1
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Bui NE, Savla P, Galvis AE, Hanak BW. Symptomatic central nervous system tuberculosis and human herpesvirus-6 coinfection with associated hydrocephalus managed with endoscopic third ventriculostomy: A case report and review of human herpesvirus-6 neuropathology. Surg Neurol Int 2024; 15:287. [PMID: 39246759 PMCID: PMC11380833 DOI: 10.25259/sni_355_2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) is a double-stranded DNA virus well established in the clinical literature to cause the near-universal childhood infection roseola infantum (exanthema subitum/sixth disease). Primary HHV-6 infection has been reported to cause meningoencephalitis in pediatric patients, although generally in the immunocompromised. Case Description The authors treated an immunocompetent 18-month-old female who transferred to our institution for a higher level of care given concerns for meningitis in the setting of decreased level of arousal (Glasgow Coma Scale 12), and bradycardia 9 days after the onset of nasal congestion, fatigue, and repeated bouts of emesis. Outside hospital cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) studies were notable for hypoglycorrhachia, elevated protein, elevated nucleated cells with a mononuclear predominance, and a meningitis polymerase chain reaction panel that was positive only for HHV-6. Brain magnetic resonance imaging with and without contrast revealed a basal cistern predominant leptomeningeal enhancement pattern as well as moderate ventriculomegaly with associated periventricular edema concerning acute communicating hydrocephalus. Considering the CSF studies, neuroimaging, and recent travel history to Mexico, central nervous system (CNS) tuberculosis (TB) was the leading suspicion, and antimicrobial therapy was initiated for this presumptive diagnosis with culture data only proving the TB suspicion correct after nearly 2 months in culture. Anti-viral therapy was initially not felt to be necessary as the HHV-6 was interpreted as incidental and not a cause of symptomatic meningitis in our immunocompetent host. The patient's hydrocephalus was treated with temporary CSF diversion followed by performance of an endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Despite appropriate hydrocephalus management, clinical improvement ultimately seemed to correlate with the initiation of antiviral therapy. Conclusion The authors present this case and review the literature on HHV-6-associated CNS infections with the goal of informing the neurosurgeon about this often clinically underestimated pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Edward Bui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States
| | - Paras Savla
- Department of Neurosurgery, Riverside University Health System, Moreno Valley, California, United States
| | - Alvaro E Galvis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States
| | - Brian William Hanak
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Orange County, Orange, California, United States
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2
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Petrella RJ. The Eruptive Fevers at Sixes and Sevens. Open Access Emerg Med 2024; 16:101-105. [PMID: 38706755 PMCID: PMC11067716 DOI: 10.2147/oaem.s448246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Sixth Disease (roseola infantum) and its primary causative agent, HHV-6, share names that numerically concur. This article examines and answers the question of whether that correspondence is by design or coincidental by briefly reviewing the history and nomenclature of the HHV viruses and the classic febrile rashes of childhood while highlighting some clinical and microbiologic features of HHV-6 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Petrella
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Emergency Departments, CharterCARE Health Partners, Providence and North Providence, RI, USA
- Emergency Department, Boston VA Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Emergency Departments, Steward Health Care Systems, Boston and Methuen, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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3
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Collin V, Biquand É, Tremblay V, Lavoie ÉG, Blondeau A, Gravel A, Galloy M, Lashgari A, Dessapt J, Côté J, Flamand L, Fradet-Turcotte A. The immediate-early protein 1 of human herpesvirus 6B interacts with NBS1 and inhibits ATM signaling. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:725-744. [PMID: 38177923 PMCID: PMC10897193 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-023-00035-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral infection often trigger an ATM serine/threonine kinase (ATM)-dependent DNA damage response in host cells that suppresses viral replication. Viruses evolved different strategies to counteract this antiviral surveillance system. Here, we report that human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) infection causes genomic instability by suppressing ATM signaling in host cells. Expression of immediate-early protein 1 (IE1) phenocopies this phenotype and blocks homology-directed double-strand break repair. Mechanistically, IE1 interacts with NBS1, and inhibits ATM signaling through two distinct domains. HHV-6B seems to efficiently inhibit ATM signaling as further depletion of either NBS1 or ATM do not significantly boost viral replication in infected cells. Interestingly, viral integration of HHV-6B into the host's telomeres is not strictly dependent on NBS1, challenging current models where integration occurs through homology-directed repair. Given that spontaneous IE1 expression has been detected in cells of subjects with inherited chromosomally-integrated form of HHV-6B (iciHHV-6B), a condition associated with several health conditions, our results raise the possibility of a link between genomic instability and the development of iciHHV-6-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Collin
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunity, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Disease and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Élise Biquand
- Oncology Division, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, QC, G1R 2J6, Canada
- Department of Molecular biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1R 3S3, Canada
- INSERM, Centre d'Étude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Vincent Tremblay
- Oncology Division, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, QC, G1R 2J6, Canada
- Department of Molecular biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Élise G Lavoie
- Oncology Division, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, QC, G1R 2J6, Canada
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Andréanne Blondeau
- Oncology Division, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, QC, G1R 2J6, Canada
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Annie Gravel
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunity, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Disease and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Maxime Galloy
- Oncology Division, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, QC, G1R 2J6, Canada
- Department of Molecular biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Anahita Lashgari
- Oncology Division, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, QC, G1R 2J6, Canada
- Department of Molecular biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Julien Dessapt
- Oncology Division, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, QC, G1R 2J6, Canada
- Department of Molecular biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Jacques Côté
- Oncology Division, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, QC, G1R 2J6, Canada
- Department of Molecular biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Louis Flamand
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunity, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Disease and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Amélie Fradet-Turcotte
- Oncology Division, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, QC, G1R 2J6, Canada.
- Department of Molecular biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1R 3S3, Canada.
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Rajput M, Thakur N. Editorial: Advances in host-pathogen interactions for diseases in animals and birds. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1282110. [PMID: 37766859 PMCID: PMC10520279 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1282110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mrigendra Rajput
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States
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5
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MA F, FA C, AJ N, AA S, IA PF, LJ C, PA G. Contribution of carbohydrate-related metabolism in Herpesvirus infections. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2023; 4:100192. [PMID: 37273578 PMCID: PMC10238445 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2023.100192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human herpesviruses are enveloped viruses with double-stranded linear DNA genomes highly prevalent in the human population. These viruses are subdivided into three subfamilies, namely alphaherpesvirinae (herpes simplex virus type 1, HSV-1; herpes simplex virus type 2, HSV-2; and varicella-zoster virus, VZV), betaherpesvirinae (human cytomegalovirus, HCMV; human herpesvirus 6, HHV-6; and human herpesvirus 7, HHV-7) and gammaherpesvirinae (Epstein-Barr virus, EBV; and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, KSHV). Besides encoding numerous molecular determinants to evade the host antiviral responses, these viruses also modulate cellular metabolic processes to promote their replication. Here, we review and discuss existing studies describing an interplay between carbohydrate metabolism and the replication cycle of herpesviruses, altogether highlighting potentially new molecular targets based on these interactions that could be used to block herpesvirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farías MA
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Cancino FA
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Navarro AJ
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Soto AA
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Pastén-Ferrada IA
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Carreño LJ
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - González PA
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
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6
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Aimola G, Wight DJ, Flamand L, Kaufer BB. Excision of Integrated Human Herpesvirus 6A Genomes Using CRISPR/Cas9 Technology. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0076423. [PMID: 36926973 PMCID: PMC10100985 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00764-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human herpesviruses 6A and 6B are betaherpesviruses that can integrate their genomes into the telomeres of latently infected cells. Integration can also occur in germ cells, resulting in individuals who harbor the integrated virus in every cell of their body and can pass it on to their offspring. This condition is termed inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6 (iciHHV-6) and affects about 1% of the human population. The integrated HHV-6A/B genome can reactivate in iciHHV-6 patients and in rare cases can also cause severe diseases including encephalitis and graft-versus-host disease. Until now, it has remained impossible to prevent virus reactivation or remove the integrated virus genome. Therefore, we developed a system that allows the removal of HHV-6A from the host telomeres using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. We used specific guide RNAs (gRNAs) targeting the direct repeat region at the ends of the viral genome to remove the virus from latently infected cells generated in vitro and iciHHV-6A patient cells. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), quantitative PCR (qPCR), and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses revealed that the virus genome was efficiently excised and lost in most cells. Efficient excision was achieved with both constitutive and transient expression of Cas9. In addition, reverse transcription-qPCR (RT-qPCR) revealed that the virus genome did not reactivate upon excision. Taken together, our data show that our CRISPR/Cas9 approach allows efficient removal of the integrated virus genome from host telomeres. IMPORTANCE Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) infects almost all humans and integrates into the telomeres of latently infected cells to persist in the host for life. In addition, HHV-6 can also integrate into the telomeres of germ cells, which results in about 80 million individuals worldwide who carry the virus in every cell of their body and can pass it on to their offspring. In this study, we develop the first system that allows excision of the integrated HHV-6 genome from host telomeres using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Our data revealed that the integrated HHV-6 genome can be efficiently removed from the telomeres of latently infected cells and cells of patients harboring the virus in their germ line. Virus removal could be achieved with both stable and transient Cas9 expression, without inducing viral reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Aimola
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Darren J. Wight
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Louis Flamand
- Division of Infectious and Immune Diseases, CHU de Quebec Research Center-Laval University, Québec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Disease and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Benedikt B. Kaufer
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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7
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Inherited Chromosomally Integrated Human Herpesvirus 6: Laboratory and Clinical Features. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030548. [PMID: 36985122 PMCID: PMC10052293 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited chromosomally integrated human herpesvirus 6 (iciHHV-6) is a condition in which the complete HHV-6 genome is integrated into the chromosomes of the host germ cell and is vertically transmitted. The aims of this study were to identify iciHHV-6 prevalence in hospitalized patients and clinical features in individuals carrying this integration. HHV-6 PCR on hair follicles was used to confirm iciHHV-6 status when the blood viral load was more than 5 Log10 copies/mL. From January 2012 to June 2022, HHV-6 DNAemia was investigated in 2019 patients. In particular, 49 had a viral load higher than 6 Log10 copies/mL and HHV-6 DNA in hair follicles was positive. A viral load between 5.0 and 5.9 Log10 copies/mL was observed in 10 patients: 6 infants with acute HHV-6 infection and 4 patients with leukopenia and HHV-6 integration. Therefore, the iciHHV-6 prevalence in our population was 2.6% (53/2019). Adult patients with integration presented hematological (24%), autoimmune (11%), autoimmune neurological (19%), not-autoimmune neurological (22%), and other diseases (19%), whereas 5% had no clinically relevant disease. Although in our study population a high percentage of iciHHV-6 adult hospitalized patients presented a specific pathology, it is still unknown whether the integration is responsible for, or contributes to, the disease development.
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8
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Chrisman BS, He C, Jung JY, Stockham N, Paskov K, Wall DP. Transmission dynamics of human herpesvirus 6A, 6B and 7 from whole genome sequences of families. Virol J 2022; 19:225. [PMID: 36566197 PMCID: PMC9789512 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01941-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
While hundreds of thousands of human whole genome sequences (WGS) have been collected in the effort to better understand genetic determinants of disease, these whole genome sequences have less frequently been used to study another major determinant of human health: the human virome. Using the unmapped reads from WGS of over 1000 families, we present insights into the human blood DNA virome, focusing particularly on human herpesvirus (HHV) 6A, 6B, and 7. In addition to extensively cataloguing the viruses detected in WGS of human whole blood and lymphoblastoid cell lines, we use the family structure of our dataset to show that household drives transmission of several viruses, and identify the Mendelian inheritance patterns characteristic of inherited chromsomally integrated human herpesvirus 6 (iciHHV-6). Consistent with prior studies, we find that 0.6% of our dataset's population has iciHHV, and we locate candidate integration sequences for these cases. We document genetic diversity within exogenous and integrated HHV species and within integration sites of HHV-6. Finally, in the first observation of its kind, we present evidence that suggests widespread de novo HHV-6B integration and HHV-7 integration and reactivation in lymphoblastoid cell lines. These findings show that the unmapped read space of WGS is a promising source of data for virology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna S. Chrisman
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Serra Mall, Stanford, USA ,grid.266818.30000 0004 1936 914XNevada Bioinformatics Center, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
| | - Chloe He
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Serra Mall, Stanford, USA
| | - Jae-Yoon Jung
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Pediatrics (Systems Medicine), Stanford University, Serra Mall, Stanford, USA
| | - Nate Stockham
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Neuroscience, Stanford University, Serra Mall, Stanford, USA
| | - Kelley Paskov
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Serra Mall, Stanford, USA
| | - Dennis P. Wall
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Pediatrics (Systems Medicine), Stanford University, Serra Mall, Stanford, USA
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9
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Impact of Host Telomere Length on HHV-6 Integration. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091864. [PMID: 36146670 PMCID: PMC9505050 DOI: 10.3390/v14091864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6A and 6B are two closely related viruses that infect almost all humans. In contrast to most herpesviruses, HHV-6A/B can integrate their genomes into the telomeres during the infection process. Both viruses can also integrate in germ cells and subsequently be inherited in children. How HHV-6A/B integrate into host telomeres and the consequences of this remain a subject of active research. Here, we developed a method to measure telomere length by quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization, confocal microscopy, and computational processing. This method was validated using a panel of HeLa cells having short or long telomeres. These cell lines were infected with HHV-6A, revealing that the virus could efficiently integrate into telomeres independent of their length. Furthermore, we assessed the telomere lengths after HHV-6A integration and found that the virus-containing telomeres display a variety of lengths, suggesting that either telomere length is restored after integration or telomeres are not shortened by integration. Our results highlight new aspects of HHV-6A/B biology and the role of telomere length on virus integration.
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10
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Metagenomic markings of myeloid malignancies. Genes Dis 2022; 10:4-6. [PMID: 37013046 PMCID: PMC10066243 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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11
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Woerner J, Huang Y, Hutter S, Gurnari C, Sánchez JMH, Wang J, Huang Y, Schnabel D, Aaby M, Xu W, Thorat V, Jiang D, Jha BK, Koyuturk M, Maciejewski JP, Haferlach T, LaFramboise T. Circulating microbial content in myeloid malignancy patients is associated with disease subtypes and patient outcomes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1038. [PMID: 35210415 PMCID: PMC8873459 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28678-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although recent work has described the microbiome in solid tumors, microbial content in hematological malignancies is not well-characterized. Here we analyze existing deep DNA sequence data from the blood and bone marrow of 1870 patients with myeloid malignancies, along with healthy controls, for bacterial, fungal, and viral content. After strict quality filtering, we find evidence for dysbiosis in disease cases, and distinct microbial signatures among disease subtypes. We also find that microbial content is associated with host gene mutations and with myeloblast cell percentages. In patients with low-risk myelodysplastic syndrome, we provide evidence that Epstein-Barr virus status refines risk stratification into more precise categories than the current standard. Motivated by these observations, we construct machine-learning classifiers that can discriminate among disease subtypes based solely on bacterial content. Our study highlights the association between the circulating microbiome and patient outcome, and its relationship with disease subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Woerner
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Yidi Huang
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | | | - Carmelo Gurnari
- Department of Translational Hematology & Oncology Research, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, USA
| | | | - Janet Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Yimin Huang
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Daniel Schnabel
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Michael Aaby
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Wanying Xu
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Vedant Thorat
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Dongxu Jiang
- Department of Translational Hematology & Oncology Research, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, USA
| | - Babal K Jha
- Department of Translational Hematology & Oncology Research, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, USA
| | - Mehmet Koyuturk
- Department of Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Jaroslaw P Maciejewski
- Department of Translational Hematology & Oncology Research, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, USA
| | | | - Thomas LaFramboise
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA.
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12
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Collin V, Flamand L. [The importance of telomeres in human herpesvirus-6A/B infections]. Med Sci (Paris) 2022; 38:168-176. [PMID: 35179471 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2022008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are undisputed masters of disguise. The ability to become invisible to the immune system effectors is a complex process resting on a variety of stealth approaches. Among these, human herpesviruses-6A and -6B (HHV-6A/B) have developed the unique ability to integrate their genome within the ends of chromosomes allowing viral persistence in the absence of viral protein expression. This aptitude, unique to HHV-6A/B among human herpesviruses, requires close interactions between the telomeric regions of chromosomes and the viral genome. In this review article, the biology of telomeres and the mechanisms responsible for viral integration are discussed. In closing, the possible biological consequences of HHV-6A/B integration into chromosomal DNA are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Collin
- Axe des maladies infectieuses et immunitaires, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, 2705 boulevard Laurier, Québec, Canada
| | - Louis Flamand
- Axe des maladies infectieuses et immunitaires, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, 2705 boulevard Laurier, Québec, Canada - Département de microbiologie, maladies infectieuses et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, 2705 boulevard Laurier, Québec, Canada
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13
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Bonnafous P, Gautheret-Dejean A. [Role of human herpesviruses 6 (HHV-6) in predisposition to pre-eclampsia]. Med Sci (Paris) 2021; 37:578-581. [PMID: 34180812 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2021069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Bonnafous
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (IPLESP), Faculté de médecine, site Pitié-Salpêtrière, service de virologie, bâtiment CERVI, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Agnès Gautheret-Dejean
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, service de virologie, bâtiment CERVI, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital 75013 Paris, France - Université de Paris, Inserm UMR-S U1139 3PHM, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France - Université de Paris, Faculté de pharmacie de Paris, laboratoire de microbiologie, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
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14
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Aswad A, Aimola G, Wight D, Roychoudhury P, Zimmermann C, Hill J, Lassner D, Xie H, Huang ML, Parrish NF, Schultheiss HP, Venturini C, Lager S, Smith GCS, Charnock-Jones DS, Breuer J, Greninger AL, Kaufer BB. Evolutionary History of Endogenous Human Herpesvirus 6 Reflects Human Migration out of Africa. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:96-107. [PMID: 32722766 PMCID: PMC7782865 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6A and 6B (HHV-6) can integrate into the germline, and as a result, ∼70 million people harbor the genome of one of these viruses in every cell of their body. Until now, it has been largely unknown if 1) these integrations are ancient, 2) if they still occur, and 3) whether circulating virus strains differ from integrated ones. Here, we used next-generation sequencing and mining of public human genome data sets to generate the largest and most diverse collection of circulating and integrated HHV-6 genomes studied to date. In genomes of geographically dispersed, only distantly related people, we identified clades of integrated viruses that originated from a single ancestral event, confirming this with fluorescent in situ hybridization to directly observe the integration locus. In contrast to HHV-6B, circulating and integrated HHV-6A sequences form distinct clades, arguing against ongoing integration of circulating HHV-6A or “reactivation” of integrated HHV-6A. Taken together, our study provides the first comprehensive picture of the evolution of HHV-6, and reveals that integration of heritable HHV-6 has occurred since the time of, if not before, human migrations out of Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Aswad
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Giulia Aimola
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Darren Wight
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pavitra Roychoudhury
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Centre, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Joshua Hill
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Centre, Seattle, WA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Dirk Lassner
- HighTech Center, Vinmec Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Institut Kardiale Diagnostik und Therapie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hong Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Centre, Seattle, WA
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Centre, Seattle, WA
| | - Nicholas F Parrish
- Genome Immunobiology RIKEN Hakubi Research Team, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Cristina Venturini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL Research Department of Infection, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susanne Lager
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cambridge University, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon C S Smith
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cambridge University, United Kingdom
| | | | - Judith Breuer
- Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL Research Department of Infection, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander L Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Centre, Seattle, WA
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15
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Wang X, Patel SA, Haddadin M, Cerny J. Post-allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation viral reactivations and viremias: a focused review on human herpesvirus-6, BK virus and adenovirus. Ther Adv Infect Dis 2021; 8:20499361211018027. [PMID: 34104434 PMCID: PMC8155777 DOI: 10.1177/20499361211018027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus have been recognized as potential drivers of morbidity and mortality of patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation for years. Specific protocols for monitoring, prophylaxis and pre-emptive therapy are in place in many transplant settings. In this review, we focus on the next three most frequent viruses, human herpesvirus-6, BK virus and adenovirus, causing reactivation and/or viremia after allogeneic transplant, which are increasingly detected in patients in the post-transplant period owing to emerging techniques of molecular biology, recipients' characteristics, treatment modalities used for conditioning and factors related donors or stem cell source. Given the less frequent detection of an illness related to these viruses, there are often no specific protocols in place for the management of affected patients. While some patients develop significant morbidity (generally older), others may not need therapy at all (generally younger or children). Furthermore, some of the antiviral therapies used are potentially toxic. With the addition of increased risk of secondary infections, risk of graft failure or increased risk of graft-versus-host disease as well as the relationship with other post-transplant complications, the outcomes of patients with these viremias remain unsatisfactory and even long-term survivors experience increased morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Medicine, UMass Memorial Medical Center, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Shyam A Patel
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, UMass Memorial Medical Center, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Michael Haddadin
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, UMass Memorial Medical Center, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jan Cerny
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UMass Memorial Medical Center, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
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16
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Kojima S, Kamada AJ, Parrish NF. Virus-derived variation in diverse human genomes. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009324. [PMID: 33901175 PMCID: PMC8101998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquisition of genetic material from viruses by their hosts can generate inter-host structural genome variation. We developed computational tools enabling us to study virus-derived structural variants (SVs) in population-scale whole genome sequencing (WGS) datasets and applied them to 3,332 humans. Although SVs had already been cataloged in these subjects, we found previously-overlooked virus-derived SVs. We detected non-germline SVs derived from squirrel monkey retrovirus (SMRV), human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), and human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1); these variants are attributable to infection of the sequenced lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) or their progenitor cells and may impact gene expression results and the biosafety of experiments using these cells. In addition, we detected new heritable SVs derived from human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and human endogenous retrovirus-K (HERV-K). We report the first solo-direct repeat (DR) HHV-6 likely to reflect DR rearrangement of a known full-length endogenous HHV-6. We used linkage disequilibrium between single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and variants in reads that align to HERV-K, which often cannot be mapped uniquely using conventional short-read sequencing analysis methods, to locate previously-unknown polymorphic HERV-K loci. Some of these loci are tightly linked to trait-associated SNVs, some are in complex genome regions inaccessible by prior methods, and some contain novel HERV-K haplotypes likely derived from gene conversion from an unknown source or introgression. These tools and results broaden our perspective on the coevolution between viruses and humans, including ongoing virus-to-human gene transfer contributing to genetic variation between humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Kojima
- Genome Immunobiology RIKEN Hakubi Research Team, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences and RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Anselmo Jiro Kamada
- Genome Immunobiology RIKEN Hakubi Research Team, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences and RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Nicholas F. Parrish
- Genome Immunobiology RIKEN Hakubi Research Team, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences and RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Yokohama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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17
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Abstract
The "omics" revolution of recent years has simplified the study of RNA transcripts produced during viral infection and under specific defined conditions. In the quest to find new and differentially expressed transcripts during the course of human Herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) infection, we made use of large-scale RNA sequencing to analyze the HHV-6B transcriptome during productive infection of human Molt-3 T-cells. Analyses were performed at different time points following infection and specific inhibitors were used to classify the kinetic class of each open reading frame (ORF) reported in the annotated genome of HHV-6B Z29 strain. The initial search focussed on HHV-6B-specific reads matching new HHV-6B transcripts. Differential expression of new HHV-6B transcripts were observed in all samples analyzed. The presence of many of these new HHV-6B transcripts were confirmed by RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing. Many of these transcripts represented new splice variants of previously reported ORFs, including some transcripts that have yet to be defined. Overall, our work demonstrates the diversity and the complexity of the HHV-6B transcriptome.IMPORTANCERNA sequencing (RNA-seq) is an important tool for studying RNA transcripts, particularly during active viral infection. We made use of RNA-seq to study human Herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) infection. Using six different time points, we were able to identify the presence of differentially spliced genes at 6, 9, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours post-infection. Determination of the RNA profiles in the presence of cycloheximide (CHX) or phosphonoacetic acid (PAA) also permitted identification of the kinetic class of each ORF described in the annotated GenBank file. We also identified new spliced transcripts for certain genes and evaluated their relative expression over time. These data and next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the viral DNA have led us to propose a new version of the HHV-6B Z29 GenBank annotated file, without changing ORF names in order to facilitate trace back and correlate our work with previous studies on HHV-6B.
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18
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Is the ZIKV Congenital Syndrome and Microcephaly Due to Syndemism with Latent Virus Coinfection? Viruses 2021; 13:v13040669. [PMID: 33924398 PMCID: PMC8069280 DOI: 10.3390/v13040669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the Zika virus (ZIKV) mirrors its evolutionary nature and, thus, its ability to grow in diversity or complexity (i.e., related to genome, host response, environment changes, tropism, and pathogenicity), leading to it recently joining the circle of closed congenital pathogens. The causal relation of ZIKV to microcephaly is still a much-debated issue. The identification of outbreak foci being in certain endemic urban areas characterized by a high-density population emphasizes that mixed infections might spearhead the recent appearance of a wide range of diseases that were initially attributed to ZIKV. Globally, such coinfections may have both positive and negative effects on viral replication, tropism, host response, and the viral genome. In other words, the possibility of coinfection may necessitate revisiting what is considered to be known regarding the pathogenesis and epidemiology of ZIKV diseases. ZIKV viral coinfections are already being reported with other arboviruses (e.g., chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and dengue virus (DENV)) as well as congenital pathogens (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and cytomegalovirus (HCMV)). However, descriptions of human latent viruses and their impacts on ZIKV disease outcomes in hosts are currently lacking. This review proposes to select some interesting human latent viruses (i.e., herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), human parvovirus B19 (B19V), and human papillomavirus (HPV)), whose virological features and co-exposition with ZIKV may provide evidence of the syndemism process, shedding some light on the emergence of the ZIKV-induced global congenital syndrome in South America.
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19
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Miura H, Ohye T, Kozawa K, Hattori F, Kawamura Y, Ihira M, Kurahashi H, Yoshikawa T. Coinfection With Human Herpesvirus (HHV)-6B in Immunocompetent, Healthy Individuals With Chromosomally Integrated HHV-6A. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2021; 10:175-178. [PMID: 31972018 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piaa009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Immunocompetent sisters with chromosomally integrated human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) transiently excreted HHV-6B genome in their saliva. They did not have past histories of exanthema subitum but had antibodies against HHV-6A and HHV-6B. This suggests that endogenous HHV-6A may modify the clinical features of HHV-6B coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Miura
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Tamae Ohye
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Kei Kozawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Hattori
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kawamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Masaru Ihira
- Faculty of Clinical Engineering, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kurahashi
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Yoshikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
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20
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Komaroff AL, Rizzo R, Ecker JL. Human Herpesviruses 6A and 6B in Reproductive Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:648945. [PMID: 33841432 PMCID: PMC8027340 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.648945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesviruses 6A (HHV-6A) and human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B)—collectively, HHV-6A/B—are recently-discovered but ancient human viruses. The vast majority of people acquire one or both viruses, typically very early in life, producing an ineradicable lifelong infection. The viruses have been linked to several neurological, pulmonary and hematological diseases. In early human history, the viruses on multiple occasions infected a germ cell, and integrated their DNA into a human chromosome. As a result, about 1% of humans are born with the full viral genome present in every cell, with uncertain consequences for health. HHV-6A may play a role in 43% of cases of primary unexplained infertility. Both the inherited and acquired viruses may occasionally trigger several of the factors that are important in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Transplacental infection occurs in 1-2% of pregnancies, with some evidence suggesting adverse health consequences for the child. While emerging knowledge about these viruses in reproductive diseases is not sufficient to suggest any changes in current practice, we write this review to indicate the need for further research that could prove practice-changing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Komaroff
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Roberta Rizzo
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Jeffrey L Ecker
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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21
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Wood ML, Veal CD, Neumann R, Suárez NM, Nichols J, Parker AJ, Martin D, Romaine SPR, Codd V, Samani NJ, Voors AA, Tomaszewski M, Flamand L, Davison AJ, Royle NJ. Variation in human herpesvirus 6B telomeric integration, excision, and transmission between tissues and individuals. eLife 2021; 10:70452. [PMID: 34545807 PMCID: PMC8492063 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesviruses 6A and 6B (HHV-6A/6B) are ubiquitous pathogens that persist lifelong in latent form and can cause severe conditions upon reactivation. They are spread by community-acquired infection of free virus (acqHHV6A/6B) and by germline transmission of inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6A/6B (iciHHV-6A/6B) in telomeres. We exploited a hypervariable region of the HHV-6B genome to investigate the relationship between acquired and inherited virus and revealed predominantly maternal transmission of acqHHV-6B in families. Remarkably, we demonstrate that some copies of acqHHV-6B in saliva from healthy adults gained a telomere, indicative of integration and latency, and that the frequency of viral genome excision from telomeres in iciHHV-6B carriers is surprisingly high and varies between tissues. In addition, newly formed short telomeres generated by partial viral genome release are frequently lengthened, particularly in telomerase-expressing pluripotent cells. Consequently, iciHHV-6B carriers are mosaic for different iciHHV-6B structures, including circular extra-chromosomal forms that have the potential to reactivate. Finally, we show transmission of an HHV-6B strain from an iciHHV-6B mother to her non-iciHHV-6B son. Altogether, we demonstrate that iciHHV-6B can readily transition between telomere-integrated and free virus forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Wood
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of LeicesterLeicesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Colin D Veal
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of LeicesterLeicesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Rita Neumann
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of LeicesterLeicesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Nicolás M Suárez
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Jenna Nichols
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Andrei J Parker
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of LeicesterLeicesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Diana Martin
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of LeicesterLeicesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Simon PR Romaine
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of LeicesterLeicesterUnited Kingdom,NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield HospitalLeicesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Veryan Codd
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of LeicesterLeicesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of LeicesterLeicesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Adriaan A Voors
- University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenNetherlands
| | - Maciej Tomaszewski
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Louis Flamand
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec CityQuébecCanada
| | - Andrew J Davison
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Royle
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of LeicesterLeicesterUnited Kingdom
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22
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Komaroff AL, Pellett PE, Jacobson S. Human Herpesviruses 6A and 6B in Brain Diseases: Association versus Causation. Clin Microbiol Rev 2020; 34:e00143-20. [PMID: 33177186 PMCID: PMC7667666 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00143-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) and human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B), collectively termed HHV-6A/B, are neurotropic viruses that permanently infect most humans from an early age. Although most people infected with these viruses appear to suffer no ill effects, the viruses are a well-established cause of encephalitis in immunocompromised patients. In this review, we summarize the evidence that the viruses may also be one trigger for febrile seizures (including febrile status epilepticus) in immunocompetent infants and children, mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, multiple sclerosis (MS), and, possibly, Alzheimer's disease. We propose criteria for linking ubiquitous infectious agents capable of producing lifelong infection to any neurologic disease, and then we examine to what extent these criteria have been met for these viruses and these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Komaroff
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Philip E Pellett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Steven Jacobson
- Virology/Immunology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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23
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The U94 Gene of Human Herpesvirus 6: A Narrative Review of Its Role and Potential Functions. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122608. [PMID: 33291793 PMCID: PMC7762089 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) is a β-herpesvirus that is highly prevalent in the human population. HHV-6 comprises two recognized species (HHV-6A and HHV-6B). Despite different cell tropism and disease association, HHV-6A/B show high genome homology and harbor the conserved U94 gene, which is limited to HHV-6 and absent in all the other human herpesviruses. U94 has key functions in the virus life cycle and associated diseases, having demonstrated or putative roles in virus replication, integration, and reactivation. During natural infection, U94 elicits an immune response, and the prevalence and extent of the anti-U94 response are associated with specific diseases. Notably, U94 can entirely reproduce some virus effects at the cell level, including inhibition of cell migration, induction of cytokines and HLA-G expression, and angiogenesis inhibition, supporting a direct U94 role in the development of HHV-6-associated diseases. Moreover, specific U94 properties, such as the ability to modulate angiogenesis pathways, have been exploited to counteract cancer development. Here, we review the information available on this key HHV-6 gene, highlighting its potential uses.
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24
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Mouammine A, Gravel A, Dubuc I, Feroz Zada Y, Provost S, Busseuil D, Tardif JC, Dubé MP, Flamand L. rs73185306 C/T Is Not a Predisposing Risk Factor for Inherited Chromosomally Integrated Human Herpesvirus 6A/B. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:878-881. [PMID: 31621866 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 1% of people worldwide carry a copy of the human herpesvirus 6A or 6B (HHV-6A/B) in every cell of their body. This condition is referred to as inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6A/B (iciHHV-6A/B). The mechanisms leading to iciHHV-6A/B chromosomal integration are yet to be identified. A recent report suggested that the rs73185306 C/T single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) represents a favorable predisposing factor leading to HHV-6A/B integration. After genotype analysis of an independent cohort (N = 11 967), we report no association between the rs73185306 C/T SNP and HHV-6A/B chromosomal integration (odds ratio, 0.90 [95% confidence interval, .54-1.51]; P = .69).
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Mouammine
- Division of Infectious and Immune Diseases, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Quebec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Annie Gravel
- Division of Infectious and Immune Diseases, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Quebec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Dubuc
- Division of Infectious and Immune Diseases, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Quebec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Pierre Dubé
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Louis Flamand
- Division of Infectious and Immune Diseases, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Quebec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectious Disease and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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25
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Santpere G, Telford M, Andrés-Benito P, Navarro A, Ferrer I. The Presence of Human Herpesvirus 6 in the Brain in Health and Disease. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1520. [PMID: 33172107 PMCID: PMC7694807 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) -A and -B are two dsDNA beta-herpesviruses infectingalmost the entire worldwide population. These viruses have been implicated in multipleneurological conditions in individuals of various ages and immunological status, includingencephalitis, epilepsy, and febrile seizures. HHV-6s have also been suggested as playing a role inthe etiology of neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. Theapparent robustness of these suggested associations is contingent on the accuracy of HHV-6detection in the nervous system. The effort of more than three decades of researching HHV-6 in thebrain has yielded numerous observations, albeit using variable technical approaches in terms oftissue preservation, detection techniques, sample sizes, brain regions, and comorbidities. In thisreview, we aimed to summarize current knowledge about the entry routes and direct presence ofHHV-6 in the brain parenchyma at the level of DNA, RNA, proteins, and specific cell types, inhealthy subjects and in those with neurological conditions. We also discuss recent findings relatedto the presence of HHV-6 in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease in light of availableevidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Santpere
- Neurogenomics Group, Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), DCEXS, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marco Telford
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), Departament de Ciències Experimentals i la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, PRBB, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; (M.T.); (A.N.)
| | - Pol Andrés-Benito
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Arcadi Navarro
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), Departament de Ciències Experimentals i la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, PRBB, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; (M.T.); (A.N.)
- Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Carrer del Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Wellington 30, 08005 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Bellvitge University Hospital, IDIBELL (Bellvitge Biomedical Research Centre), Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
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Kawamura Y, Hashimoto T, Miura H, Kozawa K, Yoshikawa A, Ikeda N, Yatsuya H, Yasuoka H, Yoshikawa T. Inherited chromosomally integrated human herpesvirus 6 and autoimmune connective tissue diseases. J Clin Virol 2020; 132:104656. [PMID: 33045641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Entire genome of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) that integrates into human chromosomes is called chromosomally integrated HHV-6 (ciHHV-6). Several viral infections have been suggested to be involved in autoimmune connective tissue diseases (CTDs). Reactivated HHV-6 from the integrated viral genome can induce immune responses against the virus. Thus, it is plausible that ciHHV-6 is associated with autoimmune CTDs. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine whether the prevalence of ciHHV-6 was significantly higher in patients with autoimmune CTDs than in a healthy population. STUDY DESIGN A total of 846 peripheral blood samples collected from autoimmune CTD patients were analyzed. Since there was a large number of samples, they were pooled into 24 samples per group. Copy numbers of HHV-6 DNA were measured by real-time PCR. The threshold level for distinguishing between ciHHV-6 and active viral infection and the reliability of pooled DNA analysis were examined as initial validation experiments. RESULTS The threshold level was 1.6 × 10^6 copy/mL in whole blood. The reliability of pooled DNA analysis to identify one ciHHV-6 sample among 23 HHV-6 DNA-negative samples was high. No HHV-6 DNA was detected in any of the pooled DNA samples collected from the patients. The probability of the present study including the 846 autoimmune CTD patient's samples was statistically not different with a healthy Japanese population which was 0.2 % or 0.6 %. CONCLUSIONS There was no significant difference in the prevalence of ciHHV-6 between a healthy population and patients with autoimmune CTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Kawamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan.
| | - Takako Hashimoto
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroki Miura
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kei Kozawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akiko Yoshikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Naomi Ikeda
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yatsuya
- Department of Public Health, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hidekata Yasuoka
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Yoshikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
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Miura H, Kawamura Y, Ohye T, Hattori F, Kozawa K, Ihira M, Yatsuya H, Nishizawa H, Kurahashi H, Yoshikawa T. Inherited Chromosomally Integrated Human Herpesvirus 6 Is a Risk Factor for Spontaneous Abortion. J Infect Dis 2020; 223:1717-1723. [PMID: 32984876 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) can be genetically transmitted from parent to child as inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6 (iciHHV-6). HHV-6 reactivation occurs in pregnant women with iciHHV-6. We found no sex differences in the frequency of index cases with iciHHV-6 but inheritance from the father was more common. We evaluated the association between iciHHV-6 status and spontaneous abortion. METHODS iciHHV-6 was confirmed by high viral DNA copy numbers in whole blood and somatic cells. The origin of integrated viral genome, paternal or maternal, was examined using the same method. The pregnancy history of 23 mothers in families with iciHHV-6 and 285 mothers in families without iciHHV-6 was abstracted. RESULTS Of 23 iciHHV-6 index cases, 8 mothers and 15 fathers had iciHHV-6. Spontaneous abortion rates in mothers with and mothers without/fathers with iciHHV-6 and mothers in families without iciHHV-6 were 27.6%, 10.3%, and 14.8%, respectively (P = .012). Mothers with iciHHV-6 (odds ratio [OR], 6.41; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10-37.4) and maternal age at the most recent pregnancy ≥40 years (OR, 3.91; 95% CI, 1.30-11.8) were associated with 2 or more spontaneous abortions. CONCLUSIONS Mothers with iciHHV-6 is a risk factor for spontaneous abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Miura
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kawamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Tamae Ohye
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Hattori
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Kei Kozawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Masaru Ihira
- Faculty of Clinical Engineering, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yatsuya
- Department of Public Health, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Haruki Nishizawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kurahashi
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Yoshikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
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28
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Bilal MY, Katara G, Dambaeva S, Kwak‐Kim J, Gilman‐Sachs A, Beaman KD. Clinical molecular genetics evaluation in women with reproductive failures. Am J Reprod Immunol 2020; 85:e13313. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Y. Bilal
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago IL USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Chicago Medical School Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago IL USA
| | - Gajendra Katara
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago IL USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Chicago Medical School Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago IL USA
| | - Svetlana Dambaeva
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago IL USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Chicago Medical School Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago IL USA
| | - Joanne Kwak‐Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Chicago Medical School Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago IL USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Rosalind Franklin University Health System Vernon Hills IL USA
| | - Alice Gilman‐Sachs
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago IL USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Chicago Medical School Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago IL USA
| | - Kenneth D. Beaman
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago IL USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Chicago Medical School Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago IL USA
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Liu X, Kosugi S, Koide R, Kawamura Y, Ito J, Miura H, Matoba N, Matsuzaki M, Fujita M, Kamada AJ, Nakagawa H, Tamiya G, Matsuda K, Murakami Y, Kubo M, Aswad A, Sato K, Momozawa Y, Ohashi J, Terao C, Yoshikawa T, Parrish NF, Kamatani Y. Endogenization and excision of human herpesvirus 6 in human genomes. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008915. [PMID: 32776928 PMCID: PMC7444522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequences homologous to human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) are integrated within the nuclear genome of about 1% of humans, but it is not clear how this came about. It is also uncertain whether integrated HHV-6 can reactivate into an infectious virus. HHV-6 integrates into telomeres, and this has recently been associated with polymorphisms affecting MOV10L1. MOV10L1 is located on the subtelomere of chromosome 22q (chr22q) and is required to make PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). As piRNAs block germline integration of transposons, piRNA-mediated repression of HHV-6 integration has been proposed to explain this association. In vitro, recombination of the HHV-6 genome along its terminal direct repeats (DRs) leads to excision from the telomere and viral reactivation, but the expected "solo-DR scar" has not been described in vivo. Here we screened for integrated HHV-6 in 7,485 Japanese subjects using whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Integrated HHV-6 was associated with polymorphisms on chr22q. However, in contrast to prior work, we find that the reported MOV10L1 polymorphism is physically linked to an ancient endogenous HHV-6A variant integrated into the telomere of chr22q in East Asians. Unexpectedly, an HHV-6B variant has also endogenized in chr22q; two endogenous HHV-6 variants at this locus thus account for 72% of all integrated HHV-6 in Japan. We also report human genomes carrying only one portion of the HHV-6B genome, a solo-DR, supporting in vivo excision and possible viral reactivation. Together these results explain the recently-reported association between integrated HHV-6 and MOV10L1/piRNAs, suggest potential exaptation of HHV-6 in its coevolution with human chr22q, and clarify the evolution and risk of reactivation of the only intact (non-retro)viral genome known to be present in human germlines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Liu
- Genome Immunobiology RIKEN Hakubi Research Team, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research and RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shunichi Kosugi
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Rie Koide
- Genome Immunobiology RIKEN Hakubi Research Team, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research and RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kawamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Jumpei Ito
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Miura
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Nana Matoba
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Motomichi Matsuzaki
- Statistical Genetics Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Fujita
- Laboratory for Cancer Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Anselmo Jiro Kamada
- Genome Immunobiology RIKEN Hakubi Research Team, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research and RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hidewaki Nakagawa
- Laboratory for Cancer Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Gen Tamiya
- Statistical Genetics Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Matsuda
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Clinical Genome Sequencing, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Murakami
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiaki Kubo
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Amr Aswad
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kei Sato
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihide Momozawa
- Laboratory for Genotyping Development, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Jun Ohashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chikashi Terao
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Yoshikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Nicholas F. Parrish
- Genome Immunobiology RIKEN Hakubi Research Team, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research and RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Laboratory of Complex Trait Genomics, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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30
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Collin V, Gravel A, Kaufer BB, Flamand L. The Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein facilitates human herpesvirus 6B chromosomal integration, immediate-early 1 protein multiSUMOylation and its localization at telomeres. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008683. [PMID: 32658923 PMCID: PMC7394443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) is a betaherpesvirus capable of integrating its genome into the telomeres of host chromosomes. Until now, the cellular and/or viral proteins facilitating HHV-6B integration have remained elusive. Here we show that a cellular protein, the promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) that forms nuclear bodies (PML-NBs), associates with the HHV-6B immediate early 1 (IE1) protein at telomeres. We report enhanced levels of SUMOylated IE1 in the presence of PML and have identified a putative SUMO Interacting Motif (SIM) within IE1, essential for its nuclear distribution, overall SUMOylation and association with PML to nuclear bodies. Furthermore, using PML knockout cell lines we made the original observation that PML is required for efficient HHV-6B integration into host chromosomes. Taken together, we could demonstrate that PML-NBs are important for IE1 multiSUMOylation and that PML plays an important role in HHV-6B integration into chromosomes, a strategy developed by this virus to maintain its genome in its host over long periods of time. Human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) is a ubiquitous virus that can be life threatening in immunocompromised patients. HHV-6B is among a few other herpesviruses that integrate their genome in host chromosomes as a mean to establish dormancy. Integration of HHV-6B occurs in host telomeres, a region that protects our genome from deterioration and controls the cellular lifespan. To date, the mechanisms leading to HHV-6B integration remain elusive. Our laboratory has identified that the IE1 protein of HHV-6B associates with PML, a cellular protein that is responsible for the regulation of important cellular mechanisms including DNA recombination and repair. With the objective of understanding how IE1 is brought to PML, we discovered that PML aids the SUMOylation of IE1. This finding led us to identify a putative SUMO interaction motif on IE1 that is essentials for both its SUMOylation and IE1 oligomerization with PML-NBs. We next studied the role of PML on HHV-6B integration and identified that cells that are deficient for PML were less susceptible to HHV-6B integration. These results correlate with the fact that PML influences IE1 localization at telomeres, the site of HHV-6B integration. Our study further contributes to our understanding of the mechanisms leading to HHV-6B chromosomal integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Collin
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunity, CHU de Québec Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Annie Gravel
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunity, CHU de Québec Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Louis Flamand
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunity, CHU de Québec Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Department of microbiology, infectious disease and immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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31
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Gaccioli F, Lager S, de Goffau MC, Sovio U, Dopierala J, Gong S, Cook E, Sharkey A, Moffett A, Lee WK, Delles C, Venturini C, Breuer J, Parkhill J, Peacock SJ, Charnock-Jones DS, Smith GCS. Fetal inheritance of chromosomally integrated human herpesvirus 6 predisposes the mother to pre-eclampsia. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:901-908. [PMID: 32367053 PMCID: PMC7610361 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-0711-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pre-eclampsia (typically characterized by new-onset hypertension and proteinuria in the second half of pregnancy) represents a major determinant of the global burden of disease1,2. Its pathophysiology involves placental dysfunction, but the mechanism is unclear. Viral infection can cause organ dysfunction, but its role in placentally related disorders of human pregnancy is unknown3. We addressed this using RNA sequencing metagenomics4-6 of placental samples from normal and complicated pregnancies. Here, we show that human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6, A or B) RNA was detected in 6.1% of cases of pre-eclampsia and 2.2% of other pregnancies. Fetal genotyping demonstrated that 70% of samples with HHV-6 RNA in the placenta exhibited inherited, chromosomally integrated HHV-6 (iciHHV-6). We genotyped 467 pre-eclampsia cases and 3,854 controls and found an excess of iciHHV-6 in the cases (odds ratio of 2.8, 95% confidence intervals of 1.4-5.6, P = 0.008). We validated this finding by comparing iciHHV-6 in a further 740 cases with controls from large-scale population studies (odds ratio of 2.5, 95% confidence intervals of 1.4-4.4, P = 0.0013). We conclude that iciHHV-6 results in the transcription of viral RNA in the human placenta and predisposes the mother to pre-eclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Gaccioli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Susanne Lager
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marcus C de Goffau
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ulla Sovio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Justyna Dopierala
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Functional Genomics, GlaxoSmithKline Limited, Stevenage, UK
| | - Sungsam Gong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emma Cook
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Sharkey
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ashley Moffett
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Wai Kwong Lee
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Christian Delles
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Cristina Venturini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Judith Breuer
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Julian Parkhill
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sharon J Peacock
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - D Stephen Charnock-Jones
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gordon C S Smith
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Forni D, Cagliani R, Clerici M, Pozzoli U, Sironi M. Evolutionary analysis of exogenous and integrated HHV-6A/HHV-6B populations. Virus Evol 2020; 6:veaa035. [PMID: 32551136 PMCID: PMC7293831 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veaa035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human betaherpesviruses 6A and 6B (HHV-6A and HHV-6B) are highly prevalent in human populations. The genomes of these viruses can be stably integrated at the telomeres of human chromosomes and be vertically transmitted (inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6A/HHV-6B, iciHHV-6A/iciHHV-6B). We reconstructed the population structures of HHV-6A and HHV-6B, showing that HHV-6A diverged less than HHV-6B genomes from the projected common ancestral population. Thus, HHV-6B genomes experienced stronger drift, as also supported by calculation of nucleotide diversity and Tajima's D. Analysis of ancestry proportions indicated that HHV-6A exogenous viruses and iciHHV-6A derived most of their genomes from distinct ancestral sources. Conversely, ancestry proportions were similar in exogenous HHV-6B viruses and iciHHV-6B. In line with previous indications, this suggests the distinct exogenous viral populations that originated iciHHV-6B in subjects with European and Asian ancestry are still causing infections in the corresponding geographic areas. Notably, for both iciHHV-6A and iciHHV-6B, we found that European and American sequences tend to have high proportions of ancestry from viral populations that experienced considerable drift, suggesting that they underwent one or more bottlenecks followed by population expansion. Finally, analysis of HHV-6B exogenous viruses sampled in Japan indicated that proportions of ancestry components of most of these viruses are different from the majority of those sampled in the USA. More generally, we show that, in both viral species, both integrated and exogenous viral genomes have different ancestry components, partially depending on geographic location. It would be extremely important to determine whether such differences account for the diversity of HHV-6A/HHV-6B-associated clinical symptoms and epidemiology. Also, the sequencing of additional exogenous and integrated viral genomes will be instrumental to confirm and expand our conclusions, which are based on a relatively small number of genomes, sequenced with variable quality, and with unequal sampling in terms of geographic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Forni
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Rachele Cagliani
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20090 Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20148 Milan, Italy
| | - Uberto Pozzoli
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Manuela Sironi
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
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Gilbert-Girard S, Gravel A, Collin V, Wight DJ, Kaufer BB, Lazzerini-Denchi E, Flamand L. Role for the shelterin protein TRF2 in human herpesvirus 6A/B chromosomal integration. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008496. [PMID: 32320442 PMCID: PMC7197865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human herpesviruses 6A and 6B (HHV-6A/B) are unique among human herpesviruses in their ability to integrate their genome into host chromosomes. Viral integration occurs at the ends of chromosomes within the host telomeres. The ends of the HHV-6A/B genomes contain telomeric repeats that facilitate the integration process. Here, we report that productive infections are associated with a massive increase in telomeric sequences of viral origin. The majority of the viral telomeric signals can be detected within viral replication compartments (VRC) that contain the viral DNA processivity factor p41 and the viral immediate-early 2 (IE2) protein. Components of the shelterin protein complex present at telomeres, including TRF1 and TRF2 are also recruited to VRC during infection. Biochemical, immunofluorescence coupled with in situ hybridization and chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated the binding of TRF2 to the HHV-6A/B telomeric repeats. In addition, approximately 60% of the viral IE2 protein localize at cellular telomeres during infection. Transient knockdown of TRF2 resulted in greatly reduced (13%) localization of IE2 at cellular telomeres (p<0.0001). Lastly, TRF2 knockdown reduced HHV-6A/B integration frequency (p<0.05), while no effect was observed on the infection efficiency. Overall, our study identified that HHV-6A/B IE2 localizes to telomeres during infection and highlight the role of TRF2 in HHV-6A/B infection and chromosomal integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shella Gilbert-Girard
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunity, CHU de Québec Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Annie Gravel
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunity, CHU de Québec Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vanessa Collin
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunity, CHU de Québec Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Darren J. Wight
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Eros Lazzerini-Denchi
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Louis Flamand
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunity, CHU de Québec Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Department of microbiology, infectious diseases and immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Current understanding of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) chromosomal integration. Antiviral Res 2020; 176:104720. [PMID: 32044155 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) and 6B (HHV-6B) are members of the genus Roseolovirus in the Betaherpesvirinae subfamily. HHV-6B infects humans in the first years of life, has a seroprevalence of more than 90% and causes Roseola Infantum, but less is known about HHV-6A. While most other herpesviruses maintain their latent genome as a circular episome, HHV-6A and HHV-6B (HHV-6A/B) have been shown to integrate their genome into the telomeres of infected cells. HHV-6A/B can also integrate into the chromosomes of germ cells, resulting in individuals carrying a copy of the virus genome in every nucleated cell of their bodies. This review highlights our current understanding of HHV-6A/B integration and reactivation as well as aspects that should be addressed in the future of this relatively young research area. It forms part of an online symposium on the prevention and therapy of DNA virus infections, dedicated to the memory of Mark Prichard.
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Inherited Chromosomally Integrated Human Herpesvirus 6 Demonstrates Tissue-Specific RNA Expression In Vivo That Correlates with an Increased Antibody Immune Response. J Virol 2019; 94:JVI.01418-19. [PMID: 31597766 PMCID: PMC6912112 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01418-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
HHV-6A and -6B are human herpesviruses that have the unique property of being able to integrate into the telomeric regions of human chromosomes. Approximately 1% of the world’s population carries integrated HHV-6A/B genome in every cell of their body. Whether viral genes are transcriptionally active in these individuals is unclear. By taking advantage of a unique tissue-specific gene expression data set, we showed that the majority of tissues from iciHHV-6 individuals do not show HHV-6 gene expression. Brain and testes showed the highest tissue-specific expression of HHV-6 genes in two separate data sets. Two HHV-6 genes, U90 (immediate early 1 protein) and U100 (glycoproteins Q1 and Q2), were found to be selectively and consistently expressed across several human tissues. Expression of U90 translates into an increase in antigen-specific antibody response in iciHHV-6A/B+ subjects relative to controls. Future studies will be needed to determine the mechanism of gene expression, the effects of these genes on human gene transcription networks, and the pathophysiological impact of having increased viral protein expression in tissue in conjunction with increased antigen-specific antibody production. Human herpesviruses 6A and 6B (HHV-6A and HHV-6B) are human viruses capable of chromosomal integration. Approximately 1% of the human population carries one copy of HHV-6A/B integrated into every cell in their body, referred to as inherited chromosomally integrated human herpesvirus 6A/B (iciHHV-6A/B). Whether iciHHV-6A/B is transcriptionally active in vivo and how it shapes the immunological response are still unclear. In this study, we screened DNA sequencing (DNA-seq) and transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) data for 650 individuals available through the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project and identified 2 iciHHV-6A- and 4 iciHHV-6B-positive candidates. When corresponding tissue-specific gene expression signatures were analyzed, low levels HHV-6A/B gene expression was found across multiple tissues, with the highest levels of gene expression in the brain (specifically for HHV-6A), testis, esophagus, and adrenal gland. U90 and U100 were the most highly expressed HHV-6 genes in both iciHHV-6A- and iciHHV-6B-positive individuals. To assess whether tissue-specific gene expression from iciHHV-6A/B influences the immune response, a cohort of 15,498 subjects was screened and 85 iciHHV-6A/B+ subjects were identified. Plasma samples from iciHHV-6A/B+ and age- and sex-matched controls were analyzed for antibodies to control antigens (cytomegalovirus [CMV], Epstein-Barr virus [EBV], and influenza virus [FLU]) or HHV-6A/B antigens. Our results indicate that iciHHV-6A/B+ subjects have significantly more antibodies against the U90 gene product (IE1) than do non-iciHHV-6-positive individuals. Antibody responses against EBV and FLU antigens or HHV-6A/B gene products either not expressed or expressed at low levels, such as U47, U57, and U72, were identical between controls and iciHHV-6A/B+ subjects. CMV-seropositive individuals with iciHHV-6A/B+ have more antibodies against CMV pp150 than do CMV-seropositive controls. These results argue that spontaneous gene expression from integrated HHV-6A/B leads to an increase in antigenic burden that translates into a more robust HHV-6A/B-specific antibody response. IMPORTANCE HHV-6A and -6B are human herpesviruses that have the unique property of being able to integrate into the telomeric regions of human chromosomes. Approximately 1% of the world’s population carries integrated HHV-6A/B genome in every cell of their body. Whether viral genes are transcriptionally active in these individuals is unclear. By taking advantage of a unique tissue-specific gene expression data set, we showed that the majority of tissues from iciHHV-6 individuals do not show HHV-6 gene expression. Brain and testes showed the highest tissue-specific expression of HHV-6 genes in two separate data sets. Two HHV-6 genes, U90 (immediate early 1 protein) and U100 (glycoproteins Q1 and Q2), were found to be selectively and consistently expressed across several human tissues. Expression of U90 translates into an increase in antigen-specific antibody response in iciHHV-6A/B+ subjects relative to controls. Future studies will be needed to determine the mechanism of gene expression, the effects of these genes on human gene transcription networks, and the pathophysiological impact of having increased viral protein expression in tissue in conjunction with increased antigen-specific antibody production.
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Gulve N, Rudel T. Chlamydia trachomatis and human herpesvirus 6 infections in ovarian cancer-Casual or causal? PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008055. [PMID: 31697787 PMCID: PMC6837282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nitish Gulve
- Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Weschke DP, Leisenring WM, Lawler RL, Stevens-Ayers T, Huang ML, Jerome KR, Zerr DM, Hansen JA, Boeckh M, Hill JA. Inflammatory Cytokine Profile in Individuals with Inherited Chromosomally Integrated Human Herpesvirus 6. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2019; 26:254-261. [PMID: 31678540 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2019.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Acute graft-versus-host-disease (aGVHD) is a major complication following hematopoietic cell transplantations (HCTs). We have shown that HCT recipients in whom either the donor or patient had inherited chromosomally integrated human herpesvirus 6 (iciHHV-6) have a higher incidence of developing more severe aGVHD. Previous studies established that increased proinflammatory cytokines are associated with increased risk for aGVHD and nonrelapse mortality post-HCT. We hypothesized that HCT recipients with donor or recipient iciHHV-6 (iciHHV-6pos HCT cases) will have higher cytokine levels compared with HCT recipients without iciHHV-6 (iciHHV-6neg HCT controls). We identified 64 iciHHV-6pos HCT cases with plasma from days 7, 14, and/or 21 post-HCT and before aGVHD onset in patients who developed aGVHD. We identified 64 iciHHV-6neg HCT controls matched for aGVHD risk factors. We also identified 28 donors with iciHHV-6 and 56 matched donors without iciHHV-6. We measured plasma cytokine concentrations for IL-6, suppression of tumorigenicity 2, T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing 3, TNFα, soluble TNF receptor 1 (TNFRp55), and C-reactive protein (CRP). We used Mann-Whitney tests and repeated-measures models to compare cytokine levels. iciHHV-6pos HCT cases had higher CRP levels on day 7 and day 21 and higher TNFRp55 levels on day 14 and day 21 compared with iciHHV-6neg HCT controls. These findings were recapitulated in a repeated-measures model. The differences were most evident among patients who subsequently developed aGVHD grades 2 to 4. Additionally, iciHHV-6pos HCT cases had earlier-onset aGVHD (median, 20 versus 27 days post-HCT; P = .02). There were no differences in cytokine levels among healthy donors with or without iciHHV-6. This study demonstrates that HCT recipients with iciHHV-6 have higher proinflammatory cytokines that may be associated with increased risk for aGVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Weschke
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Wendy M Leisenring
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Richard L Lawler
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Terry Stevens-Ayers
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Keith R Jerome
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Danielle M Zerr
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - John A Hansen
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael Boeckh
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Joshua A Hill
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
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Bonnafous P, Phan TL, Himes R, Eldin K, Gautheret-Dejean A, Prusty BK, Agut H, Munoz FM. Evaluation of liver failure in a pediatric transplant recipient of a liver allograft with inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6B. J Med Virol 2019; 92:241-250. [PMID: 31579937 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Active infections of human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) are frequent in immunocompromised recipients after transplantation. Nevertheless, they need to be distinguished from latent inherited chromosomally integrated genomes (iciHHV-6) present in about 1% of the population to avoid unnecessary administration of toxic antivirals. METHODS A 5-year-old child presented with acute liver allograft rejection associated with HHV-6 DNA in plasma, which led to an unfavorable outcome. We investigated the possibility of HHV-6 infection derived from an iciHHV-6 present in the donor's liver using molecular and histopathology studies in various tissues, including quantification of HHV-6 DNA, genotyping, sequencing for antiviral resistance genes, relative quantification of viral transcripts, and detection of gB and gH viral proteins. RESULTS The presence of iciHHV-6B was evidenced in the donor with signs of reactivation in the gallbladder and transplanted liver (detection of HHV-6B mRNA and late proteins). This localized expression could have played a role in liver rejection. Low viral loads in the recipient's plasma, with identical partial U39 sequences, were in favor of viral DNA released from the transplanted liver rather than a systemic infection. CONCLUSIONS Determination of iciHHV-6 status before transplantation should be considered to guide clinical decisions, such as antiviral prophylaxis, viral load monitoring, and antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Bonnafous
- Sorbonne Department, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), THERAVIR team, Paris, France
| | - Tuan L Phan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
- HHV-6 Foundation, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Ryan Himes
- Departments of Pediatrics, Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Hepatology, and Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Karen Eldin
- Departments of Pediatrics, Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Hepatology, and Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Agnès Gautheret-Dejean
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Service de Virologie, Paris, France
- Department Paris Descartes, Institute de Pharmacie de Paris, UMR-S 1139 (3PHM), Paris, France
| | | | - Henri Agut
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Service de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Flor M Munoz
- Departments of Pediatrics, Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Hepatology, and Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
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Forni D, Cagliani R, Clerici M, Pozzoli U, Sironi M. A complex evolutionary relationship between HHV-6A and HHV-6B. Virus Evol 2019; 5:vez043. [PMID: 31649826 PMCID: PMC6800887 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vez043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human betaherpesviruses 6A and 6B (HHV-6A and HHV-6B) are highly prevalent in human populations. The genomes of these viruses can be stably integrated at the telomeres of human chromosomes and be vertically transmitted (inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6, iciHHV6). We reconstructed the population structure of HHV-6 and we show that HHV-6A genomes diverged less than HHV-6B genomes from the ancestral common HHV-6A/B population. Analysis of ancestry proportions indicated that HHV-6A exogenous viruses and iciHHV-6A derived most of their genomes from distinct ancestral sources. Conversely, exogenous viral and iciHHV-6B populations were similar in terms of ancestry components, with no evident geographic structuring. Most HHV-6B genomes sampled to date derive from viral populations that experienced considerable drift. However, a population of HHV-6 exogenous viruses, currently classified as HHV-6B and sampled in New York state, formed a separate cluster (NY cluster) and harbored a considerable portion of HHV-6A-like ancestry. Recombination detection methods identified these viruses as interspecies recombinants, but phylogenetic reconstruction indicated that the recombination signals are due to shared ancestry. In analogy to iciHHV-6A, NY cluster viruses have high nucleotide diversity and constant population size. We propose that HHV-6A sequences and the NY cluster population diverged from an ancestral HHV-6A-like population. A relatively recent bottleneck of the NY (or a related) population with subsequent expansion originated most HHV-6B genomes currently sampled. Our findings indicate that the distinction between HHV-6A and -6B is not as clear-cut as previously thought. More generally, epidemiological and clinical surveys would benefit from taking HHV-6 genetic diversity into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Forni
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
- Corresponding author: E-mail:
| | - Rachele Cagliani
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Uberto Pozzoli
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Manuela Sironi
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
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Houldcroft CJ. Human Herpesvirus Sequencing in the Genomic Era: The Growing Ranks of the Herpetic Legion. Pathogens 2019; 8:E186. [PMID: 31614759 PMCID: PMC6963362 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The nine human herpesviruses are some of the most ubiquitous pathogens worldwide, causing life-long latent infection in a variety of different tissues. Human herpesviruses range from mild childhood infections to known tumour viruses and 'trolls of transplantation'. Epstein-Barr virus was the first human herpesvirus to have its whole genome sequenced; GenBank now includes thousands of herpesvirus genomes. This review will cover some of the recent advances in our understanding of herpesvirus diversity and disease that have come about as a result of new sequencing technologies, such as target enrichment and long-read sequencing. It will also look at the problem of resolving mixed-genotype infections, whether with short or long-read sequencing methods; and conclude with some thoughts on the future of the field as herpesvirus population genomics becomes a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte J Houldcroft
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambs CB2 0QQ UK.
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK.
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Saviola AJ, Zimmermann C, Mariani MP, Signorelli SA, Gerrard DL, Boyd JR, Wight DJ, Morissette G, Gravel A, Dubuc I, Flamand L, Kaufer BB, Frietze S. Chromatin Profiles of Chromosomally Integrated Human Herpesvirus-6A. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1408. [PMID: 31293546 PMCID: PMC6606781 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus-6A (HHV-6A) and 6B (HHV-6B) are two closely related betaherpesviruses that are associated with various diseases including seizures and encephalitis. The HHV-6A/B genomes have been shown to be present in an integrated state in the telomeres of latently infected cells. In addition, integration of HHV-6A/B in germ cells has resulted in individuals harboring this inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6A/B (iciHHV-6) in every cell of their body. Until now, the viral transcriptome and the epigenetic modifications that contribute to the silencing of the integrated virus genome remain elusive. In the current study, we used a patient-derived iciHHV-6A cell line to assess the global viral gene expression profile by RNA-seq, and the chromatin profiles by MNase-seq and ChIP-seq analyses. In addition, we investigated an in vitro generated cell line (293-HHV-6A) that expresses GFP upon the addition of agents commonly used to induce herpesvirus reactivation such as TPA. No viral gene expression including miRNAs was detected from the HHV-6A genomes, indicating that the integrated virus is transcriptionally silent. Intriguingly, upon stimulation of the 293-HHV-6A cell line with TPA, only foreign promoters in the virus genome were activated, while all HHV-6A promoters remained completely silenced. The transcriptional silencing of latent HHV-6A was further supported by MNase-seq results, which demonstrate that the latent viral genome resides in a highly condensed nucleosome-associated state. We further explored the enrichment profiles of histone modifications via ChIP-seq analysis. Our results indicated that the HHV-6 genome is modestly enriched with the repressive histone marks H3K9me3/H3K27me3 and does not possess the active histone modifications H3K27ac/H3K4me3. Overall, these results indicate that HHV-6 genomes reside in a condensed chromatin state, providing insight into the epigenetic mechanisms associated with the silencing of the integrated HHV-6A genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Saviola
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Cosima Zimmermann
- Institute of Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael P. Mariani
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Sylvia A. Signorelli
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Diana L. Gerrard
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Joseph R. Boyd
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Darren J. Wight
- Institute of Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Guillaume Morissette
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Disease and Immunology, Université Laval and CHU de Quebec Research Center-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Annie Gravel
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Disease and Immunology, Université Laval and CHU de Quebec Research Center-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Isabelle Dubuc
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Disease and Immunology, Université Laval and CHU de Quebec Research Center-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Louis Flamand
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Disease and Immunology, Université Laval and CHU de Quebec Research Center-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Benedikt B. Kaufer
- Institute of Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Seth Frietze
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
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Calvario A, Foti C, Scarasciulli M, Romita P, Eliassen E, Marzullo A, Colacicco AM, Miragliotta G. Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis Associated with HHV6-A/ciHHV6-A and HHV6-B Coinfection in an Immunocompetent Woman. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2019; 19:221-225. [DOI: 10.2174/1871530318666181106153758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objective: Leukocytoclastic vasculitis (LCV) is a small vessel vasculitis that can be limited to the skin but may also affect other organs. Often, its cause is unknown. LCV has previously been reported to occur with the reactivation of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6). Here, we report a second instance of HHV-6 reactivation in a 43-year-old woman with idiopathic cutaneous LCV. </P><P> Case Description: In this case, the patient was immunocompetent, and testing revealed that she had inherited chromosomally integrated human herpesvirus 6 variant A (iciHHV6-A) with a parallel skin infection of HHV-6B. The integrated ciHHV-6A strain was found to be transcriptionally active in the blood, while HHV-6B late antigen was detected in a skin biopsy. The patient’s rash was not accompanied by fever nor systemic symptoms and resolved over four weeks without any therapeutic intervention.Conclusion:In light of the transcriptional activity documented in our case, further examination of a possible role for HHV-6 in the etiology of LCV is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Calvario
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Policlinico University Hospital of Bari, Italy
| | - Caterina Foti
- Dermatological Clinic, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Scarasciulli
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Policlinico University Hospital of Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Romita
- Dermatological Clinic, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Eva Eliassen
- HHV-6 Foundation, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Andrea Marzullo
- Department of Emergency and Transplant Organ, University of Bari, Italy
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Viral Proteins U41 and U70 of Human Herpesvirus 6A Are Dispensable for Telomere Integration. Viruses 2018; 10:v10110656. [PMID: 30469324 PMCID: PMC6267051 DOI: 10.3390/v10110656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus-6A and -6B (HHV-6A and -6B) are two closely related betaherpesviruses that infect humans. Upon primary infection they establish a life-long infection termed latency, where the virus genome is integrated into the telomeres of latently infected cells. Intriguingly, HHV-6A/B can integrate into germ cells, leading to individuals with inherited chromosomally-integrated HHV-6 (iciHHV-6), who have the HHV-6 genome in every cell. It is known that telomeric repeats flanking the virus genome are essential for integration; however, the protein factors mediating integration remain enigmatic. We have previously shown that the putative viral integrase U94 is not essential for telomere integration; thus, we set out to assess the contribution of potential viral recombination proteins U41 and U70 towards integration. We could show that U70 enhances dsDNA break repair via a homology-directed mechanism using a reporter cell line. We then engineered cells to produce shRNAs targeting both U41 and U70 to inhibit their expression during infection. Using these cells in our HHV-6A in vitro integration assay, we could show that U41/U70 were dispensable for telomere integration. Furthermore, additional inhibition of the cellular recombinase Rad51 suggested that it was also not essential, indicating that other cellular and/or viral factors must mediate telomere integration.
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Flamand L. Chromosomal Integration by Human Herpesviruses 6A and 6B. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1045:209-226. [PMID: 29896669 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-7230-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Upon infection and depending on the infected cell type, human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) and 6B (HHV-6B) can replicate or enter a state of latency. HHV-6A and HHV-6B can integrate their genomes into host chromosomes as one way to establish latency. Viral integration takes place near the subtelomeric/telomeric junction of chromosomes. When HHV-6 infection and integration occur in gametes, the virus can be genetically transmitted. Inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6 (iciHHV-6)-positive individuals carry one integrated HHV-6 copy per somatic cell. The prevalence of iciHHV-6+ individuals varies between 0.6% and 2%, depending on the geographical region sampled. In this chapter, the mechanisms leading to viral integration and reactivation from latency, as well as some of the biological and medical consequences associated with iciHHV-6, were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Flamand
- Division of Infectious and Immune Diseases, CHU de Québec Research Center, QC, Quebec, Canada. .,Department of Microbiology, Infectious Disease and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, QC, Quebec, Canada.
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45
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Miura H, Kawamura Y, Hattori F, Kozawa K, Ihira M, Ohye T, Kurahashi H, Yoshikawa T. Chromosomally integrated human herpesvirus 6 in the Japanese population. J Med Virol 2018; 90:1636-1642. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Miura
- Department of Pediatrics; Fujita Health University School of Medicine; Toyoake Aichi Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kawamura
- Department of Pediatrics; Fujita Health University School of Medicine; Toyoake Aichi Japan
| | - Fumihiko Hattori
- Department of Pediatrics; Fujita Health University School of Medicine; Toyoake Aichi Japan
| | - Kei Kozawa
- Department of Pediatrics; Fujita Health University School of Medicine; Toyoake Aichi Japan
| | - Masaru Ihira
- Faculty of Clinical Engineering, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences; Toyoake Aichi Japan
| | - Tamae Ohye
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine; Graduate School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University; Toyoake Aichi Japan
| | - Hiroki Kurahashi
- Division of Molecular Genetics; Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University; Toyoake Aichi Japan
| | - Tetsushi Yoshikawa
- Department of Pediatrics; Fujita Health University School of Medicine; Toyoake Aichi Japan
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46
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Bonnafous P, Marlet J, Bouvet D, Salamé E, Tellier AC, Guyetant S, Goudeau A, Agut H, Gautheret-Dejean A, Gaudy-Graffin C. Fatal outcome after reactivation of inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6A (iciHHV-6A) transmitted through liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 2018; 18:1548-1551. [PMID: 29316259 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
HHV-6A and HHV-6B are found as inherited and chromosomally integrated forms (iciHHV-6A and -6B) into all germinal and somatic cells and vertically transmitted in a Mendelian manner in about 1% of the population. They were occasionally shown to be horizontally transmitted through hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Here, we present a clinical case of horizontal transmission of iciHHV-6A from donor to recipient through liver transplantation. Molecular analysis performed on three viral genes (7.2 kb) in the recipient and donor samples supports transmission of iciHHV-6A from the graft. Transmission was followed by reactivation, with high viral loads in several compartments. The infection was uncontrollable, leading to severe disease and death, despite antiviral treatments and the absence of resistance mutations. This case highlights the fact that physicians should be aware of the possible horizontal transmission of iciHHV-6 and its consequences in case of reactivation in immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bonnafous
- Sorbonne Université, Faculté de médecine, INSERM, CIMI-Paris U1135, Equipe PVI, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - J Marlet
- Morphogenèse et Antigénicité du VIH et des Virus des Hépatites Tours, Inserm U1259, Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie-Hygiène, CHU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - D Bouvet
- Morphogenèse et Antigénicité du VIH et des Virus des Hépatites Tours, Inserm U1259, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - E Salamé
- Unité de Chirurgie Hépato-Biliaire et pancréatique-Transplantation hépatique, CHU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - A-C Tellier
- Réanimation Chirurgicale Tours, CHU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - S Guyetant
- Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, CHU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - A Goudeau
- Morphogenèse et Antigénicité du VIH et des Virus des Hépatites Tours, Inserm U1259, Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie-Hygiène, CHU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - H Agut
- Sorbonne Université, Faculté de médecine, INSERM, CIMI-Paris U1135, Equipe PVI, F-75013 Paris, France.,Service de Virologie HU La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix Paris, APHP, Paris, France
| | - A Gautheret-Dejean
- Sorbonne Université, Faculté de médecine, INSERM, CIMI-Paris U1135, Equipe PVI, F-75013 Paris, France.,Service de Virologie HU La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix Paris, APHP, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Microbiologie Paris, équipe UPRES EA4065, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - C Gaudy-Graffin
- Morphogenèse et Antigénicité du VIH et des Virus des Hépatites Tours, Inserm U1259, Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie-Hygiène, CHU de Tours, Tours, France
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47
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Tweedy JG, Escriva E, Topf M, Gompels UA. Analyses of Tissue Culture Adaptation of Human Herpesvirus-6A by Whole Genome Deep Sequencing Redefines the Reference Sequence and Identifies Virus Entry Complex Changes. Viruses 2017; 10:v10010016. [PMID: 29301233 PMCID: PMC5795429 DOI: 10.3390/v10010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-culture adaptation of viruses can modulate infection. Laboratory passage and bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)mid cloning of human cytomegalovirus, HCMV, resulted in genomic deletions and rearrangements altering genes encoding the virus entry complex, which affected cellular tropism, virulence, and vaccine development. Here, we analyse these effects on the reference genome for related betaherpesviruses, Roseolovirus, human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) strain U1102. This virus is also naturally “cloned” by germline subtelomeric chromosomal-integration in approximately 1% of human populations, and accurate references are key to understanding pathological relationships between exogenous and endogenous virus. Using whole genome next-generation deep-sequencing Illumina-based methods, we compared the original isolate to tissue-culture passaged and the BACmid-cloned virus. This re-defined the reference genome showing 32 corrections and 5 polymorphisms. Furthermore, minor variant analyses of passaged and BACmid virus identified emerging populations of a further 32 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 10 loci, half non-synonymous indicating cell-culture selection. Analyses of the BAC-virus genome showed deletion of the BAC cassette via loxP recombination removing green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based selection. As shown for HCMV culture effects, select HHV-6A SNPs mapped to genes encoding mediators of virus cellular entry, including virus envelope glycoprotein genes gB and the gH/gL complex. Comparative models suggest stabilisation of the post-fusion conformation. These SNPs are essential to consider in vaccine-design, antimicrobial-resistance, and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua G Tweedy
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, University of London, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Eric Escriva
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, University of London, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
- Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, Department Biology, Birkbeck College University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK.
| | - Maya Topf
- Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, Department Biology, Birkbeck College University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK.
| | - Ursula A Gompels
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, University of London, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
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Honda T. Potential Links between Hepadnavirus and Bornavirus Sequences in the Host Genome and Cancer. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2537. [PMID: 29312227 PMCID: PMC5742130 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Various viruses leave their sequences in the host genomes during infection. Such events occur mainly in retrovirus infection but also sometimes in DNA and non-retroviral RNA virus infections. If viral sequences are integrated into the genomes of germ line cells, the sequences can become inherited as endogenous viral elements (EVEs). The integration events of viral sequences may have oncogenic potential. Because proviral integrations of some retroviruses and/or reactivation of endogenous retroviruses are closely linked to cancers, viral insertions related to non-retroviral viruses also possibly contribute to cancer development. This article focuses on genomic viral sequences derived from two non-retroviral viruses, whose endogenization is already reported, and discusses their possible contributions to cancer. Viral insertions of hepatitis B virus play roles in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Endogenous bornavirus-like elements, the only non-retroviral RNA virus-related EVEs found in the human genome, may also be involved in cancer formation. In addition, the possible contribution of the interactions between viruses and retrotransposons, which seem to be a major driving force for generating EVEs related to non-retroviral RNA viruses, to cancers will be discussed. Future studies regarding the possible links described here may open a new avenue for the development of novel therapeutics for tumor virus-related cancers and/or provide novel insights into EVE functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Honda
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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49
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Inherited Chromosomally Integrated Human Herpesvirus 6 Genomes Are Ancient, Intact, and Potentially Able To Reactivate from Telomeres. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01137-17. [PMID: 28835501 PMCID: PMC5660504 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01137-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The genomes of human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) and HHV-6B have the capacity to integrate into telomeres, the essential capping structures of chromosomes that play roles in cancer and ageing. About 1% of people worldwide are carriers of chromosomally integrated HHV-6 (ciHHV-6), which is inherited as a genetic trait. Understanding the consequences of integration for the evolution of the viral genome, for the telomere, and for the risk of disease associated with carrier status is hampered by a lack of knowledge about ciHHV-6 genomes. Here, we report an analysis of 28 ciHHV-6 genomes and show that they are significantly divergent from the few modern nonintegrated HHV-6 strains for which complete sequences are currently available. In addition, ciHHV-6B genomes in Europeans are more closely related to each other than to ciHHV-6B genomes from China and Pakistan, suggesting regional variation of the trait. Remarkably, at least one group of European ciHHV-6B carriers has inherited the same ciHHV-6B genome, integrated in the same telomere allele, from a common ancestor estimated to have existed 24,500 ± 10,600 years ago. Despite the antiquity of some, and possibly most, germ line HHV-6 integrations, the majority of ciHHV-6B (95%) and ciHHV-6A (72%) genomes contain a full set of intact viral genes and therefore appear to have the capacity for viral gene expression and full reactivation. IMPORTANCE Inheritance of HHV-6A or HHV-6B integrated into a telomere occurs at a low frequency in most populations studied to date, but its characteristics are poorly understood. However, stratification of ciHHV-6 carriers in modern populations due to common ancestry is an important consideration for genome-wide association studies that aim to identify disease risks for these people. Here, we present full sequence analysis of 28 ciHHV-6 genomes and show that ciHHV-6B in many carriers with European ancestry most likely originated from ancient integration events in a small number of ancestors. We propose that ancient ancestral origins for ciHHV-6A and ciHHV-6B are also likely in other populations. Moreover, despite their antiquity, all of the ciHHV-6 genomes appear to retain the capacity to express viral genes, and most are predicted to be capable of full viral reactivation. These discoveries represent potentially important considerations in immunocompromised patients, in particular in organ transplantation and in stem cell therapy.
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50
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Marongiu L. Proportion of transcriptionally active DNA virus integrants: a meta-analysis. Future Virol 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2017-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oncoviruses are collectively responsible for over 1,000,000 new cases of cancer per year; some can integrate into the host's chromosomes. The present work was aimed at assessing the proportion of transcriptionally active viral integrants through a systematic review of the scientific publications present on the MedLine database. From the articles screened, 628 viral integrants overall were retrieved, of which 530.84 were transcriptionally active (84.53%); among the clinical samples, 264 of 323 integrants were active (81.73%). The causes for the silencing were not addressed in the articles analyzed. These findings might highlight a possible risk factor for the insurgence of cancer since some oncovirus integrants could be reactivated by stimuli of disparate nature. Further studies should address such possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Marongiu
- Roslin Institute, the University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush campus, EH25 9RG Edinburgh, Scotland
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