively gravitropically in the dark. These effects imply a significant role for PpPLC1 in cytokinin signalling and gravitropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Repp
- Institut für Biologie--Pflanzenphysiologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 12-16, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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35
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Hunt L, Otterhag L, Lee JC, Lasheen T, Hunt J, Seki M, Shinozaki K, Sommarin M, Gilmour DJ, Pical C, Gray JE. Gene-specific expression and calcium activation of Arabidopsis thaliana phospholipase C isoforms. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2004; 162:643-654. [PMID: 33873763 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
• PI-PLCs synthesise the calcium releasing second messenger IP3 . We investigated the expression patterns of the Arabidopsis PI-PLC gene family and measured in vitro activity of encoded enzymes. • Gene specific RT-PCR and promoter-GUS fusions were used to analyse AtPLC gene expression patterns. The five available AtPLC cDNAs were expressed as fusion proteins in Escherichia coli. • All members of the AtPLC gene family were expressed in multiple organs of the plant. AtPLC1, and AtPLC5 expression was localized to the vascular cells of roots and leaves with AtPLC5::GUS also detected in the guard cells. AtPLC4::GUS was detected in pollen and cells of the stigma surface. In seedlings, AtPLC2 and AtPLC3 were constitutively expressed, while AtPLCs 1, 4 and 5 were induced by abiotic stresses. AtPLC1-5 were all shown to have phospholipase C activity in the presence of calcium ions. • AtPLCs showed limited tissue specific expression and expression of at least three genes was increased by abiotic stress. The differing calcium sensitivities of recombinant AtPLC protein activities may provide a mechanism for generating calcium signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hunt
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - L Otterhag
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Lund University PO Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - J C Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - T Lasheen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - J Hunt
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - M Seki
- RIKEN Tsukuba Institute, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - K Shinozaki
- RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - M Sommarin
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Lund University PO Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - D J Gilmour
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - C Pical
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Lund University PO Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - J E Gray
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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36
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Mikami K, Repp A, Graebe-Abts E, Hartmann E. Isolation of cDNAs encoding typical and novel types of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C from the moss Physcomitrella patens. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2004; 55:1437-9. [PMID: 15073208 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erh140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Two cDNAs encoding proteins, PpPLC1 and PpPLC2, with catalytic and C2 domains conserved in plant phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) were isolated from Physcomitrella patens. The N domain, which has been identified in Arabidopsis PI-PLCs as an EF hand-like domain, was found in both isoforms, although that in PpPLC2 was a split type. At micromolar Ca2+ concentrations, PpPLC1 preferentially hydrolysed phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate, while PpPLC2 showed no specificity. Furthermore, at millimolar Ca2+, phosphatidylinositol was hydrolysed by PpPLC2, but not by PpPLC1. Thus, PpPLC1 and PpPLC2 are typical and novel types of plant PI-PLC, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Mikami
- National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan.
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37
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Kim YJ, Kim JE, Lee JH, Lee MH, Jung HW, Bahk YY, Hwang BK, Hwang I, Kim WT. The Vr-PLC3 gene encodes a putative plasma membrane-localized phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C whose expression is induced by abiotic stress in mung bean (Vigna radiata L.). FEBS Lett 2004; 556:127-36. [PMID: 14706839 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)01388-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate to generate inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol, both of which act as secondary messengers in animal cells. In this report, we identified in Vigna radiata L. (mung bean) three distinct partial cDNAs (pVr-PLC1, pVr-PLC2, and pVr-PLC3), which encode forms of putative PI-PLC. All three Vr-PLC genes were transcriptionally active and displayed unique patterns of expression. The Vr-PLC1 and Vr-PLC2 transcripts were constitutively expressed to varying degrees in every tissue of mung bean plants examined. In contrast, the Vr-PLC3 mRNA level was very low under normal growth conditions and was rapidly induced in an abscisic acid-independent manner under environmental stress conditions (drought and high salinity). An isolated genomic clone, about 8.2 kb in length, showed that Vr-PLC1 and Vr-PLC3 are in tandem array in the mung bean genome. The predicted primary sequence of Vr-PLC3 (M(r)=67.4 kDa) is reminiscent of the delta-isoform of animal enzymes which contain core sequences found in typical PI-PLCs, such as the catalytic domain comprising X and Y motifs, a lipid-binding C2 domain, and the less conserved EF-hand domain. Results of in vivo targeting experiment using a green fluorescent protein (GFP) showed that the GFP-Vr-PLC3 fusion protein was localized primarily to the plasma membrane of the Arabidopsis protoplast. The C2 domain was essential for Vr-PLC3 to be targeted to the plasma membrane. The possible biological functions of stress-responsive Vr-PLC3 in mung bean plants are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ju Kim
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Yonsei University, 120-749, Seoul, South Korea
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Venkataraman G, Goswami M, Tuteja N, Reddy MK, Sopory SK. Isolation and characterization of a phospholipase C delta isoform from pea that is regulated by light in a tissue specific manner. Mol Genet Genomics 2003; 270:378-86. [PMID: 14564506 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-003-0925-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2003] [Accepted: 08/19/2003] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipases C (PLCs) play an important role in many cellular responses and are involved in the production of secondary messengers. We report the cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding a PLC-delta from Pisum sativum (PsPLC). The amino acid sequence deduced from the cDNA sequence showed 75-80% identity to other plant PLCs and contained the characteristic X, Y and C2 domains. The genomic PLC clone from pea was also characterized and found to contain eight introns. The protein was expressed in Escherichia coli, but the recombinant product did not show any phosphoinositide (PI)- or phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-bisphosphate (PIP2)-specific activity, despite having all known residues required for such activity, and in spite of the fact that its C2 domain was shown to bind calcium. Under similar in vitro assay conditions the recombinant tobacco PLC used as a control showed calcium-dependent PI- and PIP2-specific activity. Though PsPLC did not show enzyme activity in vitro, and may represent an inactive form of PLC, such as those reported in some mammalian systems, analysis of the transcription of PsPLC showed that the gene is expressed in all pea tissues, and is regulated by light in a tissue-specific manner. Roots showed higher expression of PsPLC than shoots. A putative PsPLC promoter region (792 bp) was also cloned and found to contain root-specific and light-responsive cis elements, suggesting that this form of PLC may be involved in important functions in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Venkataraman
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICEGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, 110 067 New Delhi, India
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Hunt L, Mills LN, Pical C, Leckie CP, Aitken FL, Kopka J, Mueller-Roeber B, McAinsh MR, Hetherington AM, Gray JE. Phospholipase C is required for the control of stomatal aperture by ABA. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2003; 34:47-55. [PMID: 12662308 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01698.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The calcium-releasing second messenger inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is involved in the regulation of stomatal aperture by ABA. In other signalling pathways, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is generated by the action of phospholipase C. We have studied the importance of phospholipase C in guard cell ABA-signalling pathways. Immunolocalisation of a calcium-activated phospholipase C confirmed the presence of phospholipase C in tobacco guard cells. Transgenic tobacco plants with considerably reduced levels of phospholipase C in their guard cells were only partially able to regulate their stomatal apertures in response to ABA. These results suggest that phospholipase C is involved in the amplification of the calcium signal responsible for reductions in stomatal aperture in response to ABA. As full ABA-induced inhibition of stomatal opening was not observed, our results support a role for the action of other calcium-releasing second messengers in the guard cell ABA-signalling pathway. It is not known whether these different calcium-releasing second messengers act in the same or parallel ABA-signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Hunt
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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Mueller-Roeber B, Pical C. Inositol phospholipid metabolism in Arabidopsis. Characterized and putative isoforms of inositol phospholipid kinase and phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 130:22-46. [PMID: 12226484 PMCID: PMC166537 DOI: 10.1104/pp.004770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositides (PIs) constitute a minor fraction of total cellular lipids in all eukaryotic cells. They fulfill many important functions through interaction with a wide range of cellular proteins. Members of distinct inositol lipid kinase families catalyze the synthesis of these phospholipids from phosphatidylinositol. The hydrolysis of PIs involves phosphatases and isoforms of PI-specific phospholipase C. Although our knowledge of the roles played by plant PIs is clearly limited at present, there is no doubt that they are involved in many physiological processes during plant growth and development. In this review, we concentrate on inositol lipid-metabolizing enzymes from the model plant Arabidopsis for which biochemical characterization data are available, namely the inositol lipid kinases and PI-specific phospholipase Cs. The biochemical properties and structure of characterized and genome-predicted isoforms are presented and compared with those of the animal enzymes to show that the plant enzymes have some features clearly unique to this kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Mueller-Roeber
- Universität Potsdam, Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Abteilung Molekularbiologie, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 25, Haus 20, D-14476 Golm/Potsdam, Germany
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Van Dijken P, Van Haastert PJM. Phospholipase Cdelta regulates germination of Dictyostelium spores. BMC Cell Biol 2001; 2:25. [PMID: 11737859 PMCID: PMC60988 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-2-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2001] [Accepted: 12/05/2001] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many eukaryotes, including plants and fungi make spores that resist severe environmental stress. The micro-organism Dictyostelium contains a single phospholipase C gene (PLC); deletion of the gene has no effect on growth, cell movement and differentiation. In this report we show that PLC is essential to sense the environment of food-activated spores. RESULTS Plc-null spores germinate at alkaline pH, reduced temperature or increased osmolarity, conditions at which the emerging amoebae can not grow. In contrast, food-activated wild-type spores return to dormancy till conditions in the environment allow growth. The analysis of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) levels and the effect of added IP3 uncover an unexpected mechanism how PLC regulates spore germination: i) deletion of PLC induces the enhanced activity of an IP5 phosphatase leading to high IP3 levels in plc-null cells; ii) in wild-type spores unfavourable conditions inhibit PLC leading to a reduction of IP3 levels; addition of exogenous IP3 to wild-type spores induces germination at unfavourable conditions; iii) in plc-null spores IP3 levels remain high, also at unfavourable environmental conditions. CONCLUSIONS The results imply that environmental conditions regulate PLC activity and that IP3 induces spore germination; the uncontrolled germination of plc-null spores is not due to a lack of PLC activity but to the constitutive activation of an alternative IP3-forming pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Van Dijken
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter JM Van Haastert
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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42
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Abstract
Phospholipases are a diverse series of enzymes that hydrolyze phospholipids. Multiple forms of phospholipases D, C, and A have been characterized in plants. These enzymes are involved in a broad range of functions in cellular regulation, lipid metabolism, and membrane remodeling. In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the many roles of phospholipases in signal transduction. This review highlights recent developments in the understanding of biochemical, molecular biological, and functional aspects of various phospholipases in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas State University, Willard Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506; e-mail:
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43
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Elge S, Brearley C, Xia HJ, Kehr J, Xue HW, Mueller-Roeber B. An Arabidopsis inositol phospholipid kinase strongly expressed in procambial cells: synthesis of PtdIns(4,5)P2 and PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 in insect cells by 5-phosphorylation of precursors. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2001; 26:561-571. [PMID: 11489170 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2001.01051.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We have cloned a phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase (PIP5K) cDNA (AtP5K1) from Arabidopsis thaliana. By the application of cell permeabilization and short-term nonequilibrium labelling we show that expression of AtP5K1 in Baculovirus-infected insect (Spodoptera frugiperda) cells directs synthesis of PtdIns(4,5)P2 and PtdIns(3,4,5)P3. The same phosphoinositides were produced by isolated whole-cell membrane fractions of AtP5K1-expressing insect cells. Their synthesis was not affected by adding defined precursor lipids, that is PtdIns(3)P, PtdIns(4)P, PtdIns(3,4)P2, or PtdIns(4,5)P2, in excess, indicating that substrates for the plant enzyme were not limiting in vivo. Enzymatic dissection of lipid headgroups revealed that AtP5K1-directed synthesis of PtdIns(4,5)P2 and PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 proceeds via 5-phosphorylation of precursors. Analysis of promoter-reporter gene (beta-glucuronidase) fusions in transgenic plants revealed that expression of the AtP5K1 gene is strongest in vascular tissues of leaves, flowers, and roots, namely in cells of the lateral meristem, that is the procambium. Single-cell sampling of sap from flower stem meristem tissue and neighbouring phloem cells, when coupled to reverse transcriptase--polymerase chain reaction, confirmed preferential expression of AtP5K1 in procambial tissue. We hypothesize that AtP5K1, like animal and yeast PIP5K, may be involved in the control of cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Elge
- Max-Planck-Insitute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Golm, Germany
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44
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Otterhag L, Sommarin M, Pical C. N-terminal EF-hand-like domain is required for phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C activity in Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Lett 2001; 497:165-70. [PMID: 11377433 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(01)02453-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C's (PI-PLCs) are ubiquitous in eukaryotes, from plants to animals, and catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate into the two second messengers inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. In animals, four distinct subfamilies of PI-PLCs have been identified, and the three-dimensional structure of one rat isozyme, PLC-delta1, determined. Plants appear to contain only one gene family encoding PI-PLCs. The catalytic properties of plant PI-PLCs are very similar to those of animal enzymes. However, very little is known about the regulation of plant PI-PLCs. All plant PI-PLCs comprise three domains, X, Y and C2, which are also conserved in isoforms from animals and yeast. We here show that one PI-PLC isozyme from Arabidopsis thaliana, AtPLC2, is predominantly localized in the plasma membrane, and that the conserved N-terminal domain may represent an EF-hand domain that is required for catalytic activity but not for lipid binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Otterhag
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 117, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
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45
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Piña-Chable ML, Herñandez-Sotomayor SM. Phospholipase C activity from Catharanthus roseus transformed roots: aluminum effect. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2001; 65:45-56. [PMID: 11352226 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-6980(01)00113-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effect of aluminum on the activity of PLC was examined in transformed roots from Catharanthus roseus (L) G. Don. When added in vitro to the reaction mixture, Al inhibited the enzymatic activity in a concentration and time-dependent fashion. This effect is very similar for both activities (soluble and membrane-associated). When roots were treated in vivo with Al 0.1 mM for short periods (0-4 h), PLC activity was also inhibited. Aluminum (1 mM) diminished root growth in approximately 50% when added on the first day of the culture cycle conditions in which PLC activity is also affected. Other enzymatic activities (NAD+-GDH, NADH-GDH, NADH-GOGAT and HMGR) were not affected when roots were treated with Al (0.1 mM) for short periods of time (1 h). Results obtained in this work suggest that the Al can affect PLC activity as a specific target. Enzymes: Phospholipase C (EC 3.1.4.10).
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Piña-Chable
- Unidad de Biología, Experimental, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán Apdo, Cordemex, Mexico
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Takahashi S, Katagiri T, Hirayama T, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Shinozaki K. Hyperosmotic stress induces a rapid and transient increase in inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate independent of abscisic acid in Arabidopsis cell culture. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 42:214-22. [PMID: 11230576 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pce028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipid metabolism is involved in hyperosmotic-stress responses in plants. To investigate the role of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC)-a key enzyme in phosphoinositide turnover-in hyperosmotic-stress signaling, we analyzed changes in inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P3) content in response to hyperosmotic shock or salinity in Arabidopsis thaliana T87 cultured cells. Within a few s, a hyperosmotic shock, caused by mannitol, NaCl, or dehydration, induced a rapid and transient increase in Ins(1,4,5)P3. However, no transient increase was detected in cells treated with ABA. Neomycin and U73122, inhibitors of PI-PLC, inhibited the increase in Ins(1,4,5)P3 caused by the hyperosmotic shock. A rapid increase in phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2) in response to the hyperosmotic shock also occurred, but the rate of increase was much slower than that of Ins(1,4,5)P3. These findings indicate that the transient Ins(1,4,5)P3 production was due to the activation of PI-PLC in response to hyperosmotic stress. PI-PLC inhibitors also inhibited hyperosmotic stress-responsive expression of some dehydration-inducible genes, such as rd29A (lti78/cor78) and rd17 (cor47), that are controlled by the DRE/CRT cis-acting element but did not inhibit hyperosmotic stress-responsive expression of ABA-inducible genes, such as rd20. Taken together, these results suggest the involvement of PI-PLC and Ins(1,4,5)P3 in an ABA-independent hyperosmotic-stress signal transduction pathway in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Takahashi
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, RIKEN Tsukuba Institute, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0074 Japan
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47
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Reggiani R, Laoreti P. Evidence for the involvement of phospholipase C in the anaerobic signal transduction. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2000; 41:1392-1396. [PMID: 11134425 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcd073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Pre-treatment of rice roots for 2 h in aerobic conditions with two phospholipase C (PLC) antagonists, neomycin and compound 48/80 (C48/80), inhibited accumulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid and increased the loss of K+ in the medium during 3 h of anoxia. The presence of Ca2+ and A23187 (Ca2+ ionophore) nullified the effect of PLC inhibitors. Pre-treatment of rice roots with neomycin and C48/80 abolished the anaerobic increase in the concentration of the PLC product inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate. Stimulation of the anaerobic signal transduction pathway with aluminium fluoride (G protein activator) was attenuated by PLC inhibitors. These findings are consistent with the participation of PLC in the anaerobic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Reggiani
- Istituto Biosintesi Vegetali, CNR, Via Bassini 15, I-20133 Milano, Italy.
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Santoni V, Kieffer S, Desclaux D, Masson F, Rabilloud T. Membrane proteomics: use of additive main effects with multiplicative interaction model to classify plasma membrane proteins according to their solubility and electrophoretic properties. Electrophoresis 2000; 21:3329-44. [PMID: 11079553 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(20001001)21:16<3329::aid-elps3329>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent efforts at the proteomic level were employed to describe the protein equipment of the plasma membrane of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. These studies had revealed that the plasma membrane is rich in extrinsic proteins but came up against two major problems: (i) few hydrophobic proteins were recovered in two-dimensional electrophoresis gels, and (ii) many plasma membrane proteins had no known function or were unknown in the database despite extensive sequencing of the Arabidopsis genome. In this paper, several methods expected to enrich a membrane sample in hydrophobic proteins were compared. The optimization of solubilization procedures revealed that the detergent to be used depends on the lipid content of the sample. The corresponding proteomes were compared with the statistical model AMMI (additive main effects with multiplicative interaction) that aimed at regrouping proteins according to their solubility and electrophoretic properties. Distinct groups emerged from this analysis and the identification of proteins in each group allowed us to assign specific features to several of them. For instance, two of these groups regrouped very hydrophobic proteins, one group contained V-ATPase subunits, another group contained proteins with one transmembrane domain as well as proteins known to interact with membrane proteins. This study provides methodological tools to study particular classes of plasma membrane proteins and should be applicable to other cellular membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Santoni
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, INRA/ENSA-M/CNRS, UMR 5004, Montpellier, France.
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Rebecchi MJ, Pentyala SN. Structure, function, and control of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C. Physiol Rev 2000; 80:1291-335. [PMID: 11015615 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 726] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC) subtypes beta, gamma, and delta comprise a related group of multidomain phosphodiesterases that cleave the polar head groups from inositol lipids. Activated by all classes of cell surface receptor, these enzymes generate the ubiquitous second messengers inositol 1,4, 5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. The last 5 years have seen remarkable advances in our understanding of the molecular and biological facets of PLCs. New insights into their multidomain arrangement and catalytic mechanism have been gained from crystallographic studies of PLC-delta(1), while new modes of controlling PLC activity have been uncovered in cellular studies. Most notable is the realization that PLC-beta, -gamma, and -delta isoforms act in concert, each contributing to a specific aspect of the cellular response. Clues to their true biological roles were also obtained. Long assumed to function broadly in calcium-regulated processes, genetic studies in yeast, slime molds, plants, flies, and mammals point to specific and conditional roles for each PLC isoform in cell signaling and development. In this review we consider each subtype of PLC in organisms ranging from yeast to mammals and discuss their molecular regulation and biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Rebecchi
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA.
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50
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Coursol S, Giglioli-Guivarc'h N, Vidal J, Pierre JN. An increase in phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C activity precedes induction of C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase phosphorylation in illuminated and NH4Cl-treated protoplasts from Digitaria sanguinalis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2000; 23:497-506. [PMID: 10972876 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2000.00819.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A Ca2+-dependent phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) activity has been characterized in the microsomal fraction of Digitaria sanguinalis mesophyll cell protoplasts. Microsomal PI-PLC was found to be inhibited in vitro by a mammalian anti-PLC-delta1 antibody and by the aminosteroide U-73122, an inhibitor of PI-PLC activity in animal cells. In Western blot experiments, the antibody recognized an 85 kDa protein in both microsomal protein extracts from mesophyll protoplasts and rat brain protein extracts containing the authentic enzyme. The involvement of the microsomal PI-PLC in the light-dependent transduction pathway leading to the phosphorylation of C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) was investigated in D. sanguinalis protoplasts. A transient increase in the PI-PLC reaction product inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(1,4, 5)P3) was observed in situ during early induction of the C4 PEPC phosphorylation cascade. U-73122, but not the inactive analogue U-73343, efficiently blocked the transient accumulation of Ins(1,4, 5)P3, and both the increase in C4 PEPC kinase activity and C4 PEPC phosphorylation in illuminated and weak base-treated protoplasts. Taken together, these data suggest that PI-PLC-based signalling is a committed step in the cascade controlling the regulation of C4 PEPC phosphorylation in C4 leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Coursol
- Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, UMR 8618, Université Paris XI, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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