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Cadotte MW, Tatsumi S. Uncovering the mechanisms underpinning divergent environmental change impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Ecology 2025; 106:e70040. [PMID: 39980080 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.70040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2024] [Accepted: 11/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2025]
Abstract
Environmental change drivers (ECDs) impact ecological communities in various ways, from enrichment that increases species' performance and abundance, to stressors that reduce their reproduction and growth. These effects can affect species coexistence as well as impact ecosystem functioning and the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem function (BEF). Predicting the impact of ECDs on communities and BEF relationships requires understanding how ECDs affect fundamental population parameters, including intrinsic rate of increase (r), carrying capacity (K), and interspecific interactions (α $$ \upalpha $$ ). Here, we use numerical simulations based on theoretical models to show the explicit links between these parameters and the nature of BEF relationships. Depending on the mean and variance of the effects of ECDs on community members, BEF relationships increase or decrease in both their intercept and slope. We further derive hypotheses about how BEF relationships will be affected by multiple ECDs or when we consider multiple ecosystem functions. Our simple approach to understanding how ECDs affect BEF relationships provides a robust framework to explain why disparate studies and meta-analyses come to opposing conclusions about resilience or sensitivity of BEF relationships to anthropogenic influences. We show that modeling approaches offer a generalized and predictive understanding to guide biodiversity conservation, restoration, and green infrastructure design under environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc W Cadotte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shinichi Tatsumi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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2
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Tuo H, Ghanizadeh H, Ji X, Yang M, Wang Z, Huang J, Wang Y, Tian H, Ye F, Li W. Moderate grazing enhances ecosystem multifunctionality through leaf traits and taxonomic diversity in long-term fenced grasslands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 957:177781. [PMID: 39615181 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2024] [Revised: 11/23/2024] [Accepted: 11/25/2024] [Indexed: 12/21/2024]
Abstract
Grassland community diversity plays a vital role in maintaining the functionality of grassland ecosystems, influencing processes such as nutrient cycling and supporting ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF). Long-term fencing impacts biodiversity and nutrient dynamics, but its effects alongside grazing practices are not well understood. This study examined grazing intensity's effects on community structure, leaf traits, diversity, and ecosystem functions in a 38-year-fenced grassland, through a four-year grazing experiment. Kansu red deer (Cervus elaphus kansuensis) was chosen due to its diverse diet, tolerance to rough feeding, and high feed conversion efficiency. Results showed that grazing intensity significantly affected community structure. Moderate grazing promoted perennial grasses and legumes, boosting aboveground biomass, while heavy grazing encouraged poisonous forbs, potentially harming ecosystem health. Moderate grazing also enhanced diversity metrics such as the Shannon-Weiner index, species richness, functional richness, and functional diversity. Additionally, it improved leaf traits like community-weighted mean leaf nitrogen, phosphorus content, specific leaf area, and leaf dry matter content, all contributing to better EMF. Structural equation modeling revealed that EMF was directly influenced by grazing intensities and indirectly through changes in leaf traits and taxonomic diversity. These findings suggest that moderate grazing enhances EMF in long-term fenced grasslands by improving the distribution of functional groups, leaf traits, and community diversity. Thus, moderate grazing is an optimal strategy for maintaining community diversity and EMF, highlighting the importance of grazing management for sustainable land use and addressing ecological challenges in grassland ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanghang Tuo
- College of Soil and Water Conservation Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hossein Ghanizadeh
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Haerbin 150030, China
| | - Xiuyun Ji
- Administration Bureau of Yunwu Mountain National Nature Reserve, Guyuan, Ningxia 756000, China
| | - Mengru Yang
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zilin Wang
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jiandi Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia Normal University, Guyuan, Ningxia Province 756000, China
| | - Yibo Wang
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Huihui Tian
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Faming Ye
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, CAS&MWR, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Soil and Water Conservation Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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3
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Maestre FT, Biancari L, Chen N, Corrochano-Monsalve M, Jenerette GD, Nelson C, Shilula KN, Shpilkina Y. Research needs on the biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationship in drylands. NPJ BIODIVERSITY 2024; 3:12. [PMID: 39242863 PMCID: PMC11332164 DOI: 10.1038/s44185-024-00046-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Research carried out in drylands over the last decade has provided major insights on the biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationship (BEFr) and about how biodiversity interacts with other important factors, such as climate and soil properties, to determine ecosystem functioning and services. Despite this, there are important gaps in our understanding of the BEFr in drylands that should be addressed by future research. In this perspective we highlight some of these gaps, which include: 1) the need to study the BEFr in bare soils devoid of perennial vascular vegetation and biocrusts, a major feature of dryland ecosystems, 2) evaluating how intra-specific trait variability, a key but understudied facet of functional diversity, modulate the BEFr, 3) addressing the influence of biotic interactions on the BEFr, including plant-animal interactions and those between microorganisms associated to biocrusts, 4) studying how differences in species-area relationships and beta diversity are associated with ecosystem functioning, and 5) considering the role of temporal variability and human activities, both present and past, particularly those linked to land use (e.g., grazing) and urbanization. Tackling these gaps will not only advance our comprehension of the BEFr but will also bolster the effectiveness of management and ecological restoration strategies, crucial for safeguarding dryland ecosystems and the livelihoods of their inhabitants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando T Maestre
- Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Lucio Biancari
- IFEVA, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Facultad de Agronomía, Av. San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Argentina
- Cátedra de Ecología, Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Argentina
| | - Ning Chen
- Instituto Multidisciplinar Para el Estudio del Medio "Ramon Margalef", Universidad de Alicante, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, No.222, Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Mario Corrochano-Monsalve
- Instituto Multidisciplinar Para el Estudio del Medio "Ramon Margalef", Universidad de Alicante, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
- Departamento de Genética, Antropología Física y Fisiología Animal, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - G Darrel Jenerette
- Instituto Multidisciplinar Para el Estudio del Medio "Ramon Margalef", Universidad de Alicante, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Corey Nelson
- Instituto Multidisciplinar Para el Estudio del Medio "Ramon Margalef", Universidad de Alicante, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | - Kaarina N Shilula
- Instituto Multidisciplinar Para el Estudio del Medio "Ramon Margalef", Universidad de Alicante, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
- Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | - Yelyzaveta Shpilkina
- Instituto Multidisciplinar Para el Estudio del Medio "Ramon Margalef", Universidad de Alicante, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
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4
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Goodale E, Magrath RD. Species diversity and interspecific information flow. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:999-1014. [PMID: 38279871 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Interspecific information flow is known to affect individual fitness, population dynamics and community assembly, but there has been less study of how species diversity affects information flow and thereby ecosystem functioning and services. We address this question by first examining differences among species in the sensitivity, accuracy, transmissibility, detectability and value of the cues and signals they produce, and in how they receive, store and use information derived from heterospecifics. We then review how interspecific information flow occurs in communities, involving a diversity of species and sensory modes, and how this flow can affect ecosystem-level functions, such as decomposition, seed dispersal or algae removal on coral reefs. We highlight evidence that some keystone species are particularly critical as a source of information used by eavesdroppers, and so have a disproportionate effect on information flow. Such keystone species include community informants producing signals, particularly about predation risk, that influence other species' landscapes of fear, and aggregation initiators creating cues or signals about resources. We suggest that the presence of keystone species means that there will likely be a positive relationship in many communities between species diversity and information through a 'sampling effect', in which larger pools of species are more likely to include the keystone species by chance. We then consider whether the number and relative abundance of species, irrespective of the presence of keystone species, matter to interspecific information flow; on this issue, the theory is less developed, and the evidence scant and indirect. Higher diversity could increase the quantity or quality of information that is used by eavesdroppers because redundancy increases the reliability of information or because the species provide complementary information. Alternatively, there could be a lack of a relationship between species diversity and information if there is widespread information parasitism where users are not sources, or if information sourced from heterospecifics is of lower value than that gained personally or sourced from conspecifics. Recent research suggests that species diversity does have information-modulated community and ecosystem consequences, especially in birds, such as the diversity of species at feeders increasing resource exploitation, or the number of imitated species increasing responses to vocal mimics. A first step for future research includes comprehensive observations of information flow among different taxa and habitats. Then studies should investigate whether species diversity influences the cumulative quality or quantity of information at the community level, and consequently ecosystem-level processes. An applied objective is to conserve species in part for their value as sources of information for other species, including for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eben Goodale
- Department of Health and Environmental Science, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Robert D Magrath
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
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Schnyder E, Bodelier PLE, Hartmann M, Henneberger R, Niklaus PA. Experimental erosion of microbial diversity decreases soil CH 4 consumption rates. Ecology 2023; 104:e4178. [PMID: 37782571 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (BEF) experiments have predominantly focused on communities of higher organisms, in particular plants, with comparably little known to date about the relevance of biodiversity for microbially driven biogeochemical processes. Methanotrophic bacteria play a key role in Earth's methane (CH4 ) cycle by removing atmospheric CH4 and reducing emissions from methanogenesis in wetlands and landfills. Here, we used a dilution-to-extinction approach to simulate diversity loss in a methanotrophic landfill cover soil community. Replicate samples were diluted 101 -107 -fold, preincubated under a high CH4 atmosphere for microbial communities to recover to comparable size, and then incubated for 86 days at constant or diurnally cycling temperature. We hypothesize that (1) CH4 consumption decreases as methanotrophic diversity is lost, and (2) this effect is more pronounced under variable temperatures. Net CH4 consumption was determined by gas chromatography. Microbial community composition was determined by DNA extraction and sequencing of amplicons specific to methanotrophs and bacteria (pmoA and 16S gene fragments). The richness of operational taxonomic units (OTU) of methanotrophic and nonmethanotrophic bacteria decreased approximately linearly with log-dilution. CH4 consumption decreased with the number of OTUs lost, independent of community size. These effects were independent of temperature cycling. The diversity effects we found occured in relatively diverse communities, challenging the notion of high functional redundancy mediating high resistance to diversity erosion in natural microbial systems. The effects also resemble the ones for higher organisms, suggesting that BEF relationships are universal across taxa and spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Schnyder
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Paul L E Bodelier
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Hartmann
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Henneberger
- Institute of Molecular Health Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pascal A Niklaus
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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6
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Liu M, Yin F, Xiao Y, Yang C. Grazing alters the relationship between alpine meadow biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 898:165445. [PMID: 37442474 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF) depends on changes in environmental disturbance. Plant and soil biological diversity can mediate EMF, but how these change in response to grazing disturbance remains unknown. Here we present an 8-year experiment on sheep grazing control in alpine grasslands in Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu Province, China. Plant species richness, FRic (functional richness), PD (Faith's phylogenetic diversity), soil biological diversity (bacterial, fungal, and ciliate diversity), and multiple ecosystem functions were measured and calculated. The results showed that increasing grazing intensity caused a decrease in biodiversity and EMF and that biodiversity and ecosystem function differed significantly (P < 0.05) between grazing intensities. EMF was positively correlated with species richness, functional diversity, and soil bacterial diversity (P < 0.05), with 23.6 %, 10.8 %, and 12.1 % of EMF explained by changes in grazing intensity, respectively. The interaction terms of grazing intensity, plant species richness, and soil biological diversity were negatively correlated with EMF (P < 0.05). This shift in the relationship between plant or soil biological diversity and EMF occurs at a grazing intensity index of around 0.7, i.e., the impact of plant species richness on EMF is more significant when the grazing intensity index is below 0.67. The effect of soil biological diversity on EMF is more substantial when the grazing intensity index is above 0.86. Conclusion: High grazing intensity directly affects soil bulk density and pH and indirectly affects EMF by regulating plant species richness and soil biological diversity changes. Loss of plant and soil biological diversity can have extreme consequences under low and high grazing intensity disturbance conditions. Therefore, we must develop biodiversity conservation strategies for external disturbances to mitigate the effects of land use practices such as grazing disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxia Liu
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Fengling Yin
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yindi Xiao
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Cunliang Yang
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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7
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Qian Z, Gu R, Gao K, Li D. High plant species diversity enhances lignin accumulation in a subtropical forest of southwest China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 865:161113. [PMID: 36584443 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant species diversity (PSD) benefits soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation, but mechanisms underlying the stimulative effects of PSD on SOC pools have not been well explored, especially in terms of how PSD impacts plant-derived C accumulation. Here, 45 plots covering a natural gradient of PSD ranging from 0.15 to 3.57 (Shannon's diversity index) were selected in a subtropical forest with calcareous soil to determine the pattern of and controls on the variation of plant-derived C as indexed by lignin phenols along with PSD. The absolute contents of lignin phenols ranged from 1.18 to 6.62 mg g-1 soil with an average of 2.48 ± 1.13 mg g-1 soil across the 45 plots. PSD significantly enhanced soil lignin accumulation via three mechanisms. First, PSD benefited lignin accumulation by stimulating plant detritus inputs. Second, PSD directly and indirectly increased reactive minerals, so that enhanced mineral protection of lignin. Third, decrease in microbial C limitation due to increased soil C availability resulted in lowered peroxidase activity and subsequently lignin degradation, which in turn benefited lignin accumulation. Our study provides mechanisms underlying SOC accumulation in response to increased PSD, which may be integrated into Earth system models in order to better predict SOC dynamics under PSD alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyao Qian
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, Hunan, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Karst Ecological Processes and Services, Huanjiang Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosystems, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huanjiang 547100, Guangxi, China
| | - Rui Gu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, Hunan, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Karst Ecological Processes and Services, Huanjiang Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosystems, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huanjiang 547100, Guangxi, China
| | - Kun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, Hunan, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Karst Ecological Processes and Services, Huanjiang Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosystems, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huanjiang 547100, Guangxi, China
| | - Dejun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, Hunan, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Karst Ecological Processes and Services, Huanjiang Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosystems, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huanjiang 547100, Guangxi, China.
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8
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Müller J, Mitesser O, Cadotte MW, van der Plas F, Mori AS, Ammer C, Chao A, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Baldrian P, Bässler C, Biedermann P, Cesarz S, Claßen A, Delory BM, Feldhaar H, Fichtner A, Hothorn T, Kuenzer C, Peters MK, Pierick K, Schmitt T, Schuldt B, Seidel D, Six D, Steffan-Dewenter I, Thorn S, von Oheimb G, Wegmann M, Weisser WW, Eisenhauer N. Enhancing the structural diversity between forest patches-A concept and real-world experiment to study biodiversity, multifunctionality and forest resilience across spatial scales. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:1437-1450. [PMID: 36579623 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Intensification of land use by humans has led to a homogenization of landscapes and decreasing resilience of ecosystems globally due to a loss of biodiversity, including the majority of forests. Biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (BEF) research has provided compelling evidence for a positive effect of biodiversity on ecosystem functions and services at the local (α-diversity) scale, but we largely lack empirical evidence on how the loss of between-patch β-diversity affects biodiversity and multifunctionality at the landscape scale (γ-diversity). Here, we present a novel concept and experimental framework for elucidating BEF patterns at α-, β-, and γ-scales in real landscapes at a forest management-relevant scale. We examine this framework using 22 temperate broadleaf production forests, dominated by Fagus sylvatica. In 11 of these forests, we manipulated the structure between forest patches by increasing variation in canopy cover and deadwood. We hypothesized that an increase in landscape heterogeneity would enhance the β-diversity of different trophic levels, as well as the β-functionality of various ecosystem functions. We will develop a new statistical framework for BEF studies extending across scales and incorporating biodiversity measures from taxonomic to functional to phylogenetic diversity using Hill numbers. We will further expand the Hill number concept to multifunctionality allowing the decomposition of γ-multifunctionality into α- and β-components. Combining this analytic framework with our experimental data will allow us to test how an increase in between patch heterogeneity affects biodiversity and multifunctionality across spatial scales and trophic levels to help inform and improve forest resilience under climate change. Such an integrative concept for biodiversity and functionality, including spatial scales and multiple aspects of diversity and multifunctionality as well as physical and environmental structure in forests, will go far beyond the current widely applied approach in forestry to increase resilience of future forests through the manipulation of tree species composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Müller
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Rauhenebrach, Germany
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Grafenau, Germany
| | - Oliver Mitesser
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Rauhenebrach, Germany
| | - Marc W Cadotte
- Biological Sciences, University of Toronto-Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fons van der Plas
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Akira S Mori
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Christian Ammer
- Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anne Chao
- Institute of Statistics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | | | - Petr Baldrian
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Claus Bässler
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Grafenau, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Conservation Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Peter Biedermann
- Chair of Forest Entomology and Protection, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Stegen, Germany
| | - Simone Cesarz
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alice Claßen
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin M Delory
- Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Heike Feldhaar
- Department of Animal Ecology I, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Andreas Fichtner
- Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Hothorn
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Kuenzer
- German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Wessling, Germany
- Chair of Remote Sensing, Institute of Geography and Geology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marcell K Peters
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Pierick
- Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department for Spatial Structures and Digitization of Forests, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmitt
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schuldt
- Department of Botany II, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Seidel
- Department for Spatial Structures and Digitization of Forests, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Diana Six
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Simon Thorn
- Hessian Agency for Nature Conservation, Environment and Geology, State Institute for the Protection of Birds, Gießen, Germany
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Goddert von Oheimb
- Professur für Biodiversität und Naturschutz, Technische Universität Dresden, FR Forstwissenschaften, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Wegmann
- Chair of Remote Sensing, Institute of Geography and Geology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W Weisser
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Life Science Systems, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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9
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Yao Z, Xin Y, Yang L, Zhao L, Ali A. Precipitation and temperature regulate species diversity, plant coverage and aboveground biomass through opposing mechanisms in large-scale grasslands. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:999636. [PMID: 36531387 PMCID: PMC9751382 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.999636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although the relationships between species diversity and aboveground biomass (AGB) are highly debated in grassland ecosystems, it is not well understood how climatic factors influence AGB directly and indirectly via plant coverage and species diversity in large-scale grasslands along a topographic gradient. In doing so, we hypothesized that climatic factors would regulate plant coverage, species diversity and AGB due to maintaining plant metabolic and ecological processes, but the relationship of plant coverage with AGB would be stronger than species diversity due to covering physical niche space. METHODS To test the proposed hypothesis, we collected data for calculations of species richness, evenness, plant coverage and AGB across 123 grassland sites (i.e., the mean of 3 plots in each site) dominated by Leymus chinensis in northern China. We used a structural equation model for linking the direct and indirect effects of topographic slope, mean annual precipitation and temperature on AGB via plant coverage, species richness, and evenness through multiple complex pathways. RESULTS We found that plant coverage increased AGB, but species evenness declined AGB better than species richness. Topographic slope influenced AGB directly but not indirectly via plant coverage and species diversity, whereas temperature and precipitation increased with increasing topographic slope. Regarding opposing mechanisms, on the one hand, precipitation increased AGB directly and indirectly via plant coverage as compared to species richness and evenness. On the other hand, temperature declined AGB indirectly via plant coverage but increased via species evenness as compared to species richness, whereas the direct effect was negligible. DISCUSSION Our results show that niche complementarity and selection effects are jointly regulating AGB, but these processes are dependent on climatic factors. Plant coverage promoted the coexistence of species but depended greatly on precipitation and temperature. Our results highlight that precipitation and temperature are two key climatic drivers of species richness, evenness, plant coverage and AGB through complex direct and indirect pathways. Our study suggests that grasslands are sensitive to climate change, i.e., a decline in water availability and an increase in atmospheric heat. We argue that temperature and precipitation should be considered in grassland management for higher productivity in the context of both plant coverage and species diversity which underpin animals and human well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Yao
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecology and School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- Yinshanbeilu Grassland Eco-hydrological National Observation and Research Station, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Xin
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecology and School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Inner Mongolia Geological Exploration Institute of China Chemical Geology and Mine Bureau, Hohhot, China
| | - Liqing Zhao
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecology and School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Arshad Ali
- Forest Ecology Research Group, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
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10
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Dar JA, Kothandaraman S, Khare PK, Khan ML. Sacred groves of Central India: Diversity status, carbon storage, and conservation strategies. Biotropica 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.13157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javid Ahmad Dar
- Forest Ecology and Ecosystems Lab, Department of Botany Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University) Sagar Madhya Pradesh India
- Department of Environmental Science School of Engineering and Sciences, SRM University‐AP Guntur District Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Subashree Kothandaraman
- Forest Ecology and Ecosystems Lab, Department of Botany Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University) Sagar Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Pramod Kumar Khare
- Forest Ecology and Ecosystems Lab, Department of Botany Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University) Sagar Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Mohammed Latif Khan
- Forest Ecology and Ecosystems Lab, Department of Botany Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University) Sagar Madhya Pradesh India
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11
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Trends in Research on Forest Ecosystem Services in the Most Recent 20 Years: A Bibliometric Analysis. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13071087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Forest resources and the flow of ecosystem services they provide play a key role in supporting national and regional economies, improving people’s lives, protecting biodiversity, and mitigating the impacts of climate change. Based on the ISI (Institute of Scientific Information) Web of Science (WoS) database, we used a bibliometric approach to analyze the research status, evolution process, and hotspots of forest ecosystem services (FES) from a compilation of 8797 documents published between 1997 and 2019. The results indicated that: (1) research on forest ecosystem services has developed rapidly over the past 23 years. Institutions in the United States and other developed countries have significantly contributed to undertake research on the topic of ecosystem services. (2) The 11 hotpot key focus areas of completed research were payments for ecosystem services, biodiversity conservation, forest governance, ecosystem approaches, climate change, nitrogen, ecosystem management, pollination, cities, ecological restoration, and policy. (3) The trade-off relationships among ecosystem services, ecosystem resilience and stability have become the research frontier in this field. (4) Future research on FES will likely focus on the formation and evolution mechanism of ecosystem services; the interaction, feedback and intrinsic connections of ecosystem services at different scales; analysis of the trade-offs and synergies; unified evaluation standards, evaluation systems, model construction and scenario analyses; in-depth studies of the internal correlation mechanism between forest ecosystem services and human wellbeing; and realization of cross-disciplinary and multi-method integration in sustainable forest management and decision-making.
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12
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Yang Y, Li Y, Mei X, Yang M, Huang H, Du F, Wu J, He Y, Sun J, Wang H, He X, Zhu S, Li Y, Liu Y. Antimicrobial Terpenes Suppressed the Infection Process of Phytophthora in Fennel-Pepper Intercropping System. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:890534. [PMID: 35755704 PMCID: PMC9218821 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.890534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between non-host roots and pathogens may be key to the inhibition of soilborne pathogens in intercropping systems. Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) can be intercropped with a wide range of other plants to inhibit soilborne pathogens in biodiversity cultivation. However, the key compounds of fennel root exudates involved in the interactions between fennel roots and pathogens are still unknown. Here, a greenhouse experiment confirmed that intercropping with fennel suppressed pepper (Capsicum annuum) blight disease caused by Phytophthora capsici. Experimentally, the roots and root exudates of fennel can effectively interfere with the infection process of P. capsici at rhizosphere soil concentrations by attracting zoospores and inhibiting the motility of the zoospores and germination of the cystospores. Five terpene compounds (D-limonene, estragole, anethole, gamma-terpenes, and beta-myrcene) that were identified in the fennel rhizosphere soil and root exudates were found to interfere with P. capsica infection. D-limonene was associated with positive chemotaxis with zoospores, and a mixture of the five terpene compounds showed a strong synergistic effect on the infection process of P. capsici, especially for zoospore rupture. Furthermore, the five terpene compounds can induce the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially anethole, in hyphae. ROS accumulation may be one of the antimicrobial mechanisms of terpene compounds. Above all, we proposed that terpene compounds secreted from fennel root play a key role in Phytophthora disease suppression in this intercropping system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Xinyue Mei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- China France Plantomix Joint Laboratory, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Min Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- China France Plantomix Joint Laboratory, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Huichuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- China France Plantomix Joint Laboratory, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Fei Du
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- China France Plantomix Joint Laboratory, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Jiaqing Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yiyi He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Junwei Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Haining Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- China France Plantomix Joint Laboratory, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiahong He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- China France Plantomix Joint Laboratory, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Shusheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- China France Plantomix Joint Laboratory, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yingbin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- China France Plantomix Joint Laboratory, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yixiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- China France Plantomix Joint Laboratory, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
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13
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van Es SW. The times, they are a-changin'. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13716. [PMID: 35762126 PMCID: PMC9327713 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sam W. van Es
- Department of Plant PhysiologyUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
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14
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Liu J, Burgess KS, Ge X. Species pool size and rainfall account for the relationship between biodiversity and biomass production in natural forests of China. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8838. [PMID: 35475188 PMCID: PMC9022444 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The strength of biodiversity-biomass production relationships increases with increasing environmental stress and time. However, we know little about the effects of abiotic (e.g., climate) and biotic (e.g., species pool and community composition) factors on this trend. Whether variation in biomass production is best explained by phylogenetic diversity metrics or traditional measures of species richness also remains elusive. We compiled estimates of community composition and biomass production for tree species in 111 permanent quadrats spanning three natural forests (tropical, subtropical, and temperate) in China. Based on ~10 years of data, we compared temperature, rainfall, species pool size, and community composition in each forest each year. We estimated species richness and phylogenetic diversity in each quadrat each year; the latter metric was based on the sum of branch lengths of a phylogeny that connects species in each quadrat each year. Using generalized linear mixed-effect models, we found that top-ranked models included the interaction between forest and biodiversity and the interaction between forest and year for both biodiversity metrics. Variation in biomass production was best explained by phylogenetic diversity; biomass production generally increased with phylogenetic diversity, and the relationship was stronger in subtropical and temperate forests. Increasing species pool size, temperature, and rainfall and decreasing inter-quadrat dissimilarity range shifted the relationship between biomass production and phylogenetic diversity from positive to neutral. When considered alone, species pool size had the strongest influence on biomass production, while species pool size, rainfall, and their interaction with phylogenetic diversity constituted the top-ranked model. Our study highlights the importance of species pool size and rainfall on the relationship between phylogenetic diversity and biomass production in natural forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia‐Jia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Kevin S. Burgess
- Department of BiologyColumbus State University, University System of GeorgiaColumbusGeorgiaUSA
| | - Xue‐Jun Ge
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Center of Conservation BiologyCore Botanical GardensChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
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15
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Rodil IF, Lohrer AM, Attard KM, Thrush SF, Norkko A. Positive contribution of macrofaunal biodiversity to secondary production and seagrass carbon metabolism. Ecology 2022; 103:e3648. [PMID: 35080770 PMCID: PMC9287067 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Coastal vegetated habitats such as seagrasses are known to play a critical role in carbon cycling, and their potential to mitigate climate change as blue carbon habitats have been repeatedly highlighted. However, little is known about the role of associated macrofauna communities on the dynamics of critical processes of seagrass carbon metabolism (e.g. respiration, turnover, and production). We conducted a field study across a spatial gradient of seagrass meadows involving variable environmental conditions and macrobenthic diversity to investigate (1) the relationship between macrofauna biodiversity and secondary production (i.e. consumer incorporation of organic matter per time unit), and (2) the role of macrofauna communities in seagrass organic carbon metabolism (i.e. respiration and primary production). We show that while several environmental factors influence secondary production, macrofauna biodiversity controls the range of local seagrass secondary production. We demonstrate that macrofauna respiration rates were responsible for almost 40 % of the overall seafloor community respiration. Macrofauna represented on average > 25% of the total benthic organic C stocks, high secondary production that likely becomes available to upper trophic levels of the coastal food web. Our findings support the role of macrofauna biodiversity in maintaining productive ecosystems, implying that biodiversity loss due to ongoing environmental change yields less productive seagrass ecosystems. Hence, the assessment of carbon dynamics in coastal habitats should include associated macrofauna biodiversity elements if we aim to obtain robust estimates of global carbon budgets required to implement management actions for the sustainable functioning of the worlds' coasts. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván F. Rodil
- Department of Biology (INMAR), Faculty of Marine and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CádizPuerto RealSpain
- Tvärminne Zoological StationUniversity of HelsinkiHankoFinland
| | - Andrew M. Lohrer
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric ResearchHamiltonNew Zealand
| | - Karl M. Attard
- Tvärminne Zoological StationUniversity of HelsinkiHankoFinland
- Nordcee and HADAL, Department of BiologyUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
| | - Simon F. Thrush
- Institute of Marine ScienceUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Alf Norkko
- Tvärminne Zoological StationUniversity of HelsinkiHankoFinland
- Baltic Sea CentreStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
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16
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Tassone EE, Miles LS, Dyer RJ, Rosenberg MS, Cowling RM, Verrelli BC. Evolutionary stability, landscape heterogeneity, and human land-usage shape population genetic connectivity in the Cape Floristic Region biodiversity hotspot. Evol Appl 2021; 14:1109-1123. [PMID: 33897824 PMCID: PMC8061270 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As human-induced change eliminates natural habitats, it impacts genetic diversity and population connectivity for local biodiversity. The South African Cape Floristic Region (CFR) is the most diverse extratropical area for plant biodiversity, and much of its habitat is protected as a UNESCO World Heritage site. There has long been great interest in explaining the underlying factors driving this unique diversity, especially as much of the CFR is endangered by urbanization and other anthropogenic activity. Here, we use a population and landscape genetic analysis of SNP data from the CFR endemic plant Leucadendron salignum or "common sunshine conebush" as a model to address the evolutionary and environmental factors shaping the vast CFR diversity. We found that high population structure, along with relatively deeper and older genealogies, is characteristic of the southwestern CFR, whereas low population structure and more recent lineage coalescence depict the eastern CFR. Population network analyses show genetic connectivity is facilitated in areas of lower elevation and higher seasonal precipitation. These population genetic signatures corroborate CFR species-level patterns consistent with high Pleistocene biome stability and landscape heterogeneity in the southwest, but with coincident instability in the east. Finally, we also find evidence of human land-usage as a significant gene flow barrier, especially in severely threatened lowlands where genetic connectivity has been historically the highest. These results help identify areas where conservation plans can prioritize protecting high genetic diversity threatened by contemporary human activities within this unique cultural UNESCO site.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lindsay S. Miles
- Center for the Study of Biological ComplexityVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Rodney J. Dyer
- Center for Environmental StudiesVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Michael S. Rosenberg
- School of Life SciencesArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
- Center for the Study of Biological ComplexityVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Richard M. Cowling
- African Centre for Coastal PalaeoscienceBotany DepartmentNelson Mandela UniversityPort ElizabethSouth Africa
| | - Brian C. Verrelli
- School of Life SciencesArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
- Center for the Study of Biological ComplexityVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
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17
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Lopachev N, Lobkov V, Naumkin V, Bykov A. Efficiency of growth biostimulators in production of planting material of northern white cedar. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20213904009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An assessment of the efficacy of preparations (Kornevin, SP; Albit, TPS; Epin-extra) in the production of planting material of Northern white cedar by vegetative propagation with wood cuttings under the conditions of the Central Black Earth Region of the Russian Federation is given on the example of the Orel region. All the studied preparations had a significant effect on the rooting process of cuttings. The obtained and analyzed data of phenological observations showed that the greatest effect on the acceleration of the onset of the of root formation phase had preparation “Albit, TPS”, 3-4 weeks earlier than the control. The number of formed cuttings and their length were also mainly influenced by “Albit, TPS”, which increased the average number of roots by 3 pcs., and their average length by 44 mm, in comparison with the control. The effect of the use of the biostimulator “Albit, TPS” had a significant influence on the number of established cuttings, providing 20 rooted cuttings or 28% more than in the control.
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18
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Livingstone SW, Isaac ME, Cadotte MW. Invasive dominance and resident diversity: unpacking the impact of plant invasion on biodiversity and ecosystem function. ECOL MONOGR 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart W. Livingstone
- Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences University of Toronto Scarborough Toronto OntarioM1C 1A4Canada
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto Toronto OntarioM5S 3B2Canada
| | - Marney E. Isaac
- Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences University of Toronto Scarborough Toronto OntarioM1C 1A4Canada
| | - Marc W. Cadotte
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto Toronto OntarioM5S 3B2Canada
- Department of Biology University of Toronto Scarborough Toronto OntarioM1C 1A4Canada
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19
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Cao Y, Kong L, Zhang L, Ouyang Z. Spatial characteristics of ecological degradation and restoration in China from 2000 to 2015 using remote sensing. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Cao
- College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco‐Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100085 China
| | - Lingqiao Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco‐Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100085 China
| | - Lufeng Zhang
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Zhiyun Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco‐Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100085 China
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20
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Piñeiro-Guerra JM, Yahdjian L, Della Chiesa T, Piñeiro G. Nitrous oxide emissions decrease with plant diversity but increase with grassland primary productivity. Oecologia 2019; 190:497-507. [PMID: 31161469 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04424-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2O), a main greenhouse gas that contributes to ozone layer depletion, is released from soils. Even when it has been argued that agriculture is the main cause of its increase in the atmosphere, natural ecosystems are also an important source of N2O. However, the impacts of human activities on N2O emissions through biodiversity loss or primary productivity changes in natural ecosystems have rarely been assessed. Here, we analyzed the effects of vegetation attributes such as plant diversity and production, as drivers of N2O emission rates, in addition to environmental factors. We measured N2O emissions monthly during 1 year in 12 sites covering a large portion of the Rio de la Plata grasslands, Argentina, and related these emissions with climate, soil and vegetation attributes. We performed spatial and temporal models of N2O emissions separately, to evaluate which drivers control N2O in space and over time independently. Our results showed that in the spatial model, N2O emissions decreased with increments in plant species richness, with concomitant reductions in soil [Formula: see text] whereas N2O emissions increased with primary productivity. By contrast, in the temporal model, monthly precipitation and monthly temperature were the main drivers of N2O emissions, with positive correlations, showing important differences with the spatial model. Overall, our results show that biological drivers may exert substantial control of N2O emissions at large spatial scales, together with climate and soil variables. Our results suggest that biodiversity conservation of natural grasslands may reduce regional greenhouse gas emissions, besides maintaining other important ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Piñeiro-Guerra
- Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente, Cátedra de Ecología, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas(CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Laura Yahdjian
- Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente, Cátedra de Ecología, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas(CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tomas Della Chiesa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas(CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente, Cátedra de Climatología y Fenología Agrícolas, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gervasio Piñeiro
- Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente, Cátedra de Ecología, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas(CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Hu A, Zhang J, Chen XJ, Millner JP, Chang SH, Bowatte S, Hou FJ. The composition, richness, and evenness of seedlings from the soil seed bank of a semi-arid steppe in northern China are affected by long-term stocking rates of sheep and rainfall variation. RANGELAND JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/rj18025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The soil seed bank has a large influence on the potential for grassland restoration. This study aimed to characterise the composition, density, richness, and evenness of seedlings emerging from the soil seed bank under different sheep stocking rates, in a summer grazing system, in semi-arid China. Soil was sampled in 2015, a year with extreme drought conditions and in 2016, a normal rainfall year. The soil seed bank was assessed by measuring seedling emergence under laboratory conditions. Comprising 16 species, 85.4% of the seedlings were concentrated within a depth of 0–5cm. Drought significantly reduced the density and richness of the seedlings. Grazing increased the richness of seedlings by increasing the richness of aboveground species, and grazing significantly reduced the evenness of the seedlings by reducing the evenness of aboveground species. Drought significantly reduced the similarities between the seedlings and the aboveground species, whereas grazing increased similarities in both years. This study revealed that the density and richness of seedlings were higher in higher stocking rate in drought year. We conclude that negative effects on density, richness and evenness of the seedlings caused by drought can be overcome by rotational grazing especially at higher stocking rate.
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Pan Q, Tian D, Naeem S, Auerswald K, Elser JJ, Bai Y, Huang J, Wang Q, Wang H, Wu J, Han X. Effects of functional diversity loss on ecosystem functions are influenced by compensation. Ecology 2018; 97:2293-2302. [PMID: 27859077 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the impacts of biodiversity loss on ecosystem functioning and services has been a central issue in ecology. Experiments in synthetic communities suggest that biodiversity loss may erode a set of ecosystem functions, but studies in natural communities indicate that the effects of biodiversity loss are usually weak and that multiple functions can be sustained by relatively few species. Yet, the mechanisms by which natural ecosystems are able to maintain multiple functions in the face of diversity loss remain poorly understood. With a long-term and large-scale removal experiment in the Inner Mongolian grassland, here we showed that losses of plant functional groups (PFGs) can reduce multiple ecosystem functions, including biomass production, soil NO3 -N use, net ecosystem carbon exchange, gross ecosystem productivity, and ecosystem respiration, but the magnitudes of these effects depended largely on which PFGs were removed. Removing the two dominant PFGs (perennial rhizomatous grasses and perennial bunchgrasses) simultaneously resulted in dramatic declines in all examined functions, but such declines were circumvented when either dominant PFG was present. We identify the major mechanism for this as a compensation effect by which each dominant PFG can mitigate the losses of others. This study provides evidence that compensation ensuing from PFG losses can mitigate their negative consequence, and thus natural communities may be more resilient to biodiversity loss than currently thought if the remaining PFGs have strong compensation capabilities. On the other hand, ecosystems without well-developed compensatory functional diversity may be much more vulnerable to biodiversity loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingmin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China
| | - Dashuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Shahid Naeem
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, 1200 Amsterdam Avenue, Schermerhorn Extension, New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Karl Auerswald
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Department of Plant Science, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, 85350, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - James J Elser
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85287, USA
| | - Yongfei Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China
| | - Qibing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Box 1030, Swift Current, Saskatchewan, S9H 3X2, Canada
| | - Jianguo Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85287, USA
| | - Xingguo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Forest and Soil Ecology, Institute of Applied Ecology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 110016, Shenyang, China
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23
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Veen GF, van der Putten WH, Bezemer TM. Biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships in a long-term non-weeded field experiment. Ecology 2018; 99:1836-1846. [PMID: 29845613 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Many grassland biodiversity experiments show a positive relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, however, in most of these experiments plant communities are established by sowing and natural colonization is prevented by selective weeding of non-sown species. During ecosystem restoration, for example on abandoned fields, plant communities start on bare soil, and diversity is often manipulated in a single sowing event. How such initial plant diversity manipulations influence plant biodiversity development and ecosystem functioning is not well understood. We examined how relationships between taxonomic and functional diversity, biomass production and stability develop over 16 yr in non-weeded plots sown with 15 species, four species, or that were not sown. We found that sown plant communities become functionally similar to unsown, naturally colonized plant communities. However, initial sowing treatments had long-lasting effects on species composition and taxonomic diversity. We found only few relationships between biomass production, or stability in biomass production, and functional or taxonomic diversity, and the ones we observed were negative. In addition, the cover of dominant plant species was positively related to biomass production and stability. We conclude that effects of introducing plant species at the start of secondary succession can persist for a long time, and that in secondary succession communities with natural plant species dynamics diversity-functioning relationships can be weak or negative. Moreover, our findings indicate that in systems where natural colonization of species is allowed effects of plant dominance may underlie diversity-functioning relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Veen
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, P.O. Box 50, Wageningen, 6700 AB, The Netherlands
| | - Wim H van der Putten
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, P.O. Box 50, Wageningen, 6700 AB, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8123, Wageningen, 6700 ES, The Netherlands
| | - T Martijn Bezemer
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, P.O. Box 50, Wageningen, 6700 AB, The Netherlands
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24
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Fanin N, Gundale MJ, Farrell M, Ciobanu M, Baldock JA, Nilsson MC, Kardol P, Wardle DA. Consistent effects of biodiversity loss on multifunctionality across contrasting ecosystems. Nat Ecol Evol 2017; 2:269-278. [PMID: 29255299 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0415-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how loss of biodiversity affects ecosystem functioning, and thus the delivery of ecosystem goods and services, has become increasingly necessary in a changing world. Considerable recent attention has focused on predicting how biodiversity loss simultaneously impacts multiple ecosystem functions (that is, ecosystem multifunctionality), but the ways in which these effects vary across ecosystems remain unclear. Here, we report the results of two 19-year plant diversity manipulation experiments, each established across a strong environmental gradient. Although the effects of plant and associated fungal diversity loss on individual functions frequently differed among ecosystems, the consequences of biodiversity loss for multifunctionality were relatively invariant. However, the context-dependency of biodiversity effects also worked in opposing directions for different individual functions, meaning that similar multifunctionality values across contrasting ecosystems could potentially mask important differences in the effects of biodiversity on functioning among ecosystems. Our findings highlight that an understanding of the relative contribution of species or functional groups to individual ecosystem functions among contrasting ecosystems and their interactions (that is, complementarity versus competition) is critical for guiding management efforts aimed at maintaining ecosystem multifunctionality and the delivery of multiple ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Fanin
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden. .,Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1391 Interaction Soil Plant Atmosphere, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, Villenave-d'Ornon, France.
| | - Michael J Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mark Farrell
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Locked Bag 2, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Marcel Ciobanu
- Institute of Biological Research, Republicii Street 48, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Jeff A Baldock
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Locked Bag 2, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Marie-Charlotte Nilsson
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Paul Kardol
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - David A Wardle
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden.,Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore
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25
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Guerrero-Ramírez NR, Craven D, Reich PB, Ewel JJ, Isbell F, Koricheva J, Parrotta JA, Auge H, Erickson HE, Forrester DI, Hector A, Joshi J, Montagnini F, Palmborg C, Piotto D, Potvin C, Roscher C, van Ruijven J, Tilman D, Wilsey B, Eisenhauer N. Diversity-dependent temporal divergence of ecosystem functioning in experimental ecosystems. Nat Ecol Evol 2017; 1:1639-1642. [PMID: 28970481 PMCID: PMC5659383 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0325-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning generally increase over time, but the underlying processes remain unclear. Using 26 long-term grassland and forest experimental ecosystems, we demonstrate that biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships strengthen mainly by greater increases in functioning in high-diversity communities in grasslands and forests. In grasslands, biodiversity effects also strengthen due to decreases in functioning in low-diversity communities. Contrasting trends across grasslands are associated with differences in soil characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaly R Guerrero-Ramírez
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.
| | - Dylan Craven
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Halle, 06120, Germany
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales, 2753, Australia
| | - John J Ewel
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Forest Isbell
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Julia Koricheva
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - John A Parrotta
- United States Forest Service, Washington, DC, 20250-1120, USA
| | - Harald Auge
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Halle, 06120, Germany
| | - Heather E Erickson
- Consulting Research Ecology, Portland, OR, 97212, USA
- United States Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR, 97205, USA
| | - David I Forrester
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, CH-8903, Switzerland
| | - Andy Hector
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Jasmin Joshi
- Biodiversity Research/Systematic Botany, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, 14469, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Florencia Montagnini
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Cecilia Palmborg
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 90183, Sweden
| | - Daniel Piotto
- Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Itabuna-BA, 45613-204, Brazil
| | - Catherine Potvin
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, H3A-1B1, Canada
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa Ancon, 0843-03092, Republic of Panama
| | - Christiane Roscher
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Department of Physiological Diversity, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Jasper van Ruijven
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - David Tilman
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93108, USA
| | - Brian Wilsey
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
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26
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Weisser WW, Roscher C, Meyer ST, Ebeling A, Luo G, Allan E, Beßler H, Barnard RL, Buchmann N, Buscot F, Engels C, Fischer C, Fischer M, Gessler A, Gleixner G, Halle S, Hildebrandt A, Hillebrand H, de Kroon H, Lange M, Leimer S, Le Roux X, Milcu A, Mommer L, Niklaus PA, Oelmann Y, Proulx R, Roy J, Scherber C, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Scheu S, Tscharntke T, Wachendorf M, Wagg C, Weigelt A, Wilcke W, Wirth C, Schulze ED, Schmid B, Eisenhauer N. Biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning in a 15-year grassland experiment: Patterns, mechanisms, and open questions. Basic Appl Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Flombaum
- Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmósfera, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, and Depto de Ecología Genética y Evolución; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Univ. de Buenos Aires; Pab II Piso 2, Ciudad Universitaria. (1428) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Roxana Aragón
- Inst. de Ecología Regional; Univ. Nacional de Tucumán, and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Yerba Buena Tucumán Argentina
| | - Enrique J. Chaneton
- Inst. de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA-CONICET) and Facultad de Agronomía; Univ. de Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
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28
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Flombaum P, Yahdjian L, Sala OE. Global-change drivers of ecosystem functioning modulated by natural variability and saturating responses. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:503-511. [PMID: 27435939 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Humans are altering global environment at an unprecedented rate through changes in biodiversity, climate, nitrogen cycle, and land use. To address their effects on ecosystem functioning, experiments most frequently explore one driver at a time and control as many confounding factors as possible. Yet, which driver exerts the largest influence on ecosystem functioning and whether their relative importance changes among systems remain unclear. We analyzed experiments in the Patagonian steppe that evaluated the aboveground net primary production (ANPP) response to manipulated gradients of species richness, precipitation, temperature, nitrogen fertilization (N), and grazing intensity. We compared the effect on ANPP relative to ambient conditions considering intensity and direction of manipulations for each driver. The ranking of responses to drivers with comparable manipulation intensity was as follows: biodiversity>grazing>precipitation>N. For a similar intensity of manipulation, the effect of biodiversity loss was 4.0, 3.6, and 1.5, times larger than N deposition, decreased precipitation, and increased grazing intensity. We interpreted our results considering two hypotheses. First, the response of ANPP to changes in precipitation and biodiversity is saturating, so we expected larger effects when the driver was reduced, relative to ambient conditions, than when it was increased. Experimental manipulations that reduced ambient levels had larger effects than those that increased them. Second, the sensitivity of ANPP to each driver is inversely related to the natural variability of the driver. In Patagonia, the ranking of natural variability of drivers is as follows: precipitation>grazing>temperature>biodiversity>N. So, in general, the ecosystem was most sensitive to drivers that varied the least. Comparable results from Cedar Creek (MN) support both hypotheses and suggest that sensitivity to drivers varies among ecosystem types. Given the importance of understanding ecosystem sensitivity to predict global-change impacts, it is necessary to design new experiments located in regions with contrasting natural variability and that include the full range of drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Flombaum
- Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmósfera, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, and Departamento de Ecología Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón II piso 2, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Laura Yahdjian
- Facultad de Agronomía, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura, and Cátedra de Ecología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Avenida San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Argentina
| | - Osvaldo E Sala
- School of Life Sciences and School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, PO Box 874501, Tempe, AZ, 85287-4501, USA
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29
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Maestre FT, Eldridge DJ, Soliveres S, Kéfi S, Delgado-Baquerizo M, Bowker MA, García-Palacios P, Gaitán J, Gallardo A, Lázaro R, Berdugo M. Structure and functioning of dryland ecosystems in a changing world. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION, AND SYSTEMATICS 2016; 47:215-237. [PMID: 28239303 PMCID: PMC5321561 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-121415-032311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how drylands respond to ongoing environmental change is extremely important for global sustainability. Here we review how biotic attributes, climate, grazing pressure, land cover change and nitrogen deposition affect the functioning of drylands at multiple spatial scales. Our synthesis highlights the importance of biotic attributes (e.g. species richness) in maintaining fundamental ecosystem processes such as primary productivity, illustrate how N deposition and grazing pressure are impacting ecosystem functioning in drylands worldwide, and highlight the importance of the traits of woody species as drivers of their expansion in former grasslands. We also emphasize the role of attributes such as species richness and abundance in controlling the responses of ecosystem functioning to climate change. This knowledge is essential to guide conservation and restoration efforts in drylands, as biotic attributes can be actively managed at the local scale to increase ecosystem resilience to global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando T Maestre
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
| | - David J Eldridge
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Santiago Soliveres
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Alternbengrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sonia Kéfi
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, CC 065, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Manuel Delgado-Baquerizo
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, 2751, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew A Bowker
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, 200 East Pine Knoll Drive, AZ 86011, Flagstaff, USA
| | - Pablo García-Palacios
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
| | - Juan Gaitán
- Instituto de Suelos, CIRN, INTA, Nicolas Repetto y de los Reseros Sin Número, 1686 Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonio Gallardo
- Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera kilómetro 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Roberto Lázaro
- Departamento de Desertificación y Geoecología. Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, CSIC, Almería, Spain
| | - Miguel Berdugo
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
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30
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Temporal and Spatial Patterns in Inputs and Stock of Organic Matter in Savannah Streams of Central Brazil. Ecosystems 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-016-0058-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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31
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Zhang Y, Chen HYH, Taylor AR. Positive species diversity and above‐ground biomass relationships are ubiquitous across forest strata despite interference from overstorey trees. Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management Lakehead University 955 Oliver Road Thunder Bay Ontario P7B 5E1 Canada
| | - Han Y. H. Chen
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management Lakehead University 955 Oliver Road Thunder Bay Ontario P7B 5E1 Canada
| | - Anthony R. Taylor
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management Lakehead University 955 Oliver Road Thunder Bay Ontario P7B 5E1 Canada
- Atlantic Forestry Centre Canadian Forest Service Natural Resources Canada 1350 Regent Street Fredericton New Brunswick E3B 5P7 Canada
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Liu J, Zhang X, Song F, Zhou S, Cadotte MW, Bradshaw CJA. Explaining maximum variation in productivity requires phylogenetic diversity and single functional traits. Ecology 2015; 96:176-83. [DOI: 10.1890/14-1034.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433 People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Feifan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Shurong Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433 People's Republic of China
| | - Marc W. Cadotte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto–Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4 Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Wilcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - Corey J. A. Bradshaw
- The Environment Institute and School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005 Australia
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Valverde-Barrantes OJ, Smemo KA, Feinstein LM, Kershner MW, Blackwood CB. Aggregated and complementary: symmetric proliferation, overyielding, and mass effects explain fine-root biomass in soil patches in a diverse temperate deciduous forest landscape. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:731-742. [PMID: 25441303 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Few studies describe root distributions at the species level in diverse forests, although belowground species interactions and traits are often assumed to affect fine-root biomass (FRB). We used molecular barcoding to study how FRB of trees relates to soil characteristics, species identity, root diversity, and root traits, and how these relationships are affected by proximity to ecotones in a temperate forest landscape. We found that soil patch root biomass increased in response to soil resources across all species, and there was little belowground vertical or horizontal spatial segregation among species. Root traits and species relative abundance did not explain significant variation in FRB after correcting for soil fertility. A positive relationship between phylogenetic diversity and FRB indicated significant belowground overyielding attributable to local root diversity. Finally, variation in FRB explained by soil fertility and diversity was reduced near ecotones, but only because of a reduction in biomass in periodically anoxic areas. These results suggest that symmetric responses to soil properties are coupled with complementary species traits and interactions to explain variation in FRB among soil patches. In addition, landscape-level dispersal among habitats and across ecotones helps explain variation in the strength of these relationships in complex landscapes.
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Plant-plant-microbe mechanisms involved in soil-borne disease suppression on a maize and pepper intercropping system. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115052. [PMID: 25551554 PMCID: PMC4281244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intercropping systems could increase crop diversity and avoid vulnerability to biotic stresses. Most studies have shown that intercropping can provide relief to crops against wind-dispersed pathogens. However, there was limited data on how the practice of intercropping help crops against soil-borne Phytophthora disease. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Compared to pepper monoculture, a large scale intercropping study of maize grown between pepper rows reduced disease levels of the soil-borne pepper Phytophthora blight. These reduced disease levels of Phytophthora in the intercropping system were correlated with the ability of maize plants to form a "root wall" that restricted the movement of Phytophthora capsici across rows. Experimentally, it was found that maize roots attracted the zoospores of P. capsici and then inhibited their growth. When maize plants were grown in close proximity to each other, the roots produced and secreted larger quantities of 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (DIMBOA) and 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone (MBOA). Furthermore, MBOA, benzothiazole (BZO), and 2-(methylthio)-benzothiazole (MBZO) were identified in root exudates of maize and showed antimicrobial activity against P. capsici. CONCLUSIONS Maize could form a "root wall" to restrict the spread of P. capsici across rows in maize and pepper intercropping systems. Antimicrobe compounds secreted by maize root were one of the factors that resulted in the inhibition of P. capsici. These results provide new insights into plant-plant-microbe mechanisms involved in intercropping systems.
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36
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Constán-Nava S, Soliveres S, Torices R, Serra L, Bonet A. Direct and indirect effects of invasion by the alien tree Ailanthus altissima on riparian plant communities and ecosystem multifunctionality. Biol Invasions 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-014-0780-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Mallett RK, Hovenden MJ. Density and assemblage influence the nature of the species richness-productivity relationship in Australian dry sclerophyll forest species. AUSTRAL ECOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth K. Mallett
- School of Plant Science; University of Tasmania; Private Bag 55 Hobart Tas. 7001 Australia
| | - Mark J. Hovenden
- School of Plant Science; University of Tasmania; Private Bag 55 Hobart Tas. 7001 Australia
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38
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Gross K, Cardinale BJ, Fox JW, Gonzalez A, Loreau M, Wayne Polley H, Reich PB, van Ruijven J. Species Richness and the Temporal Stability of Biomass Production: A New Analysis of Recent Biodiversity Experiments. Am Nat 2014; 183:1-12. [DOI: 10.1086/673915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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39
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Barrufol M, Schmid B, Bruelheide H, Chi X, Hector A, Ma K, Michalski S, Tang Z, Niklaus PA. Biodiversity promotes tree growth during succession in subtropical forest. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81246. [PMID: 24303037 PMCID: PMC3841117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Losses of plant species diversity can affect ecosystem functioning, with decreased primary productivity being the most frequently reported effect in experimental plant assemblages, including tree plantations. Less is known about the role of biodiversity in natural ecosystems, including forests, despite their importance for global biogeochemical cycling and climate. In general, experimental manipulations of tree diversity will take decades to yield final results. To date, biodiversity effects in natural forests therefore have only been reported from sample surveys or meta-analyses with plots not initially selected for diversity. We studied biomass and growth of subtropical forests stands in southeastern China. Taking advantage of variation in species recruitment during secondary succession, we adopted a comparative study design selecting forest plots to span a gradient in species richness. We repeatedly censored the stem diameter of two tree size cohorts, comprising 93 species belonging to 57 genera and 33 families. Tree size and growth were analyzed in dependence of species richness, the functional diversity of growth-related traits, and phylogenetic diversity, using both general linear and structural equation modeling. Successional age covaried with diversity, but differently so in the two size cohorts. Plot-level stem basal area and growth were positively related with species richness, while growth was negatively related to successional age. The productivity increase in species-rich, functionally and phylogenetically diverse plots was driven by both larger mean sizes and larger numbers of trees. The biodiversity effects we report exceed those from experimental studies, sample surveys and meta-analyses, suggesting that subtropical tree diversity is an important driver of forest productivity and re-growth after disturbance that supports the provision of ecological services by these ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Barrufol
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich,Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Schmid
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich,Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- Institute of Biology / Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Xiulian Chi
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Andrew Hector
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich,Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Keping Ma
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Stefan Michalski
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, UFZ, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Zhiyao Tang
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Pascal A. Niklaus
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich,Zürich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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41
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Sowing different mixtures in dry acidic grassland produced priority effects of varying strength. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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42
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Interactions among resource partitioning, sampling effect, and facilitation on the biodiversity effect: a modeling approach. Oecologia 2013; 174:559-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-013-2775-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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43
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Increasing plant diversity effects on productivity with time due to delayed soil biota effects on plants. Basic Appl Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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44
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CARVALHO PRISCILLA, THOMAZ SIDINEIMAGELA, KOBAYASHI JOSILAINETAECO, BINI LUISMAURICIO. Species richness increases the resilience of wetland plant communities in a tropical floodplain. AUSTRAL ECOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- PRISCILLA CARVALHO
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá; Nupelia, PEA-UEM, Av. Colombo, 5790; CEP: 87020-900; Maringá; PR; Brazil
| | - SIDINEI MAGELA THOMAZ
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá; Nupelia, PEA-UEM, Av. Colombo, 5790; CEP: 87020-900; Maringá; PR; Brazil
| | - JOSILAINE TAECO KOBAYASHI
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá; Nupelia, PEA-UEM, Av. Colombo, 5790; CEP: 87020-900; Maringá; PR; Brazil
| | - LUIS MAURICIO BINI
- Universidade Federal de Goiás; ICB; Departamento de Ecologia; Goiânia; GO; Brazil
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45
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Moreira X, Mooney KA, Zas R, Sampedro L. Bottom-up effects of host-plant species diversity and top-down effects of ants interactively increase plant performance. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:4464-72. [PMID: 22951745 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.0893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While plant diversity is well known to increase primary productivity, whether these bottom-up effects are enhanced by reciprocal top-down effects from the third trophic level is unknown. We studied whether pine tree species diversity, aphid-tending ants and their interaction determined plant performance and arthropod community structure. Plant diversity had a positive effect on aphids, but only in the presence of mutualistic ants, leading to a threefold greater number of both groups in the tri-specific cultures than in monocultures. Plant diversity increased ant abundance not only by increasing aphid number, but also by increasing ant recruitment per aphid. The positive effect of diversity on ants in turn cascaded down to increase plant performance; diversity increased plant growth (but not biomass), and this effect was stronger in the presence of ants. Consequently, bottom-up effects of diversity within the same genus and guild of plants, and top-down effects from the third trophic level (predatory ants), interactively increased plant performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xoaquín Moreira
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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46
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Schabhüttl S, Hingsamer P, Weigelhofer G, Hein T, Weigert A, Striebel M. Temperature and species richness effects in phytoplankton communities. Oecologia 2012; 171:527-36. [PMID: 22847329 PMCID: PMC3548109 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-012-2419-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phytoplankton play an important role as primary producers and thus can affect higher trophic levels. Phytoplankton growth and diversity may, besides other factors, be controlled by seasonal temperature changes and increasing water temperatures. In this study, we investigated the combined effects of temperature and diversity on phytoplankton growth. In a controlled laboratory experiment, monocultures of 15 freshwater phytoplankton taxa (green algae, cyanobacteria, and diatoms) as well as 25 mixed communities of different species richness (2–12 species) and taxa composition were exposed to constant temperatures of 12, 18, and 24 °C. Additionally, they were exposed to short-term daily temperature peaks of +4 °C. Increased species richness had a positive effect on phytoplankton growth rates and phosphorous content at all temperature levels, with maximum values occurring at 18 °C. Overyielding was observed at almost all temperature levels and could mostly be explained by complementary traits. Higher temperatures resulted in higher fractions of cyanobacteria in communities. This negative effect of temperature on phytoplankton diversity following a shift in community composition was most obvious in communities adapted to cooler temperatures, pointing to the assumption that relative temperature changes may be more important than absolute ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schabhüttl
- WasserCluster Lunz, Dr. Carl Kupelwieser Promenade 5, 3293 Lunz am See, Austria
- Department of Limnology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Hingsamer
- Department of Organismic Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Thomas Hein
- WasserCluster Lunz, Dr. Carl Kupelwieser Promenade 5, 3293 Lunz am See, Austria
- Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Max Emanuel-Strasse 17, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Achim Weigert
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Grosshaderner Strasse 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Maren Striebel
- WasserCluster Lunz, Dr. Carl Kupelwieser Promenade 5, 3293 Lunz am See, Austria
- Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Max Emanuel-Strasse 17, 1180 Vienna, Austria
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47
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Flombaum P, Sala OE. Effects of plant species traits on ecosystem processes: experiments in the Patagonian steppe. Ecology 2012; 93:227-34. [DOI: 10.1890/11-0722.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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48
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Maestre FT, Quero JL, Gotelli NJ, Escudero A, Ochoa V, Delgado-Baquerizo M, García-Gómez M, Bowker MA, Soliveres S, Escolar C, García-Palacios P, Berdugo M, Valencia E, Gozalo B, Gallardo A, Aguilera L, Arredondo T, Blones J, Boeken B, Bran D, Conceição AA, Cabrera O, Chaieb M, Derak M, Eldridge DJ, Espinosa CI, Florentino A, Gaitán J, Gatica MG, Ghiloufi W, Gómez-González S, Gutiérrez JR, Hernández RM, Huang X, Huber-Sannwald E, Jankju M, Miriti M, Monerris J, Mau RL, Morici E, Naseri K, Ospina A, Polo V, Prina A, Pucheta E, Ramírez-Collantes DA, Romão R, Tighe M, Torres-Díaz C, Val J, Veiga JP, Wang D, Zaady E. Plant species richness and ecosystem multifunctionality in global drylands. Science 2012; 335:214-8. [PMID: 22246775 PMCID: PMC3558739 DOI: 10.1126/science.1215442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 581] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Experiments suggest that biodiversity enhances the ability of ecosystems to maintain multiple functions, such as carbon storage, productivity, and the buildup of nutrient pools (multifunctionality). However, the relationship between biodiversity and multifunctionality has never been assessed globally in natural ecosystems. We report here on a global empirical study relating plant species richness and abiotic factors to multifunctionality in drylands, which collectively cover 41% of Earth's land surface and support over 38% of the human population. Multifunctionality was positively and significantly related to species richness. The best-fitting models accounted for over 55% of the variation in multifunctionality and always included species richness as a predictor variable. Our results suggest that the preservation of plant biodiversity is crucial to buffer negative effects of climate change and desertification in drylands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando T Maestre
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán Sin Número, 28933 Móstoles, Spain.
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49
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Korhonen JJ, Wang J, Soininen J. Productivity-diversity relationships in lake plankton communities. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22041. [PMID: 21850218 PMCID: PMC3151241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most intriguing environmental gradients connected with variation in diversity is ecosystem productivity. The role of diversity in ecosystems is pivotal, because species richness can be both a cause and a consequence of primary production. However, the mechanisms behind the varying productivity-diversity relationships (PDR) remain poorly understood. Moreover, large-scale studies on PDR across taxa are urgently needed. Here, we examined the relationships between resource supply and phyto-, bacterio-, and zooplankton richness in 100 small boreal lakes. We studied the PDR locally within the drainage systems and regionally across the systems. Second, we studied the relationships between resource availability, species richness, biomass and resource ratio (N:P) in phytoplankton communities using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) for testing the multivariate hypothesis of PDR. At the local scale, the PDR showed variable patterns ranging from positive linear and unimodal to negative linear relationships for all planktonic groups. At the regional scale, PDRs were significantly linear and positive for phyto- and zooplankton. Phytoplankton richness and the amount of chlorophyll a showed a positive linear relationship indicating that communities consisting of higher number of species were able to produce higher levels of biomass. According to the SEM, phytoplankton biomass was largely related to resource availability, yet there was a pathway via community richness. Finally, we found that species richness at all trophic levels was correlated with several environmental factors, and was also related to richness at the other trophic levels. This study showed that the PDRs in freshwaters show scale-dependency. We also documented that the PDR complies with the multivariate model showing that plant biomass is not mirroring merely the resource availability, but is also influenced by richness. This highlights the need for conserving diversity in order to maintain ecosystem processes in freshwaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni J Korhonen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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50
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Kelly CK, Blundell SJ, Bowler MG, Fox GA, Harvey PH, Lomas MR, Ian Woodward F. The statistical mechanics of community assembly and species distribution. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 191:819-827. [PMID: 21534968 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03721.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
• Theoretically, communities at or near their equilibrium species number resist entry of new species. Such 'biotic resistance' recently has been questioned because of successful entry of alien species into diverse natural communities. • Data on 10,409 naturalizations of 5350 plant species over 16 sites dispersed globally show exponential distributions both for species over sites and for sites over number of species shared. These exponentials signal a statistical mechanics of species distribution, assuming two conditions. First, species and sites are equivalent, either identical ('neutral') or so complex that the chance a species is in the right place at the right time is vanishingly small ('idiosyncratic'); the range of species and sites in our data disallows a neutral explanation. Secondly, the total number of naturalizations is fixed in any era by a 'regulator'. • Previous correlation of species naturalization rates with net primary productivity over time suggests that the regulator is related to productivity. • We conclude that biotic resistance is a moving ceiling, with resistance controlled by productivity. The general observation that the majority of species occur naturally at only a few sites, and only a few species occur at many sites, now has a quantitative (exponential) character, offering the study of species' distributions a previously unavailable rigor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen K Kelly
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Stephen J Blundell
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
| | - Michael G Bowler
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
| | - Gordon A Fox
- Department of Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Paul H Harvey
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Mark R Lomas
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - F Ian Woodward
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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