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Lenard A, Diamond SE. Evidence of plasticity, but not evolutionary divergence, in the thermal limits of a highly successful urban butterfly. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 155:104648. [PMID: 38754698 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Despite the generally negative impact of urbanization on insect biodiversity, some insect species persist in urban habitats. Understanding the mechanisms underpinning the ability of insects to tolerate urban habitats is critical given the contribution of land-use change to the global insect decline. Compensatory mechanisms such as phenotypic plasticity and evolutionary change in thermal physiological traits could allow urban populations to persist under the altered thermal regimes of urban habitats. It is important to understand the contributions of plasticity and evolution to trait change along urbanization gradients as the two mechanisms operate under different constraints and timescales. Here, we examine the plastic and evolutionary responses of heat and cold tolerance (critical thermal maximum [CTmax] and critical thermal minimum [CTmin]) to warming among populations of the cabbage white butterfly, Pieris rapae, from urban and non-urban (rural) habitats using a two-temperature common garden experiment. Although we expected populations experiencing urban warming to exhibit greater CTmax and diminished CTmin through plastic and evolutionary mechanisms, our study revealed evidence only for plasticity in the expected direction of both thermal tolerance traits. We found no evidence of evolutionary divergence in either heat or cold tolerance, despite each trait showing evolutionary potential. Our results suggest that thermal tolerance plasticity contributes to urban persistence in this system. However, as the magnitude of the plastic response was low and comparable to other insect species, other compensatory mechanisms likely further underpin this species' success in urban habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie Lenard
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, 2074 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Sarah E Diamond
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, 2074 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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2
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Wang Q, Smid HM, Dicke M, Haverkamp A. The olfactory system of Pieris brassicae caterpillars: from receptors to glomeruli. INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 31:469-488. [PMID: 38105530 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The olfactory system of adult lepidopterans is among the best described neuronal circuits. However, comparatively little is known about the organization of the olfactory system in the larval stage of these insects. Here, we explore the expression of olfactory receptors and the organization of olfactory sensory neurons in caterpillars of Pieris brassicae, a significant pest species in Europe and a well-studied species for its chemical ecology. To describe the larval olfactory system in this species, we first analyzed the head transcriptome of third-instar larvae (L3) and identified 16 odorant receptors (ORs) including the OR coreceptor (Orco), 13 ionotropic receptors (IRs), and 8 gustatory receptors (GRs). We then quantified the expression of these 16 ORs in different life stages, using qPCR, and found that the majority of ORs had significantly higher expression in the L4 stage than in the L3 and L5 stages, indicating that the larval olfactory system is not static throughout caterpillar development. Using an Orco-specific antibody, we identified all olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) expressing the Orco protein in L3, L4, and L5 caterpillars and found a total of 34 Orco-positive ORNs, distributed among three sensilla on the antenna. The number of Orco-positive ORNs did not differ among the three larval instars. Finally, we used retrograde axon tracing of the antennal nerve and identified a mean of 15 glomeruli in the larval antennal center (LAC), suggesting that the caterpillar olfactory system follows a similar design as the adult olfactory system, although with a lower numerical redundancy. Taken together, our results provide a detailed analysis of the larval olfactory neurons in P. brassicae, highlighting both the differences as well as the commonalities with the adult olfactory system. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the development of the olfactory system in insects and its life-stage-specific adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hans M Smid
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander Haverkamp
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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3
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Bassetti N, Caarls L, Bouwmeester K, Verbaarschot P, van Eijden E, Zwaan BJ, Bonnema G, Schranz ME, Fatouros NE. A butterfly egg-killing hypersensitive response in Brassica nigra is controlled by a single locus, PEK, containing a cluster of TIR-NBS-LRR receptor genes. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:1009-1022. [PMID: 37961842 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of plant recognition of insects is largely limited to a few resistance (R) genes against sap-sucking insects. Hypersensitive response (HR) characterizes monogenic plant traits relying on R genes in several pathosystems. HR-like cell death can be triggered by eggs of cabbage white butterflies (Pieris spp.), pests of cabbage crops (Brassica spp.), reducing egg survival and representing an effective plant resistance trait before feeding damage occurs. Here, we performed genetic mapping of HR-like cell death induced by Pieris brassicae eggs in the black mustard Brassica nigra (B. nigra). We show that HR-like cell death segregates as a Mendelian trait and identified a single dominant locus on chromosome B3, named PEK (Pieris egg- killing). Eleven genes are located in an approximately 50 kb region, including a cluster of genes encoding intracellular TIR-NBS-LRR (TNL) receptor proteins. The PEK locus is highly polymorphic between the parental accessions of our mapping populations and among B. nigra reference genomes. Our study is the first one to identify a single locus potentially involved in HR-like cell death induced by insect eggs in B. nigra. Further fine-mapping, comparative genomics and validation of the PEK locus will shed light on the role of these TNL receptors in egg-killing HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò Bassetti
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lotte Caarls
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Bouwmeester
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Verbaarschot
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ewan van Eijden
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bas J Zwaan
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guusje Bonnema
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Eric Schranz
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nina E Fatouros
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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4
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Zheng L, Wang H, Lin J, Zhou Y, Xiao J, Li K. Population genomics provides insights into the genetic diversity and adaptation of the Pieris rapae in China. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294521. [PMID: 37972203 PMCID: PMC10653512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The cabbage white butterfly (Pieris rapae), a major agricultural pest, has become one of the most abundant and destructive butterflies in the world. It is widely distributed in a large variety of climates and terrains of China due to its strong adaptability. To gain insight into the population genetic characteristics of P. rapae in China, we resequenced the genome of 51 individuals from 19 areas throughout China. Using population genomics approaches, a dense variant map of P. rapae was observed, indicating a high level of polymorphism that could result in adaptation to a changing environment. The feature of the genetic structure suggested considerable genetic admixture in different geographical groups. Additionally, our analyses suggest that physical barriers may have played a more important role than geographic distance in driving genetic differentiation. Population history showed the effective population size of P. rapae was greatly affected by global temperature changes, with mild periods (i.e., temperatures warmer than those during glaciation but not excessively hot) leading to an increase in population size. Furthermore, by comparing populations from south and north China, we have identified selected genes related to sensing temperature, growth, neuromodulation and immune response, which may reveal the genetic basis of adaptation to different environments. Our study is the first to illustrate the genetic signatures of P. rapae in China at the population genomic level, providing fundamental knowledge of the genetic diversity and adaptation of P. rapae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zheng
- College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Songjiang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Shanghai Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjie Lin
- College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Songjiang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxun Zhou
- College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Songjiang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Junhua Xiao
- College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Songjiang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Li
- College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Songjiang District, Shanghai, China
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5
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Ashe‐Jepson E, Hayes MP, Hitchcock GE, Wingader K, Turner EC, Bladon AJ. Day-flying lepidoptera larvae have a poorer ability to thermoregulate than adults. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10623. [PMID: 37854314 PMCID: PMC10580006 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes to ambient temperatures under climate change may detrimentally impact small ectotherms that rely on their environment for thermoregulation; however, there is currently a limited understanding of insect larval thermoregulation. As holometabolous insects, Lepidoptera differ in morphology, ecology and behaviour across the life cycle, and so it is likely that adults and larvae differ in their capacity to thermoregulate. In this study, we investigated the thermoregulatory capacity (buffering ability) of 14 species of day-flying Lepidoptera, whether this is influenced by body length or gregariousness, and whether it differs between adult and larval life stages. We also investigated what thermoregulation mechanisms are used: microclimate selection (choosing locations with a particular temperature) or behavioural thermoregulation (controlling temperature through other means, such as basking). We found that Lepidoptera larvae differ in their buffering ability between species and body lengths, but gregariousness did not influence buffering ability. Larvae are worse at buffering themselves against changes in air temperature than adults. Therefore Lepidoptera may be more vulnerable to adverse temperature conditions during their larval life stage. Adults and larvae rely on different thermoregulatory mechanisms; adults primarily use behavioural thermoregulation, whereas larvae use microclimate selection. This implies that larvae are highly dependent on the area around their foodplant for effective thermoregulation. These findings have implications for the management of land and species, for example, highlighting the importance of creating and preserving microclimates and vegetation complexity surrounding Lepidoptera foodplants for larval thermoregulation under future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gwen E. Hitchcock
- The Wildlife Trust for Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire and NorthamptonshireCambridgeUK
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von Schmalensee L, Caillault P, Gunnarsdóttir KH, Gotthard K, Lehmann P. Seasonal specialization drives divergent population dynamics in two closely related butterflies. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3663. [PMID: 37339960 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39359-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasons impose different selection pressures on organisms through contrasting environmental conditions. How such seasonal evolutionary conflict is resolved in organisms whose lives span across seasons remains underexplored. Through field experiments, laboratory work, and citizen science data analyses, we investigate this question using two closely related butterflies (Pieris rapae and P. napi). Superficially, the two butterflies appear highly ecologically similar. Yet, the citizen science data reveal that their fitness is partitioned differently across seasons. Pieris rapae have higher population growth during the summer season but lower overwintering success than do P. napi. We show that these differences correspond to the physiology and behavior of the butterflies. Pieris rapae outperform P. napi at high temperatures in several growth season traits, reflected in microclimate choice by ovipositing wild females. Instead, P. rapae have higher winter mortality than do P. napi. We conclude that the difference in population dynamics between the two butterflies is driven by seasonal specialization, manifested as strategies that maximize gains during growth seasons and minimize harm during adverse seasons, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loke von Schmalensee
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Pauline Caillault
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philipp Lehmann
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Animal Physiology, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, 1D-17489, Greifswald, Germany
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7
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Konno K. Extremely high relative growth rate makes the cabbage white, Pieris rapae, a global pest with highly abundant and migratory nature. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9697. [PMID: 37322167 PMCID: PMC10272114 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36735-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The small cabbage white butterfly, Pieris rapae, is an extraordinarily abundant migratory pest of cabbage that causes severe damage worldwide without known reasons. I here show that the average relative growth rate (RGR: the ratio of the daily increase of biomass to total biomass) of herbivore (Gh; an indicator of the growth speed of herbivore) of P. rapae on cabbage during the larval period is larger by far than those of all other insect-plant pairs tested. It exceeds 1.15 (/day),-meaning that the biomass more than doubles each day-compared to 0.1-0.7 for most insect-plant pairs, including that of Pieris melete, a sibling of P. rapae which never becomes a pest of cabbage. My data further showed the RGR in the larval stage (larval Gh), positively correlates with abundance and/or migratoriness of insect herbivores. These results together with my mathematical food web model suggest that the extraordinarily high larval Gh of P. rapae is the primary reason for its ubiquitously severe pest status accompanied with its abundance and migratoriness, and that the RGR of herbivores, Gh, characterizing the plant-herbivore interface at the bottom of the food webs is an important factor affecting whole ecosystems, including animal abundance, fauna size, plant damage levels, competitiveness among herbivorous species, determination of hostplant, invasiveness, and the evolution of animal traits involved in the so-called r/K strategy, such as migratoriness. Knowledge about Gh will be crucial to controlling pests and improving the negative effects of human activity on ecosystems including faunal decline (or defaunation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Konno
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, 305-8634, Japan.
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8
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Wang Q, Dicke M, Haverkamp A. Sympatric Pieris butterfly species exhibit a high conservation of chemoreceptors. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1155405. [PMID: 37252192 PMCID: PMC10210156 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1155405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory processes have often been argued to play a central role in the selection of ecological niches and in the formation of new species. Butterflies are among the best studied animal groups with regards to their evolutionary and behavioral ecology and thereby offer an attractive system to investigate the role of chemosensory genes in sympatric speciation. We focus on two Pieris butterflies with overlapping host-plant ranges: P. brassicae and P. rapae. Host-plant choice in lepidopterans is largely based on their olfactory and gustatory senses. Although the chemosensory responses of the two species have been well characterized at the behavioral and physiological levels, little is known about their chemoreceptor genes. Here, we compared the chemosensory genes of P. brassicae and P. rapae to investigate whether differences in these genes might have contributed to their evolutionary separation. We identified a total of 130 and 122 chemoreceptor genes in the P. brassicae genome and antennal transcriptome, respectively. Similarly, 133 and 124 chemoreceptors were identified in the P. rapae genome and antennal transcriptome. We found some chemoreceptors being differentially expressed in the antennal transcriptomes of the two species. The motifs and gene structures of chemoreceptors were compared between the two species. We show that paralogs share conserved motifs and orthologs have similar gene structures. Our study therefore found surprisingly few differences in the numbers, sequence identities and gene structures between the two species, indicating that the ecological differences between these two butterflies might be more related to a quantitative shift in the expression of orthologous genes than to the evolution of novel receptors as has been found in other insects. Our molecular data supplement the wealth of behavioral and ecological studies on these two species and will thereby help to better understand the role of chemoreceptor genes in the evolution of lepidopterans.
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Sun Z, Chen Y, Chen Y, Lu Z, Gui F. Tracking Adaptive Pathways of Invasive Insects: Novel Insight from Genomics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098004. [PMID: 37175710 PMCID: PMC10179030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the huge human and economic costs of invasive insects, which are the main group of invasive species, their environmental impacts through various mechanisms remain inadequately explained in databases and much of the invasion biology literature. High-throughput sequencing technology, especially whole-genome sequencing, has been used as a powerful method to study the mechanisms through which insects achieve invasion. In this study, we reviewed whole-genome sequencing-based advances in revealing several important invasion mechanisms of invasive insects, including (1) the rapid genetic variation and evolution of invasive populations, (2) invasion history and dispersal paths, (3) rapid adaptation to different host plant ranges, (4) strong environmental adaptation, (5) the development of insecticide resistance, and (6) the synergistic damage caused by invasive insects and endosymbiotic bacteria. We also discussed prevention and control technologies based on whole-genome sequencing and their prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yaping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Zhihui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Furong Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
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10
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DAS GN, Ali M, Bálint Z, Singh N, Chandra K, Gupta SK. Visiting Ladakh Himalaya for a better knowledge of butterflies: new faunistic data with annotations (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 2023; 5271:401-445. [PMID: 37518117 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5271.3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study enumerates 65 species of Papilionoidea from the Ladakh Himalaya with the geographical locations and adult flight data. All the species are documented by museum vouchers. Most of the species recorded, have restricted distribution or they are endemic to the Pamir-NW Himalaya region. Sixteen species are protected in the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972; three species highly protected under schedule I: Baltia butleri, Pieris krueperi, Lasiommata menava; and others under schedule II: Papilio machaon, Parnassius charltonius, Parnassius epaphus, Colias ladakensis, Colias eogene, Colias stoliczkana, Pieris deota, Pontia chloridice, Alpherakya devanica, Pamiria metallica, Paralasa mani, Paralasa kalinda and Polygonia c-album. We report lower occurrences for the endemic Pieris deota, where the migrant Pontia chloridice is reported to fly at more than 600 m higher than earlier records indicated. Lastly, the male and female genitalia of some endemic and rare species are illustrated, including Euchloe daphalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurab Nandi DAS
- Institute of Entomology; Biology Centre CAS; České Budějovice; Czech Republic.; Faculty of Sciences; University of South Bohemia; České Budějovice; Czech Republic..
| | - Mohd Ali
- Zoological Survey of India; New Alipore; Kolkata; West Bengal; India.; Wildlife Institute of India; Chandrabani; Dehra Dun; Uttarakhand; India..
| | - Zsolt Bálint
- Hungarian Natural History Museum; Baross utca 13; Budapest; H-1088; Hungary..
| | - Navneet Singh
- Zoological Survey of India; New Alipore; Kolkata; West Bengal; India..
| | - Kailash Chandra
- Zoological Survey of India; New Alipore; Kolkata; West Bengal; India..
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11
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Santiago-Rosario LY, Faldyn MJ, Martínez-Cález EL, Rivera-Marchand B. The Invasion History of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) in Puerto Rico: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 52:259-269. [PMID: 36799002 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvad012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, 1908 (Hemiptera: Liviidae), is a phloem-feeding insect pest of Citrus L. ( Sapindales: Rutaceae), Murraya J. Koenig ex L. (Sapindales: Rutaceae), and other Rutaceae, native to the Indian subcontinent and transmits the citrus greening pathogens (huanglongbing). We herein evaluate the occurrence of D. citri in Puerto Rico at a fine scale and the potential invasion history of the Caribbean from the native range. We found that the genetic diversity of D. citri in Puerto Rico, using the mitochondrial genetic marker CO1, indicated that the Caribbean haplotype is unique and more related to Southwest Asia haplotypes than other groups. Results then suggest that the invasion of the Caribbean did not occur from the United States. Also, we found that isothermality was the abiotic variable that influenced D. citri species distribution model performance the most in current and future climate change scenarios. Given the data available from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) for present D.citri reported occurrence, future projections suggest that climate change might promote an expansion of the pest to other Caribbean islands and Latin American countries. Still, it might elicit a range contraction across the Cordillera Central in Puerto Rico, possibly promoting citriculture. Regarding pest management strategies, we must consider a holistic approach to understanding D. citri invasion and resilience in novel habitats by including broader and more robust genetic population structure studies and if its current distribution reflects projected models across the neotropics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew J Faldyn
- W.M. Keck Science Department of Claremont-McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Edda L Martínez-Cález
- Agricultural Extension Service, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Campus, Puerto Rico
| | - Bert Rivera-Marchand
- Office of Academic Affairs, Lakeland Campus, Polk State College, Lakeland, FL, USA
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12
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Shephard AM, Knudsen K, Snell-Rood EC. Anthropogenic sodium influences butterfly responses to nitrogen-enriched resources: implications for the nitrogen limitation hypothesis. Oecologia 2023; 201:941-952. [PMID: 36971819 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05366-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Humans are increasing the environmental availability of historically limited nutrients, which may significantly influence organismal performance and behavior. Beneficial or stimulatory responses to increases in nitrogen availability (i.e., nitrogen limitation) are generally observed in plants but less consistently in animals. One possible explanation is that animal responses to nitrogen enrichment depend on how nitrogen intake is balanced with sodium, a micronutrient crucial for animals but not plants. We tested this idea in the cabbage white butterfly (Pieris rapae), a species that frequently inhabits nutrient-enriched plants in agricultural settings and roadside verges. We asked (1) whether anthropogenic increases in sodium influence how nitrogen enrichment affects butterfly performance and (2) whether individuals can adaptively adjust their foraging behavior to such effects. Larval nitrogen enrichment enhanced growth of cabbage white larvae under conditions of low but not high sodium availability. In contrast, larval nitrogen enrichment increased egg production of adult females only when individuals developed with high sodium availability. Ovipositing females preferred nitrogen-enriched leaves regardless of sodium availability, while larvae avoided feeding on nitrogen-enriched leaves elevated in sodium. Our results show that anthropogenic increases in sodium influence whether individuals benefit from and forage on nitrogen-enriched resources. Yet, different nitrogen-to-sodium ratios are required to optimize larval and adult performance. Whether increases in sodium catalyze or inhibit benefits of nitrogen enrichment may depend on how evolved nutrient requirements vary across stages of animal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Shephard
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| | - Kyle Knudsen
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Emilie C Snell-Rood
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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13
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Priyadarshana TS, Lee MB, Slade EM, Goodale E. Local scale crop compositional heterogeneity suppresses the abundance of a major lepidopteran pest of cruciferous vegetables. Basic Appl Ecol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
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14
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García-Berro A, Talla V, Vila R, Wai HK, Shipilina D, Chan KG, Pierce NE, Backström N, Talavera G. Migratory behaviour is positively associated with genetic diversity in butterflies. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:560-574. [PMID: 36336800 PMCID: PMC10100375 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Migration is typically associated with risk and uncertainty at the population level, but little is known about its cost-benefit trade-offs at the species level. Migratory insects in particular often exhibit strong demographic fluctuations due to local bottlenecks and outbreaks. Here, we use genomic data to investigate levels of heterozygosity and long-term population size dynamics in migratory insects, as an alternative to classical local and short-term approaches such as regional field monitoring. We analyse whole-genome sequences from 97 Lepidoptera species and show that individuals of migratory species have significantly higher levels of genome-wide heterozygosity, a proxy for effective population size, than do nonmigratory species. Also, we contribute whole-genome data for one of the most emblematic insect migratory species, the painted lady butterfly (Vanessa cardui), sampled across its worldwide distributional range. This species exhibits one of the highest levels of genomic heterozygosity described in Lepidoptera (2.95 ± 0.15%). Coalescent modelling (PSMC) shows historical demographic stability in V. cardui, and high effective population size estimates of 2-20 million individuals 10,000 years ago. The study reveals that the high risks associated with migration and local environmental fluctuations do not seem to decrease overall genetic diversity and demographic stability in migratory Lepidoptera. We propose a "compensatory" demographic model for migratory r-strategist organisms in which local bottlenecks are counterbalanced by reproductive success elsewhere within their typically large distributional ranges. Our findings highlight that the boundaries of populations are substantially different for sedentary and migratory insects, and that, in the latter, local and even regional field monitoring results may not reflect whole population dynamics. Genomic diversity patterns may elucidate key aspects of an insect's migratory nature and population dynamics at large spatiotemporal scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora García-Berro
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB), CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Venkat Talla
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Program of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Roger Vila
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Univ. Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hong Kar Wai
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group (NBDD) and Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength (MBRS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Daria Shipilina
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Program of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kok Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,International Genome Centre, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Naomi E Pierce
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Niclas Backström
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Program of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gerard Talavera
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB), CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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15
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Picq S, Wu Y, Martemyanov VV, Pouliot E, Pfister SE, Hamelin R, Cusson M. Range‐wide population genomics of the spongy moth,
Lymantria dispar
(Erebidae): Implications for biosurveillance, subspecies classification and phylogeography of a destructive moth. Evol Appl 2023; 16:638-656. [PMID: 36969137 PMCID: PMC10033852 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The spongy moth, Lymantria dispar, is an irruptive forest pest native to Eurasia where its range extends from coast to coast and overspills into northern Africa. Accidentally introduced from Europe in Massachusetts in 1868-1869, it is now established in North America where it is considered a highly destructive invasive pest. A fine-scale characterization of its population genetic structure would facilitate identification of source populations for specimens intercepted during ship inspections in North America and would enable mapping of introduction pathways to help prevent future incursions into novel environments. In addition, detailed knowledge of L. dispar's global population structure would provide new insight into the adequacy of its current subspecies classification system and its phylogeographic history. To address these issues, we generated >2000 genotyping-by-sequencing-derived SNPs from 1445 contemporary specimens sampled at 65 locations in 25 countries/3 continents. Using multiple analytical approaches, we identified eight subpopulations that could be further partitioned into 28 groups, achieving unprecedented resolution for this species' population structure. Although reconciliation between these groupings and the three currently recognized subspecies proved to be challenging, our genetic data confirmed circumscription of the japonica subspecies to Japan. However, the genetic cline observed across continental Eurasia, from L. dispar asiatica in East Asia to L. d. dispar in Western Europe, points to the absence of a sharp geographical boundary (e.g., the Ural Mountains) between these two subspecies, as suggested earlier. Importantly, moths from North America and the Caucasus/Middle East displayed high enough genetic distances from other populations to warrant their consideration as separate subspecies of L. dispar. Finally, in contrast with earlier mtDNA-based investigations that identified the Caucasus as L. dispar's place of origin, our analyses suggest continental East Asia as its evolutionary cradle, from where it spread to Central Asia and Europe, and to Japan through Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Picq
- Laurentian Forestry Centre Natural Resources Canada Quebec Quebec City Canada
| | - Yunke Wu
- United States Department of Agriculture, APHIS, PPQ, Science and Technology Forest Pest Methods Laboratory Massachusetts Buzzards Bay USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University New York Ithaca USA
| | - Vyacheslav V. Martemyanov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS Novosibirsk Russia
- Biological Institute National Research Tomsk State University Tomsk Russia
| | - Esther Pouliot
- Laurentian Forestry Centre Natural Resources Canada Quebec Quebec City Canada
| | - Scott E. Pfister
- United States Department of Agriculture, APHIS, PPQ, Science and Technology Forest Pest Methods Laboratory Massachusetts Buzzards Bay USA
| | - Richard Hamelin
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences The University of British Columbia British Columbia Vancouver Canada
| | - Michel Cusson
- Laurentian Forestry Centre Natural Resources Canada Quebec Quebec City Canada
- Département de biochimie, de microbiologie et de bio‐informatique Université Laval Quebec Quebec City Canada
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16
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Steck MK, Zambre AM, Snell-Rood EC. Plasticity in resource choice: a time-limited butterfly prioritizes apparency over quality. Anim Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Zhao L, Cao Y, Wang DD, Chen N, Li SG, Liu S, Li MY. A thioredoxin peroxidase protects Pieris rapae from oxidative stress induced by chlorantraniliprole exposure. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 111:e21964. [PMID: 36050844 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chlorantraniliprole (CAP) is an insecticide widely used to control the small white butterfly (SWB), Pieris rapae. Exposure to CAP can cause oxidative injury in SWB; however, it is unclear if antioxidant enzymes are involved in the defense process. In this study, a thioredoxin peroxidase (PrTPX1) gene was identified from SWB by using a homology search method. The gene encoded a 195 amino-acid PrTPX1 protein. Sequence characteristics and phylogenetic analysis indicated that PrTPX1 was a typical "2-Cys" TPX, and the PrTPX1 gene consisted of four exons and three introns. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated that the messenger RNA levels of PrTPX1 were highest in third-, fourth- and fifth-instar larval stages and in the larval midgut. Treatment with sublethal doses (LD20 and LD50 ) of CAP for 6, 12, 18, and 24 h resulted in increased H2 O2 concentration in SWB larvae, indicating insecticide-induced oxidative stress. The transcriptional levels of PrTPX1 were significantly enhanced in larvae exposed to CAP. Recombinant PrTPX1 protein was expressed in Escherichia coli. Enzymatic assay revealed that the protein displayed antioxidant activity and was able to protect against oxidative challenge. These results indicated that PrTPX1 plays an important role in oxidative stress responses and may contribute to the CAP tolerance in SWB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhao
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Department of Entomology, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Ye Cao
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Department of Entomology, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- The research group of insect resource utilization, Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Dong-Dong Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Department of Entomology, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Nan Chen
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Department of Entomology, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Shi-Guang Li
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Department of Entomology, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Su Liu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Department of Entomology, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Mao-Ye Li
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Department of Entomology, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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18
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de Groot M, Pocock MJO, Bonte J, Fernandez-Conradi P, Valdés-Correcher E. Citizen Science and Monitoring Forest Pests: a Beneficial Alliance? CURRENT FORESTRY REPORTS 2022; 9:15-32. [PMID: 36466298 PMCID: PMC9702673 DOI: 10.1007/s40725-022-00176-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of the Review One of the major threats to tree health, and hence the resilience of forests and their provision of ecosystem services, is new and emerging pests. Therefore, forest health monitoring is of major importance to detect invasive, emerging and native pest outbreaks. This is usually done by foresters and forest health experts, but can also be complemented by citizen scientists. Here, we review the use of citizen science for detection and monitoring, as well as for hypothesis-driven research and evaluation of control measures as part of forest pest surveillance and research. We then examine its limitations and opportunities and make recommendations on the use of citizen science for forest pest monitoring. Recent Findings The main opportunities of citizen scientists for forest health are early warning, early detection of new pests, monitoring of impact of outbreaks and scientific research. Each domain has its own limitations, opportunities and recommendations to follow, as well as their own public engagement strategies. The development of new technologies provides many opportunities to involve citizen scientists in forest pest monitoring. To enhance the benefits of citizen scientists' inclusion in monitoring, it is important that they are involved in the cocreation of activities. Summary Future monitoring and research may benefit from tailor-made citizen science projects to facilitate successful monitoring by citizen scientists and expand their practice to countries where the forest health sector is less developed. In this sense, citizen scientists can help understand and detect outbreaks of new pests and avoid problems in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten de Groot
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna Pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Jochem Bonte
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Burg. Van Gansberghelaan 96, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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19
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Lim VC, Sing KW, Chong KY, Jaturas N, Dong H, Lee PS, Tao NT, Le DT, Bonebrake TC, Tsang TPN, Chu L, Brandon-Mong GJ, Kong WL, Soga M, Wilson JJ. Familiarity with, perceptions of and attitudes toward butterflies of urban park users in megacities across East and Southeast Asia. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220161. [PMID: 36405642 PMCID: PMC9653264 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Perceptions of, and attitudes toward, wildlife are influenced by exposure to, and direct experiences with, nature. Butterflies are a conspicuous and ubiquitous component of urban nature across megacities that are highly urbanized with little opportunity for human-nature interactions. We evaluated public familiarity with, perceptions of and attitudes toward butterflies across nine megacities in East and Southeast Asia through face-to-face interviews with 1774 urban park users. A total of 79% of respondents had seen butterflies in their cities mostly in urban parks, indicating widespread familiarity with butterflies. Those who had seen butterflies also had higher perceptions of butterflies, whereas greater than 50% of respondents had positive attitudes toward butterflies. Frequent visits to natural places in urban neighbourhoods was associated with (i) sightings of caterpillars, indicating increased familiarity with urban wildlife, and (ii) increased connectedness to nature. We found two significant positive relationships: (i) between connectedness to nature and attitudes toward butterflies and (ii) between connectedness to nature and perceptions of butterflies, firmly linking parks users' thoughts and feelings about butterflies with their view of nature. This suggests that butterflies in urban parks can play a key role in building connectedness to nature and consequently pro-environmental behaviours and support for wildlife conservation among urban residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Voon-Ching Lim
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 10330 Bangkok, Thailand
- National Primate Research Center of Thailand, Chulalongkorn University, 18110, Saraburi, Thailand
| | - Kong-Wah Sing
- South China DNA Barcoding Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, People's Republic of China
| | - Kwek Yan Chong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Republic of Singapore
- Singapore Botanic Gardens, National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore 259569, Republic of Singapore
| | - Narong Jaturas
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Hui Dong
- Fairy Lake Botanical Garden, Shenzhen & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping-Shin Lee
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 24100, People's Republic of China
| | - Nguyen Thien Tao
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Institute of Genome Research, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Graduate University of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dzung Trung Le
- Ministry of Education and Training, 35 Dai Co Viet Road, Hai Ba Trung District, Vietnam
| | | | - Toby P. N. Tsang
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto-Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leo Chu
- Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Cambridge, Free School Lane, Cambridge CB2 3RH, UK
| | - Guo-Jie Brandon-Mong
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biodiversity Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wye-Lup Kong
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biodiversity Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Masashi Soga
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - John-James Wilson
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 24100, People's Republic of China
- Vertebrate Zoology at World Museum, National Museums Liverpool, William Brown Street, Liverpool L3 8EN, UK
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20
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Zhu X, Zheng C, Dong X, Zhang H, Ye Z, Xue H, Bu W. Species boundary and phylogeographical pattern provide new insights into the management efforts of Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae), a bean bug invading North America. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:4871-4881. [PMID: 36181419 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Correct identification together with information on distribution range, geographical origin and evolutionary history are the necessary basis for the management and control of invasive species. The bean bug Megacopta cribraria is a crucial agricultural pest of soybean. Recently, M. cribraria has invaded the United States and spread rapidly, causing severe reductions in soybean yields. However, the species boundary and phylogeographical pattern of this invasive bean bug are still unclear. RESULTS The results of different species delimitation methods (Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery, Assemble Species by Automatic Partitioning, Bayesian Poisson Tree Processes and Bayesian Phylogenetics and Phylogeography) strongly demonstrated that M. cribraria and Megacopta punctatissima represent the same species. M. punctatissima should not be considered a distinct species but rather a variety of M. cribraria. Phylogenetic analyses revealed three well-supported clades (Southeast Asia [SEA], East Asia continent [EAC] and Japan [JA]) with distinct geographical structures in the M. cribraria-M. punctatissima complex. The SEA clade was at the base of the phylogenetic tree, and the sister relationship between the EAC clade and JA clade was strongly supported. The split between the EAC clade and JA clade occurred at approximately 0.71 Ma, corresponding to the submergence period of the East China Sea land bridge. CONCLUSION This study clarified the species boundary between M. cribraria and its closely related species and revealed the phylogeographical pattern and evolutionary history of M. cribraria. The species delimitation and phylogeography results achieved in this study could provide new insights into the monitoring and management of this agricultural pest. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxiu Zhu
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenguang Zheng
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue Dong
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Zhen Ye
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huaijun Xue
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenjun Bu
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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21
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The fast invasion of Europe by the box tree moth: an additional example coupling multiple introduction events, bridgehead effects and admixture events. Biol Invasions 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-022-02887-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIdentifying the invasion routes of non-native species is crucial to understanding invasions and customizing management strategies. The box tree moth, Cydalima perspectalis, is native to Asia and was recently accidentally introduced into Europe as a result of the ornamental plant trade. Over the last 15 years, it has spread across the continent and has reached the Caucasus and Iran. It is threatening Buxus trees in both urban areas and forests. To investigate the species’ invasion routes, native and invasive box tree moth populations were sampled, and moth’s genetic diversity and structure were compared using microsatellite markers. Our approximate Bayesian computation analyses strongly suggest that invasion pathways were complex. Primary introductions originating from eastern China probably occurred independently twice in Germany and once in the Netherlands. There were also possibly bridgehead effects, where at least three invasive populations may have served as sources for other invasive populations within Europe, with indication of admixture between the two primary invasive populations. The bridgehead populations were likely those in the countries that play a major role in the ornamental plant trade in Europe, notably Germany, the Netherlands, and Italy. All these invasion processes likely facilitated its fast expansion across Europe and illustrate the role played by the ornamental plant trade not only in the moth’s introduction from China but also in the species’ spread across Europe, leading to an invasion with a complex pattern.
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22
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Zambre AM, Burns L, Suresh J, Hegeman AD, Snell-Rood EC. Developmental plasticity in multimodal signals: light environment produces novel signalling phenotypes in a butterfly. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20220099. [PMID: 35975631 PMCID: PMC9382452 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental plasticity can alter the expression of sexual signals in novel environments and is therefore thought to play an important role in promoting divergence. Sexual signals, however, are often multimodal and mate choice multivariate. Hence, to understand how developmental plasticity can facilitate divergence, we must assess plasticity across signal components and its cumulative impact on signalling. Here, we examine how developmental plasticity influences different components of cabbage white butterfly Pieris rapae multimodal signals, its effects on their signalling phenotypes and its implications for divergence. To do this, we reared P. rapae caterpillars under two different light environments (low-light and high-light) to simulate conditions experienced by P. rapae colonizing a novel light habitat. We then examined plasticity in both visual (wing coloration) and olfactory (pheromone abundance) components of male sexual signals. We found light environments influenced expression of both visual and olfactory components and resulted in a trade-off between signal modalities. The 'low-light' phenotype had duller wing colours but higher abundance of the pheromone, indole, whereas the 'high-light' phenotype had comparatively brighter wings but lower abundance of indole. These results show that by simultaneously altering expression of different signal components, developmental plasticity can produce multiple signalling phenotypes, which may catalyse divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amod Mohan Zambre
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Linnea Burns
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jayanti Suresh
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Adrian D. Hegeman
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Emilie C. Snell-Rood
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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23
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Xu X, Schmidt TL, Liang J, Ridland PM, Chung J, Yang Q, Jasper M, Umina PA, Liu W, Hoffmann AA. Genome‐wide
SNPs
of vegetable leafminer,
Liriomyza sativae
: insights into the recent Australian invasion. Evol Appl 2022; 15:1129-1140. [PMID: 35899255 PMCID: PMC9309458 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Liriomyza sativae, the vegetable leafminer, is an important agricultural pest originally from the Americas, which has now colonized all continents except Antarctica. In 2015, L. sativae arrived on the Australian mainland and established on the Cape York Peninsula in the northeast of the country near the Torres Strait, which provides a possible pathway for pests to enter Australia and evade biosecurity efforts. Here, we assessed genetic variation in L. sativae based on genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) generated by double digest restriction‐site‐associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD‐seq), aiming to uncover the potential origin(s) of this pest in Australia and contribute to reconstructing its global invasion history. Our fineRADstructure results and principal component analysis suggest Australian mainland populations were genetically close to populations from the Torres Strait, whereas populations from Asia, Africa, and Papua New Guinea (PNG) were more distantly related. Hawaiian populations were genetically distinct from all other populations of L. sativae included in our study. Admixture analyses further revealed that L. sativae from the Torres Strait may have genetic variation originating from multiple sources including Indonesia and PNG, and which has now spread to the Australian mainland. The L. sativae lineages from Asia and Africa appear closely related. Isolation‐by‐distance (IBD) was found at a broad global scale, but not within small regions, suggesting that human‐mediated factors likely contribute to the local spread of this pest. Overall, our findings suggest that an exotic Liriomyza pest invaded Australia through the Indo‐Papuan conduit, highlighting the importance of biosecurity programs aimed at restricting the movement of pests and diseases through this corridor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefen Xu
- Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Tom L. Schmidt
- Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Jiaxin Liang
- Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Peter M. Ridland
- Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Jessica Chung
- Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Qiong Yang
- Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Moshe Jasper
- Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Paul A. Umina
- Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
- Cesar Australia Brunswick Victoria Australia
| | - Wanxue Liu
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China
| | - Ary A. Hoffmann
- Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
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24
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Okamura Y, Sato A, Kawaguchi L, Nagano AJ, Murakami M, Vogel H, Kroymann J. Microevolution of Pieris butterfly genes involved in host-plant adaptation along a host-plant community cline. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:3083-3097. [PMID: 35364616 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herbivorous insects have evolved counteradaptations to overcome the chemical defenses of their host plants. Several of these counteradaptations have been elucidated at the molecular level, in particular for insects specialized on cruciferous host plants. While the importance of these counteradaptations for host plant colonization is well established, little is known about their microevolutionary dynamics in the field. In particular, it is not known whether and how host plant diversity shapes diversity in insect counteradaptations. In this study, we examine patterns of host plant use and insect counteradaptation in three Pieris butterfly species across Japan. The larvae of these butterflies express nitrile-specifier protein (NSP) and its paralog major allergen (MA) in their gut to overcome the highly diversified glucosinolate-myrosinase defense system of their cruciferous host plants. Pieris napi and Pieris melete colonize wild Brassicaceae whereas Pieris rapae typically uses cultivated Brassica as a host, regardless of the local composition of wild crucifers. As expected, NSP and MA diversity was independent of the local composition of wild Brassicaceae in P. rapae. In contrast, NSP diversity correlated with local host plant diversity in both species that preferred wild Brassicaceae. P. melete and P. napi both revealed two distinct major NSP alleles, which shaped diversity among local populations, albeit with different evolutionary trajectories. In comparison, MA showed no indication for local adaptation. Altogether, MA appeared to be evolutionary more conserved than NSP, suggesting that both genes play different roles in diverting host plant chemical defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Okamura
- Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, Jena, 07745, Germany.,Community Ecology Lab, Faculty of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Ai Sato
- Community Ecology Lab, Faculty of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Lina Kawaguchi
- Research Administration Office, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Atsushi J Nagano
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan.,Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Yamagata, 997-0017, Japan
| | - Masashi Murakami
- Community Ecology Lab, Faculty of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Juergen Kroymann
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, AgroParisTech, Orsay, 91405, France
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25
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Sugimoto N, Fukasawa K, Asahara A, Kasada M, Matsuba M, Miyashita T. Positive and negative effects of land abandonment on butterfly communities revealed by a hierarchical sampling design across climatic regions. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20212222. [PMID: 35317678 PMCID: PMC8942172 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Land abandonment may decrease biodiversity but also provides an opportunity for rewilding. It is therefore necessary to identify areas that may benefit from traditional land management practices and those that may benefit from a lack of human intervention. In this study, we conducted comparative field surveys of butterfly occurrence in abandoned and inhabited settlements in 18 regions of diverse climatic zones in Japan to test the hypotheses that species-specific responses to land abandonment correlate with climatic niches and habitat preferences. Hierarchical models that unified species occurrence and habitat preferences revealed that negative responses to land abandonment were associated with species that have cold climatic niches and use open habitats, suggesting that species negatively impacted by land abandonment will decline more due to future climate warming. Maps representing species gains and losses due to land abandonment, which were created from the model estimates, showed similar geographical patterns, but some areas exhibited high species losses relative to gains. Our hierarchical modelling approach was useful for scaling up local-scale effects of land abandonment to a macro-scale assessment, which is crucial to developing spatial conservation strategies in the era of depopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Sugimoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Keita Fukasawa
- Biodiversity Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Akio Asahara
- Team HEYANEKO, 3-22-18-702 Minami-Urawa, Minami-ku, Saitama, Saitama 336-0017, Japan
| | - Minoru Kasada
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University 6-3, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan.,Department of Experimental Limnology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Alte Fischerhuette 2, 16775 Stechlin, Germany
| | - Misako Matsuba
- Biodiversity Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Tadashi Miyashita
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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26
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Bassetti N, Caarls L, Bukovinszkine'Kiss G, El-Soda M, van Veen J, Bouwmeester K, Zwaan BJ, Schranz ME, Bonnema G, Fatouros NE. Genetic analysis reveals three novel QTLs underpinning a butterfly egg-induced hypersensitive response-like cell death in Brassica rapa. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:140. [PMID: 35331150 PMCID: PMC8944062 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03522-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cabbage white butterflies (Pieris spp.) can be severe pests of Brassica crops such as Chinese cabbage, Pak choi (Brassica rapa) or cabbages (B. oleracea). Eggs of Pieris spp. can induce a hypersensitive response-like (HR-like) cell death which reduces egg survival in the wild black mustard (B. nigra). Unravelling the genetic basis of this egg-killing trait in Brassica crops could improve crop resistance to herbivory, reducing major crop losses and pesticides use. Here we investigated the genetic architecture of a HR-like cell death induced by P. brassicae eggs in B. rapa. RESULTS A germplasm screening of 56 B. rapa accessions, representing the genetic and geographical diversity of a B. rapa core collection, showed phenotypic variation for cell death. An image-based phenotyping protocol was developed to accurately measure size of HR-like cell death and was then used to identify two accessions that consistently showed weak (R-o-18) or strong cell death response (L58). Screening of 160 RILs derived from these two accessions resulted in three novel QTLs for Pieris brassicae-induced cell death on chromosomes A02 (Pbc1), A03 (Pbc2), and A06 (Pbc3). The three QTLs Pbc1-3 contain cell surface receptors, intracellular receptors and other genes involved in plant immunity processes, such as ROS accumulation and cell death formation. Synteny analysis with A. thaliana suggested that Pbc1 and Pbc2 are novel QTLs associated with this trait, while Pbc3 also contains an ortholog of LecRK-I.1, a gene of A. thaliana previously associated with cell death induced by a P. brassicae egg extract. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first genomic regions associated with the Pieris egg-induced HR-like cell death in a Brassica crop species. It is a step closer towards unravelling the genetic basis of an egg-killing crop resistance trait, paving the way for breeders to further fine-map and validate candidate genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò Bassetti
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lotte Caarls
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriella Bukovinszkine'Kiss
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mohamed El-Soda
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Jeroen van Veen
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Bouwmeester
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bas J Zwaan
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Eric Schranz
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guusje Bonnema
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nina E Fatouros
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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27
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Stephan T, Burgess SM, Cheng H, Danko CG, Gill CA, Jarvis ED, Koepfli KP, Koltes JE, Lyons E, Ronald P, Ryder OA, Schriml LM, Soltis P, VandeWoude S, Zhou H, Ostrander EA, Karlsson EK. Darwinian genomics and diversity in the tree of life. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2115644119. [PMID: 35042807 PMCID: PMC8795533 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2115644119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomics encompasses the entire tree of life, both extinct and extant, and the evolutionary processes that shape this diversity. To date, genomic research has focused on humans, a small number of agricultural species, and established laboratory models. Fewer than 18,000 of ∼2,000,000 eukaryotic species (<1%) have a representative genome sequence in GenBank, and only a fraction of these have ancillary information on genome structure, genetic variation, gene expression, epigenetic modifications, and population diversity. This imbalance reflects a perception that human studies are paramount in disease research. Yet understanding how genomes work, and how genetic variation shapes phenotypes, requires a broad view that embraces the vast diversity of life. We have the technology to collect massive and exquisitely detailed datasets about the world, but expertise is siloed into distinct fields. A new approach, integrating comparative genomics with cell and evolutionary biology, ecology, archaeology, anthropology, and conservation biology, is essential for understanding and protecting ourselves and our world. Here, we describe potential for scientific discovery when comparative genomics works in close collaboration with a broad range of fields as well as the technical, scientific, and social constraints that must be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylorlyn Stephan
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20817
| | - Shawn M Burgess
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20817
| | - Hans Cheng
- Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, East Lansing, MI 48823
| | - Charles G Danko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - Clare A Gill
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Erich D Jarvis
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Language, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
- HHMI, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
| | - Klaus-Peter Koepfli
- Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation, George Mason University, Front Royal, VA 22630
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC 20008
| | - James E Koltes
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Eric Lyons
- School of Plant Sciences, BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Pamela Ronald
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- The Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Grass Genetics, Joint Bioenergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608
| | - Oliver A Ryder
- San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Escondido, CA 92027
- Department of Evolution, Behavior, and Ecology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Lynn M Schriml
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Pamela Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Sue VandeWoude
- Department of Micro-, Immuno-, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80532
| | - Huaijun Zhou
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Elaine A Ostrander
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20817
| | - Elinor K Karlsson
- Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655;
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
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28
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Pham HH, Dinh ST, Nguyen CX, Nguyen HT, Binh Tran NT, Dang TTT. Insecticidal and Feeding Deterrent Effects of Kaempferia galanga L. and Amomum subulatum on Pieris rapae L. Larva. Pak J Biol Sci 2022; 25:971-977. [PMID: 36591927 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2022.971.977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
<b>Background and Objective:</b> <i>Pieris rapae</i> L., is one of the most widespread and destructive pests of cruciferous plants. At present, synthetic chemical insecticide is still the main approach to control this pest despite several disadvantages to human health and the wildlife environment as well as biological resistance. To search for plants having insecticidal activity, the biological effects of two medicinal plants <i>Kaempferia galanga</i> L. and <i>Amomum subulatum </i>on <i>Pieris rapae</i> L., were investigated. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> The methanol extracts of dry rhizomes and fruits of <i>Kaempferia galanga</i> L. and <i>Amomum subulatum </i>were used to determine the mortality, feeding and oviposition deterrence of larvae and adult of <i>Pieris rapae</i> L. <b>Results:</b> <i>Kaempferia galanga</i> L. and <i>Amomum subulatum</i> exhibited insecticidal activity against <i>Pieris rapae</i> L., with LC<sub>50</sub> values of 2.11 and 11.80% (w/v), respectively. In the antifeedant test, <i>Kaempferia galanga</i> L., extract showed no significant difference with the control at the low concentration (0.5 and 1%). Whereas, with a concentration of 0.5%, <i>Amomum subulatum</i> extract demonstrated a high antifeedant effect on <i>Pieris rapae</i> L., larvae. In addition, plants treated with these two extracts reduced eggs laid by <i>Pieris rapae</i> L., in field conditions showing the oviposition deterrent properties. <b>Conclusion:</b> These results indicated that <i>Kaempferia galanga</i> L. and <i>Amomum subulatum </i>extracts have insecticidal substances against <i>Pieris rapae </i>L., which can be used for developing effective pesticides or/and oviposition deterrents for integrated pest management.
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29
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Sherpa S, Kebaïli C, Rioux D, Guéguen M, Renaud J, Després L. Population decline at distribution margins: Assessing extinction risk in the last glacial relictual but still functional metapopulation of a European butterfly. DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Sherpa
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine UMR CNRS‐UGA‐USMB 5553 Université Grenoble Alpes Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| | - Caroline Kebaïli
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine UMR CNRS‐UGA‐USMB 5553 Université Grenoble Alpes Grenoble Cedex 9 France
- Parc Naturel Régional du Haut Jura Lajoux France
| | - Delphine Rioux
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine UMR CNRS‐UGA‐USMB 5553 Université Grenoble Alpes Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| | - Maya Guéguen
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine UMR CNRS‐UGA‐USMB 5553 Université Grenoble Alpes Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| | - Julien Renaud
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine UMR CNRS‐UGA‐USMB 5553 Université Grenoble Alpes Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| | - Laurence Després
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine UMR CNRS‐UGA‐USMB 5553 Université Grenoble Alpes Grenoble Cedex 9 France
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30
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Mikucki EE, Lockwood BL. Local thermal environment and warming influence supercooling and drive widespread shifts in the metabolome of diapausing Pieris rapae butterflies. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:272603. [PMID: 34694403 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Global climate change has the potential to negatively impact biological systems as organisms are exposed to novel temperature regimes. Increases in annual mean temperature have been accompanied by disproportionate rates of change in temperature across seasons, and winter is the season warming most rapidly. Yet, we know relatively little about how warming will alter the physiology of overwintering organisms. Here, we simulated future warming conditions by comparing diapausing Pieris rapae butterfly pupae collected from disparate thermal environments and by exposing P. rapae pupae to acute and chronic increases in temperature. First, we compared internal freezing temperatures (supercooling points) of diapausing pupae that were developed in common-garden conditions but whose parents were collected from northern Vermont, USA, or North Carolina, USA. Matching the warmer winter climate of North Carolina, North Carolina pupae had significantly higher supercooling points than Vermont pupae. Next, we measured the effects of acute and chronic warming exposure in Vermont pupae and found that warming induced higher supercooling points. We further characterized the effects of chronic warming by profiling the metabolomes of Vermont pupae via untargeted LC-MS metabolomics. Warming caused significant changes in abundance of hundreds of metabolites across the metabolome. Notably, there were warming-induced shifts in key biochemical pathways, such as pyruvate metabolism, fructose and mannose metabolism, and β-alanine metabolism, suggesting shifts in energy metabolism and cryoprotection. These results suggest that warming affects various aspects of overwintering physiology in P. rapae and may be detrimental depending on the frequency and variation of winter warming events. Further research is needed to ascertain the extent to which the effects of warming are felt among a broader set of populations of P. rapae, and among other species, in order to better predict how insects may respond to changes in winter thermal environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Mikucki
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Brent L Lockwood
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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31
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Lohse K, Ebdon S, Vila R. The genome sequence of the small white, Pieris rapae (Linnaeus, 1758). Wellcome Open Res 2021. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17288.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a genome assembly from an individual female Pieris rapae (the small white; Arthropoda; Insecta; Lepidoptera; Pieridae). The genome sequence is 256 megabases in span. The majority of the assembly is scaffolded into 26 chromosomal pseudomolecules, with the W and Z sex chromosome assembled. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl has identified 12,390 protein coding genes.
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Abstract
At present, chemical pesticides remain the main approach for controlling Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). This research proposes a novel laser irradiation method for managing P. rapae larvae as an alternative to chemical control. The effectiveness of controlling larvae and the influencing factors of lasers were studied to estimate optimal parameter combinations. Tests using the antifeedant effect and mortality of the larvae as dependent variables showed that the laser power, irradiation area, laser opening time and irradiation position were positively correlated with the P. rapae controlling effect. The optimal parameters for each factor were the following: laser power, 7.5 W; irradiation area, 6.189 mm2; laser opening time, 1.177 s; and irradiation position, middle of the abdomen. Based on these observations, a validation experiment was performed using the optimal combination of parameters, and the results showed that the antifeedant percentage of P. rapae larvae within 24 h posttreatment was 98.49%, whereas the mortality rate was 100%. The optimal parameter combination identified in the study was suitable for P. rapae larvae from the first- to fifth-instar stages, and a more effective controlling effect was observed with the younger larvae. These results can provide a theoretical basis for future pest control using laser pest-killing robots.
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33
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Ghisbain G, Gérard M, Wood TJ, Hines HM, Michez D. Expanding insect pollinators in the Anthropocene. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2755-2770. [PMID: 34288353 PMCID: PMC9292488 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Global changes are severely affecting pollinator insect communities worldwide, resulting in repeated patterns of species extirpations and extinctions. Whilst negative population trends within this functional group have understandably received much attention in recent decades, another facet of global changes has been overshadowed: species undergoing expansion. Here, we review the factors and traits that have allowed a fraction of the pollinating entomofauna to take advantage of global environmental change. Sufficient mobility, high resistance to acute heat stress, and inherent adaptation to warmer climates appear to be key traits that allow pollinators to persist and even expand in the face of climate change. An overall flexibility in dietary and nesting requirements is common in expanding species, although niche specialization can also drive expansion under specific contexts. The numerous consequences of wild and domesticated pollinator expansions, including competition for resources, pathogen spread, and hybridization with native wildlife, are also discussed. Overall, we show that the traits and factors involved in the success stories of expanding pollinators are mostly species specific and context dependent, rendering generalizations of 'winning traits' complicated. This work illustrates the increasing need to consider expansion and its numerous consequences as significant facets of global changes and encourages efforts to monitor the impacts of expanding insect pollinators, particularly exotic species, on natural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Ghisbain
- Laboratory of Zoology, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, Mons, 7000, Belgium
| | - Maxence Gérard
- Laboratory of Zoology, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, Mons, 7000, Belgium.,Department of Zoology, Division of Functional Morphology, INSECT Lab, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 18b, Stockholm, 11418, Sweden
| | - Thomas J Wood
- Laboratory of Zoology, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, Mons, 7000, Belgium
| | - Heather M Hines
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, U.S.A.,Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, U.S.A
| | - Denis Michez
- Laboratory of Zoology, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, Mons, 7000, Belgium
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34
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The Erythrina Gall Wasp Quadrastichus erythrinae (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Eulophidae): Invasion History, Ecology, Infestation and Management. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12070948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Erythrina gall wasp Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is an invasive insect that induces galls on coral trees (species of Erythrina, Fabaceae) in urban and suburban landscapes. Weakening and death of the tree were both observed after the infestation by this insect, wherein feeding and consequent draining of nutrients by a large population of Q. erythrinae could be playing a key role. In this article, we consolidate and summarize the information on the distribution, invasion route, ecology, infestation level, and management of Q. erythrinae populations in the last two decades and analyze the challenges in their management.
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35
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Eyer PA, Blumenfeld AJ, Johnson LNL, Perdereau E, Shults P, Wang S, Dedeine F, Dupont S, Bagnères AG, Vargo EL. Extensive human-mediated jump dispersal within and across the native and introduced ranges of the invasive termite Reticulitermes flavipes. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:3948-3964. [PMID: 34142394 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
As native ranges are often geographically structured, invasive species originating from a single source population only carry a fraction of the genetic diversity present in their native range. The invasion process is thus often associated with a drastic loss of genetic diversity resulting from a founder event. However, the fraction of diversity brought to the invasive range may vary under different invasion histories, increasing with the size of the propagule, the number of reintroduction events, and/or the total genetic diversity represented by the various source populations in a multiple-introduction scenario. In this study, we generated a SNP data set for the invasive termite Reticulitermes flavipes from 23 native populations in the eastern United States and six introduced populations throughout the world. Using population genetic analyses and approximate Bayesian computation random forest, we investigated its worldwide invasion history. We found a complex invasion pathway with multiple events out of the native range and bridgehead introductions from the introduced population in France. Our data suggest that extensive long-distance jump dispersal appears common in both the native and introduced ranges of this species, probably through human transportation. Overall, our results show that similar to multiple introduction events into the invasive range, admixture in the native range prior to invasion can potentially favour invasion success by increasing the genetic diversity that is later transferred to the introduced range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-André Eyer
- Department of Entomology, 2143 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - Laura N L Johnson
- Department of Entomology, 2143 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | | | - Phillip Shults
- Department of Entomology, 2143 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Shichen Wang
- Texas A&M Agrilife Genomics and Bioinformatics Service, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - Simon Dupont
- IRBI, UMR 7261 CNRS-Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Anne-Geneviève Bagnères
- IRBI, UMR 7261 CNRS-Université de Tours, Tours, France.,CEFE, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Edward L Vargo
- Department of Entomology, 2143 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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36
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Ortego J, Céspedes V, Millán A, Green AJ. Genomic data support multiple introductions and explosive demographic expansions in a highly invasive aquatic insect. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:4189-4203. [PMID: 34192379 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The study of the genetic makeup and demographic fate of alien species is essential to understand their capacity to recover from founder effects, adapt to new environmental conditions and, ultimately, become invasive and potentially damaging. Here, we employ genomic data to gain insights into key demographic processes that might help to explain the extraordinarily successful invasion of the Western Mediterranean region by the North American boatman Trichocorixa verticalis (Hemiptera: Corixidae). Our analyses revealed the genetic distinctiveness of populations from the main areas comprising the invasive range and coalescent-based simulations supported that they originated from independent introductions events probably involving different source populations. Testing of alternative demographic models indicated that all populations experienced a strong bottleneck followed by a recent and instantaneous demographic expansion that restored a large portion (>30%) of their ancestral effective population sizes shortly after introductions took place (<60 years ago). Considerable genetic admixture of some populations suggest that hypothetical barriers to dispersal (i.e., land and sea water) are permeable to gene flow and/or that they originated from introductions involving multiple lineages. This study demonstrates the repeated arrival of propagules with different origins and short time lags between arrival and establishment, emphasizing the extraordinary capacity of the species to recover from founder effects and genetically admix in invaded areas. This can explain the demonstrated capacity of this aquatic insect to spread and outcompete native species once it colonizes new suitable regions. Future genomic analyses of native range populations could help to infer the genetic makeup of introduced populations and track invasion routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Ortego
- Department of Integrative Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Vanessa Céspedes
- Department of Wetland Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Andrés Millán
- Department of Ecology and Hydrology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Andy J Green
- Department of Wetland Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain
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Sherpa S, Després L. The evolutionary dynamics of biological invasions: A multi-approach perspective. Evol Appl 2021; 14:1463-1484. [PMID: 34178098 PMCID: PMC8210789 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological invasions, the establishment and spread of non-native species in new regions, can have extensive economic and environmental consequences. Increased global connectivity accelerates introduction rates, while climate and land-cover changes may decrease the barriers to invasive populations spread. A detailed knowledge of the invasion history, including assessing source populations, routes of spread, number of independent introductions, and the effects of genetic bottlenecks and admixture on the establishment success, adaptive potential, and further spread, is crucial from an applied perspective to mitigate socioeconomic impacts of invasive species, as well as for addressing fundamental questions on the evolutionary dynamics of the invasion process. Recent advances in genomics together with the development of geographic information systems provide unprecedented large genetic and environmental datasets at global and local scales to link population genomics, landscape ecology, and species distribution modeling into a common framework to study the invasion process. Although the factors underlying population invasiveness have been extensively reviewed, analytical methods currently available to optimally combine molecular and environmental data for inferring invasive population demographic parameters and predicting further spreading are still under development. In this review, we focus on the few recent insect invasion studies that combine different datasets and approaches to show how integrating genetic, observational, ecological, and environmental data pave the way to a more integrative biological invasion science. We provide guidelines to study the evolutionary dynamics of invasions at each step of the invasion process, and conclude on the benefits of including all types of information and up-to-date analytical tools from different research areas into a single framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Sherpa
- CNRSLECAUniversité Grenoble AlpesUniversité Savoie Mont BlancGrenobleFrance
| | - Laurence Després
- CNRSLECAUniversité Grenoble AlpesUniversité Savoie Mont BlancGrenobleFrance
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Shephard AM, Zambre AM, Snell‐Rood EC. Evaluating costs of heavy metal tolerance in a widely distributed, invasive butterfly. Evol Appl 2021; 14:1390-1402. [PMID: 34025774 PMCID: PMC8127708 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Organismal tolerance to environmental pollution is thought to be constrained by fitness costs, where variants with higher survival in polluted environments have lower performance in nonpolluted environments. Yet, costs are not always detected in empirical studies. One hypothesis suggests that whether tolerance costs emerge depends on the degree of heterogeneity populations experience with respect to pollution exposure. For instance, in populations confined to local environments where pollution is persistent, selection may favour alleles that enhance pollution tolerance but reduce performance in nonpolluted environments (costs). However, in broadly distributed populations that undergo selection in both polluted and nonpolluted patches, costs should be eroded. Understanding tolerance costs in broadly distributed populations is relevant to management of invasive species, which are highly dispersive, wide ranging, and often colonize disturbed or polluted patches such as agricultural monocultures. Therefore, we conducted a case study quantifying costs of tolerance to zinc pollution (a common heavy metal pollutant) in wild cabbage white butterflies (Pieris rapae). This wide ranging, highly dispersive and invasive pest periodically encounters metal pollution by consuming plants in urban and agricultural settings. In contrast to expected costs of tolerance, we found that cabbage white families with greater zinc tolerance also produced more eggs and had higher reproductive effort under nonpolluted conditions. These results contribute to a more general hypothesis of why costs of pollution tolerance vary across studies: patchy selection with pollutants should erode costs and may favour genotypes that perform well under both polluted and nonpolluted conditions. This might partly explain why widely distributed invasive species are able to thrive in diverse, polluted and nonpolluted habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M. Shephard
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of Minnesota – Twin CitiesSt. PaulMNUSA
| | - Amod M. Zambre
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of Minnesota – Twin CitiesSt. PaulMNUSA
| | - Emilie C. Snell‐Rood
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of Minnesota – Twin CitiesSt. PaulMNUSA
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Li MY, Tu XH, Cao Y, Li SG, Liu S. Characterisation of a copper/zinc superoxide dismutase from Pieris rapae and its role in protecting against oxidative stress induced by chlorantraniliprole. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 174:104825. [PMID: 33838718 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Insecticide exposure typically leads to abnormally high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative damage in insects. Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are potent antioxidant enzymes for ROS scavenging that are essential to protect insects against insecticide-induced oxidative injury. The small white butterfly, Pieris rapae, is an economically important lepidopteran pest of cruciferous crops, and the anthranilic diamide insecticide chlorantraniliprole is widely used to control this organism. However, whether chlorantraniliprole causes oxidative stress, and whether SODs are involved in ROS scavenging, remains unclear in P. rapae. In this study, an intracellular copper/zinc SOD (designated PrSOD1) gene was identified and characterised in P. rapae. The gene consists of four exons and three introns, and the PrSOD1 protein encoded by the gene has typical highly conserved features of CuZnSODs, including two signature motifs and seven Cu/Zn-interacting residues. Transcription of PrSOD1 was highest in the larval fat body and at the fifth-instar larval stage. Recombinant PrSOD1 protein expressed in Escherichia coli displayed antioxidant activity and high thermal and pH stability, confirming that PrSOD1 encodes a functional enzyme. Exposure to three sublethal doses of chlorantraniliprole for 6, 12 or 24 h resulted in significantly increased malondialdehyde concentration in P. rapae larvae, indicating insecticide-induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, both PrSOD1 transcription levels and CuZnSOD activity were quickly (6 and 12 h, respectively) upregulated in larvae subjected to chlorantraniliprole, strongly suggesting that PrSOD1 plays an important role in protecting against oxidative damage and possibly chlorantraniliprole tolerance in P. rapae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Ye Li
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Tu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Ye Cao
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Shi-Guang Li
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Su Liu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
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Chen MZ, Cao LJ, Li BY, Chen JC, Gong YJ, Yang Q, Schmidt TL, Yue L, Zhu JY, Li H, Chen XX, Hoffmann AA, Wei SJ. Migration trajectories of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella in China inferred from population genomic variation. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:1683-1693. [PMID: 33200882 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is a notorious pest of cruciferous plants. In temperate areas, annual populations of DBM originate from adult migrants. However, the source populations and migration trajectories of immigrants remain unclear. Here, we investigated migration trajectories of DBM in China using genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyped using double-digest RAD (ddRAD) sequencing. We first analyzed patterns of spatial and temporal genetic structure among southern source and northern recipient populations, then inferred migration trajectories into northern regions using discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC), assignment tests, and spatial kinship patterns. RESULTS Temporal genetic differentiation among populations was low, indicating that sources of recipient populations and migration trajectories are stable. Spatial genetic structure indicated three genetic clusters in the southern source populations. Assignment tests linked northern populations to the Sichuan cluster, and central-eastern populations to the southern and Yunnan clusters, indicating that Sichuan populations are sources of northern immigrants and southern and Yunnan populations are sources of central-eastern populations. First-order (full-sib) and second-order (half-sib) kin pairs were always found within populations, but ~ 35-40% of third-order (cousin) pairs were found in different populations. Closely related individuals in different populations were found at distances of 900-1500 km in ~ 35-40% of cases, while some were separated by > 2000 km. CONCLUSION This study unravels seasonal migration patterns in the DBM. We demonstrate how careful sampling and population genomic analyses can be combined to help understand cryptic migration patterns in insects. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Zhu Chen
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Jun Cao
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bing-Yan Li
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Cui Chen
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Jun Gong
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Yang
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas L Schmidt
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lei Yue
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Ying Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, College of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ary Anthony Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shu-Jun Wei
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
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Fontaine MC, Labbé F, Dussert Y, Delière L, Richart-Cervera S, Giraud T, Delmotte F. Europe as a bridgehead in the worldwide invasion history of grapevine downy mildew, Plasmopara viticola. Curr Biol 2021; 31:2155-2166.e4. [PMID: 33770491 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Europe is the historical cradle of viticulture, but grapevines (Vitis vinifera) have been increasingly threatened by pathogens of American origin. The invasive oomycete Plasmopara viticola causes downy mildew, one of the most devastating grapevine diseases worldwide. Despite major economic consequences, its invasion history remains poorly understood. We analyzed a comprehensive dataset of ∼2,000 samples, collected from the most important wine-producing countries, using nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences and microsatellite markers. Population genetic analyses revealed very low genetic diversity in invasive downy mildew populations worldwide and little evidence of admixture. All the invasive populations originated from only one of the five native North American lineages, the one parasitizing wild summer grape (V. aestivalis). An approximate Bayesian computation-random forest approach allowed inferring the worldwide invasion scenario of P. viticola. After an initial introduction into Europe, invasive European populations served as a secondary source of introduction into vineyards worldwide, including China, South Africa, and twice independently, Australia. Only the invasion of Argentina probably represents a tertiary introduction, from Australia. Our findings provide a striking example of a global pathogen invasion resulting from secondary dispersal of a successful invasive population. Our study will also help designing quarantine regulations and efficient breeding for resistance against grapevine downy mildew.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Fontaine
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11103 CC, Groningen, the Netherlands; Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, UMR 8079, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Orsay 91400, France; Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier, CNRS 5290, IRD 229) et Centre de Recherche en Écologie et Évolution de la Santé (CREES), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France.
| | - Frédéric Labbé
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11103 CC, Groningen, the Netherlands; Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, UMR 8079, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Orsay 91400, France
| | - Yann Dussert
- SAVE, INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Université de Bordeaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Laurent Delière
- SAVE, INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Université de Bordeaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Sylvie Richart-Cervera
- SAVE, INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Université de Bordeaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Tatiana Giraud
- Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, UMR 8079, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Orsay 91400, France
| | - François Delmotte
- SAVE, INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Université de Bordeaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France.
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Bridgehead effect and multiple introductions shape the global invasion history of a termite. Commun Biol 2021; 4:196. [PMID: 33580197 PMCID: PMC7881189 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01725-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Native to eastern Asia, the Formosan subterranean termite Coptotermes formosanus (Shiraki) is recognized as one of the 100 worst invasive pests in the world, with established populations in Japan, Hawaii and the southeastern United States. Despite its importance, the native source(s) of C. formosanus introductions and their invasive pathway out of Asia remain elusive. Using ~22,000 SNPs, we retraced the invasion history of this species through approximate Bayesian computation and assessed the consequences of the invasion on its genetic patterns and demography. We show a complex invasion history, where an initial introduction to Hawaii resulted from two distinct introduction events from eastern Asia and the Hong Kong region. The admixed Hawaiian population subsequently served as the source, through a bridgehead, for one introduction to the southeastern US. A separate introduction event from southcentral China subsequently occurred in Florida showing admixture with the first introduction. Overall, these findings further reinforce the pivotal role of bridgeheads in shaping species distributions in the Anthropocene and illustrate that the global distribution of C. formosanus has been shaped by multiple introductions out of China, which may have prevented and possibly reversed the loss of genetic diversity within its invasive range.
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Petrén H, Gloder G, Posledovich D, Wiklund C, Friberg M. Innate preference hierarchies coupled with adult experience, rather than larval imprinting or transgenerational acclimation, determine host plant use in Pieris rapae. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:242-251. [PMID: 33437426 PMCID: PMC7790653 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of host range drives diversification in phytophagous insects, and understanding the female oviposition choices is pivotal for understanding host specialization. One controversial mechanism for female host choice is Hopkins' host selection principle, where females are predicted to increase their preference for the host species they were feeding upon as larvae. A recent hypothesis posits that such larval imprinting is especially adaptive in combination with anticipatory transgenerational acclimation, so that females both allocate and adapt their offspring to their future host. We study the butterfly Pieris rapae, for which previous evidence suggests that females prefer to oviposit on host individuals of similar nitrogen content as the plant they were feeding upon as larvae, and where the offspring show higher performance on the mother's host type. We test the hypothesis that larval experience and anticipatory transgenerational effects influence female host plant acceptance (no-choice) and preference (choice) of two host plant species (Barbarea vulgaris and Berteroa incana) of varying nitrogen content. We then test the offspring performance on these hosts. We found no evidence of larval imprinting affecting female decision-making during oviposition, but that an adult female experience of egg laying in no-choice trials on the less-preferred host Be. incana slightly increased the P. rapae propensity to oviposit on Be. incana in subsequent choice trials. We found no transgenerational effects on female host acceptance or preference, but negative transgenerational effects on larval performance, because the offspring of P. rapae females that had developed on Be. incana as larvae grew slower on both hosts, and especially on Be. incana. Our results suggest that among host species, preferences are guided by hard-wired preference hierarchies linked to species-specific host traits and less affected by larval experience or transgenerational effects, which may be more important for females evaluating different host individuals of the same species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriele Gloder
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM)Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S)KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
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Wang J, Yan Z, Xiao S, Wang B, Fang Q, Schlenke T, Ye G. Characterization of a cell death-inducing endonuclease-like venom protein from the parasitoid wasp Pteromalus puparum (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:224-233. [PMID: 32673424 PMCID: PMC9282878 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasitoid wasps are valuable natural enemies for controlling pests. To ensure successful parasitism, these wasps inject venoms along with their eggs that are deposited either into or on their hosts. Parasitoid venoms regulate host behaviors, development, metabolism and immune responses. Pteromalus puparum is a pupal endoparasitoid that parasitizes a number of butterflies, including the worldwide pest cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae. Venom from P. puparum has a variety of effects on host hemocytes, including alteration of absolute and relative hemocyte counts, and inhibition of hemocyte spreading and encapsulation. In particular, P. puparum venom causes hemocyte cell death in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS Using assay-guided chromatography, a cell death-inducing venom fraction was identified and defined as P. puparum endonuclease-like venom protein (PpENVP). It belongs to the DNA/RNA nonspecific endonuclease family, which contains two conserved endonuclease activation sites. We analyzed its expression profiles and demonstrated that PpENVP inhibits gene expression in transfected cells relying on two activation sites. However, RNA interference of PpENVP did not significantly reduce P. puparum venom cytotoxicity, suggesting that PpENVP may not be the sole cytotoxic factor present. CONCLUSION Our results provide novel insight into the function of the P. puparum venom cocktail and identify a promising insecticide candidate endonuclease that targets insect hemocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson 85719, AZ, USA
| | - Zhichao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Todd Schlenke
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson 85719, AZ, USA
| | - Gongyin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Poveda-Martínez D, Aguirre MB, Logarzo G, Hight SD, Triapitsyn S, Diaz-Sotero H, Diniz Vitorino M, Hasson E. Species complex diversification by host plant use in an herbivorous insect: The source of Puerto Rican cactus mealybug pest and implications for biological control. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:10463-10480. [PMID: 33072273 PMCID: PMC7548167 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptic taxa have often been observed in the form of host‐associated species that diverged as the result of adaptation to alternate host plants. Untangling cryptic diversity in species complexes that encompass invasive species is a mandatory task for pest management. Moreover, investigating the evolutionary history of a species complex may help to understand the drivers of their diversification. The mealybug Hypogeococcus pungens was believed to be a polyphagous species from South America and has been reported as a pest devastating native cacti in Puerto Rico, also threatening cactus diversity in the Caribbean and North America. There is neither certainty about the identity of the pest nor the source population from South America. Recent studies pointed to substantial genetic differentiation among local populations, suggesting that H. pungens is a species complex. In this study, we used a combination of genome‐wide SNPs and mtDNA variation to investigate species diversity within H. pungens sensu lato to establish host plant ranges of each one of the putative members of the complex, to evaluate whether the pattern of host plant association drove diversification in the species complex, and to determine the source population of the Puerto Rican cactus pest. Our results suggested that H. pungens comprises at least five different species, each one strongly associated with specific host plants. We also established that the Puerto Rican cactus pest derives from southeastern Brazilian mealybugs. This is an important achievement because it will help to design reliable strategies for biological control using natural enemies of the pest from its native range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Poveda-Martínez
- Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas (FuEDEI) Hurlingham Argentina.,Instituto de Ecología Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA) Departamento de Ecología Genética y Evolución Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Argentina.,Grupo de investigación en Evolución, Ecología y Conservación (EECO) Universidad del Quindío Armenia Colombia
| | - María Belén Aguirre
- Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas (FuEDEI) Hurlingham Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Guillermo Logarzo
- Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas (FuEDEI) Hurlingham Argentina
| | | | | | - Hilda Diaz-Sotero
- Caribbean Advisor to the APHIS Administrator USDA San Juan Puerto Rico
| | - Marcelo Diniz Vitorino
- Departamento de Engenharia Florestal Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia Florestal - PPGEF Lab. de Monitoramento e Proteção Florestal - LAMPF Universidade Regional de Blumenau - FURB Blumenau Brazil
| | - Esteban Hasson
- Instituto de Ecología Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA) Departamento de Ecología Genética y Evolución Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Argentina
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Bragard C, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jacques MA, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas-Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Thulke HH, Civera AV, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Battilani P, Pautasso M, van der Werf W. Risk assessment of the entry of Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii on maize seed imported by the EU from the USA. EFSA J 2020; 17:e05851. [PMID: 32626140 PMCID: PMC7008921 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a risk assessment of the entry of Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii on maize seed imported by the EU from the USA. This pest is a Gram‐negative bacterium which causes Stewart's vascular wilt and leaf blight of maize (including sweet corn), a disease responsible for serious crop losses throughout the world. The following scenarios were considered: scenario A0 (current practice), scenario A1 (US request for modification of EU conditions for derogation), and scenario A2 (EU conditions for derogation). Results from the quantitative seed pathway model presented here show that, despite the low rates of plant‐to‐seed and seed‐to‐seedling transmission that have been reported in the literature for Stewart's wilt, given the amount of traded seed, and in the case of voluntary (i.e. not mandatory) inspections of seed production fields at the origin (i.e. scenario A0), the frequency of introducing the disease is in the order of magnitude of some hundred introductions per year (median number). The EU conditions for derogation would lead to a decrease in the likelihood of entry compared to scenarios A0 (about 10,000 times fewer introductions) and A1 (about 2,000 times fewer introductions). This protective effect is mainly due to the requirement that only genotypes resistant to Stewart's wilt are traded, with the additional field inspection (two instead of one per season) providing additional reassurance. The Panel also concluded that seed lot inspections, as currently carried out (e.g. with a sample of 400 seeds) are not likely to lead to a relevant reduction in the level of infected imported maize seed, given the low prevalence of Stewart's wilt at the origin. If, however, there is aggregation in infection among consignments, inspection would work towards identifying the highly infected consignments. Recently, outbreaks of Stewart's wilt have occurred in Italy (Emilia Romagna, Friuli, Lombardy and Veneto). A review is provided of the available information to assess the possible role of seed imports in these outbreaks.
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Li NG, Toxopeus J, Moos M, Sørensen JG, Sinclair BJ. A comparison of low temperature biology of Pieris rapae from Ontario, Canada, and Yakutia, Far Eastern Russia. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2020; 242:110649. [PMID: 31923628 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Low temperatures limit the distribution and abundance of ectotherms. However, many insects can survive low temperatures by employing one of two cold tolerance strategies: freeze avoidance or freeze tolerance. Very few species can employ both strategies, but those that do provide a rare opportunity to study the mechanisms that differentiate freeze tolerance and freeze avoidance. We showed that overwintering pupae of the cabbage white butterfly Pieris rapae can be freeze tolerant or freeze avoidant. Pupae from a population of P. rapae in northeastern Russia (Yakutsk) froze at c. -9.3 °C and were freeze-tolerant in 2002-2003 when overwintered outside. However, P. rapae from both Yakutsk and southern Canada (London) acclimated to milder laboratory conditions in 2014 and 2017 froze at lower temperatures (< -20 °C) and were freeze-avoidant. Summer-collected P. rapae larvae (collected in Yakutsk in 2016) were partially freeze-tolerant, and decreased the temperature at which they froze in response to starvation at mild low temperatures (4 °C) and repeated partial freezing events. By comparing similarly-acclimated P. rapae pupae from both populations, we identified molecules that may facilitate low temperature tolerance, including the hemolymph ice-binding molecules and several potential low molecular weight cryoprotectants. Pieris rapae from Yakutsk exhibited high physiological plasticity, accumulating cryoprotectants and almost doubling their hemolymph osmolality when supercooled to -15 °C for two weeks, while the London P. rapae population exhibited minimal plasticity. We hypothesize that physiological plasticity is an important adaptation to extreme low temperatures (i.e. in Yakutsk) and may facilitate the transition between freeze avoidance and freeze tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia G Li
- Institute of Medicine, M.K. Ammosov North Eastern Federal University, Kulakovskogo Street 36, Yakutsk, Sahka Republic (Yakutia) 677007, Russia.
| | - Jantina Toxopeus
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St N, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Martin Moos
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 1160/31, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic.
| | - Jesper G Sørensen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, Aarhus 8000, Denmark.
| | - Brent J Sinclair
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St N, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
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Zhang YM, Vitone TR, Storer CG, Payton AC, Dunn RR, Hulcr J, McDaniel SF, Lucky A. From Pavement to Population Genomics: Characterizing a Long-Established Non-native Ant in North America Through Citizen Science and ddRADseq. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Global invasion history of the agricultural pest butterfly Pieris rapae revealed with genomics and citizen science. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:20015-20024. [PMID: 31506352 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1907492116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The small cabbage white butterfly, Pieris rapae, is a major agricultural pest of cruciferous crops and has been introduced to every continent except South America and Antarctica as a result of human activities. In an effort to reconstruct the near-global invasion history of P. rapae, we developed a citizen science project, the "Pieris Project," and successfully amassed thousands of specimens from 32 countries worldwide. We then generated and analyzed nuclear (double-digest restriction site-associated DNA fragment procedure [ddRAD]) and mitochondrial DNA sequence data for these samples to reconstruct and compare different global invasion history scenarios. Our results bolster historical accounts of the global spread and timing of P. rapae introductions. We provide molecular evidence supporting the hypothesis that the ongoing divergence of the European and Asian subspecies of P. rapae (∼1,200 y B.P.) coincides with the diversification of brassicaceous crops and the development of human trade routes such as the Silk Route (Silk Road). The further spread of P. rapae over the last ∼160 y was facilitated by human movement and trade, resulting in an almost linear series of at least 4 founding events, with each introduced population going through a severe bottleneck and serving as the source for the next introduction. Management efforts of this agricultural pest may need to consider the current existence of multiple genetically distinct populations. Finally, the international success of the Pieris Project demonstrates the power of the public to aid scientists in collections-based research addressing important questions in invasion biology, and in ecology and evolutionary biology more broadly.
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