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Mácha H, Luptáková D, Juránek I, Andrén PE, Havlíček V. Hypoxic-Ischemic Insult Alters Polyamine and Neurotransmitter Abundance in the Specific Neonatal Rat Brain Subregions. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:2811-2821. [PMID: 39058922 PMCID: PMC11311127 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain insult is a major cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity. To assess the underlying pathological mechanisms, we mapped the spatiotemporal changes in polyamine, amino acid, and neurotransmitter levels, following HI insult (by the Rice-Vannucci method) in the brains of seven-day-old rat pups. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging of chemically modified small-molecule metabolites by 4-(anthracen-9-yl)-2-fluoro-1-methylpyridin-1-ium iodide revealed critical HI-related metabolomic changes of 22 metabolites in 14 rat brain subregions, much earlier than light microscopy detected signs of neuronal damage. For the first time, we demonstrated excessive polyamine oxidation and accumulation of 3-aminopropanal in HI neonatal brains, which was later accompanied by neuronal apoptosis enhanced by increases in glycine and norepinephrine in critically affected brain regions. Specifically, putrescine, cadaverine, and 3-aminopropanal increased significantly as early as 12 h postinsult, mainly in motor and somatosensory cortex, hippocampus, and midbrain, followed by an increase in norepinephrine 24 h postinsult, which was predominant in the caudate putamen, the region most vulnerable to HI. The decrease of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the continuous dysregulation of the GABAergic system together with low taurine levels up to 36 h sustained progressive neurodegenerative cellular processes. The molecular alterations presented here at the subregional rat brain level provided unprecedented insight into early metabolomic changes in HI-insulted neonatal brains, which may further aid in the identification of novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of neonatal HI encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hynek Mácha
- Institute
of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 142 00, Czech Republic
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, Olomouc 771 46, Czech Republic
| | - Dominika Luptáková
- Institute
of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 142 00, Czech Republic
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Spatial Mass Spectrometry, Science
for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Uppsala 75124, Sweden
- Biomedical
Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ivo Juránek
- Centre
of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy
of Sciences, Dúbravská
Cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Per E. Andrén
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Spatial Mass Spectrometry, Science
for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Uppsala 75124, Sweden
| | - Vladimír Havlíček
- Institute
of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 142 00, Czech Republic
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, Olomouc 771 46, Czech Republic
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Yang P, Shi M, Jia Y, Zhong C, Peng H, Sun L, Guo D, Chen J, Wang A, Xu T, Zhu Z, Zhang Y, He J. Plasma Polyamines and Short-Term Adverse Outcomes Among Patients With Ischemic Stroke: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e035837. [PMID: 39082415 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.124.035837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyamines have been reported to be associated with neurological function, but the associations between polyamines and the prognosis of ischemic stroke remain unclear. We aimed to prospectively investigate whether elevated plasma polyamine levels are associated with adverse outcomes in patients with ischemic stroke. METHODS AND RESULTS Plasma polyamine levels were measured at admission in 3570 patients with acute ischemic stroke, and clinical outcomes were assessed at 3 months after stroke onset. The primary outcome was a composite outcome of death and major disability (modified Rankin Scale score≥3), and secondary outcomes included the individual outcomes of death and major disability. During a 3-month follow-up period, 877 participants (25.1%) experienced the primary outcome. Increased putrescines were associated with a decreased risk of the primary outcome (the highest versus the lowest tertile: odds ratio, 0.72 [95% CI, 0.58-0.91]; P=0.005) and major disability (odds ratio, 0.59 [95% CI, 0.47-0.74]; P<0.001). Conversely, increased spermidines were associated with an increased risk of death (hazard ratio, 1.86 [95% CI, 1.10-3.14]; P=0.020), and increased spermines were associated with an increased risk of the primary outcome (odds ratio, 1.36 [95% CI, 1.08-1.71]; P=0.009) and major disability (odds ratio, 1.27 [95% CI, 1.01-1.59]; P=0.041). CONCLUSIONS Among patients with ischemic stroke, high plasma putrescine levels were associated with a decreased risk of adverse outcomes, whereas high plasma spermidine and spermine levels were associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes. Further studies are needed to investigate whether targeting these polyamines can improve the prognosis of patients with ischemic stroke. REGISTRATION https://clinicaltrials.gov. Identifier: NCT01840072.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinni Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Mengyao Shi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University Suzhou China
- Department of Epidemiology Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine New Orleans LA USA
| | - Yiming Jia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Chongke Zhong
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Hao Peng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University Suzhou China
- Department of Epidemiology Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine New Orleans LA USA
| | - Lulu Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Daoxia Guo
- School of Nursing Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Epidemiology Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine New Orleans LA USA
- Department of Medicine Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans LA USA
| | - Aili Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Tan Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Zhengbao Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University Suzhou China
- Department of Epidemiology Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine New Orleans LA USA
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Jiang He
- Department of Epidemiology Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine New Orleans LA USA
- Department of Medicine Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans LA USA
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Šebela M, Rašková M. Polyamine-Derived Aminoaldehydes and Acrolein: Cytotoxicity, Reactivity and Analysis of the Induced Protein Modifications. Molecules 2023; 28:7429. [PMID: 37959847 PMCID: PMC10648994 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamines participate in the processes of cell growth and development. The degradation branch of their metabolism involves amine oxidases. The oxidation of spermine, spermidine and putrescine releases hydrogen peroxide and the corresponding aminoaldehyde. Polyamine-derived aminoaldehydes have been found to be cytotoxic, and they represent the subject of this review. 3-aminopropanal disrupts the lysosomal membrane and triggers apoptosis or necrosis in the damaged cells. It is implicated in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia. Furthermore, 3-aminopropanal yields acrolein through the elimination of ammonia. This reactive aldehyde is also generated by the decomposition of aminoaldehydes produced in the reaction of serum amine oxidase with spermidine or spermine. In addition, acrolein is a common environmental pollutant. It causes covalent modifications of proteins, including carbonylation, the production of Michael-type adducts and cross-linking, and it has been associated with inflammation-related diseases. APAL and acrolein are detoxified by aldehyde dehydrogenases and other mechanisms. High-performance liquid chromatography, immunochemistry and mass spectrometry have been largely used to analyze the presence of polyamine-derived aminoaldehydes and protein modifications elicited by their effect. However, the main and still open challenge is to find clues for discovering clear linkages between aldehyde-induced modifications of specific proteins and the development of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Šebela
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Xu J, Li J, Li Y, Shi X, Zhu H, Chen L. Multidimensional Landscape of SA-AKI Revealed by Integrated Proteomics and Metabolomics Analysis. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1329. [PMID: 37759729 PMCID: PMC10526551 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI) is a severe and life-threatening condition with high morbidity and mortality among emergency patients, and it poses a significant risk of chronic renal failure. Clinical treatments for SA-AKI remain reactive and non-specific, lacking effective diagnostic biomarkers or treatment targets. In this study, we established an SA-AKI mouse model using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and performed proteomics and metabolomics analyses. A variety of bioinformatic analyses, including gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), protein and protein interactions (PPI), and MetaboAnalyst analysis, were conducted to investigate the key molecules of SA-AKI. Integrated proteomics and metabolomics analysis revealed that sepsis led to impaired renal mitochondrial function and metabolic disorders. Immune-related pathways were found to be activated in kidneys upon septic infection. The catabolic products of polyamines accumulated in septic kidneys. Overall, our integrated analysis provides a multidimensional understanding of SA-AKI and identifies potential pathways for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiatong Xu
- Emergency Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; (J.X.); (Y.L.)
- Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jiaying Li
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; (J.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Yan Li
- Emergency Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; (J.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xiaoxiao Shi
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; (J.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Huadong Zhu
- Emergency Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; (J.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Limeng Chen
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; (J.L.); (X.S.)
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Antizyme Inhibitor 2-Deficient Mice Exhibit Altered Brain Polyamine Levels and Reduced Locomotor Activity. Biomolecules 2022; 13:biom13010014. [PMID: 36671399 PMCID: PMC9855896 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations in the neural polyamine system are known to be associated with different brain pathological conditions. In addition, the regulation of enzymes involved in polyamine metabolism such as ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), antizymes (AZs), and antizyme inhibitors (AZINs) is critical during brain development. However, while most studies focus on ODC and AZs, less is known about AZIN expression and function in the brain. Thus, our aim was to analyze the expression pattern of AZIN2 during postnatal development, its brain distribution, and its possible implication in phenotypical alterations. METHODS The expression pattern of Azin2 and other genes related to polyamine metabolism was analyzed by RT-qPCR. β-D-galactosidase staining was used to determine the anatomical distribution of AZIN2 in a Azin2 knockout model containing the βGeo marker. Brain polyamine content was determined by HPLC. The Rota-Rod and Pole functional tests were used to evaluate motor skills in Azin2-lacking mice. RESULTS Our results showed that expression of genes codifying for AZs and AZINs showed a similar increasing pattern over time that coincided with a decrease in ODC activity and putrescine levels. The analysis of AZIN2 distribution demonstrated that it is strongly expressed in the cerebellum and distributed along the neuron body and dendrites. The ablation of Azin2 showed a decrease in putrescine levels and is related to reduced motor skills. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed that AZIN2 expression in the brain is particularly limited to the cerebellum. In addition, the ablation of Azin2 leads to a reduction in putrescine that relates to alterations in motor function, suggesting the role of AZIN2 in the functioning of dopaminergic neurons.
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Treatment with MDL 72527 Ameliorated Clinical Symptoms, Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss, Optic Nerve Inflammation, and Improved Visual Acuity in an Experimental Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244100. [PMID: 36552864 PMCID: PMC9776605 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a highly disabling neurological disease characterized by inflammation, neuronal damage, and demyelination. Vision impairment is one of the major clinical features of MS. Previous studies from our lab have shown that MDL 72527, a pharmacological inhibitor of spermine oxidase (SMOX), is protective against neurodegeneration and inflammation in the models of diabetic retinopathy and excitotoxicity. In the present study, utilizing the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS, we determined the impact of SMOX blockade on retinal neurodegeneration and optic nerve inflammation. The increased expression of SMOX observed in EAE retinas was associated with a significant loss of retinal ganglion cells, degeneration of synaptic contacts, and reduced visual acuity. MDL 72527-treated mice exhibited markedly reduced motor deficits, improved neuronal survival, the preservation of synapses, and improved visual acuity compared to the vehicle-treated group. The EAE-induced increase in macrophage/microglia was markedly reduced by SMOX inhibition. Upregulated acrolein conjugates in the EAE retina were decreased through MDL 72527 treatment. Mechanistically, the EAE-induced ERK-STAT3 signaling was blunted by SMOX inhibition. In conclusion, our studies demonstrate the potential benefits of targeting SMOX to treat MS-mediated neuroinflammation and vision loss.
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Benedikt J, Malpica-Nieves CJ, Rivera Y, Méndez-González M, Nichols CG, Veh RW, Eaton MJ, Skatchkov SN. The Polyamine Spermine Potentiates the Propagation of Negatively Charged Molecules through the Astrocytic Syncytium. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121812. [PMID: 36551240 PMCID: PMC9775384 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest in astrocytes, the silent brain cells that accumulate polyamines (PAs), is growing. PAs exert anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidepressant, neuroprotective, and other beneficial effects, including increasing longevity in vivo. Unlike neurons, astrocytes are extensively coupled to others via connexin (Cx) gap junctions (GJs). Although there are striking modulatory effects of PAs on neuronal receptors and channels, PA regulation of the astrocytic GJs is not well understood. We studied GJ-propagation using molecules of different (i) electrical charge, (ii) structure, and (iii) molecular weight. Loading single astrocytes with patch pipettes containing membrane-impermeable dyes, we observed that (i) even small molecules do not easily permeate astrocytic GJs, (ii) the ratio of the charge to weight of these molecules is the key determinant of GJ permeation, (iii) the PA spermine (SPM) induced the propagation of negatively charged molecules via GJs, (iv) while no effects were observed on propagation of macromolecules with net-zero charge. The GJ uncoupler carbenoxolone (CBX) blocked such propagation. Taken together, these findings indicate that SPM is essential for astrocytic GJ communication and selectively facilitates intracellular propagation via GJs for negatively charged molecules through glial syncytium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Benedikt
- Department of Physiology, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, PR 00956, USA
| | - Christian J. Malpica-Nieves
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, PR 00956, USA
- Correspondence: (C.J.M.-N.); (S.N.S.); Tel.: +1-787-798-3001 (ext. 2057) (S.N.S.)
| | - Yomarie Rivera
- Department of Chiropractic, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, PR 00956, USA
| | | | - Colin G. Nichols
- Department of Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rüdiger W. Veh
- Institut für Zell- und Neurobiologie, Charité, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Misty J. Eaton
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, PR 00956, USA
| | - Serguei N. Skatchkov
- Department of Physiology, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, PR 00956, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, PR 00956, USA
- Correspondence: (C.J.M.-N.); (S.N.S.); Tel.: +1-787-798-3001 (ext. 2057) (S.N.S.)
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8
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Rao NL, Kotian GB, Shetty JK, Shelley BP, Dmello MK, Lobo EC, Shankar SP, Almeida SD, Shah SR. Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Product, Organ Crosstalk, and Pathomechanism Targets for Comprehensive Molecular Therapeutics in Diabetic Ischemic Stroke. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1712. [PMID: 36421725 PMCID: PMC9687999 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, a well-established risk factor for stroke, is related to higher mortality and poorer outcomes following the stroke event. Advanced glycation end products(AGEs), their receptors RAGEs, other ligands, and several other processes contribute to the cerebrovascular pathomechanism interaction in the diabetes-ischemic stroke combination. Critical reappraisal of molecular targets and therapeutic agents to mitigate them is required to identify key elements for therapeutic interventions that may improve patient outcomes. This scoping review maps evidence on the key roles of AGEs, RAGEs, other ligands such as Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) nuclear protein, brain-kidney-muscle crosstalk, alternate pathomechanisms in neurodegeneration, and cognitive decline related to diabetic ischemic stroke. RAGE, HMGB1, nitric oxide, and polyamine mechanisms are important therapeutic targets, inflicting common consequences of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Experimental findings on a number of existing-emerging therapeutic agents and natural compounds against key targets are promising. The lack of large clinical trials with adequate follow-up periods is a gap that requires addressing to validate the emerging therapeutic agents. Five therapeutic components, which include agents to mitigate the AGE-RAGE axis, improved biomarkers for risk stratification, better renal dysfunction management, adjunctive anti-inflammatory-antioxidant therapies, and innovative neuromuscular stimulation for rehabilitation, are identified. A comprehensive therapeutic strategy that features all the identified components is needed for outcome improvement in diabetic stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita L Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya (deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Greeshma B Kotian
- Department of Biochemistry, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya (deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Jeevan K Shetty
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Medical University of Bahrain, Muharraq 228, Bahrain
| | - Bhaskara P Shelley
- Department of Neurology, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya (deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Mackwin Kenwood Dmello
- Department of Public Health, KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Eric C Lobo
- Department of Biochemistry, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya (deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Suchetha Padar Shankar
- College of Physiotherapy, Dayananda Sagar University, Bangalore 560111, Karnataka, India
| | - Shellette D Almeida
- School of Physiotherapy, D. Y. Patil (Deemed to be University), Navi Mumbai 400706, Maharashtra, India
| | - Saiqa R Shah
- Department of Biochemistry, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya (deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India
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The Involvement of Polyamines Catabolism in the Crosstalk between Neurons and Astrocytes in Neurodegeneration. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071756. [PMID: 35885061 PMCID: PMC9312548 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalian cells, the content of polyamines is tightly regulated. Polyamines, including spermine, spermidine and putrescine, are involved in many cellular processes. Spermine oxidase specifically oxidizes spermine, and its deregulated activity has been reported to be linked to brain pathologies involving neuron damage. Spermine is a neuromodulator of a number of ionotropic glutamate receptors and types of ion channels. In this respect, the Dach-SMOX mouse model overexpressing spermine oxidase in the neocortex neurons was revealed to be a model of chronic oxidative stress, excitotoxicity and neuronal damage. Reactive astrocytosis, chronic oxidative and excitotoxic stress, neuron loss and the susceptibility to seizure in the Dach-SMOX are discussed here. This genetic model would help researchers understand the linkage between polyamine dysregulation and neurodegeneration and unveil the roles of polyamines in the crosstalk between astrocytes and neurons in neuroprotection or neurodegeneration.
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10
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Polyamines and Their Metabolism: From the Maintenance of Physiological Homeostasis to the Mediation of Disease. MEDICAL SCIENCES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 10:medsci10030038. [PMID: 35893120 PMCID: PMC9326668 DOI: 10.3390/medsci10030038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The polyamines spermidine and spermine are positively charged aliphatic molecules. They are critical in the regulation of nucleic acid and protein structures, protein synthesis, protein and nucleic acid interactions, oxidative balance, and cell proliferation. Cellular polyamine levels are tightly controlled through their import, export, de novo synthesis, and catabolism. Enzymes and enzymatic cascades involved in polyamine metabolism have been well characterized. This knowledge has been used for the development of novel compounds for research and medical applications. Furthermore, studies have shown that disturbances in polyamine levels and their metabolic pathways, as a result of spontaneous mutations in patients, genetic engineering in mice or experimentally induced injuries in rodents, are associated with multiple maladaptive changes. The adverse effects of altered polyamine metabolism have also been demonstrated in in vitro models. These observations highlight the important role these molecules and their metabolism play in the maintenance of physiological normalcy and the mediation of injury. This review will attempt to cover the extensive and diverse knowledge of the biological role of polyamines and their metabolism in the maintenance of physiological homeostasis and the mediation of tissue injury.
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11
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Rieck J, Skatchkov SN, Derst C, Eaton MJ, Veh RW. Unique Chemistry, Intake, and Metabolism of Polyamines in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Its Body. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040501. [PMID: 35454090 PMCID: PMC9025450 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamines (PAs) are small, versatile molecules with two or more nitrogen-containing positively charged groups and provide widespread biological functions. Most of these aspects are well known and covered by quite a number of excellent surveys. Here, the present review includes novel aspects and questions: (1) It summarizes the role of most natural and some important synthetic PAs. (2) It depicts PA uptake from nutrition and bacterial production in the intestinal system following loss of PAs via defecation. (3) It highlights the discrepancy between the high concentrations of PAs in the gut lumen and their low concentration in the blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid, while concentrations in cellular cytoplasm are much higher. (4) The present review provides a novel and complete scheme for the biosynthesis of Pas, including glycine, glutamate, proline and others as PA precursors, and provides a hypothesis that the agmatine pathway may rescue putrescine production when ODC knockout seems to be lethal (solving the apparent contradiction in the literature). (5) It summarizes novel data on PA transport in brain glial cells explaining why these cells but not neurons preferentially accumulate PAs. (6) Finally, it provides a novel and complete scheme for PA interconversion, including hypusine, putreanine, and GABA (unique gliotransmitter) as end-products. Altogether, this review can serve as an updated contribution to understanding the PA mystery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Rieck
- Institut für Zell- und Neurobiologie, Centrum 2, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Serguei N. Skatchkov
- Department of Physiology, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, PR 00956, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, PR 00956, USA;
- Correspondence: (S.N.S.); (R.W.V.)
| | - Christian Derst
- Institut für Integrative Neuroanatomie, Centrum 2, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Misty J. Eaton
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, PR 00956, USA;
| | - Rüdiger W. Veh
- Institut für Zell- und Neurobiologie, Centrum 2, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany;
- Correspondence: (S.N.S.); (R.W.V.)
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12
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Marcoli M, Cervetto C, Amato S, Fiorucci C, Maura G, Mariottini P, Cervelli M. Transgenic Mouse Overexpressing Spermine Oxidase in Cerebrocortical Neurons: Astrocyte Dysfunction and Susceptibility to Epileptic Seizures. Biomolecules 2022; 12:204. [PMID: 35204705 PMCID: PMC8961639 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamines are organic polycations ubiquitously present in living cells. Polyamines are involved in many cellular processes, and their content in mammalian cells is tightly controlled. Among their function, these molecules modulate the activity of several ion channels. Spermine oxidase, specifically oxidized spermine, is a neuromodulator of several types of ion channel and ionotropic glutamate receptors, and its deregulated activity has been linked to several brain pathologies, including epilepsy. The Dach-SMOX mouse line was generated using a Cre/loxP-based recombination approach to study the complex and critical functions carried out by spermine oxidase and spermine in the mammalian brain. This mouse genetic model overexpresses spermine oxidase in the neocortex and is a chronic model of excitotoxic/oxidative injury and neuron vulnerability to oxidative stress and excitotoxic, since its phenotype revealed to be more susceptible to different acute oxidative insults. In this review, the molecular mechanisms underlined the Dach-SMOX phenotype, linked to reactive astrocytosis, neuron loss, chronic oxidative and excitotoxic stress, and susceptibility to seizures have been discussed in detail. The Dach-SMOX mouse model overexpressing SMOX may help in shedding lights on the susceptibility to epileptic seizures, possibly helping to understand the mechanisms underlying epileptogenesis in vulnerable individuals and contributing to provide new molecular mechanism targets to search for novel antiepileptic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Marcoli
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy; (S.A.); (G.M.)
- Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research (Centro 3R), Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Cervetto
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy; (S.A.); (G.M.)
- Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research (Centro 3R), Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sarah Amato
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy; (S.A.); (G.M.)
| | - Cristian Fiorucci
- Department of Science, University of Rome “Roma Tre”, Viale Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy; (C.F.); (P.M.)
| | - Guido Maura
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy; (S.A.); (G.M.)
| | - Paolo Mariottini
- Department of Science, University of Rome “Roma Tre”, Viale Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy; (C.F.); (P.M.)
| | - Manuela Cervelli
- Department of Science, University of Rome “Roma Tre”, Viale Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy; (C.F.); (P.M.)
- Neurodevelopment, Neurogenetics and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
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Cardona-Cardona YV, Regla I, Juárez-Díaz JA, Carrillo-Campos J, López-Ortiz M, Aguilera-Cruz A, Mújica-Jiménez C, Muñoz-Clares RA. The critical role of the aldehyde dehydrogenase PauC in spermine, spermidine, and diaminopropane toxicity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Its possible use as a drug target. FEBS J 2021; 289:2685-2705. [PMID: 34767295 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibits great resistance to antibiotics; so, new therapeutic agents are urgently needed. Since polyamines levels are incremented in infected tissues, we explored whether the formation of a toxic aldehyde in polyamines degradation can be exploited in combating infection. We cloned the gene encoding the only aminoaldehyde dehydrogenase involved in P. aeruginosa polyamines-degradation routes, PaPauC, overexpressed this enzyme, and found that it oxidizes 3-aminopropionaldehyde (APAL) and 3-glutamyl-3-aminopropionaldehyde (GluAPAL) - produced in spermine (Spm), spermidine (Spd), and diaminopropane (Dap) degradation, as well as 4-aminobutyraldehyde (ABAL) and 4-glutamyl-4-aminobutyraldehyde (GluABAL) - formed in putrescine (Put) degradation. As the catalytic efficiency of PaPauC with APAL was 30-times lower than with GluAPAL, and GluAPAL is predominantly formed, APAL will be poorly oxidized 'in vivo'. We found polyamines-induced increases in the PaPauC activity of cell crude-extracts and in the expression of the PapauC gene that were diminished by glucose. Spm, Spd, or Dap, but not Put, were toxic to P. aeruginosa even in the presence of other carbon and nitrogen sources, particularly to a strain with the PapauC gene disrupted. APAL, but not GluAPAL, was highly toxic even to wild-type cells, suggesting that its accumulation, particularly in the absence of, or low, PaPauC activity is responsible for the toxicity of Spm, Spd, and Dap. Our results shed light on the toxicity mechanism of these three polyamines and strongly support the critical role of PaPauC in this toxicity. Thus, PaPauC emerges as a novel potential drug target whose inhibition might help in combating infection by this important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudy V Cardona-Cardona
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ignacio Regla
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Javier Andrés Juárez-Díaz
- Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Javier Carrillo-Campos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Manuel López-Ortiz
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Alejandro Aguilera-Cruz
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Carlos Mújica-Jiménez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rosario A Muñoz-Clares
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, México
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Chen W, Deng M, Wang H, Wang Y, Zhou W, Yu T. ROS‑associated mechanism of different concentrations of pinacidil postconditioning in the rat cardiac Nrf2‑ARE signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:433. [PMID: 33846798 PMCID: PMC8060791 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have confirmed that 50 µmol/l pinacidil postconditioning (PPC) activates the nuclear factor-E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2)-antioxidant responsive element (ARE) pathway, which protects the myocardium from ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury; however, whether this is associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation remains unclear. In the present study, a Langendorff rat model of isolated myocardial IR was established to investigate the mechanism of PPC at different concentrations, as well as the association between the rat myocardial Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway and ROS. A total of 48 rats were randomly divided into the following six groups (n=8 per group): i) Normal; ii) IR iii) 10 µmol/l PPC (P10); iv) 30 µmol/l PPC (P30); v) 50 µmol/l PPC (P50); and vi) N-(2-mercaptopropionyl)-glycine (MPG; a ROS scavenger) + 50 µmol/l pinacidil (P50 + MPG). At the end of reperfusion (T3), compared with the IR group, the P10, P30 and P50 groups exhibited improved cardiac function, such as left ventricular development pressure, heart rate, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, +dp/dtmax, myocardial cell ultrastructure and mitochondrial Flameng score. Furthermore, the P10 and P50 groups demonstrated the weakest and most marked improvements, respectively. Additionally, in the P10, P30 and P50 groups, the residual ROS content at the end of reperfusion was highly negatively correlated with relative expression levels of Nrf2 gene and protein. Higher pinacidil concentration was associated with higher ROS generation at 5 min post-reperfusion (T2), although this was significantly lower compared with the IR group, as well as with increased expression levels of antioxidant proteins and phase II detoxification enzymes downstream of the Nrf2 and Nrf2-ARE pathways. This result was associated with a stronger ability to scavenge ROS during reperfusion, leading to lower levels of ROS at the end of reperfusion (T3) and less myocardial damage. The optimal myocardial protective effect was achieved by 50 mmol/l pinacidil. However, cardiac function of the P50 + MPG group was significantly decreased, ultrastructure of cardiomyocytes was significantly impaired and the relative expression levels of genes and proteins in the Nrf2-ARE pathway were decreased. The aforementioned results confirmed that different PPC concentrations promoted early generation of ROS and activated the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway following reperfusion, regulated expression levels of downstream antioxidant proteins and alleviated myocardial IR injury in rats. Treatment with 50 mmol/l pinacidil resulted in the best myocardial protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Mengyuan Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Haiying Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Wenjing Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Tian Yu
- Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
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Shahid M, Subhan F, Islam NU, Ahmad N, Farooq U, Abbas S, Akbar S, Ullah I, Raziq N, Din ZU. The antioxidant N-(2-mercaptopropionyl)-glycine (tiopronin) attenuates expression of neuropathic allodynia and hyperalgesia. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 394:603-617. [PMID: 33079239 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01995-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The current pharmacotherapy of neuropathic pain is inadequate as neuropathic pain involves varied clinical manifestations with multifactorial etiology, modulated by a cascade of physical and molecular events leading to different clinical presentations of pain. There is an accumulating evidence of the involvement of oxidative stress in neuropathy, and antioxidants have shown promise in mitigating neuropathic pain syndromes. To explore the evidence supporting this beneficial proclivity of antioxidants, this study investigated the antinociceptive effectiveness of N-(2-mercaptopropionyl)glycine or tiopronin, a well-recognized aminothiol antioxidant, in a refined chronic constriction injury (CCI) rat model of neuropathic pain. Tiopronin (10, 30, and 90 mg/kg, i.p.) and pregabalin (30 mg/kg, i.p.) were administered daily after CCI surgery. The neuropathic paradigms of mechanical/cold allodynia and mechanical/heat hyperalgesia were assessed on days 3, 7, 14, and 21 post-nerve ligation. At the end of study, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) levels were estimated in the sciatic nerve, dorsal root ganglion, and spinal cord for assessing the extent of oxidative stress. The expression of neuropathic nociception was attenuated by tiopronin which was observed as a significant attenuation of CCI-induced allodynia and hyperalgesia. Tiopronin reversed the neuronal oxidative stress by significantly reducing MDA, and increasing SOD, CAT, and GSH levels. Pregabalin also showed similar beneficial propensity on CCI-induced neuropathic aberrations. These findings suggest prospective neuropathic pain attenuating efficacy of tiopronin and further corroborated the notion that antioxidants are effective in mitigating the development and expression of neuropathic pain and underlying neuronal oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Pharmacy, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 25000, Pakistan.
| | - Fazal Subhan
- Department of Pharmacy, CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences, Peshawar, Pakistan.
| | - Nazar Ul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 25000, Pakistan
| | - Nisar Ahmad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, National University of Pakistan, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Umar Farooq
- Department of Pharmacy, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 25000, Pakistan
| | - Sudhair Abbas
- Department of Pharmacy, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 25000, Pakistan
| | - Shehla Akbar
- Department of Pharmacy, CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Ihsan Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Swabi, Swabi, Pakistan
| | - Naila Raziq
- Department of Pharmacy, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 25000, Pakistan
| | - Zia Ud Din
- Department of Anatomy, Khyber Medical College, Peshawar, Pakistan
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16
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Ironside N, Christophe B, Bruce S, Carpenter AM, Robison T, Yoh N, Cremers S, Landry D, Frey HP, Chen CJ, Hoh BL, Kim LJ, Claassen J, Connolly ES. A phase II randomized controlled trial of tiopronin for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 2020; 133:351-359. [PMID: 31299655 DOI: 10.3171/2019.4.jns19478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) is a significant contributor to poor outcomes after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). The neurotoxin 3-aminopropanal (3-AP) is upregulated in cerebral ischemia. This phase II clinical trial evaluated the efficacy of tiopronin in reducing CSF 3-AP levels in patients with aSAH. METHODS In this prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trial, 60 patients were assigned to receive tiopronin or placebo in a 1:1 ratio. Treatment was commenced within 96 hours after aSAH onset, administered at a dose of 3 g daily, and continued until 14 days after aSAH or hospital discharge, whichever occurred earlier. The primary efficacy outcome was the CSF 3-AP level at 7 ± 1 days after aSAH. RESULTS Of the 60 enrolled patients, 29 (97%) and 27 (93%) in the tiopronin and placebo arms, respectively, received more than one dose of the study drug or placebo. At post-aSAH day 7 ± 1, CSF samples were available in 41% (n = 12/29) and 48% (n = 13/27) of patients in the tiopronin and placebo arms, respectively. No difference in CSF 3-AP levels at post-aSAH day 7 ± 1 was observed between the study arms (11 ± 12 nmol/mL vs 13 ± 18 nmol/mL; p = 0.766). Prespecified adverse events led to early treatment cessation for 4 patients in the tiopronin arm and 2 in the placebo arm. CONCLUSIONS The power of this study was affected by missing data. Therefore, the authors could not establish or refute an effect of tiopronin on CSF 3-AP levels. Additional observational studies investigating the role of 3-AP as a biomarker for DCI may be warranted prior to its use as a molecular target in future clinical trials.Clinical trial registration no.: NCT01095731 (ClinicalTrials.gov).
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Ironside
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center
| | | | - Samuel Bruce
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center
| | | | - Trae Robison
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center
| | - Nina Yoh
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center
| | - Serge Cremers
- 2Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center
| | - Donald Landry
- 3Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center
| | - Hans-Peter Frey
- 4Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Ching-Jen Chen
- 5Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Brian L Hoh
- 6Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
| | - Louis J Kim
- 7Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jan Claassen
- 4Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
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17
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Is the Arginase Pathway a Novel Therapeutic Avenue for Diabetic Retinopathy? J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020425. [PMID: 32033258 PMCID: PMC7073619 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of blindness in working age Americans. Clinicians diagnose DR based on its characteristic vascular pathology, which is evident upon clinical exam. However, extensive research has shown that diabetes causes significant neurovascular dysfunction prior to the development of clinically apparent vascular damage. While laser photocoagulation and/or anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapies are often effective for limiting the late-stage vascular pathology, we still do not have an effective treatment to limit the neurovascular dysfunction or promote repair during the early stages of DR. This review addresses the role of arginase as a mediator of retinal neurovascular injury and therapeutic target for early stage DR. Arginase is the ureohydrolase enzyme that catalyzes the production of L-ornithine and urea from L-arginine. Arginase upregulation has been associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, and peripheral vascular dysfunction in models of both types of diabetes. The arginase enzyme has been identified as a therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease and central nervous system disease including stroke and ischemic retinopathies. Here, we discuss and review the literature on arginase-induced retinal neurovascular dysfunction in models of DR. We also speculate on the therapeutic potential of arginase in DR and its related underlying mechanisms.
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18
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Liu F, Saul AB, Pichavaram P, Xu Z, Rudraraju M, Somanath PR, Smith SB, Caldwell RB, Narayanan SP. Pharmacological Inhibition of Spermine Oxidase Reduces Neurodegeneration and Improves Retinal Function in Diabetic Mice. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E340. [PMID: 31991839 PMCID: PMC7074464 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a significant cause of blindness in working-age adults worldwide. Lack of effective strategies to prevent or reduce vision loss is a major problem. Since the degeneration of retinal neurons is an early event in the diabetic retina, studies to characterize the molecular mechanisms of diabetes-induced retinal neuronal damage and dysfunction are of high significance. We have demonstrated that spermine oxidase (SMOX), a mediator of polyamine oxidation is critically involved in causing neurovascular damage in the retina. The involvement of SMOX in diabetes-induced retinal neuronal damage is completely unknown. Utilizing the streptozotocin-induced mouse model of diabetes, the impact of the SMOX inhibitor, MDL 72527, on neuronal damage and dysfunction in the diabetic retina was investigated. Retinal function was assessed by electroretinography (ERG) and retinal architecture was evaluated using spectral domain-optical coherence tomography. Retinal cryosections were prepared for immunolabeling of inner retinal neurons and retinal lysates were used for Western blotting. We observed a marked decrease in retinal function in diabetic mice compared to the non-diabetic controls. Treatment with MDL 72527 significantly improved the ERG responses in diabetic retinas. Diabetes-induced retinal thinning was also inhibited by the MDL 72527 treatment. Our analysis further showed that diabetes-induced retinal ganglion cell damage and neurodegeneration were markedly attenuated by MDL 72527 treatment. These results strongly implicate SMOX in diabetes-induced retinal neurodegeneration and visual dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (F.L.); (M.R.); (P.R.S.)
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.B.S.); (P.P.); (Z.X.); (S.B.S.); (R.B.C.)
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Alan B. Saul
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.B.S.); (P.P.); (Z.X.); (S.B.S.); (R.B.C.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Prahalathan Pichavaram
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.B.S.); (P.P.); (Z.X.); (S.B.S.); (R.B.C.)
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Zhimin Xu
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.B.S.); (P.P.); (Z.X.); (S.B.S.); (R.B.C.)
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Madhuri Rudraraju
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (F.L.); (M.R.); (P.R.S.)
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.B.S.); (P.P.); (Z.X.); (S.B.S.); (R.B.C.)
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Payaningal R. Somanath
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (F.L.); (M.R.); (P.R.S.)
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Sylvia B. Smith
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.B.S.); (P.P.); (Z.X.); (S.B.S.); (R.B.C.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Ruth B. Caldwell
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.B.S.); (P.P.); (Z.X.); (S.B.S.); (R.B.C.)
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - S. Priya Narayanan
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (F.L.); (M.R.); (P.R.S.)
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.B.S.); (P.P.); (Z.X.); (S.B.S.); (R.B.C.)
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Dysregulation of multiple metabolic networks related to brain transmethylation and polyamine pathways in Alzheimer disease: A targeted metabolomic and transcriptomic study. PLoS Med 2020; 17:e1003012. [PMID: 31978055 PMCID: PMC6980402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence that Alzheimer disease (AD) is a pervasive metabolic disorder with dysregulation in multiple biochemical pathways underlying its pathogenesis. Understanding how perturbations in metabolism are related to AD is critical to identifying novel targets for disease-modifying therapies. In this study, we test whether AD pathogenesis is associated with dysregulation in brain transmethylation and polyamine pathways. METHODS AND FINDINGS We first performed targeted and quantitative metabolomics assays using capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) on brain samples from three groups in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) (AD: n = 17; Asymptomatic AD [ASY]: n = 13; Control [CN]: n = 13) (overall 37.2% female; mean age at death 86.118 ± 9.842 years) in regions both vulnerable and resistant to AD pathology. Using linear mixed-effects models within two primary brain regions (inferior temporal gyrus [ITG] and middle frontal gyrus [MFG]), we tested associations between brain tissue concentrations of 26 metabolites and the following primary outcomes: group differences, Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) (neuritic plaque burden), and Braak (neurofibrillary pathology) scores. We found significant alterations in concentrations of metabolites in AD relative to CN samples, as well as associations with severity of both CERAD and Braak, mainly in the ITG. These metabolites represented biochemical reactions in the (1) methionine cycle (choline: lower in AD, p = 0.003; S-adenosyl methionine: higher in AD, p = 0.005); (2) transsulfuration and glutathione synthesis (cysteine: higher in AD, p < 0.001; reduced glutathione [GSH]: higher in AD, p < 0.001); (3) polyamine synthesis/catabolism (spermidine: higher in AD, p = 0.004); (4) urea cycle (N-acetyl glutamate: lower in AD, p < 0.001); (5) glutamate-aspartate metabolism (N-acetyl aspartate: lower in AD, p = 0.002); and (6) neurotransmitter metabolism (gamma-amino-butyric acid: lower in AD, p < 0.001). Utilizing three Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets, we then examined mRNA expression levels of 71 genes encoding enzymes regulating key reactions within these pathways in the entorhinal cortex (ERC; AD: n = 25; CN: n = 52) and hippocampus (AD: n = 29; CN: n = 56). Complementing our metabolomics results, our transcriptomics analyses also revealed significant alterations in gene expression levels of key enzymatic regulators of biochemical reactions linked to transmethylation and polyamine metabolism. Our study has limitations: our metabolomics assays measured only a small proportion of all metabolites participating in the pathways we examined. Our study is also cross-sectional, limiting our ability to directly test how AD progression may impact changes in metabolite concentrations or differential-gene expression. Additionally, the relatively small number of brain tissue samples may have limited our power to detect alterations in all pathway-specific metabolites and their genetic regulators. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we observed broad dysregulation of transmethylation and polyamine synthesis/catabolism, including abnormalities in neurotransmitter signaling, urea cycle, aspartate-glutamate metabolism, and glutathione synthesis. Our results implicate alterations in cellular methylation potential and increased flux in the transmethylation pathways, increased demand on antioxidant defense mechanisms, perturbations in intermediate metabolism in the urea cycle and aspartate-glutamate pathways disrupting mitochondrial bioenergetics, increased polyamine biosynthesis and breakdown, as well as abnormalities in neurotransmitter metabolism that are related to AD.
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20
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Zahedi K, Barone S, Soleimani M. Polyamine Catabolism in Acute Kidney Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4790. [PMID: 31561575 PMCID: PMC6801762 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) refers to an abrupt decrease in kidney function. It affects approximately 7% of all hospitalized patients and almost 35% of intensive care patients. Mortality from acute kidney injury remains high, particularly in critically ill patients, where it can be more than 50%. The primary causes of AKI include ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), sepsis, or nephrotoxicity; however, AKI patients may present with a complicated etiology where many of the aforementioned conditions co-exist. Multiple bio-markers associated with renal damage, as well as metabolic and signal transduction pathways that are involved in the mediation of renal dysfunction have been identified as a result of the examination of models, patient samples, and clinical data of AKI of disparate etiologies. These discoveries have enhanced our ability to diagnose AKIs and to begin to elucidate the mechanisms involved in their pathogenesis. Studies in our laboratory revealed that the expression and activity of spermine/spermidine N1-acetyltransferase (SAT1), the rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine back conversion, were enhanced in kidneys of rats after I/R injury. Additional studies revealed that the expression of spermine oxidase (SMOX), another critical enzyme in polyamine catabolism, is also elevated in the kidney and other organs subjected to I/R, septic, toxic, and traumatic injuries. The maladaptive role of polyamine catabolism in the mediation of AKI and other injuries has been clearly demonstrated. This review will examine the biochemical and mechanistic basis of tissue damage brought about by enhanced polyamine degradation and discuss the potential of therapeutic interventions that target polyamine catabolic enzymes or their byproducts for the treatment of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamyar Zahedi
- Departments of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
- Research Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.
- Center on Genetics of Transport, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
| | - Sharon Barone
- Departments of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
- Research Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.
- Center on Genetics of Transport, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
| | - Manoocher Soleimani
- Departments of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
- Research Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.
- Center on Genetics of Transport, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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21
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Narayanan SP, Shosha E, D Palani C. Spermine oxidase: A promising therapeutic target for neurodegeneration in diabetic retinopathy. Pharmacol Res 2019; 147:104299. [PMID: 31207342 PMCID: PMC7011157 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic Retinopathy (DR), is a significant public health issue and the leading cause of blindness in working-aged adults worldwide. The vision loss associated with DR affects patients' quality of life and has negative social and psychological effects. In the past, diabetic retinopathy was considered as a vascular disease; however, it is now recognized to be a neuro-vascular disease of the retina. Current therapies for DR, such as laser photocoagulation and anti-VEGF therapy, treat advanced stages of the disease, particularly the vasculopathy and have adverse side effects. Unavailability of effective treatments to prevent the incidence or progression of DR is a major clinical problem. There is a great need for therapeutic interventions capable of preventing retinal damage in DR patients. A growing body of evidence shows that neurodegeneration is an early event in DR pathogenesis. Therefore, studies of the underlying mechanisms that lead to neurodegeneration are essential for identifying new therapeutic targets in the early stages of DR. Deregulation of the polyamine metabolism is implicated in various neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, renal failure, and diabetes. Spermine Oxidase (SMOX) is a highly inducible enzyme, and its dysregulation can alter polyamine homeostasis. The oxidative products of polyamine metabolism are capable of inducing cell damage and death. The current review provides insight into the SMOX-regulated molecular mechanisms of cellular damage and dysfunction, and its potential as a therapeutic target for diabetic retinopathy. Structural and functional changes in the diabetic retina and the mechanisms leading to neuronal damage (excitotoxicity, loss of neurotrophic factors, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction etc.) are also summarized in this review. Furthermore, existing therapies and new approaches to neuroprotection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Priya Narayanan
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, United States; Augusta University Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta, GA, United States; Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, United States.
| | - Esraa Shosha
- Augusta University Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta, GA, United States; Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Chithra D Palani
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, United States; Augusta University Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta, GA, United States; Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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22
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Pichavaram P, Palani CD, Patel C, Xu Z, Shosha E, Fouda AY, Caldwell RB, Narayanan SP. Targeting Polyamine Oxidase to Prevent Excitotoxicity-Induced Retinal Neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:956. [PMID: 30686964 PMCID: PMC6335392 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of retinal neurons is a major cause of vision impairment in blinding diseases that affect children and adults worldwide. Cellular damage resulting from polyamine catabolism has been demonstrated to be a major player in many neurodegenerative conditions. We have previously shown that inhibition of polyamine oxidase (PAO) using MDL 72527 significantly reduced retinal neurodegeneration and cell death signaling pathways in hyperoxia-mediated retinopathy. In the present study, we investigated the impact of PAO inhibition in limiting retinal neurodegeneration in a model of NMDA (N-Methyl-D-aspartate)-induced excitotoxicity. Adult mice (8–10 weeks old) were given intravitreal injections (20 nmoles) of NMDA or NMLA (N-Methyl-L-aspartate, control). Intraperitoneal injection of MDL 72527 (40 mg/kg body weight/day) or vehicle (normal saline) was given 24 h before NMDA or NMLA treatment and continued until the animals were sacrificed (varied from 1 to 7 days). Analyses of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) layer cell survival was performed on retinal flatmounts. Retinal cryostat sections were prepared for immunostaining, TUNEL assay and retinal thickness measurements. Fresh frozen retinal samples were used for Western blotting analysis. A marked decrease in the neuronal survival in the RGC layer was observed in NMDA treated retinas compared to their NMLA treated controls, as studied by NeuN immunostaining of retinal flatmounts. Treatment with MDL 72527 significantly improved survival of NeuN positive cells in the NMDA treated retinas. Excitotoxicity induced neurodegeneration was also demonstrated by reduced levels of synaptophysin and degeneration of inner retinal neurons in NMDA treated retinas compared to controls. TUNEL labeling studies showed increased cell death in the NMDA treated retinas. However, treatment with MDL 72527 markedly reduced these changes. Analysis of signaling pathways during excitotoxic injury revealed the downregulation of pro-survival signaling molecules p-ERK and p-Akt, and the upregulation of a pro-apoptotic molecule BID, which were normalized with PAO inhibition. Our data demonstrate that inhibition of polyamine oxidase blocks NMDA-induced retinal neurodegeneration and promotes cell survival, thus offering a new therapeutic target for retinal neurodegenerative disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prahalathan Pichavaram
- Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,College of Allied Health Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Chithra Devi Palani
- Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Chintan Patel
- Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Zhimin Xu
- Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Esraa Shosha
- Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Abdelrahman Y Fouda
- Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Ruth B Caldwell
- Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Subhadra Priya Narayanan
- Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,College of Allied Health Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, United States.,VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, United States
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23
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Del Rio B, Redruello B, Linares DM, Ladero V, Ruas-Madiedo P, Fernandez M, Martin MC, Alvarez MA. Spermine and spermidine are cytotoxic towards intestinal cell cultures, but are they a health hazard at concentrations found in foods? Food Chem 2018; 269:321-326. [PMID: 30100441 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.06.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Spermine and spermidine are polyamines (PA) naturally present in all organisms, in which they have important physiological functions. However, an excess of PA has been associated with health risks. PA accumulates at quite high concentrations in some foods, but a quantitative assessment of the risk they pose has been lacking. In the present work, the cytotoxicity of spermine and spermidine was evaluated using an in vitro human intestinal cell model, and employing real-time cell analysis. Both spermine and spermidine showed a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect towards the cultured cells, with necrosis the mode of action of spermidine and perhaps also that of spermine. Spermine was more cytotoxic than spermidine, but for both PA the concentrations found to be toxic were above the maximum at which they have been found in food. The present results do not, therefore, support the idea that spermine or spermidine in food is harmful to healthy people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Del Rio
- Dairy Research Institute, IPLA-CSIC, Paseo Rio Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain.
| | - Begoña Redruello
- Dairy Research Institute, IPLA-CSIC, Paseo Rio Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain.
| | - Daniel M Linares
- Dairy Research Institute, IPLA-CSIC, Paseo Rio Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain.
| | - Victor Ladero
- Dairy Research Institute, IPLA-CSIC, Paseo Rio Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain.
| | - Patricia Ruas-Madiedo
- Dairy Research Institute, IPLA-CSIC, Paseo Rio Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain.
| | - Maria Fernandez
- Dairy Research Institute, IPLA-CSIC, Paseo Rio Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain.
| | - M Cruz Martin
- Dairy Research Institute, IPLA-CSIC, Paseo Rio Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain.
| | - Miguel A Alvarez
- Dairy Research Institute, IPLA-CSIC, Paseo Rio Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain.
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24
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Gunasekaran M, Chatterjee PK, Shih A, Imperato GH, Addorisio M, Kumar G, Lee A, Graf JF, Meyer D, Marino M, Puleo C, Ashe J, Cox MA, Mak TW, Bouton C, Sherry B, Diamond B, Andersson U, Coleman TR, Metz CN, Tracey KJ, Chavan SS. Immunization Elicits Antigen-Specific Antibody Sequestration in Dorsal Root Ganglia Sensory Neurons. Front Immunol 2018; 9:638. [PMID: 29755449 PMCID: PMC5932385 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune and nervous systems are two major organ systems responsible for host defense and memory. Both systems achieve memory and learning that can be retained, retrieved, and utilized for decades. Here, we report the surprising discovery that peripheral sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) of immunized mice contain antigen-specific antibodies. Using a combination of rigorous molecular genetic analyses, transgenic mice, and adoptive transfer experiments, we demonstrate that DRGs do not synthesize these antigen-specific antibodies, but rather sequester primarily IgG1 subtype antibodies. As revealed by RNA-seq and targeted quantitative PCR (qPCR), dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons harvested from either naïve or immunized mice lack enzymes (i.e., RAG1, RAG2, AID, or UNG) required for generating antibody diversity and, therefore, cannot make antibodies. Additionally, transgenic mice that express a reporter fluorescent protein under the control of Igγ1 constant region fail to express Ighg1 transcripts in DRG sensory neurons. Furthermore, neural sequestration of antibodies occurs in mice rendered deficient in neuronal Rag2, but antibody sequestration is not observed in DRG sensory neurons isolated from mice that lack mature B cells [e.g., Rag1 knock out (KO) or μMT mice]. Finally, adoptive transfer of Rag1-deficient bone marrow (BM) into wild-type (WT) mice or WT BM into Rag1 KO mice revealed that antibody sequestration was observed in DRG sensory neurons of chimeric mice with WT BM but not with Rag1-deficient BM. Together, these results indicate that DRG sensory neurons sequester and retain antigen-specific antibodies released by antibody-secreting plasma cells. Coupling this work with previous studies implicating DRG sensory neurons in regulating antigen trafficking during immunization raises the interesting possibility that the nervous system collaborates with the immune system to regulate antigen-mediated responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manojkumar Gunasekaran
- Center for Biomedical Science, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Prodyot K. Chatterjee
- Center for Biomedical Science, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Andrew Shih
- Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Gavin H. Imperato
- Center for Biomedical Science, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Elmezzi Graduate School, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Meghan Addorisio
- Center for Biomedical Science, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Gopal Kumar
- Center for Biomedical Science, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Elmezzi Graduate School, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Annette Lee
- Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Elmezzi Graduate School, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - John F. Graf
- GE Global Research Center, Niskayuna, NY, United States
| | - Dan Meyer
- GE Global Research Center, Niskayuna, NY, United States
| | | | | | - Jeffrey Ashe
- GE Global Research Center, Niskayuna, NY, United States
| | - Maureen A. Cox
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tak W. Mak
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chad Bouton
- Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Barbara Sherry
- Elmezzi Graduate School, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Betty Diamond
- Elmezzi Graduate School, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
- Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Ulf Andersson
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Thomas R. Coleman
- Center for Molecular Innovation, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Christine N. Metz
- Center for Biomedical Science, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Elmezzi Graduate School, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Kevin J. Tracey
- Center for Biomedical Science, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Elmezzi Graduate School, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
- Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Sangeeta S. Chavan
- Center for Biomedical Science, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Elmezzi Graduate School, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
- Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
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25
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Caldwell RW, Rodriguez PC, Toque HA, Narayanan SP, Caldwell RB. Arginase: A Multifaceted Enzyme Important in Health and Disease. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:641-665. [PMID: 29412048 PMCID: PMC5966718 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00037.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The arginase enzyme developed in early life forms and was maintained during evolution. As the last step in the urea cycle, arginase cleaves l-arginine to form urea and l-ornithine. The urea cycle provides protection against excess ammonia, while l-ornithine is needed for cell proliferation, collagen formation, and other physiological functions. In mammals, increases in arginase activity have been linked to dysfunction and pathologies of the cardiovascular system, kidney, and central nervous system and also to dysfunction of the immune system and cancer. Two important aspects of the excessive activity of arginase may be involved in diseases. First, overly active arginase can reduce the supply of l-arginine needed for the production of nitric oxide (NO) by NO synthase. Second, too much l-ornithine can lead to structural problems in the vasculature, neuronal toxicity, and abnormal growth of tumor cells. Seminal studies have demonstrated that increased formation of reactive oxygen species and key inflammatory mediators promote this pathological elevation of arginase activity. Here, we review the involvement of arginase in diseases affecting the cardiovascular, renal, and central nervous system and cancer and discuss the value of therapies targeting the elevated activity of arginase.
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Affiliation(s)
- R William Caldwell
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Vision Discovery Institute, Department of Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, and Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University , Augusta, Georgia ; and VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Paulo C Rodriguez
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Vision Discovery Institute, Department of Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, and Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University , Augusta, Georgia ; and VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Haroldo A Toque
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Vision Discovery Institute, Department of Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, and Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University , Augusta, Georgia ; and VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - S Priya Narayanan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Vision Discovery Institute, Department of Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, and Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University , Augusta, Georgia ; and VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Ruth B Caldwell
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Vision Discovery Institute, Department of Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, and Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University , Augusta, Georgia ; and VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
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26
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Li C, Brazill JM, Liu S, Bello C, Zhu Y, Morimoto M, Cascio L, Pauly R, Diaz-Perez Z, Malicdan MCV, Wang H, Boccuto L, Schwartz CE, Gahl WA, Boerkoel CF, Zhai RG. Spermine synthase deficiency causes lysosomal dysfunction and oxidative stress in models of Snyder-Robinson syndrome. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1257. [PMID: 29097652 PMCID: PMC5668419 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01289-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamines are tightly regulated polycations that are essential for life. Loss-of-function mutations in spermine synthase (SMS), a polyamine biosynthesis enzyme, cause Snyder-Robinson syndrome (SRS), an X-linked intellectual disability syndrome; however, little is known about the neuropathogenesis of the disease. Here we show that loss of dSms in Drosophila recapitulates the pathological polyamine imbalance of SRS and causes survival defects and synaptic degeneration. SMS deficiency leads to excessive spermidine catabolism, which generates toxic metabolites that cause lysosomal defects and oxidative stress. Consequently, autophagy-lysosome flux and mitochondrial function are compromised in the Drosophila nervous system and SRS patient cells. Importantly, oxidative stress caused by loss of SMS is suppressed by genetically or pharmacologically enhanced antioxidant activity. Our findings uncover some of the mechanisms underlying the pathological consequences of abnormal polyamine metabolism in the nervous system and may provide potential therapeutic targets for treating SRS and other polyamine-associated neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Jennifer M Brazill
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Sha Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, 264005, China
| | - Christofer Bello
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Marie Morimoto
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Section of Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Lauren Cascio
- JC Self Research Institute, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC, 29646, USA
| | - Rini Pauly
- JC Self Research Institute, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC, 29646, USA
| | - Zoraida Diaz-Perez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - May Christine V Malicdan
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Section of Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Hongbo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, 264005, China
| | - Luigi Boccuto
- JC Self Research Institute, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC, 29646, USA
| | - Charles E Schwartz
- JC Self Research Institute, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC, 29646, USA
| | - William A Gahl
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Section of Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Cornelius F Boerkoel
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Section of Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - R Grace Zhai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, 264005, China.
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Zahedi K, Barone S, Destefano-Shields C, Brooks M, Murray-Stewart T, Dunworth M, Li W, Doherty JR, Hall MA, Smith RD, Cleveland JL, Casero RA, Soleimani M. Activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress response by enhanced polyamine catabolism is important in the mediation of cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184570. [PMID: 28886181 PMCID: PMC5590979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity limits its use in many cancer patients. The expression of enzymes involved in polyamine catabolism, spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) and spermine oxidase (SMOX) increase in the kidneys of mice treated with cisplatin. We hypothesized that enhanced polyamine catabolism contributes to tissue damage in cisplatin acute kidney injury (AKI). Using gene knockout and chemical inhibitors, the role of polyamine catabolism in cisplatin AKI was examined. Deficiency of SSAT, SMOX or neutralization of the toxic products of polyamine degradation, H2O2 and aminopropanal, significantly diminished the severity of cisplatin AKI. In vitro studies demonstrated that the induction of SSAT and elevated polyamine catabolism in cells increases the phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) and enhances the expression of binding immunoglobulin protein BiP/GRP78) and CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP/GADD153). The increased expression of these endoplasmic reticulum stress response (ERSR) markers was accompanied by the activation of caspase-3. These results suggest that enhanced polyamine degradation in cisplatin AKI may lead to tubular damage through the induction of ERSR and the consequent onset of apoptosis. In support of the above, we show that the ablation of the SSAT or SMOX gene, as well as the neutralization of polyamine catabolism products modulate the onset of ERSR (e.g. lower BiP and CHOP) and apoptosis (e.g. reduced activated caspase-3). These studies indicate that enhanced polyamine catabolism and its toxic products are important mediators of ERSR and critical to the pathogenesis of cisplatin AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamyar Zahedi
- Departments of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Center on Genetics of Transport, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Research Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Sharon Barone
- Departments of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Center on Genetics of Transport, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Research Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Christina Destefano-Shields
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marybeth Brooks
- Center on Genetics of Transport, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Tracy Murray-Stewart
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Matthew Dunworth
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Weimin Li
- Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, United States of America
| | - Joanne R. Doherty
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Hall
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, United States of America
| | - Roger D. Smith
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - John L. Cleveland
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Casero
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Manoocher Soleimani
- Departments of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Center on Genetics of Transport, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Research Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
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Cervetto C, Vergani L, Passalacqua M, Ragazzoni M, Venturini A, Cecconi F, Berretta N, Mercuri N, D'Amelio M, Maura G, Mariottini P, Voci A, Marcoli M, Cervelli M. Astrocyte-Dependent Vulnerability to Excitotoxicity in Spermine Oxidase-Overexpressing Mouse. Neuromolecular Med 2016; 18:50-68. [PMID: 26530396 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-015-8377-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic mice overexpressing spermine oxidase (SMO) in the cerebral cortex (Dach-SMO mice) showed increased vulnerability to excitotoxic brain injury and kainate-induced epileptic seizures. To investigate the mechanisms by which SMO overexpression leads to increased susceptibility to kainate excitotoxicity and seizure, in the cerebral cortex of Dach-SMO and control mice we assessed markers for astrocyte proliferation and neuron loss, and the ability of kainate to evoke glutamate release from nerve terminals and astrocyte processes. Moreover, we assessed a possible role of astrocytes in an in vitro model of epileptic-like activity in combined cortico-hippocampal slices recorded with a multi-electrode array device. In parallel, as the brain is a major metabolizer of oxygen and yet has relatively feeble protective antioxidant mechanisms, we analyzed the oxidative status of the cerebral cortex of both SMO-overexpressing and control mice by evaluating enzymatic and non-enzymatic scavengers such as metallothioneins. The main findings in the cerebral cortex of Dach-SMO mice as compared to controls are the following: astrocyte activation and neuron loss; increased oxidative stress and activation of defense mechanisms involving both neurons and astrocytes; increased susceptibility to kainate-evoked cortical epileptogenic activity, dependent on astrocyte function; appearance of a glutamate-releasing response to kainate from astrocyte processes due to activation of Ca(2+)-permeable AMPA receptors in Dach-SMO mice. We conclude that reactive astrocytosis and activation of glutamate release from astrocyte processes might contribute, together with increased reactive oxygen species production, to the vulnerability to kainate excitotoxicity in Dach-SMO mice. This mouse model with a deregulated polyamine metabolism would shed light on roles for astrocytes in increasing vulnerability to excitotoxic neuron injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cervetto
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148, Genoa, Italy
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 5, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Vergani
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mario Passalacqua
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Via L. B. Alberti 2, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Milena Ragazzoni
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Arianna Venturini
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco Cecconi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
- Unit of Cell Stress and Survival, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicola Berretta
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Mercuri
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Viale Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello D'Amelio
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
- Medical School Campus, Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Maura
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148, Genoa, Italy
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 5, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paolo Mariottini
- Department of Sciences, University of Rome "Roma Tre", Viale Marconi 446, 00146, Rome, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium of Structural and Systems Biology, Viale Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136, Rome, Italy
| | - Adriana Voci
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Manuela Marcoli
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148, Genoa, Italy.
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 5, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Manuela Cervelli
- Department of Sciences, University of Rome "Roma Tre", Viale Marconi 446, 00146, Rome, Italy.
- Interuniversity Consortium of Structural and Systems Biology, Viale Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136, Rome, Italy.
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Caldwell RB, Toque HA, Narayanan SP, Caldwell RW. Arginase: an old enzyme with new tricks. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:395-405. [PMID: 25930708 PMCID: PMC4461463 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Arginase has roots in early life-forms. It converts L-arginine to urea and ornithine. The former provides protection against NH3; the latter serves to stimulate cell growth and other physiological functions. Excessive arginase activity in mammals has been associated with cardiovascular and nervous system dysfunction and disease. Two relevant aspects of this elevated activity may be involved in these disease states. First, excessive arginase activity reduces the supply of L-arginine needed by nitric oxide (NO) synthase to produce NO. Second, excessive production of ornithine leads to vascular structural problems and neural toxicity. Recent research has identified inflammatory agents and reactive oxygen species (ROS) as drivers of this pathologic elevation of arginase activity and expression. We review the involvement of arginase in cardiovascular and nervous system dysfunction, and discuss potential therapeutic interventions targeting excess arginase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth B. Caldwell
- VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA
- Vision Discovery Institute, School of Allied Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, 30912, USA
- Vascular Biology Center, School of Allied Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, 30912, USA
| | - Haroldo A. Toque
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, 30912, USA
| | - S. Priya Narayanan
- Vision Discovery Institute, School of Allied Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, 30912, USA
- Vascular Biology Center, School of Allied Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, 30912, USA
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, 30912, USA
| | - R. William Caldwell
- Vision Discovery Institute, School of Allied Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, 30912, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, 30912, USA
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Zahedi K, Barone S, Wang Y, Murray-Stewart T, Roy-Chaudhury P, Smith RD, Casero RA, Soleimani M. Proximal tubule epithelial cell specific ablation of the spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase gene reduces the severity of renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110161. [PMID: 25390069 PMCID: PMC4229091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression and activity of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) increases in kidneys subjected to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, while its ablation reduces the severity of such injuries. These results suggest that increased SSAT levels contribute to organ injury; however, the role of SSAT specifically expressed in proximal tubule epithelial cells, which are the primary targets of I/R injury, in the mediation of renal damage remains unresolved. METHODS Severity of I/R injury in wt and renal proximal tubule specific SSAT-ko mice (PT-SSAT-Cko) subjected to bilateral renal I/R injury was assessed using cellular and molecular biological approaches. RESULTS Severity of the loss of kidney function and tubular damage are reduced in PT-SSAT-Cko- compared to wt-mice after I/R injury. In addition, animals treated with MDL72527, an inhibitor of polyamine oxidases, had less severe renal damage than their vehicle treated counter-parts. The renal expression of HMGB 1 and Toll like receptors (TLR) 2 and 4 were also reduced in PT-SSAT-Cko- compared to wt mice after I/R injury. Furthermore, infiltration of neutrophils, as well as expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) transcripts were lower in the kidneys of PT-SSAT-Cko compared to wt mice after I/R injury. Finally, the activation of caspase3 was more pronounced in the wt compared to PT-SSAT-Cko animals. CONCLUSIONS Enhanced SSAT expression by proximal tubule epithelial cells leads to tubular damage, and its deficiency reduces the severity of renal I/R injury through reduction of cellular damage and modulation of the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamyar Zahedi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Veterans Affair Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sharon Barone
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Veterans Affair Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yang Wang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Tracy Murray-Stewart
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Prabir Roy-Chaudhury
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Roger D. Smith
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Casero
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Manoocher Soleimani
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Veterans Affair Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
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Narayanan SP, Xu Z, Putluri N, Sreekumar A, Lemtalsi T, Caldwell RW, Caldwell RB. Arginase 2 deficiency reduces hyperoxia-mediated retinal neurodegeneration through the regulation of polyamine metabolism. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1075. [PMID: 24556690 PMCID: PMC3944241 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hyperoxia treatment has been known to induce neuronal and glial death in the developing central nervous system. Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a devastating disease in premature infants and a major cause of childhood vision impairment. Studies indicate that, in addition to vascular injury, retinal neurons are also affected in ROP. Using an oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) mouse model for ROP, we have previously shown that deletion of the arginase 2 (A2) significantly reduced neuro-glial injury and improved retinal function. In the current study, we investigated the mechanism of A2 deficiency-mediated neuroprotection in the OIR retina. Hyperoxia treatment has been known to induce neuronal death in neonates. During the hyperoxia phase of OIR, a significant increase in the number of apoptotic cells was observed in the wild-type (WT) OIR retina compared with A2-deficient OIR. Mass spectrometric analysis showed alterations in polyamine metabolism in WT OIR retina. Further, increased expression level of spermine oxidase was observed in WT OIR retina, suggesting increased oxidation of polyamines in OIR retina. These changes were minimal in A2-deficient OIR retina. Treatment using the polyamine oxidase inhibitor, N, N'-bis (2, 3-butadienyl)-1, 4-butanediamine dihydrochloride, significantly improved neuronal survival during OIR treatment. Our data suggest that retinal arginase is involved in the hyperoxia-induced neuronal degeneration in the OIR model, through the regulation of polyamine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Narayanan
- Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Z Xu
- Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - N Putluri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - A Sreekumar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - T Lemtalsi
- Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - R W Caldwell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - R B Caldwell
- Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
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Abstract
Polyamines are ubiquitous and essential components of mammalian cells. They have multiple functions including critical roles in nucleic acid and protein synthesis, gene expression, protein function, protection from oxidative damage, the regulation of ion channels, and maintenance of the structure of cellular macromolecules. It is essential to maintain a correct level of polyamines, and this amount is tightly regulated at the levels of transport, synthesis, and degradation. Catabolic pathways generate reactive aldehydes including acrolein and hydrogen peroxide via a number of oxidases. These metabolites, particularly those from spermine, can cause significant toxicity with damage to proteins, DNA, and other cellular components. Their production can be increased as a result of infection or cell damage that releases free polyamines and activates the oxidative catabolic pathways. Since polyamines also have an important physiological role in protection from oxidative damage, the reduction in polyamine content may exacerbate the toxic potential of these agents. Increases in polyamine catabolism have been implicated in the development of diseases including stroke, other neurological diseases, renal failure, liver disease, and cancer. These results provide new opportunities for the early diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E Pegg
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
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Narayanan SP, Rojas M, Suwanpradid J, Toque HA, Caldwell RW, Caldwell RB. Arginase in retinopathy. Prog Retin Eye Res 2013; 36:260-80. [PMID: 23830845 PMCID: PMC3759622 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic retinopathies, such as diabetic retinopathy (DR), retinopathy of prematurity and retinal vein occlusion are a major cause of blindness in developed nations worldwide. Each of these conditions is associated with early neurovascular dysfunction. However, conventional therapies target clinically significant macula edema or neovascularization, which occur much later. Intra-ocular injections of anti-VEGF show promise in reducing retinal edema, but the effects are usually transient and the need for repeated injections increases the risk of intraocular infection. Laser photocoagulation can control pathological neovascularization, but may impair vision and in some patients the retinopathy continues to progress. Moreover, neither treatment targets early stage disease or promotes repair. This review examines the potential role of the ureahydrolase enzyme arginase as a therapeutic target for the treatment of ischemic retinopathy. Arginase metabolizes l-arginine to form proline, polyamines and glutamate. Excessive arginase activity reduces the l-arginine supply for nitric oxide synthase (NOS), causing it to become uncoupled and produce superoxide and less NO. Superoxide and NO react and form the toxic oxidant peroxynitrite. The catabolic products of polyamine oxidation and glutamate can induce more oxidative stress and DNA damage, both of which can cause cellular injury. Studies indicate that neurovascular injury during retinopathy is associated with increased arginase expression/activity, decreased NO, polyamine oxidation, formation of superoxide and peroxynitrite and dysfunction and injury of both vascular and neural cells. Furthermore, data indicate that the cytosolic isoform arginase I (AI) is involved in hyperglycemia-induced dysfunction and injury of vascular endothelial cells whereas the mitochondrial isoform arginase II (AII) is involved in neurovascular dysfunction and death following hyperoxia exposure. Thus, we postulate that activation of the arginase pathway causes neurovascular injury by uncoupling NOS and inducing polyamine oxidation and glutamate formation, thereby reducing NO and increasing oxidative stress, all of which contribute to the retinopathic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Priya Narayanan
- Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, 30912, USA
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, 30912, USA
| | - Modesto Rojas
- Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, 30912, USA
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, 30912, USA
| | - Jutamas Suwanpradid
- Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, 30912, USA
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, 30912, USA
| | - Haroldo A. Toque
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, 30912, USA
| | - R. William Caldwell
- Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, 30912, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, 30912, USA
| | - Ruth B. Caldwell
- Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, 30912, USA
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, 30912, USA
- VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA, USA
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Kim GH, Kellner CP, Hickman ZL, Zacharia BE, Starke RM, Hwang BY, Ducruet AF, Fernandez L, Mayer SA, Tracey KJ, Connolly ES. A phase I clinical trial of tiopronin, a putative neuroprotective agent, in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 2013; 67:182-5; discussion 186. [PMID: 20559104 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000370919.93259.3c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neurotoxic aldehyde 3-aminopropanal (3-AP) contributes to brain injury following cerebral ischemia. Tiopronin (N-2-mercaptopropionyl-glycine[N-2-MPG]) is a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug for the treatment of cystinuria and a putative neuroprotective agent that has been shown to bind and neutralize 3-AP and reduce infarct volumes. OBJECTIVE The objective of this trial was to establish the safety of tiopronin administration in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) in preparation for further trials of its efficacy as a neuroprotective agent in this disease process. METHODS This Phase I dose-escalation trial enrolled three-patient cohorts using a conventional "3+3" study design. Tiopronin dose began at 1 g/d until aSAH Day 14. Each subsequent cohort received a dose of tiopronin based on predetermined guidelines. A maximum dose of 3 g/d was selected, because this is the maximum FDA-approved dose for long-term cystinuria treatment. Subjects were monitored for known side effects of tiopronin. RESULTS Nine patients were enrolled, the minimum number required based on the study design. None of these patients experienced serious side effects attributable to tiopronin, and no adverse events were noted that could not be attributed to the pathophysiology of aSAH. CONCLUSION The administration of 3 g/d of tiopronin following aSAH for up to 14 days appears to be safe and without the side effects associated with long-term use. Plans for a randomized, placebo-controlled Phase II trial of tiopronin for neuroprotection following aSAH are underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace H Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Alarcon R. Anticancer system created by acrolein and hydroxyl radical generated in enzymatic oxidation of spermine and other biochemical reactions. Med Hypotheses 2012; 79:522-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Igarashi K, Kashiwagi K. Protein-conjugated acrolein as a biochemical marker of brain infarction. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55:1332-41. [PMID: 21732531 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between acrolein (CH(2) =CH-CHO) and brain infarction is the focus of this review. It has been found that acrolein is produced mainly within cells from polyamines by polyamine oxidases (PAOs), especially from spermine by spermine oxidase during cell damage, and that acrolein is more toxic than reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a cell culture system. Thus, the possibility that acrolein and PAOs are good biochemical markers of stroke was tested because there are no other reliable biochemical markers at the early stage of stroke. Levels of protein-conjugated acrolein (PC-Acro) and PAOs (acrolein-producing enzymes) were significantly increased in the plasma of stroke patients. The multiplied value of PC-Acro by PAOs was nearly parallel with the size of stroke. Furthermore, when the combined measurements of PC-Acro, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were evaluated along with age using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, even silent brain infarction (SBI), which is a small brain infarction, was indicated with approximately 84% sensitivity and specificity. These findings clearly indicate that acrolein is strongly correlated with cell damage during brain infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuei Igarashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
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37
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Zheng N, Tsai HN, Zhang X, Rosania GR. The subcellular distribution of small molecules: from pharmacokinetics to synthetic biology. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:1619-28. [PMID: 21805990 DOI: 10.1021/mp200092v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The systemic pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of small molecules are determined by subcellular transport phenomena. Although approaches used to study the subcellular distribution of small molecules have gradually evolved over the past several decades, experimental analysis and prediction of cellular pharmacokinetics remains a challenge. In this review, we survey the progress of subcellular distribution research since the 1960s, with a focus on the advantages, disadvantages and limitations of the various experimental techniques. Critical review of the existing body of knowledge points to many opportunities to advance the rational design of organelle-targeted chemical agents. These opportunities include (1) development of quantitative, non-fluorescence-based, whole cell methods and techniques to measure the subcellular distribution of chemical agents in multiple compartments; (2) exploratory experimentation with nonspecific transport probes that have not been enriched with putative, organelle-targeting features; (3) elaboration of hypothesis-driven, mechanistic and modeling-based approaches to guide experiments aimed at elucidating subcellular distribution and transport; and (4) introduction of revolutionary conceptual approaches borrowed from the field of synthetic biology combined with cutting edge experimental strategies. In our laboratory, state-of-the-art subcellular transport studies are now being aimed at understanding the formation of new intracellular membrane structures in response to drug therapy, exploring the function of drug-membrane complexes as intracellular drug depots, and synthesizing new organelles with extraordinary physical and chemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Goldsborough AS, Handley MD, Dulcey AE, Pluchino KM, Kannan P, Brimacombe KR, Hall MD, Griffiths G, Gottesman MM. Collateral sensitivity of multidrug-resistant cells to the orphan drug tiopronin. J Med Chem 2011; 54:4987-97. [PMID: 21657271 PMCID: PMC3208667 DOI: 10.1021/jm2001663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge in the treatment of cancer is multidrug resistance (MDR) that develops during chemotherapy. Here we demonstrate that tiopronin (1), a thiol-substituted N-propanoylglycine derivative, was selectively toxic to a series of cell lines expressing the drug efflux pump P-glycoprotein (P-gp, ABCB1) and MRP1 (ABCC1). Treatment of MDR cells with 1 led to instability of the ABCB1 mRNA and consequently a reduction in P-gp protein, despite functional assays demonstrating that tiopronin does not interact with P-gp. Long-term exposure of P-gp-expressing cells to 1 sensitized them to doxorubicin and paclitaxel, both P-gp substrates. Treatment of MRP1-overexpressing cells with tiopronin led to a significant reduction in MRP1 protein. Synthesis and screening of analogues of tiopronin demonstrated that the thiol functional group was essential for collateral sensitivity while substitution of the amino acid backbone altered but did not destroy specificity, pointing to future development of targeted analogues.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis
- Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance, Multiple/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/metabolism
- Orphan Drug Production
- Paclitaxel/pharmacology
- RNA Stability
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Tiopronin/chemical synthesis
- Tiopronin/chemistry
- Tiopronin/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Goldsborough
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Narayanan SP, Suwanpradid J, Saul A, Xu Z, Still A, Caldwell RW, Caldwell RB. Arginase 2 deletion reduces neuro-glial injury and improves retinal function in a model of retinopathy of prematurity. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22460. [PMID: 21811615 PMCID: PMC3141070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a major cause of vision impairment in low birth weight infants. While previous work has focused on defining the mechanisms of vascular injury leading to retinal neovascularization, recent studies show that neurons are also affected. This study was undertaken to determine the role of the mitochondrial arginine/ornithine regulating enzyme arginase 2 (A2) in retinal neuro-glial cell injury in the mouse model of ROP. METHODS AND FINDINGS Studies were performed using wild type (WT) and A2 knockout (A2-/-) mice exposed to Oxygen Induced Retinopathy (OIR). Neuronal injury and apoptosis were assessed using immunohistochemistry, TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end) labeling and Western blotting. Electroretinography (ERG) was used to assess retinal function. Neuro-glial injury in WT ROP mice was evident by TUNEL labeling, retinal thinning, decreases in number of rod bipolar cells and glial cell activation as compared with room air controls. Significant reduction in numbers of TUNEL positive cells, inhibition of retinal thinning, preservation of the rod bipolar cells and prevention of glial activation were observed in the A2-/- retinas. Retinal function was markedly impaired in the WT OIR mice as shown by decreases in amplitude of the b-wave of the ERG. This defect was significantly reduced in A2-/- mice. Levels of the pro-apoptotic proteins p53, cleaved caspase 9, cytochrome C and the mitochondrial protein Bim were markedly increased in WT OIR retinas compared to controls, whereas the pro-survival Mitochondrial protein BCL-xl was reduced. These alterations were largely blocked in the A2-/- OIR retina. CONCLUSIONS Our data implicate A2 in neurodegeneration during ROP. Deletion of A2 significantly improves neuronal survival and function, possibly through the regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability mediated apoptosis during retinal ischemia. These molecular events are associated with decreased activation of glial cells, suggesting a rescue effect on macroglia as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadra P. Narayanan
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jutamas Suwanpradid
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Alan Saul
- Department of Ophthalmology, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Zhimin Xu
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Amber Still
- Department of Ophthalmology, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Robert W. Caldwell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ruth B. Caldwell
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Extracellular spermine exacerbates ischemic neuronal injury through sensitization of ASIC1a channels to extracellular acidosis. J Neurosci 2011; 31:2101-12. [PMID: 21307247 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4351-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic brain injury is a major problem associated with stroke. It has been increasingly recognized that acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) contribute significantly to ischemic neuronal damage, but the underlying mechanism has remained elusive. Here, we show that extracellular spermine, one of the endogenous polyamines, exacerbates ischemic neuronal injury through sensitization of ASIC1a channels to extracellular acidosis. Pharmacological blockade of ASIC1a or deletion of the ASIC1 gene greatly reduces the enhancing effect of spermine in ischemic neuronal damage both in cultures of dissociated neurons and in a mouse model of focal ischemia. Mechanistically, spermine profoundly reduces desensitization of ASIC1a by slowing down desensitization in the open state, shifting steady-state desensitization to more acidic pH, and accelerating recovery between repeated periods of acid stimulation. Spermine-mediated potentiation of ASIC1a activity is occluded by PcTX1 (psalmotoxin 1), a specific ASIC1a inhibitor binding to its extracellular domain. Functionally, the enhanced channel activity is accompanied by increased acid-induced neuronal membrane depolarization and cytoplasmic Ca(2+) overload, which may partially explain the exacerbated neuronal damage caused by spermine. More importantly, blocking endogenous spermine synthesis significantly attenuates ischemic brain injury mediated by ASIC1a but not that by NMDA receptors. Thus, extracellular spermine contributes significantly to ischemic neuronal injury through enhancing ASIC1a activity. Our data suggest new neuroprotective strategies for stroke patients via inhibition of polyamine synthesis and subsequent spermine-ASIC interaction.
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Zahedi K, Barone S, Kramer DL, Amlal H, Alhonen L, Jänne J, Porter CW, Soleimani M. The role of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase in endotoxin-induced acute kidney injury. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2010; 299:C164-74. [PMID: 20392931 PMCID: PMC2904252 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00512.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The expression of catabolic enzymes spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase (SSAT) and spermine oxidase (SMO) increases after ischemic reperfusion injury. We hypothesized that polyamine catabolism is upregulated and that this increase in catabolic response contributes to tissue damage in endotoxin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI). SSAT mRNA expression peaked at threefold 24 h following LPS injection and returned to background levels by 48 h. The activity of SSAT correlated with its mRNA levels. The expression of SMO also increased in the kidney after LPS administration. Serum creatinine levels increased significantly at approximately 15 h, peaking by 24 h, and returned to background levels by 72 h. To test the role of SSAT in endotoxin-induced AKI, we injected wild-type (SSAT-wt) and SSAT-deficient (SSAT-ko) mice with LPS. Compared with SSAT-wt mice, the SSAT-ko mice subjected to endotoxic-AKI had less severe kidney damage as indicated by better preservation of kidney function. The role of polyamine oxidation in the mediation of kidney injury was examined by comparing the severity of renal damage in SSAT-wt mice treated with MDL72527, an inhibitor of both polyamine oxidase and SMO. Animals treated with MDL72527 showed significant protection against endotoxin-induced AKI. We conclude that increased polyamine catabolism through generation of by-products of polyamine oxidation contributes to kidney damage and that modulation of polyamine catabolism may be a viable approach for the treatment of endotoxin-induced AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamyar Zahedi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0585, USA.
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Song MS, Baker GB, Dursun SM, Todd KG. The antidepressant phenelzine protects neurons and astrocytes against formaldehyde-induced toxicity. J Neurochem 2010; 114:1405-13. [PMID: 20557421 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06857.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reactive aldehydes have been implicated in the etiology of several neurological and psychiatric disorders, and there is considerable interest in drugs to counteract the actions of these aldehydes. Increased formaldehyde (FA) and up-regulation of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase, which forms FA from methylamine, have been implicated in disorders such as cerebrovascular disorders, alcohol abuse, diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. Phenelzine (PLZ), a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, is an antidepressant that has recently received attention for its neuroprotective/neurorescue properties. We investigated FA-induced toxicity and the effects of PLZ using rat primary cortical neurons and astrocytes and found that FA induced toxicity in neurons and astrocytes by multiple means. In astrocytes, FA decreased glutamate transporter expression, inhibiting glutamate uptake. PLZ reversed the decrease of glutamate uptake and the alteration of the second messengers, AKT and p38, induced by FA. PLZ alone affected the GLT-1 glutamate transporter in opposite directions in astrocytes and neurons. Thus, PLZ has multiple actions in neurons and astrocytes that may contribute to its neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee-Sook Song
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Saiki R, Nishimura K, Ishii I, Omura T, Okuyama S, Kashiwagi K, Igarashi K. Intense Correlation Between Brain Infarction and Protein-Conjugated Acrolein. Stroke 2009; 40:3356-61. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.109.553248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
We recently found that increases in plasma levels of protein-conjugated acrolein and polyamine oxidases, enzymes that produce acrolein, are good markers for stroke. The aim of this study was to determine whether the level of protein-conjugated acrolein is increased and levels of spermine and spermidine, the substrates of acrolein production, are decreased at the locus of infarction.
Methods—
A unilateral infarction was induced in mouse brain by photoinduction after injection of Rose Bengal. The volume of the infarction was analyzed using the public domain National Institutes of Health image program. The level of protein-conjugated acrolein at the locus of infarction and in plasma was measured by Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The levels of polyamines at the locus of infarction and in plasma were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography.
Results—
The level of protein-conjugated acrolein was greatly increased, and levels of spermine and spermidine were decreased at the locus of infarction at 24 hours after the induction of stroke. The size of infarction was significantly decreased by
N
-acetylcysteine, a scavenger of acrolein. It was also found that the increases in the protein-conjugated acrolein, polyamines, and polyamine oxidases in plasma were observed after the induction of stroke.
Conclusions—
The results indicate that the induction of infarction is well correlated with the increase in protein-conjugated acrolein at the locus of infarction and in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryotaro Saiki
- From the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (R.S., K.N., I.I., K.I.), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Medicinal Research Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co Ltd (T.O., S.O.), Saitama, Japan; Faculty of Pharmacy (K.K.), Chiba Institute of Science, Chiba, Japan; and Amine Pharma Research Institute (K.I.), Innovation Plaza at Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nishimura
- From the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (R.S., K.N., I.I., K.I.), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Medicinal Research Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co Ltd (T.O., S.O.), Saitama, Japan; Faculty of Pharmacy (K.K.), Chiba Institute of Science, Chiba, Japan; and Amine Pharma Research Institute (K.I.), Innovation Plaza at Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Itsuko Ishii
- From the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (R.S., K.N., I.I., K.I.), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Medicinal Research Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co Ltd (T.O., S.O.), Saitama, Japan; Faculty of Pharmacy (K.K.), Chiba Institute of Science, Chiba, Japan; and Amine Pharma Research Institute (K.I.), Innovation Plaza at Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Omura
- From the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (R.S., K.N., I.I., K.I.), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Medicinal Research Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co Ltd (T.O., S.O.), Saitama, Japan; Faculty of Pharmacy (K.K.), Chiba Institute of Science, Chiba, Japan; and Amine Pharma Research Institute (K.I.), Innovation Plaza at Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shigeru Okuyama
- From the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (R.S., K.N., I.I., K.I.), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Medicinal Research Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co Ltd (T.O., S.O.), Saitama, Japan; Faculty of Pharmacy (K.K.), Chiba Institute of Science, Chiba, Japan; and Amine Pharma Research Institute (K.I.), Innovation Plaza at Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keiko Kashiwagi
- From the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (R.S., K.N., I.I., K.I.), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Medicinal Research Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co Ltd (T.O., S.O.), Saitama, Japan; Faculty of Pharmacy (K.K.), Chiba Institute of Science, Chiba, Japan; and Amine Pharma Research Institute (K.I.), Innovation Plaza at Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuei Igarashi
- From the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (R.S., K.N., I.I., K.I.), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Medicinal Research Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co Ltd (T.O., S.O.), Saitama, Japan; Faculty of Pharmacy (K.K.), Chiba Institute of Science, Chiba, Japan; and Amine Pharma Research Institute (K.I.), Innovation Plaza at Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Modulation of cellular function by polyamines. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 42:39-51. [PMID: 19643201 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 601] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine) are essential for normal cell growth. The polyamine levels in cells are regulated by biosynthesis, degradation, and transport. Polyamines can modulate the functions of DNA, nucleotide triphosphates, proteins, and especially RNA because most polyamines exist in a polyamine-RNA complex in cells. Thus, the major focus on this review is on the role of polyamines in protein synthesis. In addition, effects of polyamines on B to Z conversion of DNA, transcription, phosphorylation of proteins, cell cycle progression, apoptosis and ion channels, especially NMDA receptors, are outlined. The function of eIF5A is also briefly discussed. Finally, a correlation between acrolein, produced from polyamines by polyamine oxidases, and chronic renal failure or brain stroke is summarized. Increased levels of polyamine oxidases and acrolein are good markers of chronic renal failure and brain stroke.
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Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the US, with secondary damage following the initial insult contributing significantly to overall poor outcome. Prior investigations have shown that the metabolism of certain polyamines such as spermine, spermidine, and putrescine are elevated in ischemic parenchyma, resulting in an increase in their metabolite concentration. Polyamine metabolites tend to be cytotoxic, leading to neuronal injury in the penumbra following stroke and expansion of the area of infarcted tissue. Although the precise mechanism is unclear, the presence of reactive aldehydes produced through polyamine metabolism, such as 3-aminopropanal and acrolein, have been shown to correlate with the incidence of cerebral vasospasm, disruption of oxidative metabolism and mitochondrial functioning, and disturbance of cellular calcium ion channels. Regulation of the polyamine metabolic pathway, therefore, may have the potential to limit injury following cerebral ischemia. To this end, we review this pathway in detail with an emphasis on clinical applicability.
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Zahedi K, Lentsch AB, Okaya T, Barone S, Sakai N, Witte DP, Arend LJ, Alhonen L, Jell J, Jänne J, Porter CW, Soleimani M. Spermidine/spermine-N1-acetyltransferase ablation protects against liver and kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 296:G899-909. [PMID: 19164485 PMCID: PMC2670665 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90507.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Expression of spermine/spermidine-N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT), the rate-limiting enzyme of polyamine backconversion cascade, increases after ischemia-reperfusion injuries (IRI). We hypothesized that SSAT plays an important role in the mediation of IRI. To test our hypothesis, wild-type (SSAT-wt) and SSAT-deficient (SSAT-ko) mice were subjected to liver or kidney IRI by ligation of hepatic or renal arteries. The liver and kidney content of putrescine (Put), a downstream by-product of SSAT activity, increased in SSAT-wt animals but not in SSAT-ko animals after IRI, indicating that polyamine backconversion is not functional in SSAT-deficient mice. When subjected to hepatic IRI, SSAT-ko mice were significantly protected against liver damage compared with SSAT-wt mice. Similarly, SSAT-ko animals subjected to renal IRI showed significantly greater protection against damage to kidney tubules than SSAT-wt mice. These studies indicate that SSAT-deficient animals are protected against IRI and suggest that SSAT is an important mediator of the tissue damage in IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamyar Zahedi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabine Way, MSB 259G, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0585, USA
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Takao K, Shibata S, Ozawa T, Wada M, Sugitia Y, Samejima K, Shirahata A. A conceptual model of the polyamine binding site of N1-acetylpolyamine oxidase developed from a study of polyamine derivatives. Amino Acids 2008; 37:401-5. [PMID: 18712272 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-008-0168-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We used various polyamine derivatives to study the substrate binding site of N1-acetylpolyamine oxidase (PAO) that was partially purified from rat liver. The substrate activities of acetylpolyamines indicated the presence of two anionic centers corresponding to the 1,3-diaminopropane (1,3-DAP) structure and a hydrophobic region in addition to the cleavage site of the acetamidopropyl group. Based on the results of the inhibitory activities of 1,3-DAP derivatives, we developed a conceptual model of the polyamine binding site of PAO. We used this model to identify a potent competitive inhibitor, N1,N7-dihexyl-1,7-diamino-4-azaheptane, and to develop an affinity column, 1,16-diamino4,13-diazahexadecane-linked Sepharose, which was useful for the purification of PAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Takao
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan.
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Marcocci L, Casadei M, Faso C, Antoccia A, Stano P, Leone S, Mondovì B, Federico R, Tavladoraki P. Inducible expression of maize polyamine oxidase in the nucleus of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells confers sensitivity to etoposide. Amino Acids 2008; 34:403-12. [PMID: 17610126 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-007-0558-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, polyamine oxidase from maize (MPAO), which is involved in the terminal catabolism of spermidine and spermine to produce an aminoaldehyde, 1,3-diaminopropane and H(2)O(2), has been conditionally expressed at high levels in the nucleus of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, with the aim to interfere with polyamine homeostasis and cell proliferation. Recombinant MPAO expression induced accumulation of a high amount of 1,3-diaminopropane, an increase of putrescine levels and no alteration in the cellular content of spermine and spermidine. Furthermore, recombinant MPAO expression did not interfere with cell growth of MCF-7 cells under normal conditions but it did confer higher growth sensitivity to etoposide, a DNA topoisomerase II inhibitor widely used as antineoplastic drug. These data suggest polyamine oxidases as a potential tool to improve the efficiency of antiproliferative agents despite the difficulty to interfere with cellular homeostasis of spermine and spermidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Marcocci
- Department of Biochemical Sciences A. Rossi Fanelli, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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Mechanism of action of the disease-modifying anti-arthritic thiol agents d-penicillamine and sodium aurothiomalate: Restoration of cellular free thiols and sequestration of reactive aldehydes. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 580:48-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Revised: 10/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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50
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Burcham PC, Raso A, Thompson C, Tan D. Intermolecular protein cross-linking during acrolein toxicity: efficacy of carbonyl scavengers as inhibitors of heat shock protein-90 cross-linking in A549 cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2007; 20:1629-37. [PMID: 17907782 DOI: 10.1021/tx700192e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The smoke-borne electrophile acrolein reacts extensively with proteins, forming carbonyl-retaining Michael adducts that may be attacked by adjacent protein nucleophiles to form cross-links. Because little information is available concerning the extent of intermolecular protein cross-linking during acrolein toxicity in cells, we used an antibody against a known target for toxic carbonyls, the chaperone protein Hsp90, to detect the formation of high-mass protein complexes in acrolein-exposed A549 cells. A 3 h exposure to acrolein (0 to 200 microM) resulted in concentration-dependent formation of a single high-mass band (approx. 180 kDa). This species was detected in cells exposed to just 50 microM acrolein, a concentration that did not elicit acute cell death as assessed by measurements of cell ATP levels. The formation of cross-linked Hsp90 coincided with a rapid loss of carbonyl adducts within cells that had been subjected to a brief "pulse" exposure to a subtoxic concentration of acrolein, suggesting Michael adducts are short-lived within cells due in part to consumption during reactions with protein nucleophiles. Cross-linked Hsp90 persisted following an overnight recovery incubation, suggesting the cellular ability to repair or degrade these species is limited. Two known carbonyl scavengers, hydralazine and bisulfite, strongly protected against the ATP depletion accompanying acrolein exposure, but only the latter suppressed protein adduction and Hsp90 cross-linking. As previously shown for hydralazine, mass spectrometry studies using a model peptide indicated that bisulfite traps carbonyl groups possessed by Michael addition adducts, and such adduct-trapping reactivity appeared to contribute to the blockade of Hsp90 cross-linking in acrolein-preloaded cells. Collectively, these findings establish that formation of stable intermolecular protein cross-links accompanies exposure to acrolein. Future clarification of the chemistry underlying this damage may provide novel biomarkers of acrolein exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Burcham
- Pharmacology and Anaesthesiology Unit, School of Medicine & Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
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