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Du X, Li M, Huan C, Lv G. Dendritic cells in liver transplantation immune response. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1277743. [PMID: 37900282 PMCID: PMC10606587 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1277743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most powerful antigen presenting cells (APCs), they are considered one of the key regulatory factors in the liver immune system. There is currently much interest in modulating DC function to improve transplant immune response. In liver transplantation, DCs participate in both the promotion and inhibition of the alloreponse by adopting different phenotypes and function. Thus, in this review, we discussed the origin, maturation, migration and pathological effects of several DC subsets, including the conventional DC (cDC), plasmacytoid DC (pDC) and monocyte-derived DC (Mo-DC) in liver transplantation, and we summarized the roles of these DC subsets in liver transplant rejection and tolerance. In addition, we also outlined the latest progress in DC-based related treatment regimens. Overall, our discussion provides a beneficial resource for better understanding the biology of DCs and their manipulation to improve the immune adaptability of patients in transplant status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Du
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingqian Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chen Huan
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of The Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guoyue Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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2
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Qiao DR, Shan GY, Wang S, Cheng JY, Yan WQ, Li HJ. The mononuclear phagocyte system in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:6345-6355. [PMID: 36533105 PMCID: PMC9753057 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i45.6345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) consists of monocytes, dendritic cells and macrophages, which play vital roles in innate immune defense against cancer. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a complex disease that is affected or initiated by many factors, including chronic hepatitis B virus infection, hepatitis C virus infection, metabolic disorders or alcohol consumption. Liver function, tumor stage and the performance status of patients affect HCC clinical outcomes. Studies have shown that targeted treatment of tumor microenvironment disorders may improve the efficacy of HCC treatments. Cytokines derived from the innate immune response can regulate T-cell differentiation, thereby shaping adaptive immunity, which is associated with the prognosis of HCC. Therefore, it is important to elucidate the function of the MPS in the progression of HCC. In this review, we outline the impact of HCC on the MPS. We illustrate how HCC reshapes MPS cell phenotype remodeling and the production of associated cytokines and characterize the function and impairment of the MPS in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duan-Rui Qiao
- Department of Bioengineering, Pharmacy School of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130061, Jilin Province, China
| | - Guan-Yue Shan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130061, Jilin Province, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130061, Jilin Province, China
- Department of Students Affairs, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130031, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jun-Ya Cheng
- Department of Bioengineering, Pharmacy School of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130061, Jilin Province, China
| | - Wei-Qun Yan
- Department of Bioengineering, Pharmacy School of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hai-Jun Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130061, Jilin Province, China
- Institute of Liver Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130061, Jilin Province, China
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3
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Du Y, Wu J, Liu J, Zheng X, Yang D, Lu M. Toll-like receptor-mediated innate immunity orchestrates adaptive immune responses in HBV infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:965018. [PMID: 35967443 PMCID: PMC9372436 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.965018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains to be a substantial global burden, especially for end-stage liver diseases. It is well accepted that HBV-specific T and B cells are essential for controlling HBV infection. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) represent one of the major first-line antiviral defenses through intracellular signaling pathways that induce antiviral inflammatory cytokines and interferons, thereby shaping adaptive immunity. However, HBV has evolved strategies to counter TLR responses by suppressing the expression of TLRs and blocking the downstream signaling pathways, thus limiting HBV-specific adaptive immunity and facilitating viral persistence. Recent studies have stated that stimulation of the TLR signaling pathway by different TLR agonists strengthens host innate immune responses and results in suppression of HBV replication. In this review, we will discuss how TLR-mediated responses shape HBV-specific adaptive immunity as demonstrated in different experimental models. This information may provide important insight for HBV functional cure based on TLR agonists as immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqin Du
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongliang Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Mengji Lu,
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4
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Lurje I, Hammerich L, Tacke F. Dendritic Cell and T Cell Crosstalk in Liver Fibrogenesis and Hepatocarcinogenesis: Implications for Prevention and Therapy of Liver Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197378. [PMID: 33036244 PMCID: PMC7583774 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a chronic, highly prevalent disease that may progress to cirrhosis and substantially increases the risk for development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Fibrotic livers are characterized by an inflammatory microenvironment that is composed of various immunologically active cells, including liver-resident populations (e.g., Kupffer cells, hepatic stellate cells and sinusoidal endothelium) and infiltrating leukocytes (e.g., monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes). While inflammatory injury drives both fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis, the tolerogenic microenvironment of the liver conveys immunosuppressive effects that encourage tumor growth. An insufficient crosstalk between dendritic cells (DCs), the professional antigen presenting cells, and T cells, the efficient anti-tumor effector cells, is one of the main mechanisms of HCC tumor tolerance. The meticulous analysis of patient samples and mouse models of fibrosis-HCC provided in-depth insights into molecular mechanisms of immune interactions in liver cancer. The therapeutic modulation of this multifaceted immunological response, e.g., by inhibiting immune checkpoint molecules, in situ vaccination, oncolytic viruses or combinations thereof, is a rapidly evolving field that holds the potential to improve the outcome of patients with HCC. This review aims to highlight the current understanding of DC–T cell interactions in fibrogenesis and hepatocarcinogenesis and to illustrate the potentials and pitfalls of therapeutic clinical translation.
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5
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Immunopathogenesis of HBV Infection. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1179:71-107. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9151-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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6
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Kitazawa Y, Ueta H, Sawanobori Y, Katakai T, Yoneyama H, Ueha S, Matsushima K, Tokuda N, Matsuno K. Novel Targeting to XCR1 + Dendritic Cells Using Allogeneic T Cells for Polytopical Antibody Responses in the Lymph Nodes. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1195. [PMID: 31191552 PMCID: PMC6548820 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination strategy that induce efficient antibody responses polytopically in most lymph nodes (LNs) against infections has not been established yet. Because donor-specific blood transfusion induces anti-donor class I MHC antibody production in splenectomized rats, we examined the mechanism and significance of this response. Among the donor blood components, T cells were the most efficient immunogens, inducing recipient T cell and B cell proliferative responses not only in the spleen, but also in the peripheral and gut LNs. Donor T cells soon migrated to the splenic T cell area and the LNs, with a temporary significant increase in recipient NK cells. XCR1+ resident dendritic cells (DCs), but not XCR1− DCs, selectively phagocytosed donor class I MHC+ fragments after 1 day. After 1.5 days, both DC subsets formed clusters with recipient CD4+ T cells, which proliferated within these clusters. Inhibition of donor T cell migration or depletion of NK cells by pretreatment with pertussis toxin or anti-asialoGM1 antibody, respectively, significantly suppressed DC phagocytosis and subsequent immune responses. Three allogeneic strains with different NK activities had the same response but with different intensity. Donor T cell proliferation was not required, indicating that the graft vs. host reaction is dispensable. Intravenous transfer of antigen-labeled and mitotic inhibitor-treated allogeneic, but not syngeneic, T cells induced a polytopical antibody response to labeled antigens in the LNs of splenectomized rats. These results demonstrate a novel mechanism of alloresponses polytopically in the secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) induced by allogeneic T cells. Donor T cells behave as self-migratory antigen ferries to be delivered to resident XCR1+ DCs with negligible commitment of migratory DCs. Allogeneic T cells may be clinically applicable as vaccine vectors for polytopical prophylactic antibody production even in asplenic or hyposplenic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kitazawa
- Department of Anatomy (Macro), School of Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hisashi Ueta
- Department of Anatomy (Macro), School of Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yasushi Sawanobori
- Department of Anatomy (Macro), School of Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tomoya Katakai
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | | | - Satoshi Ueha
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kouji Matsushima
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuko Tokuda
- Department of Anatomy (Macro), School of Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Matsuno
- Department of Anatomy (Macro), School of Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
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7
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Yang Y, Tu ZK, Liu XK, Zhang P. Mononuclear phagocyte system in hepatitis C virus infection. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:4962-4973. [PMID: 30510371 PMCID: PMC6262249 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i44.4962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), which consists of monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), and macrophages, plays a vital role in the innate immune defense against pathogens. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is efficient in evading the host immunity, thereby facilitating its development into chronic infection. Chronic HCV infection is the leading cause of end-stage liver diseases, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Acquired immune response was regarded as the key factor to eradicate HCV. However, innate immunity can regulate the acquired immune response. Innate immunity-derived cytokines shape the adaptive immunity by regulating T-cell differentiation, which determines the outcome of acute HCV infection. Inhibition of HCV-specific T-cell responses is one of the most important strategies for immune system evasion. It is meaningful to illustrate the role of innate immune response in HCV infection. With the MPS being the important factor in innate immunity, therefore, understanding the role of the MPS in HCV infection will shed light on the pathophysiology of chronic HCV infection. In this review, we outline the impact of HCV infection on the MPS and cytokine production. We discuss how HCV is detected by the MPS and describe the function and impairment of MPS components in HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zheng-Kun Tu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130061, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xing-Kai Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
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8
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Chong SZ, Evrard M, Goh CC, Ng LG. Illuminating the covert mission of mononuclear phagocytes in their regional niches. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 50:94-101. [PMID: 29275187 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages have been classically categorized into the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) based on their similar functional and phenotypic characteristics. While an increasing amount of research has revealed substantial ontogenic and functional differences among these cells, the reasons behind their heterogeneity and strategic positioning in specific niches throughout the body are yet to be fully elucidated. In this review, we outline how recent advances in intravital imaging studies have dissected this phenomenon and have allowed us to appreciate how MPS cells exploit their regional niches to specialize and maximize their functional properties. Understanding their cellular behavior in each of their specialized microenvironment will eventually allow us to target specific cells and their behavioral patterns for improved vaccine and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhen Chong
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, 138648 Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Maximilien Evrard
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, 138648 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chi Ching Goh
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, 138648 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lai Guan Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, 138648 Singapore, Singapore.
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9
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Demetris AJ, Bellamy COC, Gandhi CR, Prost S, Nakanuma Y, Stolz DB. Functional Immune Anatomy of the Liver-As an Allograft. Am J Transplant 2016; 16:1653-80. [PMID: 26848550 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The liver is an immunoregulatory organ in which a tolerogenic microenvironment mitigates the relative "strength" of local immune responses. Paradoxically, necro-inflammatory diseases create the need for most liver transplants. Treatment of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and acute T cell-mediated rejection have redirected focus on long-term allograft structural integrity. Understanding of insults should enable decades of morbidity-free survival after liver replacement because of these tolerogenic properties. Studies of long-term survivors show low-grade chronic inflammatory, fibrotic, and microvascular lesions, likely related to some combination of environment insults (i.e. abnormal physiology), donor-specific antibodies, and T cell-mediated immunity. The resultant conundrum is familiar in transplantation: adequate immunosuppression produces chronic toxicities, while lightened immunosuppression leads to sensitization, immunological injury, and structural deterioration. The "balance" is more favorable for liver than other solid organ allografts. This occurs because of unique hepatic immune physiology and provides unintended benefits for allografts by modulating various afferent and efferent limbs of allogenic immune responses. This review is intended to provide a better understanding of liver immune microanatomy and physiology and thereby (a) the potential structural consequences of low-level, including allo-antibody-mediated injury; and (b) how liver allografts modulate immune reactions. Special attention is given to the microvasculature and hepatic mononuclear phagocytic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Demetris
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - C O C Bellamy
- Department of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - C R Gandhi
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - S Prost
- Department of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Y Nakanuma
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - D B Stolz
- Center for Biologic Imaging, Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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10
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Hou X, Hao X, Zheng M, Xu C, Wang J, Zhou R, Tian Z. CD205-TLR9-IL-12 axis contributes to CpG-induced oversensitive liver injury in HBsAg transgenic mice by promoting the interaction of NKT cells with Kupffer cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 14:675-684. [PMID: 27041637 PMCID: PMC5549602 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut-derived bacterial products contribute to liver inflammation and injury during chronic hepatitis B virus infection; however, the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. In this study, hepatitis B surface antigen transgenic (HBs-Tg) mice and their wild-type (WT) control C57BL/6 mice were injected with CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) to mimic the translocation of gut microbial products into the systemic circulation. We found that, compared with the WT mice, the HBs-Tg mice were oversensitive to CpG-ODN-induced liver injury, which was dependent on natural killer T (NKT) cells. CpG-ODN injection enhanced the expression of Fas ligand (FasL) on NKT cells. In addition, hepatocytes from the HBs-Tg mice expressed higher levels of Fas than did those from the WT mice, which was further augmented by CpG-ODN. Interaction of Fas and FasL was involved in the cytotoxicity of NKT cells against hepatocytes in the HBs-Tg mice. Moreover, Kupffer cells in the HBs-Tg mice expressed higher levels of CD205 and produced greater amounts of interleukin (IL)-12 than did those in the WT mice. Finally, the depletion of Kupffer cells, neutralization of IL-12 or specific silencing of CD205 on Kupffer cells significantly inhibited CpG-ODN-induced liver injury and NKT activation in the HBs-Tg mice. Our data suggest that CD205-expressing Kupffer cells respond to CpG-ODNs and subsequently release IL-12 to promote NKT cell activation. Activated NKT cells induce liver damage through the Fas signaling pathway in HBs-Tg mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hou
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xiaolei Hao
- Institute of Immunology and CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Meijuan Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Congfei Xu
- Innovation Center for Cell Biology, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Institute of Immunology and CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Biology, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Rongbin Zhou
- Institute of Immunology and CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Biology, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology and CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Biology, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei 230027, China
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11
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Eckert C, Klein N, Kornek M, Lukacs-Kornek V. The complex myeloid network of the liver with diverse functional capacity at steady state and in inflammation. Front Immunol 2015; 6:179. [PMID: 25941527 PMCID: PMC4403526 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, it has been an explosion of information regarding the role of various myeloid cells in liver pathology. Macrophages and dendritic cell (DC) play crucial roles in multiple chronic liver diseases such as fibrosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The complexity of myeloid cell populations and the missing exclusive marker combination make the interpretation of the data often extremely difficult. The current review aims to summarize the multiple roles of macrophages and DCs in chronic liver diseases, especially pointing out how these cells influence liver immune and parenchymal cells thereby altering liver function and pathology. Moreover, the review outlines the currently known marker combinations for the identification of these cell populations for the study of their role in liver immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Eckert
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center , Homburg , Germany
| | - Niklas Klein
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center , Homburg , Germany
| | - Miroslaw Kornek
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center , Homburg , Germany
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12
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Boltjes A, Movita D, Boonstra A, Woltman AM. The role of Kupffer cells in hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infections. J Hepatol 2014; 61:660-71. [PMID: 24798624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Globally, over 500 million people are chronically infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV). These chronic infections cause liver inflammation, and may result in fibrosis/cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Albeit that HBV and HCV differ in various aspects, clearance, persistence, and immunopathology of either infection depends on the interplay between the innate and adaptive responses in the liver. Kupffer cells, the liver-resident macrophages, are abundantly present in the sinusoids of the liver. These cells have been shown to be crucial players to maintain homeostasis, but also contribute to pathology. However, it is important to note that especially during pathology, Kupffer cells are difficult to distinguish from infiltrating monocytes/macrophages and other myeloid cells. In this review we discuss our current understanding of Kupffer cells, and assess their role in the regulation of anti-viral immunity and disease pathogenesis during HBV and HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan Boltjes
- Dept. of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dowty Movita
- Dept. of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André Boonstra
- Dept. of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea M Woltman
- Dept. of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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13
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Abstract
The liver is the largest organ in the body and is generally regarded by nonimmunologists as having little or no lymphoid function. However, such is far from accurate. This review highlights the importance of the liver as a lymphoid organ. Firstly, we discuss experimental data surrounding the role of liver as a lymphoid organ. The liver facilitates tolerance rather than immunoreactivity, which protects the host from antigenic overload of dietary components and drugs derived from the gut and it is instrumental to fetal immune tolerance. Loss of liver tolerance leads to autoaggressive phenomena, which if not controlled by regulatory lymphoid populations, may lead to the induction of autoimmune liver diseases. Liver-related lymphoid subpopulations also act as critical antigen-presenting cells. The study of the immunological properties of liver and delineation of the microenvironment of the intrahepatic milieu in normal and diseased livers provides a platform to understand the hierarchy of a series of detrimental events that lead to immune-mediated destruction of the liver and the rejection of liver allografts. The majority of emphasis within this review will be on the normal mononuclear cell composition of the liver. However, within this context, we will discuss selected, but not all, immune-mediated liver disease and attempt to place these data in the context of human autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios P Bogdanos
- Institute of Liver Studies, Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London School of Medicine at King's College Hospital, London, UK
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14
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Sumpter TL, Dangi A, Matta BM, Huang C, Stolz DB, Vodovotz Y, Thomson AW, Gandhi CR. Hepatic stellate cells undermine the allostimulatory function of liver myeloid dendritic cells via STAT3-dependent induction of IDO. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 189:3848-58. [PMID: 22962681 PMCID: PMC3466356 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are critical for hepatic wound repair and tissue remodeling. They also produce cytokines and chemokines that may contribute to the maintenance of hepatic immune homeostasis and the inherent tolerogenicity of the liver. The functional relationship between HSCs and the professional migratory APCs in the liver, that is, dendritic cells (DCs), has not been evaluated. In this article, we report that murine liver DCs colocalize with HSCs in vivo under normal, steady-state conditions, and cluster with HSCs in vitro. In vitro, HSCs secrete high levels of DC chemoattractants, such as MΙP-1α and MCP-1, as well as cytokines that modulate DC activation, including TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. Culture of HSCs with conventional liver myeloid (m) DCs resulted in increased IL-6 and IL-10 secretion compared with that of either cell population alone. Coculture also resulted in enhanced expression of costimulatory (CD80, CD86) and coinhibitory (B7-H1) molecules on mDCs. HSC-induced mDC maturation required cell-cell contact and could be blocked, in part, by neutralizing MΙP-1α or MCP-1. HSC-induced mDC maturation was dependent on activation of STAT3 in mDCs and, in part, on HSC-secreted IL-6. Despite upregulation of costimulatory molecules, mDCs conditioned by HSCs demonstrated impaired ability to induce allogeneic T cell proliferation, which was independent of B7-H1, but dependent upon HSC-induced STAT3 activation and subsequent upregulation of IDO. In conclusion, by promoting IDO expression, HSCs may act as potent regulators of liver mDCs and function to maintain hepatic homeostasis and tolerogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina L. Sumpter
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Anil Dangi
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Benjamin M. Matta
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Donna B. Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Yoram Vodovotz
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Angus W. Thomson
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Chandrashekhar R. Gandhi
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA
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15
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Matsuno K, Ueta H, Shu Z, Xue-Dong X, Sawanobori Y, Kitazawa Y, Bin Y, Yamashita M, Shi C. The microstructure of secondary lymphoid organs that support immune cell trafficking. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 73:1-21. [PMID: 21471663 DOI: 10.1679/aohc.73.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Immune cell trafficking in the secondary lymphoid organs is crucial for an effective immune response. Recirculating T cells constantly patrol not only secondary lymphoid organs but also the whole peripheral organs. Thoracic duct lymphocytes represent an ideal cell source for analyzing T cell trafficking: high endothelial venules (HEVs) allow recirculating lymphocytes to transmigrate from the blood directly, and recirculating T cells form a cluster with dendritic cells (DCs) to survey antigen invasions even in a steady state. This cluster becomes an actual site for the antigen presentation when DCs have captured antigens. On activation, effector and memory T cells differentiate into several subsets that have different trafficking molecules and patterns. DCs also migrate actively in a manner depending upon their maturational stages. Danger signals induce the recruitment of several DC precursor subsets with different trafficking patterns and functions. In this review, we describe general and specialized structures of the secondary lymphoid organs for the trafficking of T cells and DCs by a multicolor immunoenzyme staining technique. The lymph nodes, spleen, and Peyer's patches of rats were selected as the major representatives. In vivo trafficking of subsets of T cells and DCs within these organs under steady or emergency states are shown and discussed, and unsolved questions and future prospects are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenjiro Matsuno
- Department of Anatomy (Marco), Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan.
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16
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Depletion of alveolar macrophages abrogates prolongation of cardiac allograft survival induced by intratracheal delivery of alloantigen. Transplantation 2011; 91:413-24. [PMID: 21192321 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3182052b84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously showed that pretreatment with intratracheal delivery (ITD) of alloantigen induced prolonged cardiac allograft survival and generated regulatory cells in mice. In this study, we examined the role of alveolar macrophages (AM) in our ITD model. METHODS Some CBA mice were given ITD of C57BL/6 splenocytes and underwent transplantation of C57BL/6 hearts 7 days later. In others, AM were depleted with clodronate-loaded liposomes 3 days before ITD. In adoptive transfer studies, whole splenocytes were obtained from ITD-treated CBA mice and administered to naïve CBA secondary recipients, which were given C57BL/6 hearts immediately afterward. Interleukin-10 concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Immunohistologic and flow cytometric studies were performed after ITD. RESULTS C57BL/6 splenocytes given by ITD were ingested by AM in 2 days and undetectable in paratracheal lymph nodes or spleen tissue. CBA mice given ITD of C57BL/6 splenocytes had markedly prolonged allograft survival (median survival time [MST], 86 days), whereas naïve CBA mice rejected allografts acutely (MST, 8 days). AM-depleted, ITD-treated mice also rejected allografts (MST, 5.5 days). Naïve secondary recipients given adoptive transfer of splenocytes from ITD-treated mice had prolonged allograft survival (MST, >100 days), whereas secondary recipients given adoptive transfer of splenocytes from AM-depleted, ITD-treated mice rejected the grafts (MST, 15.5 days). Interleukin-10 expression in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was down-regulated in AM-depleted mice compared with naïve mice. CONCLUSIONS AM have an important role in the induction of regulatory cells in our model of ITD of alloantigen.
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17
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Abstract
The demands that are imposed on the liver as a result of its function as a metabolic organ that extracts nutrients and clears gut-derived microbial products from the blood are met by a unique microanatomical and immunological environment. The inherent tolerogenicity of the liver and its role in the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity are mediated by parenchymal and non-parenchymal antigen-presenting cells (APCs), cell-autonomous molecular pathways and locally produced factors. Here, we review the central role of liver APCs in the regulation of hepatic immune function and also consider how recent insights may be applied in strategies to target liver tolerance for disease therapy.
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18
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Shetty S, Lalor PF, Adams DH. Lymphocyte recruitment to the liver: molecular insights into the pathogenesis of liver injury and hepatitis. Toxicology 2008; 254:136-46. [PMID: 18775762 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Revised: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recirculation of blood lymphocytes through the liver occurs under normal conditions as part of the process of immune surveillance. In response to injury or infection recruitment from blood increases and the nature and distribution of the infiltrate will determine the type and outcome of the resulting hepatitis. Recruitment from blood occurs via the hepatic sinusoids and is controlled by interactions between circulating lymphocytes and the highly specialised sinusoidal endothelial cells. This is a low flow vascular bed and the molecular basis of recruitment differs from other tissues. In this review we outline the molecular basis of lymphocyte recruitment to the liver and the effect on it of the local tissue microenvironment and how dysregulation of these processes can lead to uncontrolled inflammation and liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishir Shetty
- Liver Research Group, MRC centre for immune regulation, 5th Floor, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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19
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Abstract
It is well known that leukocyte recruitment is a multi-step cascade that requires an initial tethering to the endothelium of post-capillary venules followed by rolling along the vessel wall until appropriate activating molecules are encountered which cause firm adhesion and emigration out of the vasculature. Recruitment of leukocytes in the post-sinusoidal venules of the liver follows a similar paradigm. However, distinct from most other organs is the observation that many leukocytes can also be seen adhering in the sinusoids which are specialized hepatic capillaries. In this review, the lack of importance of rolling in sinusoids is discussed. The molecular mechanisms leading to adhesion in the liver sinusoids can occur via integrin-dependent as well as integrin-independent mechanisms. In addition to the "classical" beta(1)- and beta(2)-integrin adhesion, some of the "non-classical" (non-integrin dependent) pathways including CD44 and vascular adhesion protein-1, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Yong Lee
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Immunology Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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20
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Abstract
Interstitial liver dendritic cells (DCs) exhibit phenotypic diversity and functional plasticity. They play important roles in both innate and adaptive immunity. Their comparatively low inherent T cell stimulatory ability and the outcome of their interactions with CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, as well as with natural killer (NK) T cells and NK cells within the liver, may contribute to regulation of hepatic inflammatory responses and liver allograft outcome. Liver DCs migrate in the steady state and after liver transplantation to secondary lymphoid tissues, where the outcome of their interaction with antigen-specific T cells determines the balance between tolerance and immunity. Systemic and local environmental factors that are modulated by ischemia-reperfusion injury, liver regeneration, microbial infection, and malignancy influence hepatic DC migration, maturation, and function. Current research in DC biology is providing new insights into the role of these important antigen-presenting cells in the complex events that affect liver transplant outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina L Sumpter
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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21
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Adams DH, Eksteen B. Aberrant homing of mucosal T cells and extra-intestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2006; 6:244-51. [PMID: 16498453 DOI: 10.1038/nri1784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Active inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is often associated with simultaneous inflammation in the skin, eyes and joints. Inflammatory disease in the liver can also occur in patients with IBD but seems to be independent of inflammation in the bowel. In this Opinion article, we propose that the hepatic complications of IBD are mediated by long-lived mucosal T cells that are recruited to the liver in response to aberrantly expressed endothelial-cell adhesion molecules and chemokines that are normally restricted to the gut. Similar mechanisms might explain why certain diseases are associated with site-specific tissue distributions and might point to new therapeutic strategies that are based on modulating tissue-specific lymphocyte homing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Adams
- Liver Research Laboratories, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, 5th Floor, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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22
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Abstract
The migration of dendritic cells (DCs) to lymph nodes (LNs) is pivotal to the establishment of the immune response. DCs have been proved to pass through the afferent lymphatic pathway to enter LNs from the peripheral tissues after they have scanned for self or nonself antigens. In response to danger signals, both myeloid and plasmacytoid DC precursors (mDC and pDC precursors) are rapidly mobilized into the circulation. mDC precursors are recruited to inflamed tissues in response to inflammatory chemokines and then remobilized to regional LNs in response to CCL21. In contrast, pDC precursors directly transmigrate to regional LNs via high endothelial venules in a CXCL9- and E-selectin-dependent manner. Such migration is largely dependent on systemic inflammatory reactions. After accumulating in the LNs through distinct trafficking pathways, DCs interact with lymphocytes temporally and spatially to establish effective immune responses. The inflammation-dependent, chemokine-driven property of DC precursor trafficking is a very sophisticated host defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yoneyama
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine & SORST, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
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23
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Turnbull EL, Yrlid U, Jenkins CD, Macpherson GG. Intestinal dendritic cell subsets: differential effects of systemic TLR4 stimulation on migratory fate and activation in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:1374-84. [PMID: 15661895 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.3.1374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) present peripheral Ags to T cells in lymph nodes, but also influence their differentiation (tolerance/immunity, Th1/Th2). To investigate how peripheral conditions affect DC properties and might subsequently regulate T cell differentiation, we examined the effects of a potent DC-activating, TLR-4-mediated stimulus, LPS, on rat intestinal and hepatic DC in vivo. Steady-state rat intestinal and hepatic lymph DC are alpha(E2) integrin(high) (CD103) and include two subsets, signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPalpha)(hi/low), probably representing murine CD8alphaalpha(-/+) DC. Steady-state lamina propria DC are immature; surface MHC class II(low), but steady-state lymph DC are semimature, MHC class II(high), but CD80/86(low). Intravenous LPS induced rapid lamina propria DC emigration and increased lymph DC traffic without altering SIRPalpha(high)/SIRPalpha(low) proportions. CD80/86 expression on lymph or mesenteric node DC was not up-regulated after i.v. LPS. In contrast, i.v. LPS stimulated marked CD80/86 up-regulation on splenic DC. CD80/86 expression on intestinal lymph DC, however, was increased after in vitro culture with TNF-alpha or GM-CSF, but not with up to 5 mug/ml LPS. Steady-state SIRPalpha(low) DC localized to T cell areas of mesenteric nodes, spleen, and Peyer's patch, whereas SIRPalpha(high) DC were excluded from these areas. Intravenous LPS stimulated rapid and abundant SIRPalpha(high) DC accumulation in T cell areas of mesenteric nodes and spleen. In striking contrast, i.v. LPS had no effect on DC numbers or distribution in Peyer's patches. Our results suggest that any explanation of switching between tolerance and immunity as well as involving changes in DC activation status must also take into account differential migration of DC subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Turnbull
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford, United Kingdom
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24
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Yoneyama H, Matsuno K, Zhang Y, Nishiwaki T, Kitabatake M, Ueha S, Narumi S, Morikawa S, Ezaki T, Lu B, Gerard C, Ishikawa S, Matsushima K. Evidence for recruitment of plasmacytoid dendritic cell precursors to inflamed lymph nodes through high endothelial venules. Int Immunol 2004; 16:915-28. [PMID: 15159375 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxh093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recruitment of dendritic cells (DCs) to lymph nodes (LNs) is pivotal to the establishment of immune response. Whereas DCs have been proven to undergo afferent lymphatic pathway to enter LNs from peripheral tissues, a question remains if DCs also migrate into LNs directly from the circulation. Here we demonstrate that plasmacytoid DC (pDC) precursors can transmigrate across high endothelial venules (HEVs) of inflamed LNs in mice. Bacterial infection induces a significant number of pDC and myeloid DC (mDC) precursors into the circulation. Both subsets express a common set of chemokine receptors except CXCR3, display parallel mobilization into the blood, but show distinct trafficking pathway to the LNs. In a short-term homing assay, whereas mDC precursors migrate to peripheral tissues and subsequently to draining LNs, pDC precursors directly enter the LNs in a CXCL9 and E-selectin dependent manner. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha controls not only DC precursor mobilization into the blood but also chemokine up-regulation on LN HEVs. A similar trafficking pathway is observed also in viral infection, and CXCR3(-/-) mice-derived pDC precursors show defective trans-HEV migration. This study clarifies the inflammation-dependent, chemokine-driven distinct property of DC precursor trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yoneyama
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine & SORST, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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25
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Shibolet O, Alper R, Zlotogarov L, Thalenfeld B, Engelhardt D, Rabbani E, Ilan Y. NKT and CD8 lymphocytes mediate suppression of hepatocellular carcinoma growth via tumor antigen-pulsed dendritic cells. Int J Cancer 2003; 106:236-43. [PMID: 12800200 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.11201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen presenting cells that play a role in T-cell activation. Liver-associated natural killer T lymphocytes (NKTs) are a unique subset of lymphocytes that may be important in antitumor immunity. Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) expresses hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) on its cell surface and may serve as a tumor-associated antigen. The aim of the study was to evaluate the antitumor effect of DC pulsed with tumor or viral-associated antigens in HBV-expressing HCC in mice and to determine the role of NKT lymphocytes in this process. Balb/c mice were sublethally irradiated and transplanted with Hep3b HCC cell line, followed by transplantation of naive splenocytes. DCs were separated using CD11c beads and pulsed with HBV-enveloped proteins (group A), HCC cell lysate (group B), or BSA (control group C). Mice were followed for survival and tumor size. To determine the mechanism of the antitumor effect, intrasplenic and intrahepatic lymphocyte subpopulations were analyzed by FACS for NKT, CD4 and CD8 markers. Tumor-associated antigens-specific IFNgamma ELISPOT, T-cell proliferation assays and serum cytokine analysis were performed. Treatment with tumor-associated antigen-pulsed DC significantly improved survival (40% and 50% as compared with 0% in groups A, B, and control group C, respectively; p < 0.005). Tumor size decreased to 12.8 +/- 0.4 and 0 from 60.4 +/- 0.9 mm(3) in groups A, B, and control group C, respectively (p < 0.005). Adoptive transfer of HBV or Hep3b-associated antigens-pulsed DC induced a 6-fold increase in peripheral CD8(+) lymphocytes (from 1% in control mice to 6% and 5.5% in groups A and B, respectively), along with a decrease in CD4(+) lymphocytes (from 3.5% in controls to 1.4% and 2.3% in A and B, respectively; p < 0.005). The CD8(+)/CD4(+) ratio increased from 0.28 in controls to 4.28 and 2.39 in groups A and B, respectively (p < 0.005). Intrasplenic NKT cells increased from 7% in control mice to 7.98% and 14.6% in groups A and B, respectively. In contrast, an opposite shift was observed inside the liver. Intrahepatic lymphocyte analysis showed a marked increase in CD4(+) and a decrease in CD8(+) lymphocytes in treated groups. The intrahepatic CD4(+) number increased from 0.5% in controls to 2.15% and 25.8% in groups A and B, respectively (p < 0.005). In contrast, a significant decrease in the intrahepatic CD8(+) numbers was observed (from 7% in controls to 1.0% and 2.4% in groups A and B, respectively; p < 0.005). A significant increase was noted in HBV-specific IFNgamma spot-forming T-cell colonies from 0.0 to 8.8 +/- 1.7 and 1.8 +/- 2.9 in groups C, A, and B, respectively (p < 0.005). Similarly, a significant increase in the HBV-specific T-cell stimulation index, from 0.8 +/- 0.2 to 7.2 +/- 0.4, in groups C and B, respectively, was noted (p < 0.002). IFNgamma and IL12 serum levels increased significantly in treated groups. IFNgamma and IL12 serum levels increased to 380 +/- 30 and 400 +/- 20, and 960 +/- 40 and 760 +/- 60 in groups A and B, compared with 150 +/- 16 and 490 +/- 40 pg/ml in control mice (p < 0.005). Tumor antigen-pulsed DCs effectively suppressed the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma in mice. This effect was associated with enhanced NKT and CD8(+) lymphocyte function and augmentation of the antitumor/antiviral-specific IFNgamma production.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/immunology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/prevention & control
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunosuppression Therapy
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Shibolet
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.
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26
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Abstract
The T-cell biology of the liver is unlike that of any other organ. The local lymphocyte population is enriched in natural killer (NK) and NKT cells, which might have crucial roles in the recruitment of circulating T cells. A large macrophage population and the efficient trafficking of dendritic cells from sinusoidal blood to lymph promote antigen trapping and T-cell priming, but the local presentation of antigen causes T-cell inactivation, tolerance and apoptosis. These local mechanisms might result from the need to maintain immunological silence to harmless antigenic material in food. The overall bias of intrahepatic T-cell responses towards tolerance might account for the survival of liver allografts and for the persistence of some liver pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Nicholas Crispe
- The David H Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
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27
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Takeuchi M, Yamamoto M, Tatematsu M, Miki K, Sakaki Y, Furihata C. Dendritic cell appearance and differentiation during early and late stages of rat stomach carcinogenesis. Jpn J Cancer Res 2002; 93:925-34. [PMID: 12716471 PMCID: PMC5927111 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2002.tb01339.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell appearance and differentiation during early and late stages of rat stomach carcinogenesis were studied in the pyloric mucosa. Young male rats were given drinking water with or without N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG; 100 mg/liter) for 14 days. Use of competitive RT-PCR and northern blotting showed that MNNG exposure induced 3- to 4-fold greater expression of the genes for integrin beta7 and integrin alphaE2 (identical with antigen OX-62, a dendritic cell marker), as well as three cytokines, IL-4, GM-CSF and TNFalpha, in the stomach pyloric mucosa of resistant Buffalo rats compared to sensitive ACI rats. These genes were minimally expressed in control animals. The results confirm the appearance of dendritic cells in the target pyloric mucosa and suggest the possibility that dendritic cell differentiation and maturation are induced by various cytokines, at least in Buffalo rats. Competitive RT-PCR showed expression of integrin alphaE2 and beta7, MHC class II-associated invariant chain (Ii), MHC class II, B7-1, CD28, GM-CSF and TNFalpha genes in all 12 examined stomach adenocarcinomas and adenomas induced in male Lewis and WKY rats with 30 weeks' MNNG exposure, suggesting the presence of dendritic cells in tumors. OX-62 staining and western blotting for OX-62 also confirmed the presence of dendritic cells in tumors. However, the population of dendritic cells in tumors was less than that in the pyloric mucosa after 14 days' MNNG exposure. The present results suggest that immune defense involving dendritic cells is marshaled from the very early initiation stage during rat stomach cancer development, but is downgraded in developed tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoi Takeuchi
- Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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