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El Biali M, Wölfl‐Duchek M, Jackwerth M, Mairinger S, Weber M, Bamminger K, Poschner S, Rausch I, Schindler N, Lozano IH, Jäger W, Nics L, Tournier N, Hacker M, Zeitlinger M, Bauer M, Langer O. St. John's wort extract with a high hyperforin content does not induce P-glycoprotein activity at the human blood-brain barrier. Clin Transl Sci 2024; 17:e13804. [PMID: 38700454 PMCID: PMC11067874 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
St. John's wort (SJW) extract, a herbal medicine with antidepressant effects, is a potent inducer of intestinal and/or hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which can cause clinically relevant drug interactions. It is currently not known whether SJW can also induce P-gp activity at the human blood-brain barrier (BBB), which may potentially lead to decreased brain exposure and efficacy of certain central nervous system (CNS)-targeted P-gp substrate drugs. In this study, we used a combination of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and cocktail phenotyping to gain a comprehensive picture on the effect of SJW on central and peripheral P-gp and CYP activities. Before and after treatment of healthy volunteers (n = 10) with SJW extract with a high hyperforin content (3-6%) for 12-19 days (1800 mg/day), the activity of P-gp at the BBB was assessed by means of PET imaging with the P-gp substrate [11C]metoclopramide and the activity of peripheral P-gp and CYPs was assessed by administering a low-dose phenotyping cocktail (caffeine, omeprazole, dextromethorphan, and midazolam or fexofenadine). SJW significantly increased peripheral P-gp, CYP3A, and CYP2C19 activity. Conversely, no significant changes in the peripheral metabolism, brain distribution, and P-gp-mediated efflux of [11C]metoclopramide across the BBB were observed following the treatment with SJW extract. Our data suggest that SJW does not lead to significant P-gp induction at the human BBB despite its ability to induce peripheral P-gp and CYPs. Simultaneous intake of SJW with CNS-targeted P-gp substrate drugs is not expected to lead to P-gp-mediated drug interactions at the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam El Biali
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and ToxicologyGeneva University HospitalsGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Michael Wölfl‐Duchek
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Department of Biomedical Imaging und Image‐guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Matthias Jackwerth
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Severin Mairinger
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Department of Biomedical Imaging und Image‐guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Maria Weber
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Karsten Bamminger
- Department of Biomedical Imaging und Image‐guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Stefan Poschner
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Ivo Rausch
- QIMP Team, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Natalie Schindler
- Department of Biomedical Imaging und Image‐guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | | | - Walter Jäger
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Lukas Nics
- Department of Biomedical Imaging und Image‐guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Nicolas Tournier
- Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale (BIOMAPS)Université Paris‐Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, Service Hospitalier Frédéric JoliotOrsayFrance
| | - Marcus Hacker
- Department of Biomedical Imaging und Image‐guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Markus Zeitlinger
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Martin Bauer
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Oliver Langer
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Department of Biomedical Imaging und Image‐guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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Abbas SH, Ceresa CDL, Pollok JM. Steatotic Donor Transplant Livers: Preservation Strategies to Mitigate against Ischaemia-Reperfusion Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4648. [PMID: 38731866 PMCID: PMC11083584 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation (LT) is the only definitive treatment for end-stage liver disease, yet the UK has seen a 400% increase in liver disease-related deaths since 1970, constrained further by a critical shortage of donor organs. This shortfall has necessitated the use of extended criteria donor organs, including those with evidence of steatosis. The impact of hepatic steatosis (HS) on graft viability remains a concern, particularly for donor livers with moderate to severe steatosis which are highly sensitive to the process of ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and static cold storage (SCS) leading to poor post-transplantation outcomes. This review explores the pathophysiological predisposition of steatotic livers to IRI, the limitations of SCS, and alternative preservation strategies, including novel organ preservation solutions (OPS) and normothermic machine perfusion (NMP), to mitigate IRI and improve outcomes for steatotic donor livers. By addressing these challenges, the liver transplant community can enhance the utilisation of steatotic donor livers which is crucial in the context of the global obesity crisis and the growing need to expand the donor pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Hussain Abbas
- Oxford Transplant Centre, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK;
| | - Carlo Domenico Lorenzo Ceresa
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary and Liver Transplant Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, Hampstead, London NW3 2QG, UK;
| | - Joerg-Matthias Pollok
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary and Liver Transplant Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, Hampstead, London NW3 2QG, UK;
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Gurley BJ. Clinically Relevant Herb-Drug Interactions: A 30-Year Historical Assessment. J Diet Suppl 2024:1-27. [PMID: 38504455 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2024.2327544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act, a legislative measure ushering in a novel class of complementary healthcare products known as dietary supplements, will mark its 30th anniversary in October 2024. Over this 30-year period, dietary supplement usage evolved from a few hundred products made up mostly of vitamins, minerals, and select botanical extracts to more than 75,000 single- and multi-ingredient products that are now regular staples in the American healthcare system and used by half of all U.S. consumers. One of the fastest-growing segments of the dietary supplement market during this 3-decade interval has been those products formulated with botanical extracts. Coincident with the growing popularity of botanical dietary supplements (BDS) has been their concomitant ingestion with conventional prescription medications. BDS are complex mixtures of phytochemicals oftentimes exhibiting complex pharmacology. Formulated as concentrated phytochemical extracts, BDS are vehicles for a host of plant secondary metabolites rarely encountered in the typical diet. When taken with prescription drugs, BDS may give rise to clinically significant herb-drug interactions (HDI). Pharmacodynamic HDI describe interactions between phytochemicals and conventional medications at the drug receptor level, while pharmacokinetic HDI stem from phytochemical-mediated induction and/or inhibition of human drug metabolizing enzymes and/or transporters. This review summarizes BDS identified over the last 30 years that pose clinically relevant HDI and whose mechanisms are either pharmacodynamically or pharmacokinetically mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill J Gurley
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of MS, University, MS, USA
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Abegg VF, Panajatovic MV, Mancuso RV, Allard JA, Duthaler U, Odermatt A, Krähenbühl S, Bouitbir J. Mechanisms of hepatocellular toxicity associated with the components of St. John's Wort extract hypericin and hyperforin in HepG2 and HepaRG cells. Toxicol Lett 2024; 393:1-13. [PMID: 38219807 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
St. John's Wort preparations are used for the treatment of mild to moderate depression. They are usually well tolerated but can cause adverse reactions including liver toxicity in rare cases. To date, the mechanism(s) underlying the hepatotoxicity of St. John's Wort extracts are poorly investigated. We studied the hepatocellular toxicity of hypericin and hyperforin as the two main ingredients of St. John's Wort extracts in HepG2 and HepaRG cells and compared the effects to citalopram (a synthetic serotonin uptake inhibitor) with a special focus on mitochondrial toxicity and oxidative stress. In HepG2 cells, hypericin was membrane-toxic at 100 µM and depleted ATP at 20 µM. In HepaRG cells, ATP depletion started at 5 µM. In comparison, hyperforin and citalopram were not toxic up to 100 µM. In HepG2 cells, hypericin decreased maximal respiration starting at 2 µM and mitochondrial ATP formation starting at 10 µM but did not affect glycolytic ATP production. Hypericin inhibited the activity of complex I, II and IV of the electron transfer system and caused mitochondrial superoxide accumulation in cells. The protein expression of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) and thioredoxin 2 (TRX2) and total and reduced glutathione decreased in cells exposed to hypericin. Finally, hypericin diminished the mitochondrial DNA copy number and caused cell necrosis but not apoptosis. In conclusion, hypericin, but not hyperforin or citalopram, is a mitochondrial toxicant at low micromolar concentrations. This mechanism may contribute to the hepatotoxicity occasionally observed in susceptible patients treated with St. John's Wort preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Fabienne Abegg
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Julien Arthur Allard
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Urs Duthaler
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Krähenbühl
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jamal Bouitbir
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Switzerland.
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Bouron A. Cellular neurobiology of hyperforin. Phytother Res 2024; 38:636-645. [PMID: 37963759 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Hyperforin is a phloroglucinol derivative isolated from the medicinal plant Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort, SJW). This lipophilic biomolecule displays antibacterial, pro-apoptotic, antiproliferative, and anti-inflammatory activities. In addition, in vitro and in vivo data showed that hyperforin is a promising molecule with potential applications in neurology and psychiatry. For instance, hyperforin possesses antidepressant properties, impairs the uptake of neurotransmitters, and stimulates the brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/TrkB neurotrophic signaling pathway, the adult hippocampal neurogenesis, and the brain homeostasis of zinc. In fact, hyperforin is a multi-target biomolecule with a complex neuropharmacological profile. However, one prominent pharmacological feature of hyperforin is its ability to influence the homeostasis of cations such as Ca2+ , Na+ , Zn2+ , and H+ . So far, the pathophysiological relevance of these actions is currently unknown. The main objective of the present work is to provide an overview of the cellular neurobiology of hyperforin, with a special focus on its effects on neuronal membranes and the movement of cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Bouron
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Inserm UA13 BGE, Grenoble, France
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Wang M, Song Z, Lai S, Tang F, Dou L, Yang F. Depression-associated gut microbes, metabolites and clinical trials. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1292004. [PMID: 38357350 PMCID: PMC10864537 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1292004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Depression is one of the most prevalent mental disorders today. Over the past decade, there has been considerable attention given to the field of gut microbiota associated with depression. A substantial body of research indicates a bidirectional communication pathway between gut microbiota and the brain. In this review, we extensively detail the correlation between gut microbiota, including Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium longum, and metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) concerning depression. Furthermore, we delve into the potential health benefits of microbiome-targeted therapies, encompassing probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics, in alleviating depression. Lastly, we underscore the importance of employing a constraint-based modeling framework in the era of systems medicine to contextualize metabolomic measurements and integrate multi-omics data. This approach can offer valuable insights into the complex metabolic host-microbiota interactions, enabling personalized recommendations for potential biomarkers, novel drugs, and treatments for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Bioinformatics, School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhaoqi Song
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Bioinformatics, School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shirong Lai
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Bioinformatics, School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Furong Tang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijun Dou
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Fenglong Yang
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Bioinformatics, School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Florke Gee RR, Huber AD, Chen T. Regulation of PXR in drug metabolism: chemical and structural perspectives. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2024; 20:9-23. [PMID: 38251638 PMCID: PMC10939797 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2024.2309212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a master xenobiotic sensor that transcriptionally controls drug metabolism and disposition pathways. PXR activation by pharmaceutical drugs, natural products, environmental toxins, etc. may decrease drug efficacy and increase drug-drug interactions and drug toxicity, indicating a therapeutic value for PXR antagonists. However, PXR's functions in physiological events, such as intestinal inflammation, indicate that PXR activators may be useful in certain disease contexts. AREAS COVERED We review the reported roles of PXR in various physiological and pathological processes including drug metabolism, cancer, inflammation, energy metabolism, and endobiotic homeostasis. We then highlight specific cellular and chemical routes that modulate PXR activity and discuss the functional consequences. Databases searched and inclusive dates: PubMed, 1 January 1980 to 10 January 2024. EXPERT OPINION Knowledge of PXR's drug metabolism function has helped drug developers produce small molecules without PXR-mediated metabolic liabilities, and further understanding of PXR's cellular functions may offer drug development opportunities in multiple disease settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R. Florke Gee
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Andrew D. Huber
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Schäfer AM, Rysz MA, Schädeli J, Hübscher M, Khosravi H, Fehr M, Seibert I, Potterat O, Smieško M, Meyer Zu Schwabedissen HE. St. John's Wort Formulations Induce Rat CYP3A23-3A1 Independent of Their Hyperforin Content. Mol Pharmacol 2023; 105:14-22. [PMID: 37863663 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.123.000725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a ligand-activated regulator of cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A enzymes. Among the ligands of human PXR is hyperforin, a constituent of St John's wort (SJW) extracts and potent inducer of human CYP3A4. It was the aim of this study to compare the effect of hyperforin and SJW formulations controlled for its content on CYP3A23-3A1 in rats. Hyperiplant was used as it contains a high hyperforin content and Rebalance because it is controlled for a low hyperforin content. In silico analysis revealed a weak hyperforin-rPXR binding affinity, which was further supported in cell-based reporter gene assays showing no hyperforin-mediated reporter activation in presence of rPXR. However, cellular exposure to Hyperiplant and Rebalance transactivated the CYP3A reporter 3.8-fold and 2.8-fold, respectively, and they induced Cyp3a23-3a1 mRNA expression in rat hepatoma cells compared with control 48-fold and 18-fold, respectively. In Wistar rats treated for 10 days with 400 mg/kg of Hyperiplant, we observed 1.8 times the Cyp3a23-3a1 mRNA expression, a 2.6-fold higher CYP3A23-3A1 protein amount, and a 1.6-fold increase in activity compared with controls. For Rebalance we only observed a 1.8-fold hepatic increase of CYP3A23-3A1 protein compared with control animals. Even though there are differing effects on rCyp3a23-3a1/CYP3A23-3A1 in rat liver reflecting the hyperforin content of the SJW extracts, the modulation is most likely not linked to an interaction of hyperforin with rPXR. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Treatment with St John's wort (SJW) has been reported to affect CYP3A expression and activity in rats. Our comparative study further supports this finding but shows that the pregnane X receptor-ligand hyperforin is not the driving force for changes in rat CYP3A23-3A1 expression and function in vivo and in vitro. Importantly, CYP3A induction mimics findings in humans, but our results suggest that another so far unknown constituent of SJW is responsible for the expression- and function-modifying effects in rat liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anima M Schäfer
- Biopharmacy (A.M.S., M.A.R., J.S., M.H., H.K., M.F., I.S., H.E.M.), Computational Pharmacy (M.S.), and Pharmaceutical Biology (O.P.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marta A Rysz
- Biopharmacy (A.M.S., M.A.R., J.S., M.H., H.K., M.F., I.S., H.E.M.), Computational Pharmacy (M.S.), and Pharmaceutical Biology (O.P.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Schädeli
- Biopharmacy (A.M.S., M.A.R., J.S., M.H., H.K., M.F., I.S., H.E.M.), Computational Pharmacy (M.S.), and Pharmaceutical Biology (O.P.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michelle Hübscher
- Biopharmacy (A.M.S., M.A.R., J.S., M.H., H.K., M.F., I.S., H.E.M.), Computational Pharmacy (M.S.), and Pharmaceutical Biology (O.P.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Haleh Khosravi
- Biopharmacy (A.M.S., M.A.R., J.S., M.H., H.K., M.F., I.S., H.E.M.), Computational Pharmacy (M.S.), and Pharmaceutical Biology (O.P.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michelle Fehr
- Biopharmacy (A.M.S., M.A.R., J.S., M.H., H.K., M.F., I.S., H.E.M.), Computational Pharmacy (M.S.), and Pharmaceutical Biology (O.P.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Isabell Seibert
- Biopharmacy (A.M.S., M.A.R., J.S., M.H., H.K., M.F., I.S., H.E.M.), Computational Pharmacy (M.S.), and Pharmaceutical Biology (O.P.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Potterat
- Biopharmacy (A.M.S., M.A.R., J.S., M.H., H.K., M.F., I.S., H.E.M.), Computational Pharmacy (M.S.), and Pharmaceutical Biology (O.P.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Smieško
- Biopharmacy (A.M.S., M.A.R., J.S., M.H., H.K., M.F., I.S., H.E.M.), Computational Pharmacy (M.S.), and Pharmaceutical Biology (O.P.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Henriette E Meyer Zu Schwabedissen
- Biopharmacy (A.M.S., M.A.R., J.S., M.H., H.K., M.F., I.S., H.E.M.), Computational Pharmacy (M.S.), and Pharmaceutical Biology (O.P.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Lei S, Guo A, Lu J, Qi Q, Devanathan AS, Zhu J, Ma X. Activation of PXR causes drug interactions with Paxlovid in transgenic mice. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:4502-4510. [PMID: 37969744 PMCID: PMC10638548 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Paxlovid is a nirmatrelvir (NMV) and ritonavir (RTV) co-packaged medication used for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The active component of Paxlovid is NMV and RTV is a pharmacokinetic booster. Our work aimed to investigate the drug/herb-drug interactions associated with Paxlovid and provide mechanism-based guidance for the clinical use of Paxlovid. By using recombinant human cytochrome P450s (CYPs), we confirmed that CYP3A4 and 3A5 are the major enzymes responsible for NMV metabolism. The role of CYP3A in Paxlovid metabolism were further verified in Cyp3a-null mice, which showed that the deficiency of CYP3A significantly suppressed the metabolism of NMV and RTV. Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that upregulates CYP3A4/5 expression. We next explored the impact of drug- and herb-mediated PXR activation on Paxlovid metabolism in a transgenic mouse model expressing human PXR and CYP3A4/5. We found that PXR activation increased CYP3A4/5 expression, accelerated NMV metabolism, and reduced the systemic exposure of NMV. In summary, our work demonstrated that PXR activation can cause drug interactions with Paxlovid, suggesting that PXR-activating drugs and herbs should be used cautiously in COVID-19 patients receiving Paxlovid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saifei Lei
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Alice Guo
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jie Lu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Qian Qi
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Aaron S. Devanathan
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Junjie Zhu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Xiaochao Ma
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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10
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Xin L, Chen Q, Chen D, Li Y, Li Y, Wu Q, Zou Y, Wang W, Jia J, Yu C, Liu Y. Pharmacokinetics and Bioequivalence of 2 Nifedipine Controlled-Release Tablets: A Randomized, Single-Dose, 2-Period Crossover Study in Healthy Chinese Volunteers Under Fasting and Fed Conditions. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2023; 12:1082-1088. [PMID: 37132398 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.1258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of generic nifedipine controlled-release tablet compared to branded product under fasting and fed conditions. A randomized, single-dose, 2-period, crossover study with a 7-day washout period was performed in 84 healthy Chinese volunteers (fasting cohort, n = 42; fed cohort, n = 42). In each study period, volunteers were assigned to receive a single oral dose of the generic or reference product (30 mg). Blood samples were collected before dosing and up to 72 hours after administration. The plasma concentration of nifedipine was determined by a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained using a noncompartmental model and log-transformed pharmacokinetic parameters (maximum plasma concentration, area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) from time 0 to the last measurable concentration, AUC from time 0 to infinity) were used to evaluate bioequivalence. The results showed that the 90% confidence interval for the geometric mean ratio of pharmacokinetic parameters of the test and reference products ranged from 80.0% to 125.0% in both the fasting and fed cohorts, meeting the criteria for bioequivalence. No serious adverse events were reported throughout the study and no adverse events led to withdrawal from the study. Food effects were found in both the test and reference products, with mean maximum plasma concentration, AUC from time 0 to the last measurable concentration, and AUC from time 0 to infinity increased by 23.7%, 20.7%, and 20.5%, respectively, for the test product and 35.2%, 13.4%, and 14.7% for the reference product after a high-fat and high-calorie breakfast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xin
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital/Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Phase I Clinical Research & Quality Consistency Evaluation for Drugs, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Beijing Honglin Pharma. Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Chen
- Beijing Honglin Pharma. Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yijhen Li
- Beijing Honglin Pharma. Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yiqun Li
- Beijing Honglin Pharma. Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Qingqing Wu
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital/Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Phase I Clinical Research & Quality Consistency Evaluation for Drugs, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Zou
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital/Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Phase I Clinical Research & Quality Consistency Evaluation for Drugs, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital/Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingying Jia
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital/Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Phase I Clinical Research & Quality Consistency Evaluation for Drugs, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Yu
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital/Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Phase I Clinical Research & Quality Consistency Evaluation for Drugs, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanmei Liu
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital/Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Phase I Clinical Research & Quality Consistency Evaluation for Drugs, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Shanghai, China
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11
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Lan H, Zhang Y, Fan M, Wu B, Wang C. Pregnane X receptor as a therapeutic target for cholestatic liver injury. Drug Metab Rev 2023; 55:371-387. [PMID: 37593784 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2023.2248680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Cholestatic liver injury (CLI) is caused by toxic bile acids (BAs) accumulation in the liver and can lead to inflammation and liver fibrosis. The mechanisms underlying CLI development remain unclear, and this disease has no effective cure. However, regulating BA synthesis and homeostasis represents a promising therapeutic strategy for CLI treatment. Pregnane X receptor (PXR) plays an essential role in the metabolism of endobiotics and xenobiotics via the transcription of metabolic enzymes and transporters, which can ultimately modulate BA homeostasis and exert anticholestatic effects. Furthermore, recent studies have demonstrated that PXR exhibits antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory properties, providing novel insights into treating CLI. Meanwhile, several drugs have been identified as PXR agonists that improve CLI. Nevertheless, the precise role of PXR in CLI still needs to be fully understood. This review summarizes how PXR improves CLI by ameliorating cholestasis, inhibiting inflammation, and reducing fibrosis and discusses the progress of promising PXR agonists for treating CLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Lan
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Minqi Fan
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Bingxin Wu
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Caiyan Wang
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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12
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Kurosawa K, Nakano M, Yokoseki I, Nagaoka M, Takemoto S, Sakai Y, Kobayashi K, Kazuki Y, Fukami T, Nakajima M. ncBAF enhances PXR-mediated transcriptional activation in the human and mouse liver. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 215:115733. [PMID: 37543347 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is one of the key regulators of drug metabolism, gluconeogenesis, and lipid synthesis in the human liver. Activation of PXR by drugs such as rifampicin, simvastatin, and efavirenz causes adverse reactions such as drug-drug interaction, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. The inhibition of PXR activation has merit in preventing such adverse events. Here, we demonstrated that bromodomain containing protein 9 (BRD9), a component of non-canonical brahma-related gene 1-associated factor (ncBAF), one of the chromatin remodelers, interacts with PXR. Rifampicin-mediated induction of CYP3A4 expression was attenuated by iBRD9, an inhibitor of BRD9, in human primary hepatocytes and CYP3A/PXR-humanized mice, indicating that BRD9 enhances the transcriptional activation of PXR in vitro and in vivo. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay reveled that iBRD9 treatment resulted in attenuation of the rifampicin-mediated binding of PXR to the CYP3A4 promoter region, suggesting that ncBAF functions to facilitate the binding of PXR to its response elements. Efavirenz-induced hepatic lipid accumulation was attenuated by iBRD9 in C57BL/6J mice, suggesting that the inhibition of BRD9 would be useful to reduce the risk of efavirenz-induced hepatic steatosis. Collectively, we found that inhibitors of BRD9, a component of ncBAF that plays a role in assisting transactivation by PXR, would be useful to reduce the risk of PXR-mediated adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiamu Kurosawa
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masataka Nakano
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Itsuki Yokoseki
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Mai Nagaoka
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Seiya Takemoto
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Sakai
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Department of Chromosome Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan; Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
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13
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Sile I, Teterovska R, Onzevs O, Ardava E. Safety Concerns Related to the Simultaneous Use of Prescription or Over-the-Counter Medications and Herbal Medicinal Products: Survey Results among Latvian Citizens. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6551. [PMID: 37623137 PMCID: PMC10454617 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20166551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The use of herbal medicines is increasing worldwide. While the safety profile of many herbal medicines is promising, the data in the literature show important interactions with conventional drugs that can expose individual patients to high risk. The aim of this study was to investigate the experience of the use of herbal medicines and preparations and the risks of interactions between herbal and conventional medicines among Latvian citizens. Data were collected between 2019 and 2021 using a structured questionnaire designed for pharmacy customers in Latvia. Electronic databases such as Drugs.com, Medscape, and European Union herbal monographs were reviewed for the risk of drug interactions and potential side effects when herbal medicines were involved. The survey included 504 respondents. Of all the participants, 77.8% used herbal preparations. Most of the participants interviewed used herbal remedies based on the recommendation of the pharmacist or their own initiative. A total of 38.3% found the use of herbal remedies safe and harmless, while 57.3% of respondents regarded the combination of herbal and regular drugs as unsafe. The identified herbal medicines implicated in the potential risk of serious interactions were grapefruit, St. John's wort, and valerian. As the risks of herb-drug interactions were identified among the respondents, in the future, both pharmacy customers and healthcare specialists should pay more attention to possible herb-drug interactions of over-the-counter and prescription medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Sile
- Department of Applied Pharmacy, Riga Stradins University, 16 Dzirciema Street, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, 21 Aizkraukles Street, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Renate Teterovska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riga Stradins University, 16 Dzirciema Street, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia;
- Department of Pharmacy, Riga Stradins University Red Cross Medical College, 5 J. Asara Street, LV-1009 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Oskars Onzevs
- Department of Commerce, Turība University, 68 Graudu Street, LV-1058 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Elita Ardava
- Department of Pharmacy, Riga Stradins University Red Cross Medical College, 5 J. Asara Street, LV-1009 Riga, Latvia;
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14
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Ma ZT, Shi Z, Xiao XH, Wang JB. New Insights into Herb-Induced Liver Injury. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 38:1138-1149. [PMID: 36401515 PMCID: PMC10259609 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Herbs are widely used worldwide. However, inappropriate use of some of the herbs can lead to herb-induced liver injury (HILI). Intriguingly, HILI incidents are on the rise, and our understanding of the underlying etiologies is in progress, and hence, an update on the current status of incidents as well as our understanding on the etiologies of HILI is appropriate. Recent Advances: HILI reports due to the use of some herbs that are traditionally considered to be safe are also on the rise. Furthermore, HILI due to the use of certain herbs in combination with other herbs (herb-herb interaction [HHI]) or non-herb components (herb-drug interaction [HDI]) has also been reported, suggesting a potentially important new type of inappropriate use of herbs. Critical Issues: Updated overviews focus on the epidemiology, etiology, phenotypes, and risk factors of HILI, as well as HDI and HHI, and analysis on several types of newly reported "toxic" effects of herbs based on types of hepatotoxicity and the HILI mechanisms. Future Directions: HILI will continue to be a significant public health challenge in the near future. In the light of the lack of broadly available guidelines and regulations for proper and safe uses of herbs worldwide, raising the public awareness of HILI will remain one of the most effective measures. In particular, it should include a better understanding of the contributing factors; a more detail subclassification and description of HILI, better characterization of the components/substances that could induce HILI; and development of HILI diagnosis based on the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM). Antioxid. Redox Signal. 38, 1138-1149.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Tao Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutics of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuo Shi
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-He Xiao
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Bo Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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15
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Husain I, Dale OR, Idrisi M, Gurley BJ, Avula B, Katragunta K, Ali Z, Chittiboyina A, Noonan G, Khan IA, Khan SI. Evaluation of the Herb-Drug Interaction (HDI) Potential of Zingiber officinale and Its Major Phytoconstituents. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:7521-7534. [PMID: 37134183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Ginger is currently one of the most popular herbs commonly added to diverse foods, beverages, and dietary supplements. We evaluated the ability of a well-characterized ginger extract, and several of its phytoconstituents, to activate select nuclear receptors as well as modulate the activity of various cytochrome P450s and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters because phytochemical-mediated modulation of these proteins underlies many clinically relevant herb-drug interactions (HDI). Our results revealed ginger extract activated the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in AhR-reporter cells and pregnane X receptor (PXR) in intestinal and hepatic cells. Among the phytochemicals investigated, (S)-6-gingerol, dehydro-6-gingerdione, and (6S,8S)-6-gingerdiol activated AhR, while 6-shogaol, 6-paradol, and dehydro-6-gingerdione activated PXR. Enzyme assays showed that ginger extract and its phytochemicals dramatically inhibited the catalytic activity of CYP3A4, 2C9, 1A2, and 2B6, and efflux transport capabilities of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). Dissolution studies with ginger extract conducted in biorelevant simulated intestinal fluid yielded (S)-6-gingerol and 6-shogaol concentrations that could conceivably exceed cytochrome P450 (CYP) IC50 values when consumed in recommended doses. In summary, overconsumption of ginger may disturb the normal homeostasis of CYPs and ABC transporters, which in turn, may elevate the risk for HDIs when consumed concomitantly with conventional medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam Husain
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Olivia R Dale
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Mantasha Idrisi
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Bill J Gurley
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Bharathi Avula
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Kumar Katragunta
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Zulfiqar Ali
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Amar Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Gregory Noonan
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
- Department of Bio-Molecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Shabana I Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
- Department of Bio-Molecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
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16
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Lei S, Lu J, Cheng A, Hussain Z, Tidgewell K, Zhu J, Ma X. Identification of PXR Activators from Uncaria Rhynchophylla (Gou Teng) and Uncaria Tomentosa (Cat's Claw). Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:629-636. [PMID: 36797057 PMCID: PMC10158501 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.001234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncaria rhynchophylla (Gou Teng) and Uncaria tomentosa (cat's claw) are frequently used herbal supplements in Asia and America, respectively. Despite their common usage, information is limited regarding potential herb-drug interactions associated with Gou Teng and cat's claw. The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that regulates cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) expression and contributes to some known herb-drug interactions. A recent study found that Gou Teng induces CYP3A4 expression, but its mechanism is unknown. Cat's claw has been determined as a PXR-activating herb, but the PXR activators in cat's claw have not been identified. Using a genetically engineered PXR cell line, we found that the extracts of Gou Teng and cat's claw can dose-dependently activate PXR and induce CYP3A4 expression. We next used a metabolomic approach to profile the chemical components in the extracts of Gou Teng and cat's claw followed by screening for PXR activators. Four compounds, isocorynoxeine, rhynchophylline, isorhynchophylline, and corynoxeine, were identified as PXR activators from both Gou Teng and cat's claw extracts. In addition, three more PXR activators were identified from the extracts of cat's claw, including isopteropodine, pteropodine, and mitraphylline. All seven of these compounds showed the half-maximal effective concentration <10 µM for PXR activation. In summary, our work determined Gou Teng as a PXR-activating herb and discovered novel PXR activators from Gou Teng as well as cat's claw. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study's data can be used to guide the safe use of Gou Teng and cat's claw by avoiding PXR-mediated herb-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saifei Lei
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.L., J.L., A.C., Z.H., J.Z., X.M.) and Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (K.T.)
| | - Jie Lu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.L., J.L., A.C., Z.H., J.Z., X.M.) and Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (K.T.)
| | - Anqi Cheng
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.L., J.L., A.C., Z.H., J.Z., X.M.) and Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (K.T.)
| | - Zahir Hussain
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.L., J.L., A.C., Z.H., J.Z., X.M.) and Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (K.T.)
| | - Kevin Tidgewell
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.L., J.L., A.C., Z.H., J.Z., X.M.) and Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (K.T.)
| | - Junjie Zhu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.L., J.L., A.C., Z.H., J.Z., X.M.) and Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (K.T.)
| | - Xiaochao Ma
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.L., J.L., A.C., Z.H., J.Z., X.M.) and Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (K.T.)
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17
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Dobrek L, Głowacka K. Depression and Its Phytopharmacotherapy-A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054772. [PMID: 36902200 PMCID: PMC10003400 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a mental health disorder that develops as a result of complex psycho-neuro-immuno-endocrinological disturbances. This disease presents with mood disturbances, persistent sadness, loss of interest and impaired cognition, which causes distress to the patient and significantly affects the ability to function and have a satisfying family, social and professional life. Depression requires comprehensive management, including pharmacological treatment. Because pharmacotherapy of depression is a long-term process associated with the risk of numerous adverse drug effects, much attention is paid to alternative therapy methods, including phytopharmacotherapy, especially in treating mild or moderate depression. Preclinical studies and previous clinical studies confirm the antidepressant activity of active compounds in plants, such as St. John's wort, saffron crocus, lemon balm and lavender, or less known in European ethnopharmacology, roseroot, ginkgo, Korean ginseng, borage, brahmi, mimosa tree and magnolia bark. The active compounds in these plants exert antidepressive effects in similar mechanisms to those found in synthetic antidepressants. The description of phytopharmacodynamics includes inhibiting monoamine reuptake and monoamine oxidase activity and complex, agonistic or antagonistic effects on multiple central nervous system (CNS) receptors. Moreover, it is noteworthy that the anti-inflammatory effect is also important to the antidepressant activity of the plants mentioned above in light of the hypothesis that immunological disorders of the CNS are a significant pathogenetic factor of depression. This narrative review results from a traditional, non-systematic literature review. It briefly discusses the pathophysiology, symptomatology and treatment of depression, with a particular focus on the role of phytopharmacology in its treatment. It provides the mechanisms of action revealed in experimental studies of active ingredients isolated from herbal antidepressants and presents the results of selected clinical studies confirming their antidepressant effectiveness.
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18
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Meitei HN, Pandey A, Haobam R. Polymorphisms in drug metabolism genes as a risk factor for first-line anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:2893-2900. [PMID: 36562936 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08158-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury (AT-DILI) is one of the most common side effects in TB patients during treatment. The prime cause of liver injury during TB treatment is reported to be isoniazid and its metabolites. Different factors influenced the development of AT-DILI, and genetic factors are one of the major factors. METHODS AND RESULTS Polymorphisms in drug metabolism genes like NAT2, CYP2E1, PXR, and GST have been reported to be associated with AT-DILI, and they are one of the major areas of focus at present. Attempts are met in this review to analyse the different markers in these drug metabolism genes for their association with AT-DILI. CONCLUSION A better understanding of the polymorphisms in these genes and their functional effects will give better insights into the development of AT-DILI, and it could facilitate in designing and developing more effective personalized treatment for TB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anupama Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal, Manipur, 795003, India
| | - Reena Haobam
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal, Manipur, 795003, India.
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19
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Utility of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Identifying Clinically Significant Interactions Between St. John's Wort and Prescription Drugs. Ther Drug Monit 2023; 45:35-44. [PMID: 36624575 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000001069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The general population widely uses herbal medicines, as they are regarded as effective and safe. St. John's wort, which is an effective herbal antidepressant, exhibits both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions with several drugs. The aim of this review was to highlight the clinically significant interactions of St. John's wort with drugs that require to be monitored to assess their therapeutic effect. METHODS Published literature was searched using electronic databases, such as MEDLINE, PubMed, and Elsevier ScienceDirect using terms such as "herbal medicine," "herbal toxicity," "legislation herbal medicine," "drug-herb interactions," "St. John's wort," and "St. John's wort-drug interactions." Searches were limited to the English language, and there was no restriction on the date of publication. RESULTS St. John's wort exhibits a number of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions with drugs. The most dangerous interactions occurred when used concurrently with the immunosuppressants, cyclosporine, and tacrolimus (treatment failure or organ rejection) or warfarin (treatment failure resulting in thromboembolic events) or antiretroviral agents (treatment failure and the emergence of new viral variants that are resistant to conventional drugs). CONCLUSIONS Patients should consult their health care providers before consuming herbal supplements, especially St. John's wort, to avoid potentially dangerous drug-herb interactions.
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20
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Husain I, Dale OR, Martin K, Gurley BJ, Adams SJ, Avula B, Chittiboyina AG, Khan IA, Khan SI. Screening of medicinal plants for possible herb-drug interactions through modulating nuclear receptors, drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 301:115822. [PMID: 36223846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The last three decades have witnessed a surge in popularity and consumption of herbal products. An unintended consequence of such popularity is that chronic consumption of these products can often modulate the functions of various proteins involved in drug disposition and may, in turn, impose risks for herb-drug interactions (HDIs), leading to serious adverse health outcomes. Identifying plants that may give rise to clinically relevant HDIs is essential, and proactive dissemination of such research outcomes is necessary for researchers, clinicians, and average consumers. AIM OF THE STUDY The main objective of this study was to evaluate the HDI potential of plants commonly used as ingredients in many herbal products, including BDS. MATERIALS AND METHODS The dried material of 123 plants selected from the NCNPR repository was extracted with 95% ethanol. The extracts were screened for agonistic effects on nuclear receptors (PXR and AhR) by reporter gene assays in PXR-transfected HepG2 and AhR-reporter cells. For cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP) inhibition studies, CYP450 baculosomes were incubated with enzyme-specific probe substrates by varying concentrations of extracts. The inhibitory effect on the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) was investigated via rhodamine (Rh-123) uptake assay in P-gp overexpressing MDR1-MDCK cells. RESULTS Out of 123 plants, 16 increased transcriptional activity of human PXR up to 4 to 7-fold at 60 μg/mL, while 18 plants were able to increase AhR activity up to 10 to 40-fold at 30 μg/mL. Thirteen plants inhibited the activity of CYP3A4, while 10 plants inhibited CYP1A2 activity with IC50 values in the range of 1.3-10 μg/mL. Eighteen plants (at 50 μg/mL) increased intracellular accumulation of Rh-123 (>150%) in MDR1-MDCK cells. Additionally, other plants tested in this study were able to activate PXR, AhR, or both to lesser extents, and several inhibited the catalytic activity of CYPs at higher concentrations (IC50 >10 μg/mL). CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that prolonged or excessive consumption of herbal preparations rich in such plants (presented in Figs. 1a, 2a, 3a, 4a, and 5a) may pose a risk for CYP- and P-gp-mediated HDIs, leading to unwanted side effects due to the altered pharmacokinetics of concomitantly ingested medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam Husain
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, United States
| | - Olivia R Dale
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, United States
| | - Katherine Martin
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, United States
| | - Bill J Gurley
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, United States
| | - Sebastian J Adams
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, United States
| | - Bharathi Avula
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, United States
| | - Amar G Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, United States
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, United States; Department of Bio-Molecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, United States
| | - Shabana I Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, United States; Department of Bio-Molecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, United States.
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Iversen DB, Andersen NE, Dalgård Dunvald A, Pottegård A, Stage TB. Drug metabolism and drug transport of the 100 most prescribed oral drugs. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2022; 131:311-324. [PMID: 35972991 PMCID: PMC9804310 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Safe and effective use of drugs requires an understanding of metabolism and transport. We identified the 100 most prescribed drugs in six countries and conducted a literature search on in vitro data to assess contribution of Phase I and II enzymes and drug transporters to metabolism and transport. Eighty-nine of the 100 drugs undergo drug metabolism or are known substrates for drug transporters. Phase I enzymes are involved in metabolism of 67 drugs, while Phase II enzymes mediate metabolism of 18 drugs. CYP3A4/5 is the most important Phase I enzyme involved in metabolism of 43 drugs followed by CYP2D6 (23 drugs), CYP2C9 (23 drugs), CYP2C19 (22 drugs), CYP1A2 (14 drugs) and CYP2C8 (11 drugs). More than half of the drugs (54 drugs) are known substrates for drug transporters. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to be involved in transport of 30 drugs, while breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) facilitates transport of 11 drugs. A considerable proportion of drugs are subject to a combination of Phase I metabolism, Phase II metabolism and/or drug transport. We conclude that the majority of the most frequently prescribed drugs depend on drug metabolism or drug transport. Thus, understanding variability of drug metabolism and transport remains a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ditte B. Iversen
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public HealthUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
| | - Nanna Elman Andersen
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public HealthUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
| | - Ann‐Cathrine Dalgård Dunvald
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public HealthUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
| | - Anton Pottegård
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public HealthUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
| | - Tore B. Stage
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public HealthUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
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22
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Abduraman MA, Mustafa NH, Yaacob NS, Amanah A, Tan ML. Cytochrome P450 inhibition activities of non-standardized botanical products. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 296:115406. [PMID: 35659627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE R-tab, H-tab and E-cap botanical products are used for the treatment of various ailments. R-tab is traditionally prescribed for improving urination, H-tab is for relieving piles, hemorrhoids, fissures, and rectal inflammation and E-cap is for regulating menstruation. AIMS OF THE STUDY To extract the botanical products and determine their potential interaction with the cytochrome P450 (CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4) enzymes. MATERIALS AND METHODS R-tab, H-tab and E-cap botanical products were first extracted using solvents and analyzed using HPLC and LC-MS/MS. The effects of methanol extracts on the cytochrome induction and inhibition activities were determined using a series of in vitro assays, including multiplex RT-qPCR, CYP activity assays (P450-Glo™) and LC-MS/MS-based assays. For the CYP induction assay, omeprazole, rifampicin and dexamethasone were used as CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 inducers, respectively. Ketoconazole and acetaminophen were used as positive and negative controls for the CYP3A4 inhibition assay, whereas furafylline and ketoconazole were used as positive and negative controls for the CYP1A2 inhibition assay. RESULTS All three botanical products did not show any significant induction in CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 mRNA expression. By contrast, R-tab inhibited the mRNA expression of CYP1A2 significantly from the lowest concentration of 0.01 μg/mL, while, H-tab inhibited the mRNA expression of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 from 0.1 μg/mL. Based on the P450 Glo assays, E-cap extract inhibited the metabolic activity of CYP1A2 with an IC50 value of 37.24 μg/mL. On the other hand, R-tab, H-tab and E-cap showed inhibitory effects on the CYP3A4 enzymatic activity with IC50 values of 17.42, 18.20 and 20.60 μg/mL, respectively. However, using the LC-MS/MS-based methods, the concentration-dependent effects of R-tab and H-tab extracts on the metabolism of testosterone appeared to be more prominent, with IC50 values of 51.90 and 56.90 μg/mL as compared with the rest of the results, which were all above 100 μg/mL CONCLUSION: The CYP3A4 mRNA and enzymatic activity were moderately inhibited by R-tab and H-tab. Methanol extract of botanical products in solid dosage forms can be evaluated for their herb-drug interaction risks using in vitro assays and may provide the minimum data required for safety labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nor Hidayah Mustafa
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysa, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Nik Soriani Yaacob
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Azimah Amanah
- Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals & Nutraceuticals (IPharm), National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia (NIBM), 11700, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
| | - Mei Lan Tan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
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Husain I, Dale OR, Manda V, Ali Z, Gurley BJ, Chittiboyina AG, Khan IA, Khan SI. Bulbine natalensis (currently Bulbine latifolia) and select bulbine knipholones modulate the activity of AhR, CYP1A2, CYP2B6, and P-gp. PLANTA MEDICA 2022; 88:975-984. [PMID: 34359083 DOI: 10.1055/a-1557-2113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bulbine natalensis, an emerging medicinal herb on the global market with androgenic properties, is often formulated in dietary supplements that promote perceived sexual enhancement. However, to date, comprehensive safety studies of B. natalensis are lacking, particularly those related to its herb-drug interaction potential. The purpose of this study was to assess the inductive and inhibitory effects of extracts and pure compounds of B. natalensis on human cytochrome P-450 isozymes in vitro. Our findings demonstrated that both water and methanolic extracts of B. natalensis as well as knipholone, bulbine-knipholone, and 6'-O-methylknipholone dose-dependently increased mRNA expression encoded by CYP2B6, CYP1A2, and ABCB1 genes. Functional analyses showed that water (60 to 2.20 µg/mL) and methanolic (30 to 3.75 µg/mL) extracts and knipholones (10 to 0.33 µM) increased CYP2B6 and CYP1A2 activity in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, water extract (60 µg/mL), methanolic extract (30 µg/mL), and knipholone (10 µM) caused activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor up to 11.1 ± 0.7, 8.9 ± 0.6, and 7.1 ± 2.0-fold, respectively. Furthermore, inhibition studies revealed that methanolic extract attenuated the activity of metabolically active CYP1A2 (IC50, 22.6 ± 0.4 µg/mL) and CYP2B6 (IC50, 34.2 ± 6.6 µg/mL) proteins, whereas water extracts had no inhibitory effect on either isoform. These findings suggest that chronic consumption of B. natalensis may affect normal homeostasis of select CYPs with subsequent risks for HDIs when concomitantly ingested with conventional medications that are substrates of CYP2B6 and CYP1A2. However, more in-depth translational studies are required to validate our current findings and their clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam Husain
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, United States
| | - Olivia R Dale
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, United States
| | - Vamshi Manda
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, United States
| | - Zulfiqar Ali
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, United States
| | - Bill J Gurley
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, United States
| | - Amar G Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, United States
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, United States
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, United States
| | - Shabana I Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, United States
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, United States
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Jiang Y, Zhou Y, Song S, Fan S, Gao Y, Li Y, Huang M, Bi H. St. John's Wort exacerbates acetaminophen-induced liver injury by activation of PXR and CYP-mediated bioactivation. Toxicol Sci 2022; 190:54-63. [PMID: 36073954 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
St. John's wort (SJW) is a medicinal herb remedy for mild depression. However, long-term use of SJW has raised safety concerns in clinical practice because of drug-drug interactions. Excessive use of acetaminophen (APAP) causes severe hepatotoxicity, but whether SJW modulates APAP-induced liver injury remains unclear. In this study, the effect of long-term SJW administration on APAP-induced acute hepatotoxicity and the involved mechanisms were investigated. Morphological and biochemical assessments clearly demonstrated that SJW exacerbates APAP-induced toxicity in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, SJW markedly promoted glutathione depletion and increased the levels of the APAP-cysteine and APAP-N-acetylcysteinyl adducts in mice, which enhanced APAP metabolic activation and aggravated APAP-induced liver injury. To further elucidate APAP metabolic activation in liver injury induced by SJW, the activities and expression levels of CYP2E1 and CYP3A were measured. The results showed that the activities and expression levels of CYP2E1 and CYP3A were increased after SJW treatment. Furthermore, the PXR-CYP signaling pathway was activated by SJW, and its downstream target genes were upregulated. Collectively, this study demonstrated that the long-term administration of SJW extract led to the metabolic activation of APAP and significantly exacerbated APAP-induced liver injury, which may suggest caution for the clinical use of SJW and APAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanying Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaofei Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shicheng Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huichang Bi
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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25
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Nobakht SZ, Akaberi M, Mohammadpour AH, Tafazoli Moghadam A, Emami SA. Hypericum perforatum: Traditional uses, clinical trials, and drug interactions. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 25:1045-1058. [PMID: 36246064 PMCID: PMC9526892 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2022.65112.14338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Hypericum perforatum (Hypericaceae), known as Saint John’s wort (SJW), has been used in different systems of traditional medicine such as Chinese traditional medicine, Greek traditional medicine, and Islamic traditional medicine. The plant and its active constituents such as hyperforin and hypericin have a wide range of medicinal uses, particularly as anti-depressant, wound-healing, and antibacterial agents. In recent decades, many clinical trials have been performed to investigate the safety and efficacy of this medicinal plant. However, to the best on our knowledge, there is no comprehensive review article in this regard. In the current study, we aim to have a comprehensive review of the clinical trials of SJW to evaluate its efficacy and safety as well as its application in traditional medicine. Clinical studies investigating the safety, interactions, and efficacy of SJW were identified and summarized, including contributions from 2000 until December 2021. According to the results, these clinical studies were divided into three main categories based on the type of disease: psychiatric, endocrine, and skin problems. Important details of the studies, including the type and duration of the study, the type and percentage of the effective compounds or the extract used, the number of patients, and the obtained results were also discussed. In addition, co-administration and drug interaction of SJW with other drugs were summarized. SJW is a valuable medicinal plant, especially for psychiatric disorders. However, precautions should be taken while administrating the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Zahra Nobakht
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Akaberi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Hooshang Mohammadpour
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Tafazoli Moghadam
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Ahmad Emami
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Corresponding author: Seyed Ahmad Emami. Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Tel: +98-51-3180 1267; Fax: +98-05118823251;
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Bone C, Squires EJ. Nuclear Receptor Pathways Mediating the Development of Boar Taint. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12090785. [PMID: 36144190 PMCID: PMC9503508 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12090785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptors PXR, CAR, and FXR are activated by various ligands and function as transcription factors to control the expression of genes that regulate the synthesis and metabolism of androstenone and skatole. These compounds are produced in entire male pigs and accumulate in the fat to cause the development of a meat quality issue known as boar taint. The extent of this accumulation is influenced by the synthesis and hepatic clearance of androstenone and skatole. For this reason, PXR, CAR, and FXR-mediated signaling pathways have garnered interest as potential targets for specialized treatments designed to reduce the development of boar taint. Recent research has also identified several metabolites produced by gut microbes that act as ligands for these nuclear receptors (e.g., tryptophan metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, bile acids); however, the connection between the gut microbiome and boar taint development is not clear. In this review, we describe the nuclear receptor signaling pathways that regulate the synthesis and metabolism of boar taint compounds and outline the genes involved. We also discuss several microbial-derived metabolites and dietary additives that are known or suspected nuclear receptor ligands and suggest how these compounds could be used to develop novel treatments for boar taint.
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Gómez-Garduño J, León-Rodríguez R, Alemón-Medina R, Pérez-Guillé BE, Soriano-Rosales RE, González-Ortiz A, Chávez-Pacheco JL, Solorio-López E, Fernandez-Pérez P, Rivera-Espinosa L. Phytochemicals That Interfere With Drug Metabolism and Transport, Modifying Plasma Concentration in Humans and Animals. Dose Response 2022; 20:15593258221120485. [PMID: 36158743 PMCID: PMC9500303 DOI: 10.1177/15593258221120485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochemicals (Pch) present in fruits, vegetables and other foods, are known to inhibit or induce drug metabolism and transport. An exhaustive search was performed in five databases covering from 2000 to 2021. Twenty-one compounds from plants were found to modulate CYP3A and/or P-gp activities and modified the pharmacokinetics and the therapeutic effect of 27 different drugs. Flavonols, flavanones, flavones, stilbenes, diferuloylmethanes, tannins, protoalkaloids, flavans, hyperforin and terpenes, reduce plasma concentration of cyclosporine, simvastatin, celiprolol, midazolam, saquinavir, buspirone, everolimus, nadolol, tamoxifen, alprazolam, verapamil, quazepam, digoxin, fexofenadine, theophylline, indinavir, clopidogrel. Anthocyanins, flavonols, flavones, flavanones, flavonoid glycosides, stilbenes, diferuloylmethanes, catechin, hyperforin, alkaloids, terpenes, tannins and protoalkaloids increase of plasma concentration of buspirone, losartan, diltiazem, felodipine, midazolam, cyclosporine, triazolam, verapamil, carbamazepine, diltiazem, aripiprazole, tamoxifen, doxorubicin, paclitaxel, nicardipine. Interactions between Pchs and drugs affect the gene expression and enzymatic activity of CYP3A and P-gp transporter, which has an impact on their bioavailability; such that co-administration of drugs with food, beverages and food supplements can cause a subtherapeutic effect or overdose. Therefore, it is important for the clinician to consider these interactions to obtain a better therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renato León-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Contención Biológica BSL-3, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
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Parveen A, Alhusban M, Fantoukh OI, Ali Z, Chittiboyina AG, Khan IA, Khan SI. Probing PXR activation and modulation of CYP3A4 by Tinospora crispa and Tinospora sinensis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 291:115159. [PMID: 35245632 PMCID: PMC11094663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The two Tinospora species, T. crispa and T. sinensis, native to Southeast Asia, are integral components of various traditional preparations with structure-function claims to treat various disorders, including diabetes and inflammation. AIM OF THE STUDY To assure the safety of the botanicals finished products, herb-drug interaction potential of T. crispa and T. sinensis was investigated by testing their extracts and compounds for in vitro activation of the pregnane X-receptor (PXR) and the modulation of CYP3A4 isozyme, selectively. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of sixteen fully characterized phytochemicals from T. crispa and T. sinensis were evaluated for PXR activation by luciferase reporter gene assay. CYP3A4 inhibition studies were carried out for eleven compounds. In addition, docking studies were performed to elucidate the possible binding modes to the PXR by the compounds using computational methods. RESULTS Significant activation of PXR (2-fold) was observed for both extracts and non-polar fractions of T. crispa. Among the pure compounds, columbin showed highest activation of PXR (3-fold), which was comparable with the positive control, rifampicin. Vital interactions were predicted with docking simulation of PXR-columbin complex with critical amino acid residues (Trp-299) that are known for the activation of PXR. The methanolic extracts of T. crispa and T. sinensis also showed considerable CYP3A4 inhibition. CONCLUSION T. crispa and T. sinensis, both demonstrated the potential to mediate herb-drug interaction through PXR activation and inhibition of CYP3A4 isozyme. Moreover, the elucidation of the potential to induce herb-drug interaction, by the phytochemicals of these Tinospora plants, thereby supports the need for further investigation to establish the clinical relevancy of these constituents for possible adverse interactions with pharmaceutical drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abidah Parveen
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States; Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Abbottabad University of Science & Technology, Havelian, KPK, Pakistan.
| | - Manal Alhusban
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States; Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States; Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Omer I Fantoukh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Zulfiqar Ali
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States.
| | - Amar G Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States.
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States; Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States.
| | - Shabana I Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States; Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States.
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Cai X, Ji D, Liu J, Hu M, Jin Z. A New Approach to the Synthesis of Bergapten. Chem Res Chin Univ 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-022-2089-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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30
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Ji Y, Hong B, Franzoni I, Wang M, Guan W, Jia H, Li H. Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Hyperforin and Pyrohyperforin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116136. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University Xue Yuan Road No. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Benke Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University Xue Yuan Road No. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Ivan Franzoni
- NuChem Sciences Inc. 2350 rue Cohen Suite 201 Saint-Laurent Quebec H4R 2N6 Canada
| | - Mengyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University Xue Yuan Road No. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Weiqiang Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University Xue Yuan Road No. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Hongli Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University Xue Yuan Road No. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Houhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University Xue Yuan Road No. 38 Beijing 100191 China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology Nankai University 38 Tongyan Rd Tianjin 300350 China
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Hirte S, Burk O, Tahir A, Schwab M, Windshügel B, Kirchmair J. Development and Experimental Validation of Regularized Machine Learning Models Detecting New, Structurally Distinct Activators of PXR. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081253. [PMID: 35455933 PMCID: PMC9029776 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) regulates the metabolism of many xenobiotic and endobiotic substances. In consequence, PXR decreases the efficacy of many small-molecule drugs and induces drug-drug interactions. The prediction of PXR activators with theoretical approaches such as machine learning (ML) proves challenging due to the ligand promiscuity of PXR, which is related to its large and flexible binding pocket. In this work we demonstrate, by the example of random forest models and support vector machines, that classifiers generated following classical training procedures often fail to predict PXR activity for compounds that are dissimilar from those in the training set. We present a novel regularization technique that penalizes the gap between a model’s training and validation performance. On a challenging test set, this technique led to improvements in Matthew correlation coefficients (MCCs) by up to 0.21. Using these regularized ML models, we selected 31 compounds that are structurally distinct from known PXR ligands for experimental validation. Twelve of them were confirmed as active in the cellular PXR ligand-binding domain assembly assay and more hits were identified during follow-up studies. Comprehensive analysis of key features of PXR biology conducted for three representative hits confirmed their ability to activate the PXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Hirte
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Oliver Burk
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Tübingen, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany; (O.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Ammar Tahir
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Tübingen, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany; (O.B.); (M.S.)
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Pharmacy, University of Tuebingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence IFIT (EXC 2180) “Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Björn Windshügel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Discovery Research Screening Port, 22525 Hamburg, Germany;
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Johannes Kirchmair
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-1-4277-55104
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Scherf-Clavel O. Drug-Drug Interactions With Over-The-Counter Medicines: Mind the Unprescribed. Ther Drug Monit 2022; 44:253-274. [PMID: 34469416 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This review provides a summary of the currently available clinical data on drug-drug interactions (DDIs) involving over-the-counter (OTC) medicines. It aims to educate and increase awareness among health care providers and to support decisions in daily practice. METHODS An extensive literature search was performed using bibliographic databases available through PubMed.gov. An initial structured search was performed using the keywords "drug-drug-interaction AND (over-the-counter OR OTC)," without further restrictions except for the language. The initial results were screened for all described DDIs involving OTC drugs, and further information was gathered specifically on these drugs using dedicated database searches and references found in the bibliography from the initial hits. RESULTS From more than 1200 initial hits (1972-June 2021), 408 relevant publications were screened for DDIs involving OTC drugs, leading to 2 major findings: first, certain types of drug regimens are more prone to DDIs or have more serious DDI-related consequences, such as antiretroviral, anti-infective, and oral anticancer therapies. Second, although most DDIs involve OTC drugs as the perpetrators, some prescription drugs (statins or phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors) that currently have OTC status can be identified as the victims in DDIs. The following groups were identified to be frequently involved in DDIs: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, food supplements, antacids, proton-pump inhibitors, H2 antihistamines, laxatives, antidiarrheal drugs, and herbal drugs. CONCLUSIONS The most significant finding was the lack of high-quality evidence for commonly acknowledged interactions. High-quality interaction studies involving different phenotypes in drug metabolism (cytochrome P450) and distribution (transporters) are urgently needed. This should include modern and critical drugs, such as oral anticancer medications and direct oral anticoagulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Scherf-Clavel
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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33
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Dutta M, Lim JJ, Cui JY. Pregnane X Receptor and the Gut-Liver Axis: A Recent Update. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:478-491. [PMID: 34862253 PMCID: PMC11022899 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well-known that the pregnane X receptor (PXR)/Nr1i2 is a critical xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptor enriched in liver and intestine and is responsible for drug-drug interactions, due to its versatile ligand binding domain (LBD) and target genes involved in xenobiotic biotransformation. PXR can be modulated by various xenobiotics including pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, dietary factors, and environmental chemicals. Microbial metabolites such as certain secondary bile acids (BAs) and the tryptophan metabolite indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) are endogenous PXR activators. Gut microbiome is increasingly recognized as an important regulator for host xenobiotic biotransformation and intermediary metabolism. PXR regulates and is regulated by the gut-liver axis. This review summarizes recent research advancements leveraging pharmaco- and toxico-metagenomic approaches that have redefined the previous understanding of PXR. Key topics covered in this review include: (1) genome-wide investigations on novel PXR-target genes, novel PXR-DNA interaction patterns, and novel PXR-targeted intestinal bacteria; (2) key PXR-modulating activators and suppressors of exogenous and endogenous sources; (3) novel bidirectional interactions between PXR and gut microbiome under physiologic, pathophysiological, pharmacological, and toxicological conditions; and (4) modifying factors of PXR-signaling including species and sex differences and time (age, critical windows of exposure, and circadian rhythm). The review also discusses critical knowledge gaps and important future research topics centering around PXR. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review summarizes recent research advancements leveraging O'mics approaches that have redefined the previous understanding of the xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptor pregnane X receptor (PXR). Key topics include: (1) genome-wide investigations on novel PXR-targeted host genes and intestinal bacteria as well as novel PXR-DNA interaction patterns; (2) key PXR modulators including microbial metabolites under physiological, pathophysiological, pharmacological, and toxicological conditions; and (3) modifying factors including species, sex, and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Dutta
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Joe Jongpyo Lim
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Stouras I, Papaioannou TG, Tsioufis K, Eliopoulos AG, Sanoudou D. The Challenge and Importance of Integrating Drug-Nutrient-Genome Interactions in Personalized Cardiovascular Healthcare. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12040513. [PMID: 35455629 PMCID: PMC9033008 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12040513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the rich armamentarium of available drugs against different forms of cardiovascular disease (CVD), major challenges persist in their safe and effective use. These include high rates of adverse drug reactions, increased heterogeneity in patient responses, suboptimal drug efficacy, and in some cases limited compliance. Dietary elements (including food, beverages, and supplements) can modulate drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and action, with significant implications for drug efficacy and safety. Genetic variation can further modulate the response to diet, to a drug, and to the interaction of the two. These interactions represent a largely unexplored territory that holds considerable promise in the field of personalized medicine in CVD. Herein, we highlight examples of clinically relevant drug–nutrient–genome interactions, map the challenges faced to date, and discuss their future perspectives in personalized cardiovascular healthcare in light of the rapid technological advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Stouras
- Clinical Genomics and Pharmacogenomics Unit, 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon Hospital Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
- Center for New Biotechnologies and Precision Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Theodore G. Papaioannou
- First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (T.G.P.); (K.T.)
| | - Konstantinos Tsioufis
- First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (T.G.P.); (K.T.)
| | - Aristides G. Eliopoulos
- Center for New Biotechnologies and Precision Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
- Department of Biology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
- Molecular Biology Division, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Despina Sanoudou
- Clinical Genomics and Pharmacogenomics Unit, 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon Hospital Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
- Center for New Biotechnologies and Precision Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
- Molecular Biology Division, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence:
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Effect of repeated Shengmai-San administration on nifedipine pharmacokinetics and the risk/benefit under co-treatment. J Food Drug Anal 2022; 30:111-127. [PMID: 35647719 PMCID: PMC9931008 DOI: 10.38212/2224-6614.3401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbal interactions with nifedipine/felodipine through cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A inhibition is significant in humans. Shengmai-San (SMS), a three-herbal formula of Chinese medicine, is commonly prescribed in Asia populations for cardiovascular disorders. This study aimed to elucidate the impact of SMS on nifedipine/felodipine treatment by the findings from rat pharmacokinetic study of nifedipine to the retrospective cohort study of patients with hypertension. The 3-week SMS treatment increased the systemic exposure to nifedipine by nearly two-fold and decreased nifedipine clearance by 39% in rats. Among the ingredients of SMS component herbs, schisandrin B, schisantherin A, and methylophiopogonanone A, inhibited the nifedipine oxidation (NFO) activities of rat hepatic and intestinal microsomes, as well as human CYP3A4. Methylophiopogonanone A was identified as a time-dependent inhibitor of CYP3A4. After 1:5 propensity score matching, 4,894 patients with nifedipine/felodipine use were analyzed. In patients receiving nifedipine/felodipine, the subgroup with concurrent SMS treatment had a higher incidence of headache (92.70 per 1,000 personyears) than the subgroup without SMS treatment (51.10 per 1,000 person-years). There was a positive association between headache incidence and cumulative doses of SMS (1-60 g SMS: hazard ratio (HR): 1.39; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11-1.74; >60 g SMS: HR: 1.97; 95% CI: 1.62-2.39; p < 0.0001). However, patients who had higher cumulative SMS doses had a lower risk of all-cause mortality (1-60 g SMS: HR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.47-0.94; >60 g SMS: HR: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.37-0.79; p = 0.001). Results demonstrated increased rat plasma nifedipine levels after 3-week SMS treatment and increased headache incidence should be noted in nifedipine/felodipine-treated patients with prolonged SMS administration.
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36
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Ji Y, Hong B, Franzoni I, Wang M, Guan W, Jia H, Li H. Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Hyperforin and Pyrohyperforin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University Xue Yuan Road No. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Benke Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University Xue Yuan Road No. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Ivan Franzoni
- NuChem Sciences Inc. 2350 rue Cohen Suite 201 Saint-Laurent Quebec H4R 2N6 Canada
| | - Mengyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University Xue Yuan Road No. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Weiqiang Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University Xue Yuan Road No. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Hongli Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University Xue Yuan Road No. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Houhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University Xue Yuan Road No. 38 Beijing 100191 China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology Nankai University 38 Tongyan Rd Tianjin 300350 China
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37
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Guengerich FP. Roles of cytochrome P450 enzymes in pharmacology and toxicology: Past, present, and future. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2022; 95:1-47. [PMID: 35953152 PMCID: PMC9869358 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The development of the cytochrome P450 (P450) field has been remarkable in the areas of pharmacology and toxicology, particularly in drug development. Today it is possible to use the knowledge base and relatively straightforward assays to make intelligent predictions about drug disposition prior to human dosing. Much is known about the structures, regulation, chemistry of catalysis, and the substrate and inhibitor specificity of human P450s. Many aspects of drug-drug interactions and side effects can be understood in terms of P450s. This knowledge has also been useful in pharmacy practice, as well as in the pharmaceutical industry and medical practice. However, there are still basic and practical questions to address regarding P450s and their roles in pharmacology and toxicology. Another aspect is the discovery of drugs that inhibit P450 to treat diseases.
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38
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Guengerich FP. Inhibition of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes by Drugs-Molecular Basis and Practical Applications. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2022; 30:1-18. [PMID: 34475272 PMCID: PMC8724836 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2021.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-drug interactions are a major cause of hospitalization and deaths related to drug use. A large fraction of these is due to inhibition of enzymes involved in drug metabolism and transport, particularly cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes. Understanding basic mechanisms of enzyme inhibition is important, particularly in terms of reversibility and the use of the appropriate parameters. In addition to drug-drug interactions, issues have involved interactions of drugs with foods and natural products related to P450 enzymes. Predicting drug-drug interactions is a major effort in drug development in the pharmaceutical industry and regulatory agencies. With appropriate in vitro experiments, it is possible to stratify clinical drug-drug interaction studies. A better understanding of drug interactions and training of physicians and pharmacists has developed. Finally, some P450s have been the targets of drugs in some cancers and other disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA
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39
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Feng L, Zhou N, Li Z, Fu D, Guo Y, Gao X, Liu X. Co-occurrence of gut microbiota dysbiosis and bile acid metabolism alteration is associated with psychological disorders in Crohn's disease. FASEB J 2021; 36:e22100. [PMID: 34939244 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101088rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to elucidate the relationships between gut microbiota, bile acid metabolism, and psychological comorbidity in Crohn's disease (CD). We profiled the fecal microbiota composition and quantified the bile acid pool of 39 CD patients and 14 healthy controls using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, respectively. Significant reductions in the secondary bile acids, LCA and DCA, were found in both the feces and serum samples of CD patients, while the concentration of 7-DHCA was particularly higher in the serum of CD patients with psychological disorders. The fecal levels of HDCA and 12-DHCA of the CD patients were inversely correlated with their Self-Rated Depression Scale (SDS) scores, whereas the serum level of 7-DHCA was positively correlated with the SDS scores. In addition, the fecal levels of TDCA, TLCA, and TβMCA showed a positive correlation with the Self-Rated Anxiety Scale (SAS) scores. The fecal microbiota biodiversity was particularly declined in CD patients with psychological disorders. An enrichment of Ruminococcus gnavus in CD patients may cause psychological disorders by affecting the microbiota-gut-brain axis via its ability to degrade the gut barrier, regulate the tryptophan-kynurenine metabolism, and modulate bile acid metabolism. In addition, the overabundant Enterobacteriaceae and Lachnospiraceae in CD patients may contribute to psychological comorbidity via dysregulating their bile acids metabolism. Taken together, changes in the gut microbiota composition may cooperate with alterations in the bile acid metabolism that are involved in the development of psychological disorders in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nan Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zichun Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dongni Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuefeng Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Hematological Malignancies, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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40
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Başaran N, Paslı D, Başaran AA. Unpredictable adverse effects of herbal products. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 159:112762. [PMID: 34896186 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Herbal products are being increasingly used all over the world for preventive and therapeutic purposes because of the belief of their safety. They have become an important part of health care system in many countries since they can easily be purchased in the health food stores or online. However, the lack of sufficient study on their efficacy and toxicity, inadequate controls of their availability, reduce their safety. Unlike conventional drugs, herbal products are not regulated for purity and potency. Herbal products contain substances which can induce or inhibit enzymes that take part in drug metabolism. Therefore the concurrent use of drugs with some medicinal plants can cause serious adverse effects and can also decrease the efficacy of the therapy. Particularly, drugs with narrow therapeutic index and plants which can affect drug metabolizing enzymes when used together, may lead to unpredictable adverse reactions. Impurities, contaminants and adulterants found in the herbal products, are the most common malpractises in herbal raw-material trade. In this review the unpredictable adverse effects of herbal products due to their possible interactions with drugs and also due to the adulteration and contamination with prohibited chemicals will be discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurşen Başaran
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Duygu Paslı
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - A Ahmet Başaran
- Başkent University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Ankara, Turkey
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41
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Zhang J, Pavek P, Kamaraj R, Ren L, Zhang T. Dietary phytochemicals as modulators of human pregnane X receptor. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-23. [PMID: 34698593 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1995322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
As a promiscuous xenobiotic sensor, pregnane X receptor (PXR) plays a crucial role in drug metabolism. Since dietary phytochemicals exhibit the potential to modulate human PXR, this review aims to summarize the plant-derived PXR modulators, including agonists, partial agonists, and antagonists. The crystal structures of the apo and ligand-bound forms of PXR especially that of PXR complexed with binary mixtures are summarized, in order to provide the structural basis for PXR binding promiscuity and synergistic activation of PXR by composite ligands. Furthermore, this review summarizes the characterized agonists, partial agonists, and antagonists of human PXR from botanical source. Contrary to PXR agonists, there are only a few antagonists obtained from botanical source due to the promiscuity of PXR. It is worth noting that trans-resveratrol and a series of methylindoles have been identified as partial agonists of PXR, both in activating PXR function, but also inhibiting the effect of other PXR agonists. Since antagonizing PXR function plays a crucial role in the prevention of drug-drug interactions and improvement of therapeutic efficacy, further research is necessary to screen more plant-derived PXR antagonists in the future. In summary, this review may contribute to understanding the roles of phytochemicals in food-drug and herb-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Petr Pavek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rajamanikkam Kamaraj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Li Ren
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tiehua Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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42
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Yan T, Luo Y, Xia Y, Hamada K, Wang Q, Yan N, Krausz KW, Ward JM, Hao H, Wang P, Gonzalez FJ. St. John's Wort alleviates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis through pregnane X receptor-dependent NFκB antagonism. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21968. [PMID: 34644426 PMCID: PMC10167919 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001098r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
St. John's wort (SJW), from traditional herbs, activates the pregnane X receptor (PXR), a potential drug target for treating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, how SJW alleviates dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced experimental IBD by activating PXR is unknown. To test this, PXR-humanized, wild-type (WT) and Pxr-null mice, primary intestinal organoids cultures, and the luciferase reporter gene assays were employed. In vivo, a diet supplemented with SJW was found to activate intestinal PXR both in WT and PXR-humanized mice, but not in Pxr-null mice. SJW prevented DSS-induced IBD in PXR-humanized and WT mice, but not in Pxr-null mice. In vitro, hyperforin, a major component of SJW, activated PXR and suppressed tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α-induced nuclear factor (NF) κB translocation in primary intestinal organoids from PXR-humanized mice, but not Pxr-null mice. Luciferase reporter gene assays showed that hyperforin dose-dependently alleviated TNFα-induced NFκB transactivation by activating human PXR in Caco2 cells. Furthermore, SJW therapeutically attenuated DSS-induced IBD in PXR-humanized mice. These data indicate the therapeutic potential of SJW in alleviating DSS-induced IBD in vivo, and TNFα-induced NFκB activation in vitro, dependent on PXR activation, which may have clinical implications for using SJW as a herbal drug anti-IBD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yan
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuhong Luo
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yangliu Xia
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Keisuke Hamada
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Qiong Wang
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nana Yan
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kristopher W Krausz
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jerrold M Ward
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Song Y, Li C, Liu G, Liu R, Chen Y, Li W, Cao Z, Zhao B, Lu C, Liu Y. Drug-Metabolizing Cytochrome P450 Enzymes Have Multifarious Influences on Treatment Outcomes. Clin Pharmacokinet 2021; 60:585-601. [PMID: 33723723 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-021-01001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Drug metabolism is a critical process for the removal of unwanted substances from the body. In humans, approximately 80% of oxidative metabolism and almost 50% of the overall elimination of commonly used drugs can be attributed to one or more of various cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes from CYP families 1-3. In addition to the basic metabolic effects for elimination, CYP enzymes in vivo are capable of affecting the treatment outcomes in many cases. Drug-metabolizing CYP enzymes are mainly expressed in the liver and intestine, the two principal drug oxidation and elimination organs, where they can significantly influence the drug action, safety, and bioavailability by mediating phase I metabolism and first-pass metabolism. Furthermore, CYP-mediated local drug metabolism in the sites of action may also have the potential to impact drug response, according to the literature in recent years. This article underlines the ability of CYP enzymes to influence treatment outcomes by discussing CYP-mediated diversified drug metabolism in primary metabolic sites (liver and intestine) and typical action sites (brain and tumors) according to their expression levels and metabolic activity. Moreover, intrinsic and extrinsic factors of personal differential CYP phenotypes that contribute to interindividual variation of treatment outcomes are also reviewed to introduce the multifarious pivotal role of CYP-mediated metabolism and clearance in drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Song
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Guangzhi Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Rui Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Youwen Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wen Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhiwen Cao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Baosheng Zhao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Cheng Lu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Yuanyan Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Guengerich FP. A history of the roles of cytochrome P450 enzymes in the toxicity of drugs. Toxicol Res 2021; 37:1-23. [PMID: 32837681 PMCID: PMC7431904 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-020-00056-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The history of drug metabolism began in the 19th Century and developed slowly. In the mid-20th Century the relationship between drug metabolism and toxicity became appreciated, and the roles of cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes began to be defined in the 1960s. Today we understand much about the metabolism of drugs and many aspects of safety assessment in the context of a relatively small number of human P450s. P450s affect drug toxicity mainly by either reducing exposure to the parent molecule or, in some cases, by converting the drug into a toxic entity. Some of the factors involved are enzyme induction, enzyme inhibition (both reversible and irreversible), and pharmacogenetics. Issues related to drug toxicity include drug-drug interactions, drug-food interactions, and the roles of chemical moieties of drug candidates in drug discovery and development. The maturation of the field of P450 and drug toxicity has been facilitated by advances in analytical chemistry, computational capability, biochemistry and enzymology, and molecular and cell biology. Problems still arise with P450s and drug toxicity in drug discovery and development, and in the pharmaceutical industry the interaction of scientists in medicinal chemistry, drug metabolism, and safety assessment is critical for success.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 638B Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232-0146 USA
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45
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Lin YS, Thummel KE, Thompson BD, Totah RA, Cho CW. Sources of Interindividual Variability. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2342:481-550. [PMID: 34272705 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1554-6_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy, safety, and tolerability of drugs are dependent on numerous factors that influence their disposition. A dose that is efficacious and safe for one individual may result in sub-therapeutic or toxic blood concentrations in others. A significant source of this variability in drug response is drug metabolism, where differences in presystemic and systemic biotransformation efficiency result in variable degrees of systemic exposure (e.g., AUC, Cmax, and/or Cmin) following administration of a fixed dose.Interindividual differences in drug biotransformation have been studied extensively. It is recognized that both intrinsic factors (e.g., genetics, age, sex, and disease states) and extrinsic factors (e.g., diet , chemical exposures from the environment, and the microbiome) play a significant role. For drug-metabolizing enzymes, genetic variation can result in the complete absence or enhanced expression of a functional enzyme. In addition, upregulation and downregulation of gene expression, in response to an altered cellular environment, can achieve the same range of metabolic function (phenotype), but often in a less predictable and time-dependent manner. Understanding the mechanistic basis for variability in drug disposition and response is essential if we are to move beyond the era of empirical, trial-and-error dose selection and into an age of personalized medicine that will improve outcomes in maintaining health and treating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne S Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Kenneth E Thummel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brice D Thompson
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rheem A Totah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christi W Cho
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Kühnl J, Tao TP, Brandmair K, Gerlach S, Rings T, Müller-Vieira U, Przibilla J, Genies C, Jaques-Jamin C, Schepky A, Marx U, Hewitt NJ, Maschmeyer I. Characterization of application scenario-dependent pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic properties of permethrin and hyperforin in a dynamic skin and liver multi-organ-chip model. Toxicology 2020; 448:152637. [PMID: 33220337 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microphysiological systems (MPS) aim to mimic the dynamic microenvironment and the interaction between tissues. While MPS exist for investigating pharmaceuticals, the applicability of MPS for cosmetics ingredients is yet to be evaluated. The HUMIMIC Chip2 ("Chip2″), is the first multi-organ chip technology to incorporate skin models, allowing for the topical route to be tested. Therefore, we have used this model to analyze the impact of different exposure scenarios on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of two topically exposed chemicals, hyperforin and permethrin. The Chip2 incorporated reconstructed human epidermis models (EpiDerm™) and HepaRG-stellate spheroids. Initial experiments using static incubations of single organoids helped determine the optimal dose. In the Chip2 studies, parent and metabolites were analyzed in the circuit over 5 days after application of single and repeated topical or systemic doses. The gene expression of relevant xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in liver spheroids was measured to reflect toxicodynamics effects of the compounds in liver. The results show that 1) metabolic capacities of EpiDerm™ and liver spheroids were maintained over five days; 2) EpiDerm™ model barrier function remained intact; 3) repeated application of compounds resulted in higher concentrations of parent chemicals and most metabolites compared to single application; 4) compound-specific gene induction e.g. induction of CYP3A4 by hyperforin depended on the application route and frequency; 5) different routes of application influenced the systemic concentrations of both parents and metabolites in the chip over the course of the experiment; 6) there was excellent intra- and inter-lab reproducibility. For permethrin, a process similar to the excretion in a human in vivo study could be simulated which was remarkably comparable to the in vivo situation. These results support the use of the Chip2 model to provide information on parent and metabolite disposition that may be relevant to risk assessment of topically applied cosmetics ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Kühnl
- Beiersdorf AG, Unnastraße 48, D-20253, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Thi Phuong Tao
- TissUse GmbH, Oudenarder Str. 16, D-13347, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Silke Gerlach
- Beiersdorf AG, Unnastraße 48, D-20253, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thamée Rings
- Beiersdorf AG, Unnastraße 48, D-20253, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Julia Przibilla
- Pharmacelsus GmbH, Science Park 2, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Uwe Marx
- TissUse GmbH, Oudenarder Str. 16, D-13347, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicola J Hewitt
- Cosmetics Europe, Avenue Herrmann-Debroux 40, 1160, Auderghem, Belgium
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Novelli M, Masiello P, Beffy P, Menegazzi M. Protective Role of St. John's Wort and Its Components Hyperforin and Hypericin against Diabetes through Inhibition of Inflammatory Signaling: Evidence from In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8108. [PMID: 33143088 PMCID: PMC7662691 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a very common chronic disease with progressively increasing prevalence. Besides the well-known autoimmune and inflammatory pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, in many people, metabolic changes and inappropriate lifestyle favor a subtle chronic inflammatory state that contributes to development of insulin resistance and progressive loss of β-cell function and mass, eventually resulting in metabolic syndrome or overt type 2 diabetes. In this paper, we review the anti-inflammatory effects of the extract of Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John's wort, SJW) and its main active ingredients firstly in representative pathological situations on inflammatory basis and then in pancreatic β cells and in obese or diabetic animal models. The simultaneous and long-lasting inhibition of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-1, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)/c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways involved in pro-inflammatory cytokine-induced β-cell dysfunction/death and insulin resistance make SJW particularly suitable for both preventive and therapeutic use in metabolic diseases. Hindrance of inflammatory cytokine signaling is likely dependent on the hyperforin content of SJW extract, but recent data reveal that hypericin can also exert relevant protective effects, mediated by activation of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase cAMP-dependent (PKA)/adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, against high-fat-diet-induced metabolic abnormalities. Actually, the mechanisms of action of the two main components of SJW appear complementary, strengthening the efficacy of the plant extract. Careful quantitative analysis of SJW components and suitable dosage, with monitoring of possible drug-drug interaction in a context of remarkable tolerability, are easily achievable pre-requisites for forthcoming clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Novelli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Pellegrino Masiello
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Pascale Beffy
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Marta Menegazzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Biochemistry Section, School of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
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Scholz I, Liakoni E, Hammann F, Grafinger KE, Duthaler U, Nagler M, Krähenbühl S, Haschke M. Effects of Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort) on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rivaroxaban in humans. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 87:1466-1474. [PMID: 32959922 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the influence of a cytochrome P450 CYP3A4 and efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inducing Hypericum perforatum extract on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rivaroxaban. METHODS Open-label, nonrandomized, sequential treatment interaction study. Following CYP3A4 and P-gp phenotyping using low-dose midazolam and fexofenadine, 12 healthy volunteers received a single oral dose of 20 mg rivaroxaban and rivaroxaban plasma concentrations and inhibition of the activated coagulation factor X (factor Xa) activity were measured prior to and up to 48 h postdosing. The procedures were repeated after 2 weeks' treatment with the H. perforatum extract. RESULTS The geometric mean ratios for the area under the concentration-time curve and Cmax of rivaroxaban after/before induction with the H. perforatum extract were 0.76 (90% confidence interval [CI] 0.70, 0.82) and 0.86 (90% CI 0.76, 0.97), respectively. Inhibition of factor Xa activity was reduced with a geometric mean area under the effect-time curve ratio after/before induction of 0.80 (90% CI 0.71, 0.89). No clinically significant differences were found regarding Tmax (median 1.5 vs 1 h, P = .26) and terminal elimination half-life (mean 10.6 vs 10.8 h, P = .93) of rivaroxaban. The H. perforatum extract significantly induced CYP3A4 and P-gp activity, as evidenced by phenotyping. CONCLUSION The CYP3A4/P-gp inducing H. perforatum extract caused a decrease of rivaroxaban exposure with a proportional decrease of the pharmacodynamic effect. Although the data do not justify a contraindication for the combination or a systematic adjustment of rivaroxaban dosage, avoidance of the combination or laboratory monitoring should be considered in patients taking hyperforin-containing H. perforatum extracts with rivaroxaban.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Scholz
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Evangelia Liakoni
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Felix Hammann
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Elisabeth Grafinger
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Urs Duthaler
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Nagler
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Krähenbühl
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Haschke
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Switzerland
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Prikhodko V, Chernyuk D, Sysoev Y, Zernov N, Okovityi S, Popugaeva E. Potential Drug Candidates to Treat TRPC6 Channel Deficiencies in the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease and Brain Ischemia. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112351. [PMID: 33114455 PMCID: PMC7692306 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease and cerebral ischemia are among the many causative neurodegenerative diseases that lead to disabilities in the middle-aged and elderly population. There are no effective disease-preventing therapies for these pathologies. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies have revealed the TRPC6 channel to be a promising molecular target for the development of neuroprotective agents. TRPC6 channel is a non-selective cation plasma membrane channel that is permeable to Ca2+. Its Ca2+-dependent pharmacological effect is associated with the stabilization and protection of excitatory synapses. Downregulation as well as upregulation of TRPC6 channel functions have been observed in Alzheimer’s disease and brain ischemia models. Thus, in order to protect neurons from Alzheimer’s disease and cerebral ischemia, proper TRPC6 channels modulators have to be used. TRPC6 channels modulators are an emerging research field. New chemical structures modulating the activity of TRPC6 channels are being currently discovered. The recent publication of the cryo-EM structure of TRPC6 channels should speed up the discovery process even more. This review summarizes the currently available information about potential drug candidates that may be used as basic structures to develop selective, highly potent TRPC6 channel modulators to treat neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease and cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Prikhodko
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; (V.P.); (D.C.); (Y.S.); (N.Z.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Saint Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Daria Chernyuk
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; (V.P.); (D.C.); (Y.S.); (N.Z.)
| | - Yurii Sysoev
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; (V.P.); (D.C.); (Y.S.); (N.Z.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Saint Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nikita Zernov
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; (V.P.); (D.C.); (Y.S.); (N.Z.)
| | - Sergey Okovityi
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Saint Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena Popugaeva
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; (V.P.); (D.C.); (Y.S.); (N.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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50
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Wagle SR, Kovacevic B, Walker D, Ionescu CM, Shah U, Stojanovic G, Kojic S, Mooranian A, Al-Salami H. Alginate-based drug oral targeting using bio-micro/nano encapsulation technologies. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:1361-1376. [PMID: 32597249 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1789587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oral delivery is the most common administrated drug delivery path. However, oral administration of lipophilic drugs has some limitations: they have poor dose-response due to low and varied dissolution kinetics and oral bioavailability with sub-optimal dissolution within the aqueous gastrointestinal microenvironment. Therefore, there is a need for robust formulating methods that protect the drug until it reaches to its optimum absorption site, allowing its optimum pharmacological effects via increasing its intestinal permeation and bioavailability. AREA COVERED Herein, we provide insights on orally administered lipophilic drug delivery systems. The detailed description of the obstacles associated with the oral bioavailability of lipophilic drugs are also discussed. Following this, techniques to overcome these obstacles with much emphasis on optimal safety and efficacy are addressed. Newly designed ionic vibrational jet flow encapsulation technology has enormous growth in lipophilic drug delivery systems, which is discussed thereafter. EXPERT OPINION Researchers have shown interest in drug's encapsulation. A combination of drug-bile acid and microencapsulation methods can be one promising strategy to improve the oral delivery of lipophilic drugs. However, the most critical aspect of this approach is the selection of bile acids, polymer, and encapsulation technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susbin Raj Wagle
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University , Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Bozica Kovacevic
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University , Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Daniel Walker
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University , Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Corina Mihaela Ionescu
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University , Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Umar Shah
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University , Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University , Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Goran Stojanovic
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Sanja Kojic
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Armin Mooranian
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University , Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hani Al-Salami
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University , Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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