1
|
Kim S, Cho S, Kim JH. CD1-mediated immune responses in mucosal tissues: molecular mechanisms underlying lipid antigen presentation system. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1858-1871. [PMID: 37696897 PMCID: PMC10545705 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The cluster of differentiation 1 (CD1) molecule differs from major histocompatibility complex class I and II because it presents glycolipid/lipid antigens. Moreover, the CD1-restricted T cells that recognize these self and foreign antigens participate in both innate and adaptive immune responses. CD1s are constitutively expressed by professional and nonprofessional antigen-presenting cells in mucosal tissues, namely, the skin, lung, and intestine. This suggests that CD1-reactive T cells are involved in the immune responses of these tissues. Indeed, evidence suggests that these cells play important roles in diverse diseases, such as inflammation, autoimmune disease, and infection. Recent studies elucidating the molecular mechanisms by which CD1 presents lipid antigens suggest that defects in these mechanisms could contribute to the activities of CD1-reactive T cells. Thus, improving our understanding of these mechanisms could lead to new and effective therapeutic approaches to CD1-associated diseases. In this review, we discuss the CD1-mediated antigen presentation system and its roles in mucosal tissue immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seohyun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyung Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ligthart NAM, de Geus MAR, van de Plassche MAT, Torres García D, Isendoorn MME, Reinalda L, Ofman D, van Leeuwen T, van Kasteren SI. A Lysosome-Targeted Tetrazine for Organelle-Specific Click-to-Release Chemistry in Antigen Presenting Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37269296 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bioorthogonal deprotections are readily used to control biological function in a cell-specific manner. To further improve the spatial resolution of these reactions, we here present a lysosome-targeted tetrazine for an organelle-specific deprotection reaction. We show that trans-cyclooctene deprotection with this reagent can be used to control the biological activity of ligands for invariant natural killer T cells in the lysosome to shed light on the processing pathway in antigen presenting cells. We then use the lysosome-targeted tetrazine to show that long peptide antigens used for CD8+ T cell activation do not pass through this organelle, suggesting a role for the earlier endosomal compartments for their processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina A M Ligthart
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and The Institute for Chemical Immunology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A R de Geus
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and The Institute for Chemical Immunology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Merel A T van de Plassche
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and The Institute for Chemical Immunology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Torres García
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and The Institute for Chemical Immunology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein M E Isendoorn
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and The Institute for Chemical Immunology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Luuk Reinalda
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and The Institute for Chemical Immunology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daniëlle Ofman
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and The Institute for Chemical Immunology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tyrza van Leeuwen
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and The Institute for Chemical Immunology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander I van Kasteren
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and The Institute for Chemical Immunology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lan BH, Becker M, Freund C. The mode of action of tapasin on major histocompatibility class I (MHC-I) molecules. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102987. [PMID: 36758805 PMCID: PMC10040737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tapasin (Tsn) plays a critical role in antigen processing and presentation by major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules. The mechanism of Tsn-mediated peptide loading and exchange hinges on the conformational dynamics governing the interaction of Tsn and MHC-I with recent structural and functional studies pinpointing the critical sites of direct or allosteric regulation. In this review, we highlight these recent findings and relate them to the extensive molecular and cellular data that are available for these evolutionary interdependent proteins. Furthermore, allotypic differences of MHC-I with regard to the editing and chaperoning function of Tsn are reviewed and related to the mechanistic observations. Finally, evolutionary aspects of the mode of action of Tsn will be discussed, a short comparison with the Tsn-related molecule TAPBPR (Tsn-related protein) will be given, and the impact of Tsn on noncanonical MHC-I molecules will be described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- By Huan Lan
- Institute of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Moritz Becker
- Institute of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Freund
- Institute of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rudolph M, Wang Y, Simolka T, Huc-Claustre E, Dai L, Grotenbreg G, Besra GS, Shevchenko A, Shevchenko A, Zeissig S. Sortase A-Cleavable CD1d Identifies Sphingomyelins as Major Class of CD1d-Associated Lipids. Front Immunol 2022; 13:897873. [PMID: 35874748 PMCID: PMC9301999 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.897873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1d is an atypical MHC class I molecule which binds endogenous and exogenous lipids and can activate natural killer T (NKT) cells through the presentation of lipid antigens. CD1d surveys different cellular compartments including the secretory and the endolysosomal pathway and broadly binds lipids through its two hydrophobic pockets. Purification of the transmembrane protein CD1d for the analysis of bound lipids is technically challenging as the use of detergents releases CD1d-bound lipids. To address these challenges, we have developed a novel approach based on Sortase A-dependent enzymatic release of CD1d at the cell surface of live mammalian cells, which allows for single step release and affinity tagging of CD1d for shotgun lipidomics. Using this system, we demonstrate that CD1d carrying the Sortase A recognition motif shows unimpaired subcellular trafficking through the secretory and endolysosomal pathway and is able to load lipids in these compartments and present them to NKT cells. Comprehensive shotgun lipidomics demonstrated that the spectrum and abundance of CD1d-associated lipids is not representative of the total cellular lipidome but rather characterized by preferential binding to long chain sphingolipids and glycerophospholipids. As such, sphingomyelin species recently identified as critical negative regulators of NKT cell activation, represented the vast majority of endogenous CD1d-associated lipids. Moreover, we observed that inhibition of endolysosomal trafficking of CD1d surprisingly did not affect the spectrum of CD1d-bound lipids, suggesting that the majority of endogenous CD1d-associated lipids load onto CD1d in the secretory rather than the endolysosomal pathway. In conclusion, we present a novel system for the analysis of CD1d-bound lipids in mammalian cells and provide new insight into the spectrum of CD1d-associated lipids, with important functional implications for NKT cell activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maren Rudolph
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Dresden, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yuting Wang
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Dresden, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Theresa Simolka
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Dresden, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Emilie Huc-Claustre
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Dresden, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lingyun Dai
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology (Shenzhen People’s Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | | | | | - Anna Shevchenko
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrej Shevchenko
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zeissig
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Dresden, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- *Correspondence: Sebastian Zeissig,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cotton RN, Wegrecki M, Cheng TY, Chen YL, Veerapen N, Le Nours J, Orgill DP, Pomahac B, Talbot SG, Willis R, Altman JD, de Jong A, Van Rhijn I, Clark RA, Besra GS, Ogg G, Rossjohn J, Moody DB. CD1a selectively captures endogenous cellular lipids that broadly block T cell response. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20202699. [PMID: 33961028 PMCID: PMC8111460 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20202699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We optimized lipidomics methods to broadly detect endogenous lipids bound to cellular CD1a proteins. Whereas membrane phospholipids dominate in cells, CD1a preferentially captured sphingolipids, especially a C42, doubly unsaturated sphingomyelin (42:2 SM). The natural 42:2 SM but not the more common 34:1 SM blocked CD1a tetramer binding to T cells in all human subjects tested. Thus, cellular CD1a selectively captures a particular endogenous lipid that broadly blocks its binding to TCRs. Crystal structures show that the short cellular SMs stabilized a triad of surface residues to remain flush with CD1a, but the longer lipids forced the phosphocholine group to ride above the display platform to hinder TCR approach. Whereas nearly all models emphasize antigen-mediated T cell activation, we propose that the CD1a system has intrinsic autoreactivity and is negatively regulated by natural endogenous inhibitors selectively bound in its cleft. Further, the detailed chemical structures of natural blockers could guide future design of therapeutic blockers of CD1a response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel N. Cotton
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Marcin Wegrecki
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tan-Yun Cheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yi-Ling Chen
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Institute for Health Research, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Natacha Veerapen
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jérôme Le Nours
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dennis P. Orgill
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Bohdan Pomahac
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Simon G. Talbot
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Richard Willis
- National Institutes of Health Tetramer Core Facility, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - John D. Altman
- National Institutes of Health Tetramer Core Facility, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Annemieke de Jong
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rachael A. Clark
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Graham Ogg
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Institute for Health Research, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - D. Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang J, Zope H, Islam MA, Rice J, Dodman S, Lipert K, Chen Y, Zetter BR, Shi J. Lipidation Approaches Potentiate Adjuvant-Pulsed Immune Surveillance: A Design Rationale for Cancer Nanovaccine. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:787. [PMID: 32850698 PMCID: PMC7399020 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvant-pulsed peptide vaccines hold great promise for the prevention and treatment of different diseases including cancer. However, it has been difficult to maximize vaccine efficacy due to numerous obstacles including the unfavorable tolerability profile of adjuvants, instability of peptide antigens, limited cellular uptake, and fast diffusion from the injection site, as well as systemic adverse effects. Here we describe a robust lipidation approach for effective nanoparticle co-delivery of low-molecular weight immunomodulators (TLR7/8 agonists) and peptides (SIINFEKL) with a potent in vivo prophylactic effect. The lipidation approaches (C16-R848 and C16-SIINFEKL) increased their hydrophobicity that is intended not only to improve drug encapsulation efficiency but also to facilitate the membrane association, intracellular trafficking, and subcellular localization. The polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles (PLNs) are designed to sustain antigen/adjuvant levels with less systemic exposure. Our results demonstrated that a lipidated nanovaccine can induce effective immunity by enhancing the expansion and activation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. This adaptive immune response led to substantial tumor suppression with improved overall survival in a prophylactic setting. Our new methodology enhances the potential of nanovaccines for anti-tumor therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junqing Wang
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Harshal Zope
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mohammad Ariful Islam
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Immuno-Oncology Group, Immunomic Therapeutics, Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Jamie Rice
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Silicon Therapeutics, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sage Dodman
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kevin Lipert
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yunhan Chen
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bruce R Zetter
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jinjun Shi
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Govindarajan S, Verheugen E, Venken K, Gaublomme D, Maelegheer M, Cloots E, Gysens F, De Geest BG, Cheng TY, Moody DB, Janssens S, Drennan M, Elewaut D. ER stress in antigen-presenting cells promotes NKT cell activation through endogenous neutral lipids. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e48927. [PMID: 32363653 PMCID: PMC7271650 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1d‐restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells constitute a common glycolipid‐reactive innate‐like T‐cell subset with a broad impact on innate and adaptive immunity. While several microbial glycolipids are known to activate iNKT cells, the cellular mechanisms leading to endogenous CD1d‐dependent glycolipid responses remain largely unclear. Here, we show that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in APCs is a potent inducer of CD1d‐dependent iNKT cell autoreactivity. This pathway relies on the presence of two transducers of the unfolded protein response: inositol‐requiring enzyme‐1a (IRE1α) and protein kinase R‐like ER kinase (PERK). Surprisingly, the neutral but not the polar lipids generated within APCs undergoing ER stress are capable of activating iNKT cells. These data reveal that ER stress is an important mechanism to elicit endogenous CD1d‐restricted iNKT cell responses through induction of distinct classes of neutral lipids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srinath Govindarajan
- Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, VIB-Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eveline Verheugen
- Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, VIB-Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Venken
- Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, VIB-Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Djoere Gaublomme
- Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, VIB-Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Margaux Maelegheer
- Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, VIB-Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eva Cloots
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Laboratory for ER Stress and Inflammation, VIB-Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB-Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fien Gysens
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Biopharmaceutical Technology Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno G De Geest
- Biopharmaceutical Technology Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tan-Yun Cheng
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D Branch Moody
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sophie Janssens
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Laboratory for ER Stress and Inflammation, VIB-Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michael Drennan
- Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, VIB-Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Elewaut
- Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, VIB-Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kusaka H, Kita S, Tadokoro T, Yoshida K, Kasai Y, Niiyama H, Fujimoto Y, Hanashima S, Murata M, Sugiyama S, Ose T, Kuroki K, Maenaka K. Efficient preparation of human and mouse CD1d proteins using silkworm baculovirus expression system. Protein Expr Purif 2020; 172:105631. [PMID: 32213313 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2020.105631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
CD1d is a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-like glycoprotein and binds to glycolipid antigens that are recognized by natural killer T (NKT) cells. To date, our understanding of the structural basis for glycolipid binding and receptor recognition of CD1d is still limited. Here, we established a preparation method for the ectodomain of human and mouse CD1d using a silkworm-baculovirus expression system. The co-expression of human and mouse CD1d and β2-microglobulin (β2m) in the silkworm-baculovirus system was successful, but the yield of human CD1d was low. A construct of human CD1d fused with β2m via a flexible GS linker as a single polypeptide was prepared to improve protein yield. The production of this single-chained complex was higher (50 μg/larva) than that of the co-expression complex. Furthermore, differential scanning calorimetry revealed that the linker made the CD1d complex more stable and homogenous. These results suggest that the silkworm-baculovirus expression system is useful for structural and biophysical studies of CD1d in several aspects including low cost, easy handling, biohazard-free, rapid, and high yielding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kusaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Takashi Tadokoro
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Kouki Yoshida
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kasai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Harumi Niiyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yukari Fujimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Shinya Hanashima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Michio Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Shigeru Sugiyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan; Faculty of Science & Technology, Kochi University, Kochi, 780-8520, Japan
| | - Toyoyuki Ose
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan; Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan; Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kimiko Kuroki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Katsumi Maenaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan; Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shahine A. The intricacies of self-lipid antigen presentation by CD1b. Mol Immunol 2018; 104:27-36. [PMID: 30399491 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The CD1 family of glycoproteins are MHC class I-like molecules that present a wide array of self and foreign lipid antigens to T-cell receptors (TCRs) on T-cells. Humans express three classes of CD1 molecules, denoted as Group 1 (CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c), Group 2 (CD1d), and Group 3 (CD1e). Of the CD1 family of molecules, CD1b exhibits the largest and most complex antigen binding groove; allowing it the capabilities to present a broad spectrum of lipid antigens. While its role in foreign-lipid presentation in the context of mycobacterial infection are well characterized, understanding the roles of CD1b in autoreactivity are recently being elucidated. While the mechanisms governing proliferation of CD1b-restricted autoreactive T cells, regulation of CD1 gene expression, and the processes controlling CD1+ antigen presenting cell maturation are widely undercharacterized, the exploration of self-lipid antigens in the context of disease have recently come into focus. Furthermore, the recently expanded pool of CD1b crystal structures allow the opportunity to further analyze the molecular mechanisms of T-cell recognition and self-lipid presentation; where the intricacies of the two-compartment system, that accommodate both the presented self-lipid antigen and scaffold lipids, are scrutinized. This review delves into the immunological and molecular mechanisms governing presentation and T-cell recognition of the broad self-lipid repertoire of CD1b; with evidence mounting pointing towards a role in diseases such as microbial infection, autoimmune diseases, and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Shahine
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton Victoria 3800, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Four pathways of CD1 antigen presentation to T cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 46:127-133. [PMID: 28756303 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
CD1a, CD1b, CD1c and CD1d proteins migrate through distinct subcellular compartments of antigen presenting cells and so can be considered to take four separate pathways leading to display of lipid antigens to T cell receptors. This review discusses the intersection of CD1 trafficking and lipid antigen loading mechanisms in cells, highlighting key controversies relating to CD1 gene expression, size mismatches between antigens and CD1 binding clefts and unexpected mechanisms of T cell receptor-based recognition.
Collapse
|
11
|
Vartabedian VF, Savage PB, Teyton L. The processing and presentation of lipids and glycolipids to the immune system. Immunol Rev 2017; 272:109-19. [PMID: 27319346 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The recognition of CD1-lipid complexes by T cells was discovered 20 years ago and has since been an emerging and expanding field of investigation. Unlike protein antigens, which are presented on MHC class I and II molecules, lipids can only be presented by CD1 molecules, a unique family of MHC-like proteins whose singularity is a hydrophobic antigen-binding groove. The processing and loading of lipid antigens inside this groove of CD1 molecules require localization to endosomal and lysosomal subcellular compartments and their acidic pHs. This particular environment provides the necessary glycolytic enzymes and lipases that process lipid and glycolipid antigens, as well as a set of lipid transfer proteins that load the final version of the antigen inside the groove of CD1. The overall sequence of events needed for efficient presentation of lipid antigens is now understood and presented in this review. However, a large number of important details have been elusive. This elusiveness is linked to the inherent technical difficulties of studying lipids and the lipid-protein interface in vitro and in vivo. Here, we will expose some of those limitations and describe new approaches to address them during the characterization of lipids and glycolipids antigen presentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent F Vartabedian
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul B Savage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Luc Teyton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Siddiqui S, Visvabharathy L, Wang CR. Role of Group 1 CD1-Restricted T Cells in Infectious Disease. Front Immunol 2015; 6:337. [PMID: 26175733 PMCID: PMC4484338 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved CD1 family of antigen-presenting molecules presents lipid antigens rather than peptide antigens to T cells. CD1 molecules, unlike classical MHC molecules, display limited polymorphism, making CD1-restricted lipid antigens attractive vaccine targets that could be recognized in a genetically diverse human population. Group 1 CD1 (CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c)-restricted T cells have been implicated to play critical roles in a variety of autoimmune and infectious diseases. In this review, we summarize current knowledge and recent discoveries on the development of group 1 CD1-restricted T cells and their function in different infection models. In particular, we focus on (1) newly identified microbial and self-lipid antigens, (2) kinetics, phenotype, and unique properties of group 1 CD1-restricted T cells during infection, and (3) the similarities of group 1 CD1-restricted T cells to the closely related group 2 CD1-restricted T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Siddiqui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - Lavanya Visvabharathy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - Chyung-Ru Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL , USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Papastefanaki F, Matsas R. From demyelination to remyelination: the road toward therapies for spinal cord injury. Glia 2015; 63:1101-25. [PMID: 25731941 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Myelin integrity is crucial for central nervous system (CNS) physiology while its preservation and regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI) is key to functional restoration. Disturbance of nodal organization acutely after SCI exposes the axon and triggers conduction block in the absence of overt demyelination. Oligodendrocyte (OL) loss and myelin degradation follow as a consequence of secondary damage. Here, we provide an overview of the major biological events and underlying mechanisms leading to OL death and demyelination and discuss strategies to restrain these processes. Another aspect which is critical for SCI repair is the enhancement of endogenously occurring spontaneous remyelination. Recent findings have unveiled the complex roles of innate and adaptive immune responses in remyelination and the immunoregulatory potential of the glial scar. Moreover, the intimate crosstalk between neuronal activity, oligodendrogenesis and myelination emphasizes the contribution of rehabilitation to functional recovery. With a view toward clinical applications, several therapeutic strategies have been devised to target SCI pathology, including genetic manipulation, administration of small therapeutic molecules, immunomodulation, manipulation of the glial scar and cell transplantation. The implementation of new tools such as cellular reprogramming for conversion of one somatic cell type to another or the use of nanotechnology and tissue engineering products provides additional opportunities for SCI repair. Given the complexity of the spinal cord tissue after injury, it is becoming apparent that combinatorial strategies are needed to rescue OLs and myelin at early stages after SCI and support remyelination, paving the way toward clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florentia Papastefanaki
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, 11521, Greece
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Van Kaer L. Role of invariant natural killer T cells in immune regulation and as potential therapeutic targets in autoimmune disease. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 2:745-57. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2.5.745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
15
|
Kadri N, Blomqvist M, Cardell SL. Type II natural killer T cells: a new target for immunomodulation? Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 4:615-27. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.4.5.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
16
|
Dowds CM, Kornell SC, Blumberg RS, Zeissig S. Lipid antigens in immunity. Biol Chem 2014; 395:61-81. [PMID: 23999493 PMCID: PMC4128234 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2013-0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are not only a central part of human metabolism but also play diverse and critical roles in the immune system. As such, they can act as ligands of lipid-activated nuclear receptors, control inflammatory signaling through bioactive lipids such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes, lipoxins, resolvins, and protectins, and modulate immunity as intracellular phospholipid- or sphingolipid-derived signaling mediators. In addition, lipids can serve as antigens and regulate immunity through the activation of lipid-reactive T cells, which is the topic of this review. We will provide an overview of the mechanisms of lipid antigen presentation, the biology of lipid-reactive T cells, and their contribution to immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. Marie Dowds
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center
Schleswig-Holstein, Schittenhelmstraße 12, D-24105 Kiel,
Germany
| | - Sabin-Christin Kornell
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center
Schleswig-Holstein, Schittenhelmstraße 12, D-24105 Kiel,
Germany
| | - Richard S. Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Brigham
and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street,
Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sebastian Zeissig
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center
Schleswig-Holstein, Schittenhelmstraße 12, D-24105 Kiel,
Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kunte A, Zhang W, Paduraru C, Veerapen N, Cox LR, Besra GS, Cresswell P. Endoplasmic reticulum glycoprotein quality control regulates CD1d assembly and CD1d-mediated antigen presentation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:16391-16402. [PMID: 23615906 PMCID: PMC3675576 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.474221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) homologue CD1d presents lipid antigens to innate-like lymphocytes called natural-killer T (NKT) cells. These cells, by virtue of their broad cytokine repertoire, shape innate and adaptive immune responses. Here, we have assessed the role of endoplasmic reticulum glycoprotein quality control in CD1d assembly and function, specifically the role of a key component of the quality control machinery, the enzyme UDP glucose glycoprotein glucosyltransferase (UGT1). We observe that in UGT1-deficient cells, CD1d associates prematurely with β2-microglobulin (β2m) and is able to rapidly exit the endoplasmic reticulum. At least some of these CD1d-β2m heterodimers are shorter-lived and can be rescued by provision of a defined exogenous antigen, α-galactosylceramide. Importantly, we show that in UGT1-deficient cells the CD1d-β2m heterodimers have altered antigenicity despite the fact that their cell surface levels are unchanged. We propose that UGT1 serves as a quality control checkpoint during CD1d assembly and further suggest that UGT1-mediated quality control can shape the lipid repertoire of newly synthesized CD1d. The quality control process may play a role in ensuring stability of exported CD1d-β2m complexes, in facilitating presentation of low abundance high affinity antigens, or in preventing deleterious responses to self lipids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kunte
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8011
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8011
| | - Crina Paduraru
- Department of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8011
| | - Natacha Veerapen
- School of Biosciences, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Liam R Cox
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Gurdyal S Besra
- School of Biosciences, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Cresswell
- Department of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8011.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Singh RR, Yang JQ, Kim PJ, Halder RC. Germline deletion of β2 microglobulin or CD1d reduces anti-phospholipid antibody, but increases autoantibodies against non-phospholipid antigens in the NZB/W F1 model of lupus. Arthritis Res Ther 2013; 15:R47. [PMID: 23531237 PMCID: PMC3672782 DOI: 10.1186/ar4206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction β2-microglobulin (β2m) is required for the surface expression of MHC class I and class I-like proteins such as CD1d, Qa1 and neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), all of which may impact the development of autoimmunity. Since CD1d is known to bind and present phospholipid antigens to T cells, we asked if the deficiency of β2m or CD1d will impact the development of anti-phospholipid antibodies as compared to other aspects of lupus autoimmunity. Methods We introgressed the β2m-null genotype onto the NZB and NZW backgrounds for 12 to 14 generations to generate genetically lupus-susceptible (NZB/NZW)F1 (BWF1) mice that are β2m-deficient (β2m°). Circulating immunoglobulins (Ig), rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-DNA and anti-cardiolipin (anti-CL) antibodies, and renal disease were analyzed in these and CD1d-deficient (CD1d°) BWF1 mice that we had previously generated. Results Whereas β2m° BWF1 mice had reduced serum IgG, they had increased mortality, nephritis, serum IgG anti-DNA antibody and RF as compared to heterozygous and wild-type littermates. These effects were recapitulated in CD1d° BWF1 mice, except that they also had increased serum IgG as compared to control littermates. Intriguingly, both β2m° and CD1d° mice had lower serum anti-CL antibody levels than in control littermates. Such CD1d dependence of anti-CL antibody production is not mediated by CD1d/glycolipid-reactive iNKT cells, as these cells reduced the production of RF and anti-DNA antibodies but had no effect on anti-CL antibodies. Conclusions We report a novel dichotomous role of β2m and CD1d, whereby these molecules differently regulate autoimmunity against phospholipid versus non-phospholipid autoantigens.
Collapse
|
19
|
Hussain MM, Rava P, Walsh M, Rana M, Iqbal J. Multiple functions of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2012; 9:14. [PMID: 22353470 PMCID: PMC3337244 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-9-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) was first identified as a major cellular protein capable of transferring neutral lipids between membrane vesicles. Its role as an essential chaperone for the biosynthesis of apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing triglyceride-rich lipoproteins was established after the realization that abetalipoproteinemia patients carry mutations in the MTTP gene resulting in the loss of its lipid transfer activity. Now it is known that it also plays a role in the biosynthesis of CD1, glycolipid presenting molecules, as well as in the regulation of cholesterol ester biosynthesis. In this review, we will provide a historical perspective about the identification, purification and characterization of MTP, describe methods used to measure its lipid transfer activity, and discuss tissue expression and function. Finally, we will review the role MTP plays in the assembly of apoB-lipoprotein, the regulation of cholesterol ester synthesis, biosynthesis of CD1 proteins and propagation of hepatitis C virus. We will also provide a brief overview about the clinical potentials of MTP inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Mahmood Hussain
- Department of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Paul Rava
- Department of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Meghan Walsh
- Department of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Muhammad Rana
- Department of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Jahangir Iqbal
- Department of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zeissig S, Blumberg RS. Primary immunodeficiency associated with defects in CD1 and CD1-restricted T cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1250:14-24. [PMID: 22276638 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06380.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CD1 is a family of atypical MHC class I molecules that present various endogenous and exogenous lipid antigens to CD1-restricted T cells. While little is known about the function of CD1a-, CD1b-, and CD1c-restricted lipid-reactive T cells due to their absence in mice, CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells have been extensively studied since their description almost 20 years ago. NKT cells, effector memory cells that share characteristics of innate and adaptive lymphocytes, are among the earliest responders in immune reactions and have broad effects on the activation of other immune cell lineages, including NK cells, T cells, and B cells. Accordingly, studies in mice have revealed critical roles of NKT cells in infectious, malignant, and autoimmune diseases. The recent description of primary immunodeficiencies associated with defects in CD1 and CD1-restricted T cells has provided a unique opportunity to study the biological role of lipid antigen presentation in human disease. Intriguingly, these studies revealed that defects in lipid immunity are associated with susceptibility to selected infectious and malignant diseases but not with broad immunodeficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Zeissig
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Choo SY. The HLA System in Transfusion Medicine and Transplantation. Transfus Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/9781444398748.ch16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
22
|
Joyce S, Girardi E, Zajonc DM. NKT cell ligand recognition logic: molecular basis for a synaptic duet and transmission of inflammatory effectors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:1081-9. [PMID: 21772035 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
NKT cells that express the semi-invariant TCR are innate-like lymphocytes whose functions are regulated by self and foreign glycolipid ligands presented by the Ag-presenting, MHC class I-like molecule CD1d. Activation of NKT cells in vivo results in rapid release of copious amounts of effector cytokines and chemokines with which they regulate innate and adaptive immune responses to pathogens, certain types of cancers, and self-antigens. The nature of CD1d-restricted ligands, the manner in which they are recognized, and the unique effector functions of NKT cells suggest an immunoregulatory role for this T cell subset. Their ability to respond fast and our ability to steer NKT cell cytokine response to altered lipid ligands make them an important target for vaccine design and immunotherapies against autoimmune diseases. This review summarizes our current understanding of CD1d-restricted ligand recognition by NKT cells and how these innate-like lymphocytes regulate inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Haig NA, Guan Z, Li D, McMichael A, Raetz CRH, Xu XN. Identification of self-lipids presented by CD1c and CD1d proteins. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:37692-701. [PMID: 21900247 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.267948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD1 family consists of five proteins that are related to the peptide-presenting MHC class I family. T cells can recognize the presentation of both foreign and self-derived lipids on four CD1 family members. The identities of the self-lipids capable of stimulating autoreactive T cell responses remain elusive or controversial. Here, we employed mass spectrometry to analyze the lipid content of highly purified CD1c and CD1d protein samples. We report the identification of 11 novel self-lipids presented by CD1c and nine by CD1d. Rigorous controls provide strong evidence that the identified lipids were specifically loaded into the lipid-binding site of the CD1 molecules. The diverse but distinct population of lipids identified from each CD1 family member implies each present a different subset of self-lipids, and the enrichment of particular motifs indicates that the lipids that are presented by CD1 family members could be predicted. Finally, our results imply the CD1 system surveys the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and/or secretory compartments, in addition to its well characterized surveillance of the endocytic and lysosomal compartments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Haig
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Crystal structure of human CD1e reveals a groove suited for lipid-exchange processes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:13230-5. [PMID: 21788486 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1105627108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1e is the only human CD1 protein existing in soluble form in the late endosomes of dendritic cells, where it facilitates the processing of glycolipid antigens that are ultimately recognized by CD1b-restricted T cells. The precise function of CD1e remains undefined, thus impeding efforts to predict the participation of this protein in the presentation of other antigens. To gain insight into its function, we determined the crystal structure of recombinant CD1e expressed in human cells at 2.90-Å resolution. The structure revealed a groove less intricate than in other CD1 proteins, with a significantly wider portal characterized by a 2 Å-larger spacing between the α1 and α2 helices. No electron density corresponding to endogenous ligands was detected within the groove, despite the presence of ligands unequivocally established by native mass spectrometry in recombinant CD1e. Our structural data indicate that the water-exposed CD1e groove could ensure the establishment of loose contacts with lipids. In agreement with this possibility, lipid association and dissociation processes were found to be considerably faster with CD1e than with CD1b. Moreover, CD1e was found to mediate in vitro the transfer of lipids to CD1b and the displacement of lipids from stable CD1b-antigen complexes. Altogether, these data support that CD1e could have evolved to mediate lipid-exchange/editing processes with CD1b and point to a pathway whereby the repertoire of lipid antigens presented by human dendritic cells might be expanded.
Collapse
|
25
|
Peng W, Martaresche C, Escande-Beillard N, Cedile O, Reynier-Vigouroux A, Boucraut J. Influence of lipid rafts on CD1d presentation by dendritic cells. Mol Membr Biol 2009; 24:475-84. [PMID: 17710651 DOI: 10.1080/09687680701359408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Our main objective was to analyze the role of lipid rafts in the activation of Valpha-14(-) and Valpha-14(+) T hybridomas by dendritic cells. We showed that activation of Valpha-14(+) hybridomas by dendritic cells or other CD1d-expressing cells was altered by disruption of lipid rafts with the cholesterol chelator MbetaCD. However, CD1d presentation to autoreactive Valpha-14(-) anti-CD1d hybridomas which do not require the endocytic pathway was not altered. Using partitioning of membrane fractions with Brij98 at 37 degrees C, we confirmed that CD1d was enriched in subcellular fractions corresponding to lipid rafts and we describe that alpha-GalCer enhanced CD1d amount in the low density detergent insoluble fraction. We conclude that the membrane environment of CD1d can influence antigen presentation mainly when the endocytic pathway is required. Flow cytometry analysis can provide additional information on lipid rafts in plasma membranes and allows a dynamics follow-up of lipid rafts partitioning. Using this method, we showed that CD1d plasma membrane expression was sensitive to low concentrations of detergent. This may suggest either that CD1d is associated with lipid rafts mainly in intracellular membranes or that its association with the lipid rafts in the plasma membrane is weak.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Peng
- Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, NICN, CNRS UMR 6184, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
How invariant natural killer T cells respond to infection by recognizing microbial or endogenous lipid antigens. Semin Immunol 2009; 22:79-86. [PMID: 19948416 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells have evolved to recognize CD1d-presented lipid antigens and are known to play important roles during infection with bacterial, viral, protozoan, and fungal pathogens. The limited antigen specificity and reactivity to self- and foreign antigens distinguish iNKT cells from MHC-restricted T cells and bear similarity to innate-like lymphocytes, such as NK cells, gammadelta T cells, MZB and B1-B cells. This review summarizes how direct recognition of microbial lipids or synergistic stimulation by self-lipids and pro-inflammatory cytokines results in activation of these innate-like iNKT cell during infection. iNKT cell activation in the absence of foreign antigen recognition is unique for cells bearing TCRs and underscores that not only the function but also the activation mechanism of iNKT cells is innate-like, and distinct from adaptive T cells. The different pathways of activation endow iNKT cells with the ability to respond rapidly to a wide variety of infectious agents and to contribute effectively to the early immune response during infection.
Collapse
|
27
|
De Libero G, Collmann A, Mori L. The cellular and biochemical rules of lipid antigen presentation. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:2648-56. [PMID: 19728312 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The recognition of both protein and lipid antigens follows similar strategies that rely on different molecular mechanisms. APC present lipid antigens exploiting the same mechanisms implicated in lipid translocation, lipoprotein assembly and lipid degradation. An important issue is how the lipid structure contributes to antigenicity. Lipid hydrophobicity influences the modes of internalization by APC, the trafficking through different membrane compartments, the binding to CD1 molecules and the stability of antigenic complexes. Some glycolipids with large hydrophilic parts require processing of the sugar moieties exerted by lysosomal hydrolases. Finally, extraction of lipids from membranes, their solubilization and loading on CD1 molecules are facilitated by the same lysosomal lipid-binding proteins that are also instrumental in lipid catabolism. More recent investigations reveal how lipid-specific immunity is regulated during infections. In this review we describe the main cellular and biochemical rules of lipid antigen presentation and discuss their implications in anti-microbial and autoimmune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro De Libero
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Fox LM, Cox DG, Lockridge JL, Wang X, Chen X, Scharf L, Trott DL, Ndonye RM, Veerapen N, Besra GS, Howell AR, Cook ME, Adams EJ, Hildebrand WH, Gumperz JE. Recognition of lyso-phospholipids by human natural killer T lymphocytes. PLoS Biol 2009; 7:e1000228. [PMID: 19859526 PMCID: PMC2760207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a subset of T lymphocytes with potent immunoregulatory properties. Recognition of self-antigens presented by CD1d molecules is an important route of NKT cell activation; however, the molecular identity of specific autoantigens that stimulate human NKT cells remains unclear. Here, we have analyzed human NKT cell recognition of CD1d cellular ligands. The most clearly antigenic species was lyso-phosphatidylcholine (LPC). Diacylated phosphatidylcholine and lyso-phosphoglycerols differing in the chemistry of the head group stimulated only weak responses from human NKT cells. However, lyso-sphingomyelin, which shares the phosphocholine head group of LPC, also activated NKT cells. Antigen-presenting cells pulsed with LPC were capable of stimulating increased cytokine responses by NKT cell clones and by freshly isolated peripheral blood lymphocytes. These results demonstrate that human NKT cells recognize cholinated lyso-phospholipids as antigens presented by CD1d. Since these lyso-phospholipids serve as lipid messengers in normal physiological processes and are present at elevated levels during inflammatory responses, these findings point to a novel link between NKT cells and cellular signaling pathways that are associated with human disease pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Fox
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Daryl G. Cox
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Lockridge
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Xiuxu Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Louise Scharf
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - David L. Trott
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Rachel M. Ndonye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Natacha Veerapen
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Amy R. Howell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Mark E. Cook
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Erin J. Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - William H. Hildebrand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Jenny E. Gumperz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Boes M, Stoppelenburg AJ, Sillé FCM. Endosomal processing for antigen presentation mediated by CD1 and Class I major histocompatibility complex: roads to display or destruction. Immunology 2009; 127:163-70. [PMID: 19476512 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The presentation of antigen in a form that can be recognized by T lymphocytes of the immune system requires antigen processing and association of antigen-derived fragments with molecules encoded by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) locus or by the CD1 locus. Much emphasis on antigen processing and presentation in the last decades has focused on what we consider 'conventional routes' of antigen processing and presentation, whereby extracellular antigens are processed for presentation via Class II MHC complexes and cytosolic antigens are presented as peptide-Class I MHC complexes. We here highlight two other pathways in myeloid dendritic cells, those of lipid antigen presentation in association with CD1 and of peptide cross-presentation via Class I MHC complexes. Some pathogens evade immune recognition through inhibition of antigen presentation of phagosomal origin. Deviations in endosomal antigen processing and presentation are also seen in individuals suffering from glycosphingolipid lysosomal lipid storage diseases. We summarize recent developments in the endosomal antigen processing and presentation pathway, for display as lipid-CD1 complexes to natural killer T cells and as peptide-Class I MHC complexes to CD8 T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Boes
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, the Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Cox D, Fox L, Tian R, Bardet W, Skaley M, Mojsilovic D, Gumperz J, Hildebrand W. Determination of cellular lipids bound to human CD1d molecules. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5325. [PMID: 19415116 PMCID: PMC2673035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1 molecules are glycoproteins that present lipid antigens at the cell surface for immunological recognition by specialized populations of T lymphocytes. Prior experimental data suggest a wide variety of lipid species can bind to CD1 molecules, but little is known about the characteristics of cellular ligands that are selected for presentation. Here we have molecularly characterized lipids bound to the human CD1d isoform. Ligands were eluted from secreted CD1d molecules and separated by normal phase HPLC, then characterized by mass spectroscopy. A total of 177 lipid species were molecularly identified, comprising glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids. The glycerophospholipids included common diacylglycerol species, reduced forms known as plasmalogens, lyso-phospholipids (monoacyl species), and cardiolipins (tetraacyl species). The sphingolipids included sphingomyelins and glycosylated forms, such as the ganglioside GM3. These results demonstrate that human CD1d molecules bind a surprising diversity of lipid structures within the secretory pathway, including compounds that have been reported to play roles in cancer, autoimmune diseases, lipid signaling, and cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daryl Cox
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Nazarene University, Bethany, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Lisa Fox
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Runying Tian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Wilfried Bardet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Matthew Skaley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Danijela Mojsilovic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Jenny Gumperz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - William Hildebrand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Yuan W, Kang SJ, Evans JE, Cresswell P. Natural lipid ligands associated with human CD1d targeted to different subcellular compartments. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:4784-91. [PMID: 19342656 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD1d is an MHC class I-like membrane glycoprotein that presents lipid Ags to NKT cells. Despite intensive biochemical, genetic, and structural studies, the endogenous lipids associated with CD1d remain poorly defined because of the biochemical challenges posed by their hydrophobic nature. In this study, we report the generation of a protease-cleavable CD1d variant with a similar trafficking pattern to wild-type CD1d that can be purified in the absence of detergent and allows the characterization of the naturally associated lipids. In addition, we used soluble variants of CD1d that are secreted or retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to survey their acquired lipids. By using multiple mass spectrometry methods, we found that CD1d retained in the ER is predominantly loaded with the most abundant phospholipid in the cell, phosphatidyl choline, while the protease cleavable version of CD1d contains bound sphingomyelin and lysophospholipids in addition to phosphatidyl choline. The secreted soluble version of CD1d, in contrast, lacks detectable phosphatidyl choline and the only detectable associated lipid is sphingomyelin. The data suggest that, in the absence of infection or stress, CD1d molecules survey the ER, the secretory pathway, and the endocytic pathway, and accumulate the most abundantly available lipids present in these compartments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Yuan
- Department of Immunobiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8011, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Li D, Wang L, Yu L, Freundt EC, Jin B, Screaton GR, Xu XN. Ig-like transcript 4 inhibits lipid antigen presentation through direct CD1d interaction. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2009; 182:1033-40. [PMID: 19124746 PMCID: PMC2646168 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.2.1033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
NKT cells recognize lipid Ags presented by CD1d molecules and play an important role in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. In this study, we report the identification of a membrane-associated protein, Ig-like transcript 4 (ILT4), as a novel human CD1d receptor that inhibits CD1d-mediated immune responses. We found that native CD1d tetramer generated by mammalian cells was able to specifically bind human monocytes in the peripheral blood, and this binding was at least partly mediated by monocyte-expressed ILT4. The interaction between ILT4 and CD1d involves the two N-terminal domains of ILT4 and the Ag-binding groove of CD1d (alpha1/alpha2 domain). This interaction has been identified on the cell surface as well as in the endosomal and lysosomal compartments. Functional analysis showed that ILT4 could block the loading of lipid Ags such as alpha-GalCer, and consequently inhibited NKT recognition. The interaction between ILT4 and CD1d may provide new insights into the regulation of NKT-mediated immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Demin Li
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
|
34
|
Kaser A, Hava DL, Dougan SK, Chen Z, Zeissig S, Brenner MB, Blumberg RS. Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein regulates endogenous and exogenous antigen presentation by group 1 CD1 molecules. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:2351-9. [PMID: 18624350 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200738102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Lipid antigens are presented to T cells by the non-polymorphic MHC class I-related CD1 molecules. Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident chaperone that has been shown to lipidate the group 2 CD1 molecule CD1d and thus to regulate its function. We now report that MTP also regulates the function of group 1 CD1 molecules CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c. Pharmacological inhibition of MTP in monocyte-derived dendritic cells and lymphoblastoid B cell lines transfected with group 1 CD1 resulted in a substantial decrease in endogenous self lipid antigen presentation to several CD1-restricted T cell lines. Silencing MTP expression in CD1c-transfected HeLa cells similarly resulted in decreased self reactivity. Unexpectedly, inhibition of ER-resident MTP, which was confirmed by confocal microscopy, also markedly decreased presentation of exogenous, endosomally loaded, mycobacterial lipid antigens by CD1a and CD1c to T cells. Thus, these studies indicate that MTP, despite its ER localization, regulates endogenous as well as exogenous lipid antigen presentation, and suggest a broad role for MTP in the regulation of CD1 antigen presentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Kaser
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
HIV replication enhances production of free fatty acids, low density lipoproteins and many key proteins involved in lipid metabolism: a proteomics study. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3003. [PMID: 18714345 PMCID: PMC2500163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-infected patients develop multiple metabolic abnormalities including insulin resistance, lipodystrophy and dyslipidemia. Although progression of these disorders has been associated with the use of various protease inhibitors and other antiretroviral drugs, HIV-infected individuals who have not received these treatments also develop lipid abnormalities albeit to a lesser extent. How HIV alters lipid metabolism in an infected cell and what molecular changes are affected through protein interaction pathways are not well-understood. Results Since many genetic, epigenetic, dietary and other factors influence lipid metabolism in vivo, we have chosen to study genome-wide changes in the proteomes of a human T-cell line before and after HIV infection in order to circumvent computational problems associated with multiple variables. Four separate experiments were conducted including one that compared 14 different time points over a period of >3 months. By subtractive analyses of protein profiles overtime, several hundred differentially expressed proteins were identified in HIV-infected cells by mass spectrometry and each protein was scrutinized for its biological functions by using various bioinformatics programs. Herein, we report 18 HIV-modulated proteins and their interaction pathways that enhance fatty acid synthesis, increase low density lipoproteins (triglycerides), dysregulate lipid transport, oxidize lipids, and alter cellular lipid metabolism. Conclusions We conclude that HIV replication alone (i.e. without any influence of antiviral drugs, or other human genetic factors), can induce novel cellular enzymes and proteins that are significantly associated with biologically relevant processes involved in lipid synthesis, transport and metabolism (p = <0.0002–0.01). Translational and clinical studies on the newly discovered proteins may now shed light on how some of these proteins may be useful for early diagnosis of individuals who might be at high risk for developing lipid-related disorders. The target proteins could then be used for future studies in the development of inhibitors for preventing lipid-metabolic anomalies. This is the first direct evidence that HIV-modulates production of proteins that are significantly involved in disrupting the normal lipid-metabolic pathways.
Collapse
|
36
|
CD1d-restricted glycolipid antigens: presentation principles, recognition logic and functional consequences. Expert Rev Mol Med 2008; 10:e20. [PMID: 18601810 DOI: 10.1017/s1462399408000732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate lymphocytes whose functions are regulated by self and foreign glycolipid antigens presented by the antigen-presenting molecule CD1d. Activation of iNKT cells in vivo results in rapid release of copious amounts of effector cytokines and chemokines with which they regulate innate and adaptive immune responses to pathogens, certain types of cancers and self-antigens. The nature of CD1d-restricted antigens, the manner in which they are recognised and the unique effector functions of iNKT cells suggest an innate immunoregulatory role for this subset of T cells. Their ability to respond fast and our ability to steer iNKT cell cytokine response to altered lipid antigens make them an important target for vaccine design and immunotherapies against autoimmune diseases. This review summarises our current understanding of CD1d-restricted antigen presentation, the recognition of such antigens by an invariant T-cell receptor on iNKT cells, and the functional consequences of these interactions.
Collapse
|
37
|
Hussain MM, Rava P, Pan X, Dai K, Dougan SK, Iqbal J, Lazare F, Khatun I. Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein in plasma and cellular lipid metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol 2008; 19:277-84. [PMID: 18460919 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e3282feea85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes recent advances about the role of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein in plasma and tissue lipid homeostasis. RECENT FINDINGS Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein emerged as a phospholipid transfer protein and acquired triacylglycerol transfer activity during evolution from invertebrates to vertebrates. These activities are proposed to participate in 'nucleation' and 'desorption' steps during the biosynthesis of primordial apoB-containing lipoproteins. Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein also transfers phospholipids to the glycolipid antigen presentation molecule CD1d. Under physiologic conditions, plasma apoB-containing lipoproteins and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein expression exhibit diurnal variations synchronized by food and light. Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein is regulated at the transcriptional level. HNF4alpha is critical for its transcription. Other transcription factors along with coactivators and corepressors modulate microsomal triglyceride transfer protein expression. Reductions in microsomal triglyceride transfer protein mRNA and activity are related to steatosis in HCV-3 infected patients. CCl4 induces steatosis by enhancing proteasomal degradation of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein and can be partially avoided by inhibiting this degradation. Chemical antagonists cause hepatosteatosis, but this was not seen in the absence of fatty acid binding protein. SUMMARY Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein is a target to lower plasma lipids and to reduce inflammation in certain immune disorders. More knowledge is required, however, regarding its regulation and its role in the biosynthesis of apoB-containing lipoproteins and CD1d.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Mahmood Hussain
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lipids in the assembly of membrane proteins and organization of protein supercomplexes: implications for lipid-linked disorders. Subcell Biochem 2008; 49:197-239. [PMID: 18751913 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-8831-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipids play important roles in cellular dysfunction leading to disease. Although a major role for phospholipids is in defining the membrane permeability barrier, phospholipids play a central role in a diverse range of cellular processes and therefore are important factors in cellular dysfunction and disease. This review is focused on the role of phospholipids in normal assembly and organization of the membrane proteins, multimeric protein complexes, and higher order supercomplexes. Since lipids have no catalytic activity, it is difficult to determine their function at the molecular level. Lipid function has generally been defined by affects on protein function or cellular processes. Molecular details derived from genetic, biochemical, and structural approaches are presented for involvement of phosphatidylethanolamine and cardiolipin in protein organization. Experimental evidence is presented that changes in phosphatidylethanolamine levels results in misfolding and topological misorientation of membrane proteins leading to dysfunctional proteins. Examples are presented for diseases in which proper protein folding or topological organization is not attained due to either demonstrated or proposed involvement of a lipid. Similar changes in cardiolipin levels affects the structure and function of individual components of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and their organization into supercomplexes resulting in reduced mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation efficiency and apoptosis. Diseases in which mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked to reduced cardiolipin levels are described. Therefore, understanding the principles governing lipid-dependent assembly and organization of membrane proteins and protein complexes will be useful in developing novel therapeutic approaches for disorders in which lipids play an important role.
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
The classic concept of self-non-self discrimination by the immune system focused on the recognition of fragments from proteins presented by classical MHC molecules. However, the discovery of MHC-class-I-like CD1 antigen-presentation molecules now explains how the immune system also recognizes the abundant and diverse universe of lipid-containing antigens. The CD1 molecules bind and present amphipathic lipid antigens for recognition by T-cell receptors. Here, we outline the recent advances in our understanding of how the processes of CD1 assembly, trafficking, lipid-antigen binding and T-cell activation are achieved and the new insights into how lipid antigens differentially elicit CD1-restricted innate and adaptive T-cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duarte C Barral
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Sriram V, Willard CA, Liu J, Brutkiewicz RR. Importance of N-linked glycosylation in the functional expression of murine CD1d1. Immunology 2007; 123:272-81. [PMID: 17725604 PMCID: PMC2433293 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02696.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse CD1d1 glycoprotein is specialized in presenting lipid antigens to a novel class of T cells called natural killer T (NKT) cells. CD1d1 is predicted to contain five potential N-linked glycosylation sites (asparagine residues at positions 25, 38, 60, 128, and 183). Glycosylation has been shown to invariably affect the molecular and functional properties of various glycoproteins, and in the current report it was found that a conservative change of the individual endogenous asparagine residues in CD1d1 to glutamine differentially affected its functional expression. Although the maturation rate of the glycosylation mutants was comparable to that of wild type, they differed in their relative levels of surface expression and in their ability to stimulate NKT cells. Mutating all five glycosylation residues resulted in the absence of detectable CD1d1 expression, with a concomitant lack of NKT cell activation. Therefore, these results demonstrate that glycosylation plays a significant role in the functional expression of CD1d1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venkataraman Sriram
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Sugita M, Barral DC, Brenner MB. Pathways of CD1 and lipid antigen delivery, trafficking, processing, loading, and presentation. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2007; 314:143-64. [PMID: 17593660 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-69511-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Specific T cell responses to a variety of self and microbial lipids depend on proper assembly and intracellular trafficking of CD 1 molecules that intersect with and load processed lipid antigens. These pathways involve unique membrane trafficking and chaperones that are distinct from those utilized for major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-mediated presentation of peptide antigens, and thus define unique lipid antigen presentation pathways. Furthermore, recent studies have identified components of lipid metabolism that participate in lipid delivery, uptake, processing and loading onto CD1 molecules. Defects in these pathways result in impaired T cell development and function, underscoring their critical role in the lipid-specific T cell immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Sugita
- Division of Cell Regulation, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Yuan W, Qi X, Tsang P, Kang SJ, Illarionov PA, Besra GS, Gumperz J, Cresswell P. Saposin B is the dominant saposin that facilitates lipid binding to human CD1d molecules. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:5551-6. [PMID: 17372201 PMCID: PMC1838443 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0700617104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1d molecules bind lipid antigens in the endocytic pathway, and access to the pathway is important for the development of CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells. Saposins, derived from a common precursor, prosaposin, are small, heat-stable lysosomal glycoproteins required for lysosomal degradation of sphingolipids. Expression of prosaposin is required for efficient lipid binding and recognition of human CD1d molecules by NKT cells. Despite high sequence homology among the four saposins, they have different specificities for lipid substrates and different mechanisms of action. To determine the saposins involved in promoting lipid binding to CD1d, we expressed prosaposin deletion mutants lacking individual saposins in prosaposin-negative, CD1d-positive cells. No individual saposin proved to be absolutely essential, but the absence of saposin B resulted in the lowest recognition of alpha-galactosylceramide by NKT cells. When recombinant exogenous saposins were added to the prosaposin-negative cells, saposin B was the most efficient in restoring CD1d recognition. Saposin B was also the most efficient in mediating alpha-galactosylceramide binding to recombinant plate-bound CD1d and facilitating NKT cell activation. Saposin B could also mediate lipid binding to soluble CD1d molecules in a T cell-independent assay. The optimal pH for saposin B-mediated lipid binding to CD1d, pH 6, is higher than that of lysosomes, suggesting that saposin B may facilitate lipid binding to CD1d molecules throughout the endocytic pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Yuan
- *Department of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8011
| | - Xiaoyang Qi
- Division and Program in Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Pansy Tsang
- *Department of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8011
| | - Suk-Jo Kang
- *Department of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8011
| | - Petr A. Illarionov
- Department of Microbial Physiology and Chemistry, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- Department of Microbial Physiology and Chemistry, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and
| | - Jenny Gumperz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin Medical School, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Peter Cresswell
- *Department of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8011
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208011, New Haven, CT 06520-8011. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Dougan SK, Rava P, Hussain MM, Blumberg RS. MTP regulated by an alternate promoter is essential for NKT cell development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:533-45. [PMID: 17312007 PMCID: PMC2137905 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20062006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP), an endoplasmic reticulum lipid transfer protein critical for apolipoprotein B (apoB) secretion, regulates CD1d antigen presentation. We identified MTP variant 1 (MTPv1), a novel splice variant of mouse MTP, by polymerase chain reaction and Northern analysis in non-apoB-secreting tissues, including thymocytes and antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Edman degradation of MTPv1 isolated from transfected cells revealed three unique residues; however, recombinant MTP and MTPv1 had an equivalent protein disulfide isomerase association, subcellular localization, triglyceride transfer, phospholipid transfer, response to inhibitors, and ability to support apoB secretion. MTP and MTPv1 efficiently transferred phosphatidylethanolamine to CD1d in vitro. NKT cells fail to develop in fetal thymic organ culture (FTOC) treated with MTP antagonists. MTP-inhibited FTOCs produced negligible numbers of CD1d tetramer-positive cells and exhibited marked defects in IL-4 production upon stimulation with anti-CD3 or alpha-galactosylceramide-pulsed APCs. CD1d expression on CD4(+)CD8(+) FTOC cells was unaffected by MTP inhibition. Thus, our results demonstrate that MTPv1 in thymocytes is critical to NKT cell development. We hypothesize that, when MTP is inactive, CD1d traffics to the cell surface and presents no lipid or a lipid that is incapable of mediating NKT cell selection and/or is refractory to lysosomal editing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie K Dougan
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Paduraru C, Spiridon L, Yuan W, Bricard G, Valencia X, Porcelli SA, Illarionov PA, Besra GS, Petrescu SM, Petrescu AJ, Cresswell P. An N-linked glycan modulates the interaction between the CD1d heavy chain and beta 2-microglobulin. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:40369-78. [PMID: 17071611 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608518200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human CD1d molecules consist of a transmembrane CD1 (cluster of differentiation 1) heavy chain in association with beta(2)-microglobulin (beta(2)m). Assembly occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and involves the initial glycan-dependent association of the free heavy chain with calreticulin and calnexin and the thiol oxidoreductase ERp57. Folding and disulfide bond formation within the heavy chain occurs prior to beta(2)m binding. There are four N-linked glycans on the CD1d heavy chain, and we mutated them individually to ascertain their importance for the assembly and function of CD1d-beta(2)m heterodimers. None of the four were indispensable for assembly or the ability to bind alpha-galactosyl ceramide and to present it to human NKT cells. Nor were any required for the CD1d molecule to bind and present alpha-galactosyl ceramide after lysosomal processing of a precursor lipid, galactosyl-(alpha1-2)-galactosyl ceramide. However, one glycan, glycan 2 at Asn-42, proved to be of particular importance for the stability of the CD1d-beta(2)m heterodimer. A mutant CD1d heavy chain lacking glycan 2 assembled with beta(2)m and transported from the ER more rapidly than wild-type CD1d and dissociated more readily from beta(2)m upon exposure to detergents. A mutant expressing only glycan 1 dissociated completely from beta(2)m upon exposure to the detergent Triton X-100, whereas a mutant expressing only glycan 2 at Asn-42 was more stable. In addition, glycan 2 was not processed efficiently to the complex form in mature wild-type CD1d molecules. Modeling the glycans on the published structure indicated that glycan 2 interacts significantly with both the CD1d heavy chain and beta(2)m, which may explain these unusual properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Crina Paduraru
- Section of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8011, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Wingender G, Kronenberg M. Invariant natural killer T cells in the response to bacteria: the advent of specific antigens. Future Microbiol 2006; 1:325-40. [PMID: 17661645 DOI: 10.2217/17460913.1.3.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a unique subset of T lymphocytes that have been implicated in diverse immune reactions, ranging from self-tolerance and development of autoimmunity to responses to pathogens and tumors. Although some degree of autoreactivity of iNKT cells has been shown, it remained controversial whether the T-cell antigen receptor expressed by these cells could recognize microbial antigens, hampering the investigation of their physiological role during tolerance and immunity. Several recent publications have now defined natural antigens for the majority of iNKT cells in some Proteobacteria and in Borrelia burgdorferi, demonstrating specificity of these cells for microbes in addition to self-reactivity. The characterization of natural antigens from bacteria, and the iNKT cell response to bacteria containing them, are decisive steps toward the clarification of the natural role of iNKT cells in host defense against pathogens, and will likely spur numerous findings in the near future.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD1/immunology
- Antigens, CD1/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Bacteria/immunology
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/microbiology
- Models, Immunological
- Signal Transduction/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Wingender
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology (LIAI), Division of Developmental Immunology, San Diego, CA 92037, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
De Libero G, Mori L. Mechanisms of lipid-antigen generation and presentation to T cells. Trends Immunol 2006; 27:485-92. [PMID: 16911876 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2006.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2006] [Revised: 07/11/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The presentation of lipid antigens by CD1 molecules follows precise rules imposed by the biochemical nature of lipids. The structures of CD1-lipid complexes are elucidating how T-cell receptors interact with hydrophobic antigens. The mechanism of lipid uptake and the pathways followed by lipids embedded in the cell membrane contribute to the efficient presentation of exogenous and self-lipids. Lipid presentation is further regulated by the trafficking route of CD1 proteins and their precise membrane localization within endosomal vesicles. Moreover, the generation of immunogenic lipids might require adequate processing, which occurs in the presence of lipid-binding proteins, including CD1e. Here, we review recent experimental evidence that has revealed new protagonists involved in generating immunogenic lipids and has indicated unexpected biological mechanisms contributing to immune recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro De Libero
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Research, University Hospital, University of Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
The MHC class I-like CD1d glycoprotein is a member of the CD1 family of Ag-presenting molecules and is responsible for the selection of NKT cells. A number of ligands that can be presented by CD1d to NKT or other CD1d-restricted T cells have been identified. These include glycolipids from a marine sponge, bacterial glycolipids, normal endogenous glycolipids, tumor-derived phospholipids and glycolipids, and nonlipidic molecules. The presentation of many of these molecules can have immunopotentiating effects, such as serving as an adjuvant against malaria or resulting in a more rapid clearance of certain virus infections. They can also be protective in autoimmune diseases or cancer or can be deleterious. This review will highlight these ligands in a discussion of their potential use against (and role in the pathogenesis of) these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Randy R Brutkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Garcia-Alles LF, Versluis K, Maveyraud L, Vallina AT, Sansano S, Bello NF, Gober HJ, Guillet V, de la Salle H, Puzo G, Mori L, Heck AJR, De Libero G, Mourey L. Endogenous phosphatidylcholine and a long spacer ligand stabilize the lipid-binding groove of CD1b. EMBO J 2006; 25:3684-92. [PMID: 16874306 PMCID: PMC1538567 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1 proteins present lipid antigens to T cells. The antigens are acquired in the endosomal compartments. This raises the question of how the large hydrophobic CD1 pockets are preserved between the moment of biosynthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum and arrival to the endosomes. To address this issue, the natural ligands associated with a soluble form of human CD1b have been investigated. Using isoelectric focusing, native mass spectrometry and resolving the crystal structure at 1.8 A resolution, we found that human CD1b is simultaneously associated with endogenous phosphatidylcholine (PC) and a 41-44 carbon atoms-long spacer molecule. The two lipids appear to work in concert to stabilize the CD1b groove, their combined size slightly exceeding the maximal groove capacity. We propose that the spacer serves to prevent binding of ligands with long lipid tails, whereas short-chain lipids might still displace the PC, which is exposed at the groove entrance. The data presented herein explain how the CD1b groove is preserved, and provide a rationale for the in vivo antigen-binding properties of CD1b.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis F Garcia-Alles
- CNRS, UMR5089, Département Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Toulouse, France
- Département Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, CNRS UMR5089, 205 Route Narbonne, Toulouse, Haute-Garonne 31077, France. Tel.: +33 5 61 17 54 40; Fax: +33 5 61 17 59 94; E-mail:
| | - Kees Versluis
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laurent Maveyraud
- CNRS, UMR5089, Département Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Toulouse, France
| | - Ana Tesouro Vallina
- CNRS, UMR5089, Département Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Toulouse, France
| | - Sebastiano Sansano
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Research, Basel University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nana Fatimath Bello
- CNRS, UMR5089, Département Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Toulouse, France
| | - Hans-Jürgen Gober
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Research, Basel University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Valérie Guillet
- CNRS, UMR5089, Département Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Toulouse, France
| | - Henri de la Salle
- INSERM, U 725 ‘Biologie des Cellules Dendritiques Humaines', Strasbourg, France
- Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France
- Etablissement Français du Sang-Alsace, Strasbourg, France
| | - Germain Puzo
- CNRS, UMR5089, Département Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Toulouse, France
| | - Lucia Mori
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Research, Basel University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gennaro De Libero
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Research, Basel University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lionel Mourey
- CNRS, UMR5089, Département Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Toulouse, France
- Département Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, CNRS UMR5089, 205 Route Narbonne Toulouse, Haute-Garonne 31077, France. Tel.: +33 5 61 17 54 36; Fax: +33 5 61 17 59 94; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Yuan W, Dasgupta A, Cresswell P. Herpes simplex virus evades natural killer T cell recognition by suppressing CD1d recycling. Nat Immunol 2006; 7:835-42. [PMID: 16845396 DOI: 10.1038/ni1364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer T cells, which are stimulated by lipids presented by CD1d molecules, are crucial in antiviral host defense. How viruses evade natural killer T cell recognition remains unclear. Here we show that infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) reduced CD1d surface expression on antigen-presenting cells. HSV-1 did not inhibit CD1d protein synthesis or enhance constitutive CD1d endocytosis. Instead, HSV-1 prevented the reappearance of endocytosed CD1d on the cell surface by redistributing endocytosed CD1d to the lysosome limiting membrane. HSV-1 might also inhibit the transport of newly synthesized CD1d to the cell surface. Such inhibition of CD1d surface expression impaired antigen-presenting cell-mediated stimulation of natural killer T cells, supporting the idea that this mechanism may be an important HSV-1 immune evasion strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Yuan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8011, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Major AS, Singh RR, Joyce S, Van Kaer L. The role of invariant natural killer T cells in lupus and atherogenesis. Immunol Res 2006; 34:49-66. [PMID: 16720898 PMCID: PMC2291524 DOI: 10.1385/ir:34:1:49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is increasingly recognized as a risk factor for the development of premature atherosclerosis. The inflammatory process in both of these diseases is controlled by a variety of cell types of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Recent studies from several groups, including ours, have revealed a critical role of a unique subset of lymphocytes, termed invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, in the development of lupus-like autoimmunity and atherosclerosis in animal models. iNKT cells appear to play complex and divergent roles in the development of SLE and atherosclerosis. Our findings suggest that alterations in iNKT cell functions during the development of SLE may be related to the increased risk of SLE patients to develop atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. We found that iNKT cell activation with the sponge-derived glycolipid alpha- galactosylceramide generally protects against the development of lupus-like autoimmunity in mice, whereas it exacerbates atherosclerosis. Therefore, while our studies have identified iNKT cells as potential therapeutic targets for SLE, further studies are necessary to design drugs that will avoid the underlying harmful effects of iNKT cell activation on the development of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy S. Major
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Ram R. Singh
- Department of Medicine and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| |
Collapse
|