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Martínez-Albert E, Lutz ND, Hübener R, Dimitrov S, Lange T, Born J, Besedovsky L. Sleep promotes T-cell migration towards CCL19 via growth hormone and prolactin signaling in humans. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 118:69-77. [PMID: 38369248 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Sleep strongly supports the formation of adaptive immunity, e.g., after vaccination. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely obscure. Here we show in healthy humans that sleep compared to nocturnal wakefulness specifically promotes the migration of various T-cell subsets towards the chemokine CCL19, which is essential for lymph-node homing and, thus, for the initiation and maintenance of adaptive immune responses. Migration towards the inflammatory chemokine CCL5 remained unaffected. Incubating the cells with plasma from sleeping participants likewise increased CCL19-directed migration, an effect that was dependent on growth hormone and prolactin signaling. These findings show that sleep selectively promotes the lymph node homing potential of T cells by increasing hormonal release, and thus reveal a causal mechanism underlying the supporting effect of sleep on adaptive immunity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Martínez-Albert
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Nicolas D Lutz
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Hübener
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stoyan Dimitrov
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tanja Lange
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jan Born
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Luciana Besedovsky
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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2
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Aguilar CC, Kalia A, Brisse ME, Dowd KA, Wise-Dent O, Burgomaster KE, Droppo J, Pierson TC, Hickman HD. Subcapsular sinus macrophages maximize germinal center development in non-draining lymph nodes during blood-borne viral infection. Sci Immunol 2024; 9:eadi4926. [PMID: 38457515 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adi4926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Lymph node (LN) germinal centers (GCs) are critical sites for B cell activation and differentiation. GCs develop after specialized CD169+ macrophages residing in LN sinuses filter antigens (Ags) from the lymph and relay these Ags into proximal B cell follicles. Many viruses, however, first reach LNs through the blood during viremia (virus in the blood), rather than through lymph drainage from infected tissue. How LNs capture viral Ag from the blood to allow GC development is not known. Here, we followed Zika virus (ZIKV) dissemination in mice and subsequent GC formation in both infected tissue-draining and non-draining LNs. From the footpad, ZIKV initially disseminated through two LN chains, infecting LN macrophages and leading to GC formation. Despite rapid ZIKV viremia, non-draining LNs were not infected for several days. Non-draining LN infection correlated with virus-induced vascular leakage and neutralization of permeability reduced LN macrophage attrition. Depletion of non-draining LN macrophages significantly decreased GC B cells in these nodes. Thus, although LNs inefficiently captured viral Ag directly from the blood, GC formation in non-draining LNs proceeded similarly to draining LNs through LN sinus CD169+ macrophages. Together, our findings reveal a conserved pathway allowing LN macrophages to activate antiviral B cells in LNs distal from infected tissue after blood-borne viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia C Aguilar
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anurag Kalia
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Morgan E Brisse
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kimberly A Dowd
- Arbovirus Immunity Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Olivia Wise-Dent
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Katherine E Burgomaster
- Arbovirus Immunity Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joanna Droppo
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Theodore C Pierson
- Arbovirus Immunity Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Heather D Hickman
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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3
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Stepanenko E, Bondareva N, Sheremet A, Fedina E, Tikhomirov A, Gerasimova T, Poberezhniy D, Makarova I, Tarantul V, Zigangirova N, Nenasheva V. Identification of Key TRIM Genes Involved in Response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Chlamydia spp. Infections in Human Cell Lines and in Mouse Organs. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13290. [PMID: 37686095 PMCID: PMC10487655 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections represent an unsolved problem today since bacteria can evade antibiotics and suppress the host's immune response. A family of TRIM proteins is known to play a role in antiviral defense. However, the data on the involvement of the corresponding genes in the antibacterial response are limited. Here, we used RT-qPCR to profile the transcript levels of TRIM genes, as well as interferons and inflammatory genes, in human cell lines (in vitro) and in mice (in vivo) after bacterial infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Chlamydia spp. As a result, the genes were identified that are involved in the overall immune response and associated primarily with inflammation in human cells and in mouse organs when infected with both pathogens (TRIM7, 8, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 47, 68). TRIMs specific to the infection (TRIM59 for P. aeruginosa, TRIM67 for Chlamydia spp.) were revealed. Our findings can serve as a basis for further, more detailed studies on the mechanisms of the immune response to P. aeruginosa and Chlamydia spp. Studying the interaction between bacterial pathogens and the immune system contributes to the search for new ways to successfully fight bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Stepanenko
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics and Innate Immunity, National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow 123182, Russia; (E.S.)
| | - Natalia Bondareva
- Laboratory for Chlamydiosis, National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after N. F. Gamaleya, Russian Health Ministry, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Anna Sheremet
- Laboratory for Chlamydiosis, National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after N. F. Gamaleya, Russian Health Ministry, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Elena Fedina
- Laboratory for Chlamydiosis, National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after N. F. Gamaleya, Russian Health Ministry, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Alexei Tikhomirov
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics and Innate Immunity, National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow 123182, Russia; (E.S.)
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Biomedical Pharmaceuticals, D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Moscow 125047, Russia
| | - Tatiana Gerasimova
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics and Innate Immunity, National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow 123182, Russia; (E.S.)
| | - Daniil Poberezhniy
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics and Innate Immunity, National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow 123182, Russia; (E.S.)
| | - Irina Makarova
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics and Innate Immunity, National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow 123182, Russia; (E.S.)
| | - Vyacheslav Tarantul
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics and Innate Immunity, National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow 123182, Russia; (E.S.)
| | - Nailya Zigangirova
- Laboratory for Chlamydiosis, National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after N. F. Gamaleya, Russian Health Ministry, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Valentina Nenasheva
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics and Innate Immunity, National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow 123182, Russia; (E.S.)
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4
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Daniel L, Counoupas C, Bhattacharyya ND, Triccas JA, Britton WJ, Feng CG. L-selectin-dependent and -independent homing of naïve lymphocytes through the lung draining lymph node support T cell response to pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011460. [PMID: 37405965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recruiting large numbers of naïve lymphocytes to lymph nodes is critical for mounting an effective adaptive immune response. While most naïve lymphocytes utilize homing molecule L-selectin to enter lymph nodes, some circulating cells can traffic to the lung-draining mediastinal lymph node (mLN) through lymphatics via the intermediate organ, lung. However, whether this alternative trafficking mechanism operates in infection and contributes to T cell priming are unknown. We report that in pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected mice, homing of circulating lymphocytes to the mLN is significantly less efficient than to non-draining lymph node. CD62L blockade only partially reduced the homing of naïve T lymphocytes, consistent with L-selectin-independent routing of naïve lymphocytes to the site. We further demonstrated that lymphatic vessels in infected mLN expanded significantly and inhibiting lymphangiogenesis with a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 kinase inhibitor reduced the recruitment of intravenously injected naïve lymphocytes to the mLN. Finally, mycobacterium-specific T cells entering via the L-selectin-independent route were readily activated in the mLN. Our study suggests that both L-selectin-dependent and -independent pathways contribute to naïve lymphocyte entry into mLN during M. tuberculosis infection and the latter pathway may represent an important mechanism for orchestrating host defence in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Daniel
- Immunology and Host Defence Group, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Claudio Counoupas
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunity Group, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nayan D Bhattacharyya
- Immunology and Host Defence Group, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - James A Triccas
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunity Group, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- The University of Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Warwick J Britton
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- The University of Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia
| | - Carl G Feng
- Immunology and Host Defence Group, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- The University of Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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5
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Borriello F, Poli V, Shrock E, Spreafico R, Liu X, Pishesha N, Carpenet C, Chou J, Di Gioia M, McGrath ME, Dillen CA, Barrett NA, Lacanfora L, Franco ME, Marongiu L, Iwakura Y, Pucci F, Kruppa MD, Ma Z, Lowman DW, Ensley HE, Nanishi E, Saito Y, O'Meara TR, Seo HS, Dhe-Paganon S, Dowling DJ, Frieman M, Elledge SJ, Levy O, Irvine DJ, Ploegh HL, Williams DL, Zanoni I. An adjuvant strategy enabled by modulation of the physical properties of microbial ligands expands antigen immunogenicity. Cell 2022; 185:614-629.e21. [PMID: 35148840 PMCID: PMC8857056 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the innate immune system via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is key to generate lasting adaptive immunity. PRRs detect unique chemical patterns associated with invading microorganisms, but whether and how the physical properties of PRR ligands influence the development of the immune response remains unknown. Through the study of fungal mannans, we show that the physical form of PRR ligands dictates the immune response. Soluble mannans are immunosilent in the periphery but elicit a potent pro-inflammatory response in the draining lymph node (dLN). By modulating the physical form of mannans, we developed a formulation that targets both the periphery and the dLN. When combined with viral glycoprotein antigens, this mannan formulation broadens epitope recognition, elicits potent antigen-specific neutralizing antibodies, and confers protection against viral infections of the lung. Thus, the physical properties of microbial ligands determine the outcome of the immune response and can be harnessed for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Borriello
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Poli
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ellen Shrock
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Program in Virology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roberto Spreafico
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xin Liu
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Novalia Pishesha
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Claire Carpenet
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Janet Chou
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marco Di Gioia
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marisa E McGrath
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carly A Dillen
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nora A Barrett
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lucrezia Lacanfora
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcella E Franco
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Marongiu
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ferdinando Pucci
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Michael D Kruppa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Zuchao Ma
- Department of Surgery, Quillen College of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Douglas W Lowman
- Department of Surgery, Quillen College of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Harry E Ensley
- Department of Surgery, Quillen College of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Etsuro Nanishi
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Precision Vaccines Program, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yoshine Saito
- Boston Children's Hospital, Precision Vaccines Program, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy R O'Meara
- Boston Children's Hospital, Precision Vaccines Program, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hyuk-Soo Seo
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Cancer Biology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sirano Dhe-Paganon
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Cancer Biology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David J Dowling
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Precision Vaccines Program, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Frieman
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Program in Virology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ofer Levy
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Precision Vaccines Program, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biological Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David L Williams
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Gastroenterology, Boston, MA, USA.
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Intravital three-photon microscopy allows visualization over the entire depth of mouse lymph nodes. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:330-340. [PMID: 35087231 PMCID: PMC9210714 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01101-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Intravital confocal microscopy and two-photon microscopy are powerful tools to explore the dynamic behavior of immune cells in mouse lymph nodes (LNs), with penetration depth of ~100 and ~300 μm, respectively. Here, we used intravital three-photon microscopy to visualize the popliteal LN through its entire depth (600-900 μm). We determined the laser average power and pulse energy that caused measurable perturbation in lymphocyte migration. Long-wavelength three-photon imaging within permissible parameters was able to image the entire LN vasculature in vivo and measure CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cell motility in the T cell zone over the entire depth of the LN. We observed that the motility of naive CD4+ T cells in the T cell zone during lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation was dependent on depth. As such, intravital three-photon microscopy had the potential to examine immune cell behavior in the deeper regions of the LN in vivo.
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Johnson SC, Frattolin J, Edgar LT, Jafarnejad M, Moore Jr JE. Lymph node swelling combined with temporary effector T cell retention aids T cell response in a model of adaptive immunity. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20210464. [PMID: 34847790 PMCID: PMC8633806 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Swelling of lymph nodes (LNs) is commonly observed during the adaptive immune response, yet the impact on T cell (TC) trafficking and subsequent immune response is not well known. To better understand the effect of macro-scale alterations, we developed an agent-based model of the LN paracortex, describing the TC proliferative response to antigen-presenting dendritic cells alongside inflammation-driven and swelling-induced changes in TC recruitment and egress, while also incorporating regulation of the expression of egress-modulating TC receptor sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1. Analysis of the effector TC response under varying swelling conditions showed that swelling consistently aided TC activation. However, subsequent effector CD8+ TC production was reduced in scenarios where swelling occurred too early in the TC proliferative phase or when TC cognate frequency was low due to increased opportunity for TC exit. Temporarily extending retention of newly differentiated effector TCs, mediated by sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1 expression, mitigated any negative effects of swelling by allowing facilitation of activation to outweigh increased access to exit areas. These results suggest that targeting temporary effector TC retention and egress associated with swelling offers new ways to modulate effector TC responses in, for example, immuno-suppressed patients and to optimize of vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Johnson
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Lowell T. Edgar
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mohammad Jafarnejad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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8
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Differential detection of metastatic and inflammatory lymph nodes using inflow-based vascular-space-occupancy (iVASO) MR imaging. Magn Reson Imaging 2021; 85:128-132. [PMID: 34687849 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2021.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the potential value of inflow-based vascular-space-occupancy (iVASO) MR imaging in differentiating metastatic from inflammatory lymph nodes (LNs). METHODS Ten female New Zealand rabbits with 2.5-3.0 kg body weight were studied. VX2 cells and egg yolk emulsion were inoculated into left and right thighs, respectively, to induce ten metastatic and ten inflammatory popliteal LNs. Conventional MRI and iVASO were performed 2 h prior to, and 10, 20 days after inoculation (D0, D10, D20). The short-axis diameter (S), short- to long-axis diameter ratio (SLR), and arteriolar blood volume (BVa) at each time point and their longitudinal changes of each model were recorded and compared. At D20, all rabbits were sacrificed to perform histological evaluation after the MR scan. RESULTS The mean values of S, SLR and BVa showed no significant difference between the two groups at D0 (P = 0.987, P = 0.778, P = 0.975). The BVa of the metastatic group was greater than that of the inflammatory at both D10 and D20 (P < 0.05; P < 0.001), whereas the S and SLR of the metastatic group were greater only at D20 (P < 0.001; P = 0.001). Longitudinal analyses showed that the BVa of the metastatic group increased at both D10 and D20 (P = 0.004; P = 0.001), while that of the inflammatory group only increased at D10 (P = 0.024). CONCLUSION The BVa measured with iVASO has the potential to detect early metastatic LNs.
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9
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Wertheim KY, Puniya BL, La Fleur A, Shah AR, Barberis M, Helikar T. A multi-approach and multi-scale platform to model CD4+ T cells responding to infections. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009209. [PMID: 34343169 PMCID: PMC8376204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses rely on a complex adaptive system in which the body and infections interact at multiple scales and in different compartments. We developed a modular model of CD4+ T cells, which uses four modeling approaches to integrate processes at three spatial scales in different tissues. In each cell, signal transduction and gene regulation are described by a logical model, metabolism by constraint-based models. Cell population dynamics are described by an agent-based model and systemic cytokine concentrations by ordinary differential equations. A Monte Carlo simulation algorithm allows information to flow efficiently between the four modules by separating the time scales. Such modularity improves computational performance and versatility and facilitates data integration. We validated our technology by reproducing known experimental results, including differentiation patterns of CD4+ T cells triggered by different combinations of cytokines, metabolic regulation by IL2 in these cells, and their response to influenza infection. In doing so, we added multi-scale insights to single-scale studies and demonstrated its predictive power by discovering switch-like and oscillatory behaviors of CD4+ T cells that arise from nonlinear dynamics interwoven across three scales. We identified the inflamed lymph node’s ability to retain naive CD4+ T cells as a key mechanism in generating these emergent behaviors. We envision our model and the generic framework encompassing it to serve as a tool for understanding cellular and molecular immunological problems through the lens of systems immunology. CD4+ T cells are a key part of the adaptive immune system. They differentiate into different phenotypes to carry out different functions. They do so by secreting molecules called cytokines to regulate other immune cells. Multi-scale modeling can potentially explain their emergent behaviors by integrating biological phenomena occurring at different spatial (intracellular, cellular, and systemic), temporal, and organizational scales (signal transduction, gene regulation, metabolism, cellular behaviors, and cytokine transport). We built a computational platform by combining disparate modeling frameworks (compartmental ordinary differential equations, agent-based modeling, Boolean network modeling, and constraint-based modeling). We validated the platform’s ability to predict CD4+ T cells’ emergent behaviors by reproducing their differentiation patterns, metabolic regulation, and population dynamics in response to influenza infection. We then used it to predict and explain novel switch-like and oscillatory behaviors for CD4+ T cells. On the basis of these results, we believe that our multi-approach and multi-scale platform will be a valuable addition to the systems immunology toolkit. In addition to its immediate relevance to CD4+ T cells, it also has the potential to become the foundation of a virtual immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Y. Wertheim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science and Insigneo Institute for in silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Bhanwar Lal Puniya
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Alyssa La Fleur
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Whitworth University, Spokane, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ab Rauf Shah
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Matteo Barberis
- Systems Biology, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Mathematical and Computational Biology, CMCB, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: , (MB); (TH)
| | - Tomáš Helikar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- * E-mail: , (MB); (TH)
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10
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Choe K, Moon J, Lee SY, Song E, Back JH, Song JH, Hyun YM, Uchimura K, Kim P. Stepwise transmigration of T- and B cells through a perivascular channel in high endothelial venules. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/8/e202101086. [PMID: 34187874 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
High endothelial venules (HEVs) effectively recruit circulating lymphocytes from the blood to lymph nodes. HEVs have endothelial cells (ECs) and perivascular sheaths consisting of fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs). Yet, post-luminal lymphocyte migration steps are not well elucidated. Herein, we performed intravital imaging to investigate post-luminal T- and B-cell migration in popliteal lymph node, consisting of trans-EC migration, crawling in the perivascular channel (a narrow space between ECs and FRCs) and trans-FRC migration. The post-luminal migration of T cells occurred in a PNAd-dependent manner. Remarkably, we found hot spots for the trans-EC and trans-FRC migration of T- and B cells. Interestingly, T- and B cells preferentially shared trans-FRC migration hot spots but not trans-EC migration hot spots. Furthermore, the trans-FRC T-cell migration was confined to fewer sites than trans-EC T-cell migration, and trans-FRC migration of T- and B cells preferentially occurred at FRCs covered by CD11c+ dendritic cells in HEVs. These results suggest that HEV ECs and FRCs with perivascular DCs delicately regulate T- and B-cell entry into peripheral lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kibaek Choe
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Moon
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Yun Lee
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjoo Song
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hee Back
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Hye Song
- Center for Vascular Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Min Hyun
- Department of Anatomy and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kenji Uchimura
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 CNRS, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Pilhan Kim
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea .,Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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11
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Blanchard L, Girard JP. High endothelial venules (HEVs) in immunity, inflammation and cancer. Angiogenesis 2021; 24:719-753. [PMID: 33956259 PMCID: PMC8487881 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-021-09792-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
High endothelial venules (HEVs) are specialized blood vessels mediating lymphocyte trafficking to lymph nodes (LNs) and other secondary lymphoid organs. By supporting high levels of lymphocyte extravasation from the blood, HEVs play an essential role in lymphocyte recirculation and immune surveillance for foreign invaders (bacterial and viral infections) and alterations in the body’s own cells (neoantigens in cancer). The HEV network expands during inflammation in immune-stimulated LNs and is profoundly remodeled in metastatic and tumor-draining LNs. HEV-like blood vessels expressing high levels of the HEV-specific sulfated MECA-79 antigens are induced in non-lymphoid tissues at sites of chronic inflammation in many human inflammatory and allergic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, allergic rhinitis and asthma. Such vessels are believed to contribute to the amplification and maintenance of chronic inflammation. MECA-79+ tumor-associated HEVs (TA-HEVs) are frequently found in human tumors in CD3+ T cell-rich areas or CD20+ B-cell rich tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs). TA-HEVs have been proposed to play important roles in lymphocyte entry into tumors, a process essential for successful antitumor immunity and lymphocyte-mediated cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors, vaccines or adoptive T cell therapy. In this review, we highlight the phenotype and function of HEVs in homeostatic, inflamed and tumor-draining lymph nodes, and those of HEV-like blood vessels in chronic inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the role and regulation of TA-HEVs in human cancer and mouse tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Blanchard
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Girard
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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12
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Blair TC, Alice AF, Zebertavage L, Crittenden MR, Gough MJ. The Dynamic Entropy of Tumor Immune Infiltrates: The Impact of Recirculation, Antigen-Specific Interactions, and Retention on T Cells in Tumors. Front Oncol 2021; 11:653625. [PMID: 33968757 PMCID: PMC8101411 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.653625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of tumor infiltration using conventional methods reveals a snapshot view of lymphocyte interactions with the tumor environment. However, lymphocytes have the unique capacity for continued recirculation, exploring varied tissues for the presence of cognate antigens according to inflammatory triggers and chemokine gradients. We discuss the role of the inflammatory and cellular makeup of the tumor environment, as well as antigen expressed by cancer cells or cross-presented by stromal antigen presenting cells, on recirculation kinetics of T cells. We aim to discuss how current cancer therapies may manipulate lymphocyte recirculation versus retention to impact lymphocyte exclusion in the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany C Blair
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University (OHSU), Portland, OR, United States.,Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Alejandro F Alice
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Lauren Zebertavage
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University (OHSU), Portland, OR, United States.,Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Marka R Crittenden
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States.,The Oregon Clinic, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Michael J Gough
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
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13
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Dasoveanu DC, Park HJ, Ly CL, Shipman WD, Chyou S, Kumar V, Tarlinton D, Ludewig B, Mehrara BJ, Lu TT. Lymph node stromal CCL2 limits antibody responses. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:5/45/eaaw0693. [PMID: 32198221 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aaw0693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nonhematopoietic stromal cells in lymph nodes such as fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) can support the survival of plasmablasts and plasma cells [together, antibody-forming cells (AFCs)]. However, a regulatory function for the stromal compartment in AFC accumulation has not been appreciated. Here, we show that chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2)-expressing stromal cells limit AFC survival. FRCs express high levels of CCL2 in vessel-rich areas of the T cell zone and the medulla, where AFCs are located. FRC CCL2 is up-regulated during AFC accumulation, and we use lymph node transplantation to show that CCL2 deficiency in BP3+ FRCs and lymphatic endothelial cells increases AFC survival without affecting B or germinal center cell numbers. Monocytes are key expressers of the CCL2 receptor CCR2, as monocyte depletion and transfer late in AFC responses increases and decreases AFC accumulation, respectively. Monocytes express reactive oxygen species (ROS) in an NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2)-dependent manner, and NOX2-deficient monocytes fail to reduce AFC numbers. Stromal CCL2 modulates both monocyte accumulation and ROS production, and is regulated, in part, by manipulations that modulate vascular permeability. Together, our results reveal that the lymph node stromal compartment, by influencing monocyte accumulation and functional phenotype, has a regulatory role in AFC survival. Our results further suggest a role for inflammation-induced vascular activity in tuning the lymph node microenvironment. The understanding of stromal-mediated AFC regulation in vessel-rich environments could potentially be harnessed to control antibody-mediated autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragos C Dasoveanu
- Physiology Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery Research Institute, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Hyeung Ju Park
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Catherine L Ly
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - William D Shipman
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery Research Institute, New York, NY 10021, USA.,Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan-Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Susan Chyou
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery Research Institute, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Varsha Kumar
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery Research Institute, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - David Tarlinton
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen CH-9007, Switzerland.,Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Babak J Mehrara
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Theresa T Lu
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery Research Institute, New York, NY 10021, USA. .,Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Pediatric Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
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14
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Menzel L, Höpken UE, Rehm A. Angiogenesis in Lymph Nodes Is a Critical Regulator of Immune Response and Lymphoma Growth. Front Immunol 2020; 11:591741. [PMID: 33343570 PMCID: PMC7744479 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.591741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-induced remodeling of the microenvironment in lymph nodes (LNs) includes the formation of blood vessels, which goes beyond the regulation of metabolism, and shaping a survival niche for tumor cells. In contrast to solid tumors, which primarily rely on neo-angiogenesis, hematopoietic malignancies usually grow within pre-vascularized autochthonous niches in secondary lymphatic organs or the bone marrow. The mechanisms of vascular remodeling in expanding LNs during infection-induced responses have been studied in more detail; in contrast, insights into the conditions of lymphoma growth and lodging remain enigmatic. Based on previous murine studies and clinical trials in human, we conclude that there is not a universal LN-specific angiogenic program applicable. Instead, signaling pathways that are tightly connected to autochthonous and infiltrating cell types contribute variably to LN vascular expansion. Inflammation related angiogenesis within LNs relies on dendritic cell derived pro-inflammatory cytokines stimulating vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) expression in fibroblastic reticular cells, which in turn triggers vessel growth. In high-grade B cell lymphoma, angiogenesis correlates with poor prognosis. Lymphoma cells immigrate and grow in LNs and provide pro-angiogenic growth factors themselves. In contrast to infectious stimuli that impact on LN vasculature, they do not trigger the typical inflammatory and hypoxia-related stroma-remodeling cascade. Blood vessels in LNs are unique in selective recruitment of lymphocytes via high endothelial venules (HEVs). The dissemination routes of neoplastic lymphocytes are usually disease stage dependent. Early seeding via the blood stream requires the expression of the homeostatic chemokine receptor CCR7 and of L-selectin, both cooperate to facilitate transmigration of tumor and also of protective tumor-reactive lymphocytes via HEV structures. In this view, the HEV route is not only relevant for lymphoma cell homing, but also for a continuous immunosurveillance. We envision that HEV functional and structural alterations during lymphomagenesis are not only key to vascular remodeling, but also impact on tumor cell accessibility when targeted by T cell-mediated immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Menzel
- Translational Tumor Immunology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uta E. Höpken
- Microenvironmental Regulation in Autoimmunity and Cancer, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Armin Rehm
- Translational Tumor Immunology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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15
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Sawada J, Perrot CY, Chen L, Fournier-Goss AE, Oyer J, Copik A, Komatsu M. High Endothelial Venules Accelerate Naive T Cell Recruitment by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Mediated R-Ras Upregulation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 191:396-414. [PMID: 33159887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recruitment of naive T cells to lymph nodes is essential for the development of adaptive immunity. Upon pathogen infection, lymph nodes promptly increase the influx of naive T cells from the circulation in order to screen and prime the T cells. The precise contribution of the lymph node vasculature to the regulation of this process remains unclear. Here we show a role for the Ras GTPase, R-Ras, in the functional adaptation of high endothelial venules to increase naive T cell trafficking to the lymph nodes. R-Ras is transiently up-regulated in the endothelium of high endothelial venules by the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) within 24 hours of pathogen inoculation. TNF induces R-Ras upregulation in endothelial cells via JNK and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase but not NF-κB. Studies of T cell trafficking found that the loss of function of endothelial R-Ras impairs the rapid acceleration of naive T cell recruitment to the lymph nodes upon inflammation. This defect diminished the ability of naive OT-1 T cells to develop antitumor activity against ovalbumin-expressing melanoma. Proteomic analyses suggest that endothelial R-Ras facilitates TNF-dependent transendothelial migration (diapedesis) of naive T cells by modulating molecular assembly the at T cell-endothelial cell interface. These findings give new mechanistic insights into the functional adaptation of high endothelial venules to accelerate naive T cell recruitment to the lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Sawada
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute and Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, St. Petersburg, Florida
| | - Carole Y Perrot
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute and Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, St. Petersburg, Florida
| | - Linyuan Chen
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute and Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, St. Petersburg, Florida
| | - Ashley E Fournier-Goss
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute and Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, St. Petersburg, Florida
| | - Jeremiah Oyer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, St. Petersburg, Florida; Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando Florida
| | - Alicja Copik
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando Florida
| | - Masanobu Komatsu
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute and Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida; Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla California.
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16
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Thierry GR, Gentek R, Bajenoff M. Remodeling of reactive lymph nodes: Dynamics of stromal cells and underlying chemokine signaling. Immunol Rev 2020; 289:42-61. [PMID: 30977194 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) are secondary immune organs dispersed throughout the body. They are primarily composed of lymphocytes, "transient passengers" that are only present for a few hours. During this time, they extensively interact with a meshwork of stromal cells. Although these cells constitute less than 5% of all LN cells, they are integral to LN function: Stromal cells create a three-dimensional network that provides a rigid backbone for the transport of lymph and generates "roads" for lymphocyte migration. Beyond structural support, the LN stroma also produces survival signals for lymphocytes and provides nutrients, soluble factors, antigens, and immune cells collectively required for immune surveillance and the generation of adaptive immune responses. A unique feature of LNs is their ability to considerably and rapidly change size: the volume and cellularity of inflamed LNs can increase up to 20-fold before returning to homeostatic levels. This cycle will be repeated many times during life and is accommodated by stromal cells. The dynamics underlying this dramatic remodeling are subject of this review. We will first introduce the main types of LN stromal cells and explain their known functions. We will then discuss how these cells enable LN growth during immune responses, with a particular focus on underlying cellular mechanisms and molecular cues. Similarly, we will elaborate on stromal dynamics mediating the return to LN homeostasis, a process that is mechanistically much less understood than LN expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilhem R Thierry
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Rebecca Gentek
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Marc Bajenoff
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
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17
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Jafarnejad M, Ismail AZ, Duarte D, Vyas C, Ghahramani A, Zawieja DC, Lo Celso C, Poologasundarampillai G, Moore JE. Quantification of the Whole Lymph Node Vasculature Based on Tomography of the Vessel Corrosion Casts. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13380. [PMID: 31527597 PMCID: PMC6746739 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49055-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LN) are crucial for immune function, and comprise an important interface between the blood and lymphatic systems. Blood vessels (BV) in LN are highly specialized, featuring high endothelial venules across which most of the resident lymphocytes crossed. Previous measurements of overall lymph and BV flow rates demonstrated that fluid also crosses BV walls, and that this is important for immune function. However, the spatial distribution of the BV in LN has not been quantified to the degree necessary to analyse the distribution of transmural fluid movement. In this study, we seek to quantify the spatial localization of LNBV, and to predict fluid movement across BV walls. MicroCT imaging of murine popliteal LN showed that capillaries were responsible for approximately 75% of the BV wall surface area, and that this was mostly distributed around the periphery of the node. We then modelled blood flow through the BV to obtain spatially resolved hydrostatic pressures, which were then combined with Starling’s law to predict transmural flow. Much of the total 10 nL/min transmural flow (under normal conditions) was concentrated in the periphery, corresponding closely with surface area distribution. These results provide important insights into the inner workings of LN, and provide a basis for further exploration of the role of LN flow patterns in normal and pathological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jafarnejad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - A Z Ismail
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - D Duarte
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - C Vyas
- The School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - A Ghahramani
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - D C Zawieja
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA
| | - C Lo Celso
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.,The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - J E Moore
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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18
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Sestito LF, Thomas SN. Biomaterials for Modulating Lymphatic Function in Immunoengineering. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2019; 2:293-310. [PMID: 32259064 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immunoengineering is a rapidly growing and interdisciplinary field focused on developing tools to study and understand the immune system, then employing that knowledge to modulate immune response for the treatment of disease. Because of its roles in housing a substantial fraction of the body's lymphocytes, in facilitating immune cell trafficking, and direct immune modulatory functions, among others, the lymphatic system plays multifaceted roles in immune regulation. In this review, the potential for biomaterials to be applied to regulate the lymphatic system and its functions to achieve immunomodulation and the treatment of disease are described. Three related processes-lymphangiogenesis, lymphatic vessel contraction, and lymph node remodeling-are specifically explored. The molecular regulation of each process and their roles in pathologies are briefly outlined, with putative therapeutic targets and the lymphatic remodeling that can result from disease highlighted. Applications of biomaterials that harness these pathways for the treatment of disease via immunomodulation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren F Sestito
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, and Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University, 201 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Susan N Thomas
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, and Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University, 201 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States.,Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, and Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, and Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365-C Clifton Road NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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19
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Magnuson AM, Regan DP, Booth AD, Fouts JK, Solt CM, Hill JL, Dow SW, Foster MT. High-fat diet induced central adiposity (visceral fat) is associated with increased fibrosis and decreased immune cellularity of the mesenteric lymph node in mice. Eur J Nutr 2019; 59:1641-1654. [PMID: 31165249 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-02019-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Accumulation of visceral, but not subcutaneous, adipose tissue is highly associated with metabolic disease. Inflammation inciting from adipose tissue is commonly associated with metabolic disease risk and comorbidities. However, constituents of the immune system, lymph nodes, embedded within these adipose depots remain under-investigated. We hypothesize that, lymph nodes are inherently distinct and differentially respond to diet-induced obesity much like the adipose depots they reside in. METHODS Adipose tissue and lymph nodes were collected from the visceral and inguinal depots of male mice fed 13 weeks of standard CHOW or high fat diet (HFD). Immune cells were isolated from tissues, counted and characterized by flow cytometry or plated for proliferative capacity following Concanavalin A stimulation. Lymph node size and fibrosis area were also characterized. RESULTS In HFD fed mice visceral adipose tissue accumulation was associated with significant enlargement of the lymph node encased within. The subcutaneous lymph node did not change. Compared with mice fed CHOW for 13 weeks, mice fed HFD had a decline in immune cell populations and immune cell proliferative ability, as well as, exacerbated fibrosis accumulation, within the visceral, but not subcutaneous, lymph node. CONCLUSIONS Obesity-induced chronic low-grade inflammation is associated with impaired immunity and increased susceptibility to disease. Excessive visceral adiposity and associated inflammation driven by diet likely leads to obesity-induced immune suppression by way of lymph node/lymphatic system pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Magnuson
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, 1571 Campus Delivery, 500 West Lake Street, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Daniel P Regan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Andrea D Booth
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, 1571 Campus Delivery, 500 West Lake Street, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Josephine K Fouts
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, 1571 Campus Delivery, 500 West Lake Street, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Claudia M Solt
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, 1571 Campus Delivery, 500 West Lake Street, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jessica L Hill
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, 1571 Campus Delivery, 500 West Lake Street, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Steve W Dow
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Michelle T Foster
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, 1571 Campus Delivery, 500 West Lake Street, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
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20
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Lee ES, Shin JM, Son S, Ko H, Um W, Song SH, Lee JA, Park JH. Recent Advances in Polymeric Nanomedicines for Cancer Immunotherapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801320. [PMID: 30666822 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising approach to treat cancer, since it facilitates eradication of cancer by enhancing innate and/or adaptive immunity without using cytotoxic drugs. Of the immunotherapeutic approaches, significant clinical potentials are shown in cancer vaccination, immune checkpoint therapy, and adoptive cell transfer. Nevertheless, conventional immunotherapies often involve immune-related adverse effects, such as liver dysfunction, hypophysitis, type I diabetes, and neuropathy. In an attempt to address these issues, polymeric nanomedicines are extensively investigated in recent years. In this review, recent advances in polymeric nanomedicines for cancer immunotherapy are highlighted and thoroughly discussed in terms of 1) antigen presentation, 2) activation of antigen-presenting cells and T cells, and 3) promotion of effector cells. Also, the future perspectives to develop ideal nanomedicines for cancer immunotherapy are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Sook Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology; SAIHST; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Shin
- School of Chemical Engineering; College of Engineering; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Son
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology; SAIHST; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewon Ko
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology; SAIHST; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Wooram Um
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology; SAIHST; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Ho Song
- School of Chemical Engineering; College of Engineering; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ah Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering; College of Engineering; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyung Park
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology; SAIHST; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical Engineering; College of Engineering; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
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21
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Modified Intravital Microscopy to Assess Vascular Health and T-Cell Motility. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 30610608 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9036-8_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The ability to study the microcirculation in real time is key to elucidating how the immune system and the associated microvasculature interact and influence one another within the lymph node (LN). Here, we present a method for near in-situ imaging of the inguinal LN. In particular, this method is ideal for the assessment of overall vascular health that influences immune functions and for the evaluation of T-cell motility. We focus on imaging of the microvasculature of the LN, paying particular attention to methods that ensure the study of healthy vessels, the ability to maintain imaging of viable vessels over a number of hours, quantification of vessel magnitude and vessel integrity. Modified intravital microscopy (M-IVM) of the LNs allows direct evaluation of microvascular functions as well as real-time imaging of the direct interface between immune cells, the LN, and the microcirculation. Importantly, M-IVM technique can be readily combined with many other vascular and immunological techniques such as fluorescent cell labeling and assessment of sticking and rolling time as descripted. Furthermore, it can be adapted to study vasculature of other than the inguinal LN. Overall, this chapter provides a dependable method for fundamental vascular immunological assessment of LNs that is decidedly useful in a diverse range of investigations.
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22
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Thierry GR, Kuka M, De Giovanni M, Mondor I, Brouilly N, Iannacone M, Bajénoff M. The conduit system exports locally secreted IgM from lymph nodes. J Exp Med 2018; 215:2972-2983. [PMID: 30429248 PMCID: PMC6279403 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
IgM provides early protection against pathogens. How IgM is exported out of lymph nodes remains unknown. Thierry et al. report that B cells utilize a system of paracortical conduits to rapidly export their IgM to the periphery. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is the first type of antibody produced during acute infections and thus provides an early line of specific defense against pathogens. Being produced in secondary lymphoid organs, IgM must rapidly be exported to the blood circulation. However, it is currently unknown how such large pentameric molecules are released from lymph nodes (LNs). Here, we show that upon immunization, IgM transiently gains access to the luminal side of the conduit system, a reticular infrastructure enabling fast delivery of tissue-derived soluble substances to the LN parenchyma. Using microinjections of purified IgM, we demonstrate that conduit-associated IgM is delivered by neither the afferent lymph nor the blood, but is locally conveyed by conduits. Exploiting in vivo models, we further demonstrate that conduit-associated IgM is locally and transiently produced by activated, antigen-specific B cells migrating in the T cell zone. Thus, our study reveals that the conduit system is coopted by B cells to rapidly export secreted IgM out of LNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilhem R Thierry
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Mirela Kuka
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases and Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco De Giovanni
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases and Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Isabelle Mondor
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Brouilly
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases and Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Marc Bajénoff
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
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23
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Feng X, Classon C, Terán G, Yang Y, Li L, Chan S, Ribacke U, Rothfuchs AG, Coquet JM, Nylén S. Atrophy of skin-draining lymph nodes predisposes for impaired immune responses to secondary infection in mice with chronic intestinal nematode infection. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007008. [PMID: 29772005 PMCID: PMC5957330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal nematodes suppress immune responses in the context of allergy, gut inflammation, secondary infection and vaccination. Several mechanisms have been proposed for this suppression including alterations in Th2 cell differentiation and increased Treg cell suppressive function. In this study, we show that chronic nematode infection leads to reduced peripheral responses to vaccination because of a generalized reduction in the available responsive lymphocyte pool. We found that superficial skin-draining lymph nodes (LNs) in mice that are chronically infected with the intestinal nematode Heligmosomides polygyrus, do not reach the same cellularity as worm-free mice upon subsequent BCG infection in the skin. B cells and T cells, all declined in skin-draining LN of H. polygyrus-infected mice, resulting in LNs atrophy and altered lymphocyte composition. Importantly, anti-helminthic treatment improved lymphocyte numbers in skin-draining LN, indicating that time after de-worming is critical to regain full-scale LN cellularity. De-worming, and time for the skin LN to recover cellularity, also mended responses to Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) in the LN draining the footpad injection site. Thus, our findings show that chronic nematode infection leads to a paucity of lymphocytes in peripheral lymph nodes, which acts to reduce the efficacy of immune responses at these sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Feng
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cajsa Classon
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Graciela Terán
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yunlong Yang
- Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sherwin Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Ribacke
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Jonathan M. Coquet
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanne Nylén
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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24
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Min J, Yang D, Kim M, Haam K, Yoo A, Choi JH, Schraml BU, Kim YS, Kim D, Kang SJ. Inflammation induces two types of inflammatory dendritic cells in inflamed lymph nodes. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:e458. [PMID: 29546878 PMCID: PMC5898896 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatiotemporal regulation of immune cells in lymph nodes (LNs) is crucial for mounting protective T-cell responses, which are orchestrated by dendritic cells (DCs). However, it is unclear how the DC subsets are altered by the inflammatory milieu of LNs. Here, we show that the inflamed LNs of Listeria-infected mice are characterized by the clustering of neutrophils and monocytes and IFN-γ production. Significantly, the early inflammatory responses are coupled with the differentiation of not one, but two types of CD64+CD11c+MHCII+ inflammatory DCs. Through the assessment of chemokine receptor dependency, gene expression profiles, growth factor requirements and DC-specific lineage mapping, we herein unveil a novel inflammatory DC population (we termed ‘CD64+ cDCs’) that arises from conventional DCs (cDCs), distinguishable from CD64+ monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) in inflamed LNs. We determined that Listeria-induced type I IFN is a critical inflammatory cue for the development of CD64+ cDCs but not CD64+ moDCs. Importantly, CD64+ cDCs displayed a higher potential to activate T cells than CD64+ moDCs, whereas the latter showed more robust expression of inflammatory genes. Although CD64+ and CD64− cDCs were able to cross-present soluble antigens at a high dose to CD8+ T cells, CD64+ cDCs concentrated and cross-presented a minute amount of soluble antigens delivered via CD64 (FcγRI) as immune complexes. These findings reveal the role of early inflammatory responses in driving the differentiation of two inflammatory DC subsets empowered with distinct competencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoun Min
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Dongchan Yang
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Mirang Kim
- Medical Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Keeok Haam
- Medical Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Anji Yoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Barbara U Schraml
- Walter-Brendel-Centre for Experimental Medicine, Klinikum der Universität München, Planegg Martinsried, Germany.,Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Planegg Martinsried, Germany
| | - Yong Sung Kim
- Medical Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Dongsup Kim
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Suk-Jo Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
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25
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Wong HS, Germain RN. Robust control of the adaptive immune system. Semin Immunol 2017; 36:17-27. [PMID: 29290544 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The adaptive immune system continually faces unpredictable circumstances yet reproducibly counteracts invading pathogens while limiting damage to self. However, the system is dynamic in nature: many of its internal components are not fixed, but rather, fluctuate over time. This concept is exemplified by αβ T lymphocytes, which vary significantly from cell-to-cell in their spatiotemporal dynamics, antigen-binding receptors, and subcellular protein concentrations. How are reproducible immune functions achieved in the face of such variability? This design principle is known as robustness and requires the system to employ layered control schemes that both buffer and exploit different facets of cellular variation. In this article, we discuss these schemes and their applications to individual αβ T cell responses as well as integrated population level behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harikesh S Wong
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1892, USA.
| | - Ronald N Germain
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1892, USA.
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26
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Gregory JL, Walter A, Alexandre YO, Hor JL, Liu R, Ma JZ, Devi S, Tokuda N, Owada Y, Mackay LK, Smyth GK, Heath WR, Mueller SN. Infection Programs Sustained Lymphoid Stromal Cell Responses and Shapes Lymph Node Remodeling upon Secondary Challenge. Cell Rep 2017; 18:406-418. [PMID: 28076785 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) are constructed of intricate networks of endothelial and mesenchymal stromal cells. How these lymphoid stromal cells (LSCs) regulate lymphoid tissue remodeling and contribute to immune responses remains poorly understood. We performed a comprehensive functional and transcriptional analysis of LSC responses to skin viral infection and found that LSC subsets responded robustly, with different kinetics for distinct pathogens. Recruitment of cells to inflamed LNs induced LSC expansion, while B cells sustained stromal responses in an antigen-independent manner. Infection induced rapid transcriptional responses in LSCs. This transcriptional program was transient, returning to homeostasis within 1 month of infection, yet expanded fibroblastic reticular cell networks persisted for more than 3 months after infection, and this altered LN composition reduced the magnitude of LSC responses to subsequent heterologous infection. Our results reveal the complexity of LSC responses during infection and suggest that amplified networks of LN stromal cells support successive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia L Gregory
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Anne Walter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Yannick O Alexandre
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Jyh Liang Hor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Ruijie Liu
- Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Joel Z Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Sapna Devi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Nobuko Tokuda
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube 755-8505, Japan
| | - Yuji Owada
- Department of Organ Anatomy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Laura K Mackay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Gordon K Smyth
- Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - William R Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Scott N Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
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27
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King IL, Mohrs K, Meli AP, Downey J, Lanthier P, Tzelepis F, Fritz JH, Tumanov AV, Divangahi M, Leadbetter EA, Mohrs M. Intestinal helminth infection impacts the systemic distribution and function of the naive lymphocyte pool. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:1160-1168. [PMID: 28120841 PMCID: PMC5526748 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Homeostasis is a fundamental principle of biological systems. A paradigm of immune homeostasis is the remarkably constant number of naive T and B lymphocytes in the body that continuously circulate through the secondary lymphoid organs to maximize immune surveillance. Whether the dynamics and distribution of the systemic naive lymphocyte pool is affected following organ-specific infection is not known. Here we show that, following infection of mice with an enteric helminth, naive T and B lymphocytes accumulate in the T helper type 2-reactive mesenteric lymph node while they are concurrently depleted from non-draining peripheral lymph nodes. This systemic redistribution of naive lymphocytes is sustained into the chronic phase of the infection, requires lymphotoxin beta receptor-dependent signals and is associated with a reduced ability of parasitized animals to mount antigen-specific cellular and humoral immune responses to heterologous immunization or infection at peripheral sites. Our data suggest that the function of the homeostatic naive lymphocyte pool can be modulated by its systemic distribution following infection and may provide a novel concept underlying compromised immune responsiveness at peripheral sites in helminth-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irah L. King
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4
| | - Katja Mohrs
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591
| | - Alexandre P. Meli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4
| | - Jeffrey Downey
- Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, Meakins-Christies Laboratories, McGill International TB Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1
| | | | - Fanny Tzelepis
- Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, Meakins-Christies Laboratories, McGill International TB Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1
| | - Jörg H. Fritz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Physiology, Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1
| | - Alexei V. Tumanov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas School of Medicine Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio TX 78229
| | - Maziar Divangahi
- Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, Meakins-Christies Laboratories, McGill International TB Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1
| | - Elizabeth A. Leadbetter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas School of Medicine Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio TX 78229
| | - Markus Mohrs
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591
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28
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Kuang L, Deng Y, Liu X, Zou Z, Mi L. Differential expression of mRNA and miRNA in guinea pigs following infection with HSV2v. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:2577-2583. [PMID: 28962197 PMCID: PMC5609232 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 22-nucleotide single-stranded RNAs which regulate gene expression by targeting 3′ untranslated regions. Previous studies have suggested that miRNAs may be used as markers for investigating the molecular regulation of gene expression. In the present study, miRNA and mRNA expression profiles were investigated using a massively parallel next generation sequencing technique to compare herpes simplex virus (HSV)2-infected (n=3) and healthy (n=3) epithelial tissues from guinea pigs. Total RNA was isolated and RNA sequencing was performed using a HiSeq 2000 sequencing system. Differential expression of miRNA and mRNA was analyzed using two-tailed t-tests. A negative correlation was detected between the miRNAs and their predicted target genes. Following infection with HSV2, 205 and 159 miRNAs were demonstrated to be upregulated and downregulated, respectively. These differentially expressed miRNAs were associated with cellular and metabolic processes, biological regulation, response to stimuli and cellular components of the immune system, as determined by functional gene ontology analysis. Following HSV2 infection, 6 upregulated miRNAs including miR-592, miR-1245b-5p, miR-150, miR-342-5p, miR-1245b-3p and miR-124 were demonstrated to participate in the toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway by targeting related genes. These results suggested that the downregulated genes were associated with the TLR pathway after infection with HSV2. The results of reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis were consistent with RNA sequencing, indicating that the increased expression of these miRNAs downregulated the TLR pathway-associated genes, which may mediate the progression of HSV2-induced genital herpes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities in Hunan Province for Cytobiology and Molecular Biotechnology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, P.R. China
| | - Yihui Deng
- Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities in Hunan Province for Cytobiology and Molecular Biotechnology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities in Hunan Province for Cytobiology and Molecular Biotechnology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, P.R. China
| | - Zhixiang Zou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
| | - Lan Mi
- Dermatological Department, The Second Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
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29
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Kuang L, Deng Y, Liu X, Zou Z, Mi L. Effects of a traditional Chinese medicine, Longdanxiegan formula granule, on Toll-like receptor pathway in female guinea pigs with recurrent genital herpes. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2017; 55:220-8. [PMID: 27125405 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of Longdanxiegan formula granule (LDXGFG), a Chinese traditional medicine on Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway in recurrent genital herpes. MATERIALS AND METHODS An experimental recurrent genital herpes model was constructed using herpes guinea pig model. The effect of LDXGFG on expression levels of TLR pathway genes were detected using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, the dendritic cells and Langerhans cells were isolated and the TLR pathway genes of these cells were assayed after LDXGFG treatment. RESULTS The result suggested two different expression patterns of TLR pathway genes in genital herpes and recurrent genital herpes, including upregulated genes and downregulated genes. TLR1, TLR4, TLR6, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, and TLR10 showed a significant decrease while, TLR2, TLR3, and TLR5 increased in genital herpes and recurrent genital herpes guinea pigs. Meanwhile, the downregulated genes in genital herpes and recurrent genital herpes were stimulated by LDXGFG. By contrast, the upregulated genes decreased significantly after LDXGFG treatment. In both dendritic cells and Langerhans cells, the TLR pathway genes exhibited same pattern: the LDXGFG corrected the abnormal expression of TLR pathway genes. CONCLUSION The present results suggest that LDXGFG is an alternative, inexpensive, and lasting-effect medicine for herpes simplex virus 2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Kuang
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Yihui Deng
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhixiang Zou
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lan Mi
- The Second Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
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30
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Ager A. High Endothelial Venules and Other Blood Vessels: Critical Regulators of Lymphoid Organ Development and Function. Front Immunol 2017; 8:45. [PMID: 28217126 PMCID: PMC5289948 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood vasculature regulates both the development and function of secondary lymphoid organs by providing a portal for entry of hemopoietic cells. During the development of lymphoid organs in the embryo, blood vessels deliver lymphoid tissue inducer cells that initiate and sustain the development of lymphoid tissues. In adults, the blood vessels are structurally distinct from those in other organs due to the requirement for high levels of lymphocyte recruitment under non-inflammatory conditions. In lymph nodes (LNs) and Peyer's patches, high endothelial venules (HEVs) especially adapted for lymphocyte trafficking form a spatially organized network of blood vessels, which controls both the type of lymphocyte and the site of entry into lymphoid tissues. Uniquely, HEVs express vascular addressins that regulate lymphocyte entry into lymphoid organs and are, therefore, critical to the function of lymphoid organs. Recent studies have demonstrated important roles for CD11c+ dendritic cells in the induction, as well as the maintenance, of vascular addressin expression and, therefore, the function of HEVs. Tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) are HEV containing LN-like structures that develop inside organized tissues undergoing chronic immune-mediated inflammation. In autoimmune lesions, the development of TLOs is thought to exacerbate disease. In cancerous tissues, the development of HEVs and TLOs is associated with improved patient outcomes in several cancers. Therefore, it is important to understand what drives the development of HEVs and TLOs and how these structures contribute to pathology. In several human diseases and experimental animal models of chronic inflammation, there are some similarities between the development and function of HEVs within LN and TLOs. This review will summarize current knowledge of how hemopoietic cells with lymphoid tissue-inducing, HEV-inducing, and HEV-maintaining properties are recruited from the bloodstream to induce the development and control the function of lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Ager
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Manzo A, Benaglio F, Vitolo B, Bortolotto C, Zibera F, Todoerti M, Alpini C, Bugatti S, Caporali R, Calliada F, Montecucco C. Power Doppler ultrasonographic assessment of the joint-draining lymph node complex in rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective, proof-of-concept study on treatment with tumor necrosis factor inhibitors. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:242. [PMID: 27770827 PMCID: PMC5075165 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-1142-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging research on the mechanisms of disease chronicity in experimental arthritis has included a new focus on the draining lymph node (LN). Here, we combined clinical-serological analyses and power Doppler ultrasound (PDUS) imaging to delineate noninvasively the reciprocal relationship in vivo between the joint and the draining LN in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS Forty consecutive patients refractory to conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs were examined through parallel PDUS of the hand-wrist joints and axillary LNs and compared with 20 healthy subjects. A semiquantitative score for LN gray-scale (GS) parameters (nodal hypertrophy and cortical structure) and LN PD signal was developed. A 6-month follow-up study with serial sonographic assessments was then performed on initiation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors. RESULTS PDUS analysis of RA axillary LNs revealed the existence of marked inter-individual heterogeneity and of quantitative differences compared with healthy individuals in both GS and PD characteristics. RA LN changes were plastic, responsive to anti-TNF treatment, and displayed a degree of concordance with synovitis activity in peripheral joints. However, low LN PD signal at baseline despite active arthritis was strongly associated with a poor clinical response to TNF blockade. CONCLUSIONS PDUS analysis of the draining LN in RA allows capture of measurable inter-individual differences and dynamic changes linked to the underlying pathologic process. LN and joint sonographic assessments are nonredundant approaches that may provide independent perspectives on peripheral disease and its evolution over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Manzo
- Rheumatology and Translational Immunology Research Laboratories (LaRIT) and Biologic Therapy Unit, Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation/University of Pavia, P.le Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Francesca Benaglio
- Rheumatology and Translational Immunology Research Laboratories (LaRIT) and Biologic Therapy Unit, Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation/University of Pavia, P.le Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Barbara Vitolo
- Rheumatology and Translational Immunology Research Laboratories (LaRIT) and Biologic Therapy Unit, Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation/University of Pavia, P.le Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chandra Bortolotto
- Division of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation/University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Zibera
- Division of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation/University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Monica Todoerti
- Rheumatology and Translational Immunology Research Laboratories (LaRIT) and Biologic Therapy Unit, Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation/University of Pavia, P.le Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudia Alpini
- Laboratory of Biochemical-Clinical Analyses, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Serena Bugatti
- Rheumatology and Translational Immunology Research Laboratories (LaRIT) and Biologic Therapy Unit, Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation/University of Pavia, P.le Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberto Caporali
- Rheumatology and Translational Immunology Research Laboratories (LaRIT) and Biologic Therapy Unit, Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation/University of Pavia, P.le Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Calliada
- Division of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation/University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Carlomaurizio Montecucco
- Rheumatology and Translational Immunology Research Laboratories (LaRIT) and Biologic Therapy Unit, Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation/University of Pavia, P.le Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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Abstract
Lymph nodes are meeting points for circulating immune cells. A network of reticular cells that ensheathe a mesh of collagen fibers crisscrosses the tissue in each lymph node. This reticular cell network distributes key molecules and provides a structure for immune cells to move around on. During infections, the network can suffer damage. A new study has now investigated the network's structure in detail, using methods from graph theory. The study showed that the network is remarkably robust to damage: it can still support immune responses even when half of the reticular cells are destroyed. This is a further important example of how network connectivity achieves tolerance to failure, a property shared with other important biological and nonbiological networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Textor
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Judith N. Mandl
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Rob J. de Boer
- Theoretical Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Mondor I, Jorquera A, Sene C, Adriouch S, Adams R, Zhou B, Wienert S, Klauschen F, Bajénoff M. Clonal Proliferation and Stochastic Pruning Orchestrate Lymph Node Vasculature Remodeling. Immunity 2016; 45:877-888. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Dasoveanu DC, Shipman WD, Chia JJ, Chyou S, Lu TT. Regulation of Lymph Node Vascular-Stromal Compartment by Dendritic Cells. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:764-777. [PMID: 27638128 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
During normal and pathologic immune responses, lymph nodes can swell considerably. The lymph node vascular-stromal compartment supports and regulates the developing immune responses and undergoes dynamic expansion and remodeling. Recent studies have shown that dendritic cells (DCs), best known for their antigen presentation roles, can directly regulate the vascular-stromal compartment, pointing to a new perspective on DCs as facilitators of lymphoid tissue function. Here, we review the phases of lymph node vascular-stromal growth and remodeling during immune responses, discuss the roles of DCs, and discuss how this understanding can potentially be used for developing novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragos C Dasoveanu
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA; Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - William D Shipman
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan-Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jennifer J Chia
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan-Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Susan Chyou
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Theresa T Lu
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA; Pediatric Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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35
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Organ-wide 3D-imaging and topological analysis of the continuous microvascular network in a murine lymph node. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16534. [PMID: 26567707 PMCID: PMC4645097 DOI: 10.1038/srep16534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding of the microvasculature has previously been limited by the lack of methods capable of capturing and modelling complete vascular networks. We used novel imaging and computational techniques to establish the topology of the entire blood vessel network of a murine lymph node, combining 63,706 confocal images at 2 μm pixel resolution to cover a volume of 3.88 mm(3). Detailed measurements including the distribution of vessel diameters, branch counts, and identification of voids were subsequently re-visualised in 3D revealing regional specialisation within the network. By focussing on critical immune microenvironments we quantified differences in their vascular topology. We further developed a morphology-based approach to identify High Endothelial Venules, key sites for lymphocyte extravasation. These data represent a comprehensive and continuous blood vessel network of an entire organ and provide benchmark measurements that will inform modelling of blood vessel networks as well as enable comparison of vascular topology in different organs.
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36
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Song E, Seo H, Choe K, Hwang Y, Ahn J, Ahn S, Kim P. Optical clearing based cellular-level 3D visualization of intact lymph node cortex. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:4154-64. [PMID: 26504662 PMCID: PMC4605071 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.004154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Lymph node (LN) is an important immune organ that controls adaptive immune responses against foreign pathogens and abnormal cells. To facilitate efficient immune function, LN has highly organized 3D cellular structures, vascular and lymphatic system. Unfortunately, conventional histological analysis relying on thin-sliced tissue has limitations in 3D cellular analysis due to structural disruption and tissue loss in the processes of fixation and tissue slicing. Optical sectioning confocal microscopy has been utilized to analyze 3D structure of intact LN tissue without physical tissue slicing. However, light scattering within biological tissues limits the imaging depth only to superficial portion of LN cortex. Recently, optical clearing techniques have shown enhancement of imaging depth in various biological tissues, but their efficacy for LN are remained to be investigated. In this work, we established optical clearing procedure for LN and achieved 3D volumetric visualization of the whole cortex of LN. More than 4 times improvement in imaging depth was confirmed by using LN obtained from H2B-GFP/actin-DsRed double reporter transgenic mouse. With adoptive transfer of GFP expressing B cells and DsRed expressing T cells and fluorescent vascular labeling by anti-CD31 and anti-LYVE-1 antibody conjugates, we successfully visualized major cellular-level structures such as T-cell zone, B-cell follicle and germinal center. Further, we visualized the GFP expressing metastatic melanoma cell colony, vasculature and lymphatic vessels in the LN cortex.
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37
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The draining lymph node in rheumatoid arthritis: current concepts and research perspectives. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:420251. [PMID: 25793195 PMCID: PMC4352497 DOI: 10.1155/2015/420251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease of unknown aetiology, leading to progressive damage of bone and cartilage with functional impairment and disability. Whilst the synovial membrane represents the epicentre of the immune-inflammatory process, there is growing evidence indicating the potential involvement of additional anatomical compartments, such as the lung, bone marrow, and secondary lymphoid tissues. Draining lymph nodes represent the elective site for tissue immune-surveillance, for the generation of adaptive immune responses and a candidate compartment for the maintenance of peripheral tolerance. Despite the precise role of the juxta- and extra-articular lymph node stations in the pathogenesis of RA remaining poorly defined, several lines of research exploiting new technological approaches are now focusing on their assessment as a potential new source of pathobiologic information, biomarkers, and complementary therapeutic targets. In this review we present an updated overview of the main concepts driving lymph node research in RA, highlighting the most relevant findings, current hypothesis, and translational perspectives.
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38
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Dendritic cell SIRT1-HIF1α axis programs the differentiation of CD4+ T cells through IL-12 and TGF-β1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E957-65. [PMID: 25730867 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1420419112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of naive CD4(+) T cells into distinct lineages plays critical roles in mediating adaptive immunity or maintaining immune tolerance. In addition to being a first line of defense, the innate immune system also actively instructs adaptive immunity through antigen presentation and immunoregulatory cytokine production. Here we found that sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a type III histone deacetylase, plays an essential role in mediating proinflammatory signaling in dendritic cells (DCs), consequentially modulating the balance of proinflammatory T helper type 1 (TH1) cells and antiinflammatory Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (T(reg) cells). Genetic deletion of SIRT1 in DCs restrained the generation of T(reg) cells while driving TH1 development, resulting in an enhanced T-cell-mediated inflammation against microbial responses. Beyond this finding, SIRT1 signaled through a hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF1α)-dependent pathway, orchestrating the reciprocal TH1 and T(reg) lineage commitment through DC-derived IL-12 and TGF-β1. Our studies implicates a DC-based SIRT1-HIF1α metabolic checkpoint in controlling T-cell lineage specification.
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39
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40
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Chang JE, Turley SJ. Stromal infrastructure of the lymph node and coordination of immunity. Trends Immunol 2014; 36:30-9. [PMID: 25499856 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The initiation of adaptive immune responses depends upon the careful maneuvering of lymphocytes and antigen into and within strategically placed lymph nodes (LNs). Non-hematopoietic stromal cells form the cellular infrastructure that directs this process. Once regarded as merely structural features of lymphoid tissues, these cells are now appreciated as essential regulators of immune cell trafficking, fluid flow, and LN homeostasis. Recent advances in the identification and in vivo targeting of specific stromal populations have resulted in striking new insights to the function of stromal cells and reveal a level of complexity previously unrealized. We discuss here recent discoveries that highlight the pivotal role that stromal cells play in orchestrating immune cell homeostasis and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Chang
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shannon J Turley
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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41
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Kadayakkara DK, Korrer MJ, Bulte JWM, Levitsky HI. Paradoxical decrease in the capture and lymph node delivery of cancer vaccine antigen induced by a TLR4 agonist as visualized by dual-mode imaging. Cancer Res 2014; 75:51-61. [PMID: 25388285 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, cell-mediated immune responses to vaccination in animal models are evaluated by invasive techniques such as biopsy and organ extraction. We show here that by combining two noninvasive imaging technologies, MRI and bioluminescence imaging (BLI), we can visualize both the afferent and efferent arms of cellular events following vaccination longitudinally. To this end, we evaluated the immune response elicited by a novel Toll-like receptor 4 agonist vaccine adjuvant, glucopyranosyl lipid A (GLA), using a whole-cell tumor vaccine. After magnetovaccination, MRI was used to visualize antigen-presenting cell-mediated antigen capture and subsequent migration to draining lymph nodes (DLN). Paradoxically, we observed that the incorporation of GLA in the vaccine reduced these critical parameters of the afferent immune response. For the efferent arm, the magnitude of the ensuing antigen-specific T-cell response in DLN visualized using BLI correlated with antigen delivery to the DLN as measured by MRI. These findings were confirmed using flow cytometry. In spite of the GLA-associated reduction in antigen delivery to the DLN, however, the use of GLA as a vaccine adjuvant led to a massive proliferation of vaccine primed antigen-specific T cells in the spleen. This was accompanied by an enhanced tumor therapeutic effect of the vaccine. These findings suggest that GLA adjuvant changes the temporal and anatomical features of both the afferent and efferent arms of the vaccine response and illustrates the utility of quantitative noninvasive imaging as a tool for evaluating these parameters during vaccine optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak K Kadayakkara
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael J Korrer
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jeff W M Bulte
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hyam I Levitsky
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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42
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Textor J, Henrickson SE, Mandl JN, von Andrian UH, Westermann J, de Boer RJ, Beltman JB. Random migration and signal integration promote rapid and robust T cell recruitment. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003752. [PMID: 25102014 PMCID: PMC4125054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
To fight infections, rare T cells must quickly home to appropriate lymph nodes (LNs), and reliably localize the antigen (Ag) within them. The first challenge calls for rapid trafficking between LNs, whereas the second may require extensive search within each LN. Here we combine simulations and experimental data to investigate which features of random T cell migration within and between LNs allow meeting these two conflicting demands. Our model indicates that integrating signals from multiple random encounters with Ag-presenting cells permits reliable detection of even low-dose Ag, and predicts a kinetic feature of cognate T cell arrest in LNs that we confirm using intravital two-photon data. Furthermore, we obtain the most reliable retention if T cells transit through LNs stochastically, which may explain the long and widely distributed LN dwell times observed in vivo. Finally, we demonstrate that random migration, both between and within LNs, allows recruiting the majority of cognate precursors within a few days for various realistic infection scenarios. Thus, the combination of two-scale stochastic migration and signal integration is an efficient and robust strategy for T cell immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Textor
- Theoretical Biology & Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah E. Henrickson
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Judith N. Mandl
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, National Insitutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ulrich H. von Andrian
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Rob J. de Boer
- Theoretical Biology & Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joost B. Beltman
- Theoretical Biology & Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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43
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Didierlaurent AM, Collignon C, Bourguignon P, Wouters S, Fierens K, Fochesato M, Dendouga N, Langlet C, Malissen B, Lambrecht BN, Garçon N, Van Mechelen M, Morel S. Enhancement of adaptive immunity by the human vaccine adjuvant AS01 depends on activated dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1920-30. [PMID: 25024381 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvant System AS01 is a liposome-based vaccine adjuvant containing 3-O-desacyl-4'-monophosphoryl lipid A and the saponin QS-21. AS01 has been selected for the clinical development of several candidate vaccines including the RTS,S malaria vaccine and the subunit glycoprotein E varicella zoster vaccine (both currently in phase III). Given the known immunostimulatory properties of MPL and QS-21, the objective of this study was to describe the early immune response parameters after immunization with an AS01-adjuvanted vaccine and to identify relationships with the vaccine-specific adaptive immune response. Cytokine production and innate immune cell recruitment occurred rapidly and transiently at the muscle injection site and draining lymph node postinjection, consistent with the rapid drainage of the vaccine components to the draining lymph node. The induction of Ag-specific Ab and T cell responses was dependent on the Ag being injected at the same time or within 24 h after AS01, suggesting that the early events occurring postinjection were required for these elevated adaptive responses. In the draining lymph node, after 24 h, the numbers of activated and Ag-loaded monocytes and MHCII(high) dendritic cells were higher after the injection of the AS01-adjuvanted vaccine than after Ag alone. However, only MHCII(high) dendritic cells appeared efficient at and necessary for direct Ag presentation to T cells. These data suggest that the ability of AS01 to improve adaptive immune responses, as has been demonstrated in clinical trials, is linked to a transient stimulation of the innate immune system leading to the generation of high number of efficient Ag-presenting dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kaat Fierens
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie Inflammation Research Center, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; and
| | | | | | | | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM U1104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7280, 13288 Marseille cedex 9, France
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie Inflammation Research Center, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; and
| | | | | | - Sandra Morel
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, 1330 Rixensart, Belgium
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Gorlino CV, Ranocchia RP, Harman MF, García IA, Crespo MI, Morón G, Maletto BA, Pistoresi-Palencia MC. Neutrophils Exhibit Differential Requirements for Homing Molecules in Their Lymphatic and Blood Trafficking into Draining Lymph Nodes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1966-74. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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45
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Hypertrophy of infected Peyer's patches arises from global, interferon-receptor, and CD69-independent shutdown of lymphocyte egress. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:892-904. [PMID: 24345804 PMCID: PMC4060605 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Lymphoid organ hypertrophy is a hallmark of localized infection. During the inflammatory response, massive changes in lymphocyte recirculation and turnover boost lymphoid organ cellularity. Intriguingly, the exact nature of these changes remains undefined to date. Here, we report that hypertrophy of Salmonella-infected Peyer's patches (PPs) ensues from a global "shutdown" of lymphocyte egress, which traps recirculating lymphocytes in PPs. Surprisingly, infection-induced lymphocyte sequestration did not require previously proposed mediators of lymphoid organ shutdown including type I interferon receptor and CD69. In contrast, following T-cell receptor-mediated priming, CD69 was essential to selectively block CD4(+) effector T-cell egress. Our findings segregate two distinct lymphocyte sequestration mechanisms, which differentially rely on intrinsic modulation of lymphocyte egress capacity and inflammation-induced changes in the lymphoid organ environment.
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46
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Ganusov VV, Auerbach J. Mathematical modeling reveals kinetics of lymphocyte recirculation in the whole organism. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003586. [PMID: 24830705 PMCID: PMC4022467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetics of recirculation of naive lymphocytes in the body has important implications for the speed at which local infections are detected and controlled by immune responses. With a help of a novel mathematical model, we analyze experimental data on migration of 51Cr-labeled thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDLs) via major lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues of rats in the absence of systemic antigenic stimulation. We show that at any point of time, 95% of lymphocytes in the blood travel via capillaries in the lung or sinusoids of the liver and only 5% migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues such as lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, or the spleen. Interestingly, our analysis suggests that lymphocytes travel via lung capillaries and liver sinusoids at an extremely rapid rate with the average residence time in these tissues being less than 1 minute. The model also predicts a relatively short average residence time of TDLs in the spleen (2.5 hours) and a longer average residence time of TDLs in major lymph nodes and Peyer's patches (10 hours). Surprisingly, we find that the average residence time of lymphocytes is similar in lymph nodes draining the skin (subcutaneous LNs) or the gut (mesenteric LNs) or in Peyer's patches. Applying our model to an additional dataset on lymphocyte migration via resting and antigen-stimulated lymph nodes we find that enlargement of antigen-stimulated lymph nodes occurs mainly due to increased entrance rate of TDLs into the nodes and not due to decreased exit rate as has been suggested in some studies. Taken together, our analysis for the first time provides a comprehensive, systems view of recirculation kinetics of thoracic duct lymphocytes in the whole organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly V. Ganusov
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Auerbach
- Department of Mathematics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
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47
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Visualization and dynamic analysis of host-pathogen interactions. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 29:8-15. [PMID: 24705104 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To contain invading microbes, the immune system must efficiently recognize the presence of the invader, mobilize cells to the site of infection, and deploy effector function. Rare antigen-specific T cells must find small numbers of antigen-presenting cells, proliferate and differentiate in secondary lymphoid tissues, then traffic to the infected site and be activated by antigen again to contribute to host defense. Our understanding of the dynamic processes involved has benefited enormously from tools that enable the visualization of cell location and behavior in complex tissue environments. Here we summarize recent insights into T cell trafficking and migration through secondary lymphoid organs and at peripheral infection sites, highlighting cell-intrinsic and extrinsic factors optimizing antigen surveillance at steady-state and delivery of an effector response during infection.
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Warren KJ, Iwami D, Harris DG, Bromberg JS, Burrell BE. Laminins affect T cell trafficking and allograft fate. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:2204-18. [PMID: 24691446 DOI: 10.1172/jci73683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) are integral sites for the generation of immune tolerance, migration of CD4⁺ T cells, and induction of Tregs. Despite the importance of LNs in regulation of inflammatory responses, the LN-specific factors that regulate T cell migration and the precise LN structural domains in which differentiation occurs remain undefined. Using intravital and fluorescent microscopy, we found that alloreactive T cells traffic distinctly into the tolerant LN and colocalize in exclusive regions with alloantigen-presenting cells, a process required for Treg induction. Extracellular matrix proteins, including those of the laminin family, formed regions within the LN that were permissive for colocalization of alloantigen-presenting cells, alloreactive T cells, and Tregs. We identified unique expression patterns of laminin proteins in high endothelial venule basement membranes and the cortical ridge that correlated with alloantigen-specific immunity or immune tolerance. The ratio of laminin α4 to laminin α5 was greater in domains within tolerant LNs, compared with immune LNs, and blocking laminin α4 function or inducing laminin α5 overexpression disrupted T cell and DC localization and transmigration through tolerant LNs. Furthermore, reducing α4 laminin circumvented tolerance induction and induced cardiac allograft inflammation and rejection in murine models. This work identifies laminins as potential targets for immune modulation.
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Lu TT, Browning JL. Role of the Lymphotoxin/LIGHT System in the Development and Maintenance of Reticular Networks and Vasculature in Lymphoid Tissues. Front Immunol 2014; 5:47. [PMID: 24575096 PMCID: PMC3920476 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphoid organs are meeting zones where lymphocytes come together and encounter antigens present in the blood and lymph or as delivered by cells migrating from the draining tissue bed. The exquisite efficiency of this process relies heavily on highly specialized anatomy to direct and position the various players. Gated entry and exit control access to these theaters and reticular networks and associated chemokines guide cells into the proper sections. Lymphoid tissues are remarkably plastic, being able to expand dramatically and then involute upon resolution of the danger. All of the reticular scaffolds and vascular and lymphatic components adapt accordingly. As such, the lymph node (LN) is a wonderful example of a physiologic remodeling process and is potentially a guide to study such elements in pathological settings such as fibrosis, chronic infection, and tumor metastasis. The lymphotoxin/LIGHT axis delivers critical differentiation signals that direct and hone differentiation of both reticular networks and the vasculature. Considerable progress has been made recently in understanding the mesenchymal differentiation pathways leading to these specialized networks and in the remodeling that occurs in reactive LNs. In this article, we will review some new advances in the area in terms of developmental, differentiation, and maintenance events mediated by this axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa T Lu
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program and Pediatric Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery , New York, NY , USA ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, NY , USA
| | - Jeffrey L Browning
- Department of Microbiology and Section of Rheumatology, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, MA , USA
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