1
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Bui S, Dancourt J, Lavieu G. Virus-Free Method to Control and Enhance Extracellular Vesicle Cargo Loading and Delivery. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:1081-1091. [PMID: 36781171 PMCID: PMC10031566 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs)─including exosomes and microvesicles─are involved in cell-cell communication. EVs encapsulate different types of molecules such as proteins or nucleotides and are long-lasting contenders for the establishment of personalized drug delivery systems. Recent studies suggest that the intrinsic capacities for uptake and cargo delivery of basic EVs might be too limited to serve as a potent delivery system. Here, we develop two synergistic methods to, respectively, control EV cargo loading and enhance EV cargo delivery through fusion without requirement for any viral fusogenic protein. Briefly, cargo loading is enabled through a reversible drug-inducible system that triggers the interaction between a cargo of interest and CD63, a well-established transmembrane EV marker. Enhanced cargo delivery is promoted by overexpressing Syncytin-1, an endogenous retrovirus envelop protein with fusogenic properties encoded by the human genome. We validate our bioengineered EVs in a qualitative and quantitative manner. Finally, we utilize this method to develop highly potent killer EVs, which contain a lethal toxin responsible for protein translation arrest and acceptor cell death. These advanced methods and future downstream applications may open promising doors in the manufacture of virus-free and EV-based delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl Bui
- INSERM U1316, CNRS UMR 7057, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Julia Dancourt
- INSERM U1316, CNRS UMR 7057, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Gregory Lavieu
- INSERM U1316, CNRS UMR 7057, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
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2
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Chen F, Wu J, Iwanski MK, Jurriens D, Sandron A, Pasolli M, Puma G, Kromhout JZ, Yang C, Nijenhuis W, Kapitein LC, Berger F, Akhmanova A. Self-assembly of pericentriolar material in interphase cells lacking centrioles. eLife 2022; 11:77892. [PMID: 35787744 PMCID: PMC9307276 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The major microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells, the centrosome, comprises a pair of centrioles surrounded by pericentriolar material (PCM), which nucleates and anchors microtubules. Centrosome assembly depends on PCM binding to centrioles, PCM self-association and dynein-mediated PCM transport, but the self-assembly properties of PCM components in interphase cells are poorly understood. Here, we used experiments and modeling to study centriole-independent features of interphase PCM assembly. We showed that when centrioles are lost due to PLK4 depletion or inhibition, dynein-based transport and self-clustering of PCM proteins are sufficient to form a single compact MTOC, which generates a dense radial microtubule array. Interphase self-assembly of PCM components depends on γ-tubulin, pericentrin, CDK5RAP2 and ninein, but not NEDD1, CEP152, or CEP192. Formation of a compact acentriolar MTOC is inhibited by AKAP450-dependent PCM recruitment to the Golgi or by randomly organized CAMSAP2-stabilized microtubules, which keep PCM mobile and prevent its coalescence. Linking of CAMSAP2 to a minus-end-directed motor leads to the formation of an MTOC, but MTOC compaction requires cooperation with pericentrin-containing self-clustering PCM. Our data reveal that interphase PCM contains a set of components that can self-assemble into a compact structure and organize microtubules, but PCM self-organization is sensitive to motor- and microtubule-based rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangrui Chen
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jingchao Wu
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Daphne Jurriens
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Arianna Sandron
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Milena Pasolli
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gianmarco Puma
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Chao Yang
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Wilco Nijenhuis
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Florian Berger
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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3
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Pacheco J, Wills RC, Hammond GRV. Induced Dimerization Tools to Deplete Specific Phosphatidylinositol Phosphates. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2251:105-120. [PMID: 33481234 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1142-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemical dimerization systems have been used to drive acute depletion of polyphosphoinsitides (PPIns). They do so by inducing subcellular localization of enzymes that catabolize PPIns. By using this approach, all seven PPIns can be depleted in living cells and in real time. The rapid permeation of dimerizer agents and the specific expression of recruiter proteins confer great spatial and temporal resolution with minimal cell perturbation. In this chapter, we provide detailed instructions to monitor and induce depletion of PPIns in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Pacheco
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rachel C Wills
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gerald R V Hammond
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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4
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Tristán-Manzano M, Justicia-Lirio P, Maldonado-Pérez N, Cortijo-Gutiérrez M, Benabdellah K, Martin F. Externally-Controlled Systems for Immunotherapy: From Bench to Bedside. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2044. [PMID: 33013864 PMCID: PMC7498544 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a very promising therapeutic approach against cancer that is particularly effective when combined with gene therapy. Immuno-gene therapy approaches have led to the approval of four advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) for the treatment of p53-deficient tumors (Gendicine and Imlygic), refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Kymriah) and large B-cell lymphomas (Yescarta). In spite of these remarkable successes, immunotherapy is still associated with severe side effects for CD19+ malignancies and is inefficient for solid tumors. Controlling transgene expression through an externally administered inductor is envisioned as a potent strategy to improve safety and efficacy of immunotherapy. The aim is to develop smart immunogene therapy-based-ATMPs, which can be controlled by the addition of innocuous drugs or agents, allowing the clinicians to manage the intensity and durability of the therapy. In the present manuscript, we will review the different inducible, versatile and externally controlled gene delivery systems that have been developed and their applications to the field of immunotherapy. We will highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each system and their potential applications in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Tristán-Manzano
- Gene and Cell Therapy Unit, Genomic Medicine Department, Pfizer-University of Granada-Junta de Andalucía Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Granada, Spain
| | - Pedro Justicia-Lirio
- Gene and Cell Therapy Unit, Genomic Medicine Department, Pfizer-University of Granada-Junta de Andalucía Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Granada, Spain.,LentiStem Biotech, Pfizer-University of Granada-Junta de Andalucía Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Granada, Spain
| | - Noelia Maldonado-Pérez
- Gene and Cell Therapy Unit, Genomic Medicine Department, Pfizer-University of Granada-Junta de Andalucía Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Granada, Spain
| | - Marina Cortijo-Gutiérrez
- Gene and Cell Therapy Unit, Genomic Medicine Department, Pfizer-University of Granada-Junta de Andalucía Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Granada, Spain
| | - Karim Benabdellah
- Gene and Cell Therapy Unit, Genomic Medicine Department, Pfizer-University of Granada-Junta de Andalucía Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Martin
- Gene and Cell Therapy Unit, Genomic Medicine Department, Pfizer-University of Granada-Junta de Andalucía Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Granada, Spain
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5
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Surana S, Villarroel‐Campos D, Lazo OM, Moretto E, Tosolini AP, Rhymes ER, Richter S, Sleigh JN, Schiavo G. The evolution of the axonal transport toolkit. Traffic 2019; 21:13-33. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunaina Surana
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyUniversity College London London UK
| | - David Villarroel‐Campos
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyUniversity College London London UK
| | - Oscar M. Lazo
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyUniversity College London London UK
- UK Dementia Research InstituteUniversity College London London UK
| | - Edoardo Moretto
- UK Dementia Research InstituteUniversity College London London UK
| | - Andrew P. Tosolini
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyUniversity College London London UK
| | - Elena R. Rhymes
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyUniversity College London London UK
| | - Sandy Richter
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyUniversity College London London UK
| | - James N. Sleigh
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyUniversity College London London UK
- UK Dementia Research InstituteUniversity College London London UK
| | - Giampietro Schiavo
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyUniversity College London London UK
- UK Dementia Research InstituteUniversity College London London UK
- Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision MedicineUniversity College London London UK
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6
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Abil Z, Gumy LF, Zhao H, Hoogenraad CC. Inducible Control of mRNA Transport Using Reprogrammable RNA-Binding Proteins. ACS Synth Biol 2017; 6:950-956. [PMID: 28260376 PMCID: PMC5477001 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Localization of mRNA is important
in a number of cellular processes
such as embryogenesis, cellular motility, polarity, and a variety
of neurological processes. A synthetic device that controls cellular
mRNA localization would facilitate investigations on the significance
of mRNA localization in cellular function and allow an additional
level of controlling gene expression. In this work, we developed the
PUF (Pumilio and FBF homology domain)-assisted localization of RNA
(PULR) system, which utilizes a eukaryotic cell’s cytoskeletal
transport machinery to reposition mRNA within a cell. Depending on
the cellular motor used, we show ligand-dependent transport of mRNA
toward either pole of the microtubular network of cultured cells.
In addition, implementation of the reprogrammable PUF domain allowed
the transport of untagged endogenous mRNA in primary neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanar Abil
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Laura F. Gumy
- Cell
Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Bioengineering,
Department of Chemistry, and Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Casper C. Hoogenraad
- Cell
Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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7
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Bouchet BP, Noordstra I, van Amersfoort M, Katrukha EA, Ammon YC, Ter Hoeve ND, Hodgson L, Dogterom M, Derksen PWB, Akhmanova A. Mesenchymal Cell Invasion Requires Cooperative Regulation of Persistent Microtubule Growth by SLAIN2 and CLASP1. Dev Cell 2016; 39:708-723. [PMID: 27939686 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules regulate signaling, trafficking, and cell mechanics, but the respective contribution of these functions to cell morphogenesis and migration in 3D matrices is unclear. Here, we report that the microtubule plus-end tracking protein (+TIP) SLAIN2, which suppresses catastrophes, is not required for 2D cell migration but is essential for mesenchymal cell invasion in 3D culture and in a mouse cancer model. We show that SLAIN2 inactivation does not affect Rho GTPase activity, trafficking, and focal adhesion formation. However, SLAIN2-dependent catastrophe inhibition determines microtubule resistance to compression and pseudopod elongation. Another +TIP, CLASP1, is also needed to form invasive pseudopods because it prevents catastrophes specifically at their tips. When microtubule growth persistence is reduced, inhibition of depolymerization is sufficient for pseudopod maintenance but not remodeling. We propose that catastrophe inhibition by SLAIN2 and CLASP1 supports mesenchymal cell shape in soft 3D matrices by enabling microtubules to perform a load-bearing function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Bouchet
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ivar Noordstra
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda van Amersfoort
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eugene A Katrukha
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - York-Christoph Ammon
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Natalie D Ter Hoeve
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Louis Hodgson
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Marileen Dogterom
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ ,Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick W B Derksen
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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8
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Replication-Competent Controlled Herpes Simplex Virus. J Virol 2015; 89:10668-79. [PMID: 26269179 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01667-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED We present the development and characterization of a replication-competent controlled herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). Replication-essential ICP4 and ICP8 genes of HSV-1 wild-type strain 17syn+ were brought under the control of a dually responsive gene switch. The gene switch comprises (i) a transactivator that is activated by a narrow class of antiprogestins, including mifepristone and ulipristal, and whose expression is mediated by a promoter cassette that comprises an HSP70B promoter and a transactivator-responsive promoter and (ii) transactivator-responsive promoters that drive the ICP4 and ICP8 genes. Single-step growth experiments in different cell lines demonstrated that replication of the recombinant virus, HSV-GS3, is strictly dependent on an activating treatment consisting of administration of a supraphysiological heat dose in the presence of an antiprogestin. The replication-competent controlled virus replicates with an efficiency approaching that of the wild-type virus from which it was derived. Essentially no replication occurs in the absence of activating treatment or if HSV-GS3-infected cells are exposed only to heat or antiprogestin. These findings were corroborated by measurements of amounts of viral DNA and transcripts of the regulated ICP4 gene and the glycoprotein C (gC) late gene, which was not regulated. Similar findings were made in experiments with a mouse footpad infection model. IMPORTANCE The alphaherpesviruses have long been considered vectors for recombinant vaccines and oncolytic therapies. The traditional approach uses vector backbones containing attenuating mutations that restrict replication to ensure safety. The shortcoming of this approach is that the attenuating mutations tend to limit both the immune presentation and oncolytic properties of these vectors. HSV-GS3 represents a novel type of vector that, when activated, replicates with the efficiency of a nonattenuated virus and whose safety is derived from deliberate, stringent regulation of multiple replication-essential genes. By directing activating heat to the region of virus administration, replication is strictly confined to infected cells within this region. The requirement for antiprogestin provides an additional level of safety, ensuring that virus replication cannot be triggered inadvertently. Replication-competent controlled vectors such as HSV-GS3 may have the potential to be superior to conventional attenuated HSV vaccine and oncolytic vectors without sacrificing safety.
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9
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Schelkle KM, Griesbaum T, Ollech D, Becht S, Buckup T, Hamburger M, Wombacher R. Lichtinduzierte Proteindimerisierung in lebenden Zellen durch Ein- und Zweiphotonenaktivierung von Gibberellinsäurederivaten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Schelkle KM, Griesbaum T, Ollech D, Becht S, Buckup T, Hamburger M, Wombacher R. Light-Induced Protein Dimerization by One- and Two-Photon Activation of Gibberellic Acid Derivatives in Living Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:2825-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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11
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Controlling gene networks and cell fate with precision-targeted DNA-binding proteins and small-molecule-based genome readers. Biochem J 2014; 462:397-413. [PMID: 25145439 DOI: 10.1042/bj20140400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors control the fate of a cell by regulating the expression of genes and regulatory networks. Recent successes in inducing pluripotency in terminally differentiated cells as well as directing differentiation with natural transcription factors has lent credence to the efforts that aim to direct cell fate with rationally designed transcription factors. Because DNA-binding factors are modular in design, they can be engineered to target specific genomic sequences and perform pre-programmed regulatory functions upon binding. Such precision-tailored factors can serve as molecular tools to reprogramme or differentiate cells in a targeted manner. Using different types of engineered DNA binders, both regulatory transcriptional controls of gene networks, as well as permanent alteration of genomic content, can be implemented to study cell fate decisions. In the present review, we describe the current state of the art in artificial transcription factor design and the exciting prospect of employing artificial DNA-binding factors to manipulate the transcriptional networks as well as epigenetic landscapes that govern cell fate.
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12
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Martín-Saavedra FM, Wilson CG, Voellmy R, Vilaboa N, Franceschi RT. Spatiotemporal control of vascular endothelial growth factor expression using a heat-shock-activated, rapamycin-dependent gene switch. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2013; 24:160-70. [PMID: 23527589 DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2013.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in regenerative medicine is to develop methods for delivering growth and differentiation factors in specific spatial and temporal patterns, thereby mimicking the natural processes of development and tissue repair. Heat shock (HS)-inducible gene expression systems can respond to spatial information provided by localized heating, but are by themselves incapable of sustained expression. Conversely, gene switches activated by small molecules provide tight temporal control and sustained expression, but lack mechanisms for spatial targeting. Here we combine the advantages of HS and ligand-activated systems by developing a novel rapamycin-regulated, HS-inducible gene switch that provides spatial and temporal control and sustained expression of transgenes such as firefly luciferase and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This gene circuit exhibits very low background in the uninduced state and can be repeatedly activated up to 1 month. Furthermore, dual regulation of VEGF induction in vivo is shown to stimulate localized vascularization, thereby providing a route for temporal and spatial control of angiogenesis.
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13
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Mass spectrometry reveals changes in MHC I antigen presentation after lentivector expression of a gene regulation system. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2013; 2:e75. [PMID: 23403517 PMCID: PMC3586803 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2013.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The rapamycin-inducible gene regulation system was designed to minimize immune reactions in man and may thus be suited for gene therapy. We assessed whether this system indeed induces no immune responses. The protein components of the regulation system were produced in the human cell lines HEK 293T, D407, and HER 911 following lentiviral transfer of the corresponding genes. Stable cell lines were established, and the peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) molecules on transduced and wild-type (wt) cells were compared by differential mass spectrometry. In all cell lines examined, expression of the transgenes resulted in prominent changes in the repertoire of MHC I-presented self-peptides. No MHC I ligands originating from the transgenic proteins were detected. In vitro analysis of immunogenicity revealed that transduced D407 cells displayed slightly higher capacity than wt controls to promote proliferation of cytotoxic T cells. These results indicate that therapeutic manipulations within the genome of target cells may affect pathways involved in the processing of peptide antigens and their presentation by MHC I. This makes the genomic modifications visible to the immune system which may recognize these events and respond. Ultimately, the findings call attention to a possible immune risk.
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14
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Ahn M, Gamble A, Witting SR, Magrisso J, Surendran S, Obici S, Morral N. Vector and helper genome rearrangements occur during production of helper-dependent adenoviral vectors. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2013; 24:1-10. [PMID: 23249343 PMCID: PMC4015077 DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2012.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Helper-dependent adenoviral vectors (HD Ad) hold extreme promise for gene therapy of human diseases. All viral genes are deleted in HD Ad vectors, and therefore, the presence of a helper virus is required for their production. Current methods to minimize helper contamination in large-scale preparations rely on the use of the Cre/loxP system. The inclusion of loxP sites flanking the packaging signal results in its excision in the presence of Cre recombinase, preventing helper genome encapsidation. It is well established that the level of Cre recombinase activity is important in determining the degree of helper contamination. However, there is little information on other mechanisms that could also play an important role. We have generated several HD Ad vectors containing a rapalog-inducible system to regulate transgene expression, or LacZ under the control of the elongation factor 1 α promoter. Large-scale production of these vectors resulted in abundant helper contamination. Viral DNA analysis revealed the presence of rearrangements between vector and helper genomes. The rearrangements involved a helper DNA molecule with a fragment of the left arm of the HD Ad vector, including its ITR, packaging signal, and some stuffer sequence. Overall, our data suggest that helper DNA molecules that accumulate after Cre recombinase activity are prone to rearrangements, resulting in helper genomes that have incorporated a packaging signal from the vector. Helper particles with rearranged genomes have a growth advantage. This study identifies a novel mechanism leading to helper contamination during helper-dependent adenoviral vector production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwon Ahn
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Aisha Gamble
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Scott R. Witting
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Jack Magrisso
- Obesity Research Center, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237
| | - Sneha Surendran
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Silvana Obici
- Obesity Research Center, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237
| | - Núria Morral
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
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15
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Tai K, Quintino L, Isaksson C, Gussing F, Lundberg C. Destabilizing domains mediate reversible transgene expression in the brain. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46269. [PMID: 23029456 PMCID: PMC3460874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulating transgene expression in vivo by delivering oral drugs has been a long-time goal for the gene therapy field. A novel gene regulating system based on targeted proteasomal degradation has been recently developed. The system is based on a destabilizing domain (DD) of the Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) that directs fused proteins to proteasomal destruction. Creating YFP proteins fused to destabilizing domains enabled TMP based induction of YFP expression in the brain, whereas omission of TMP resulted in loss of YFP expression. Moreover, induction of YFP expression was dose dependent and at higher TMP dosages, induced YFP reached levels comparable to expression of unregulated transgene., Transgene expression could be reversibly regulated using the DD system. Importantly, no adverse effects of TMP treatment or expression of DD-fusion proteins in the brain were observed. To show proof of concept that destabilizing domains derived from DHFR could be used with a biologically active molecule, DD were fused to GDNF, which is a potent neurotrophic factor of dopamine neurons. N-terminal placement of the DD resulted in TMP-regulated release of biologically active GDNF. Our findings suggest that TMP-regulated destabilizing domains can afford transgene regulation in the brain. The fact that GDNF could be regulated is very promising for developing future gene therapies (e.g. for Parkinson's disease) and should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Cecilia Lundberg
- CNS Gene Therapy Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Splinter D, Razafsky DS, Schlager MA, Serra-Marques A, Grigoriev I, Demmers J, Keijzer N, Jiang K, Poser I, Hyman AA, Hoogenraad CC, King SJ, Akhmanova A. BICD2, dynactin, and LIS1 cooperate in regulating dynein recruitment to cellular structures. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:4226-41. [PMID: 22956769 PMCID: PMC3484101 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-03-0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study dissects the recruitment of dynein and dynactin to cargo by a conserved motor adaptor BICD2. It is shown that dynein, dynactin, and BICD2 form a triple complex in vitro and in vivo. Investigation of the properties of this complex by direct visualization of dynein in live cells shows that BICD2-induced dynein transport requires LIS1. Cytoplasmic dynein is the major microtubule minus-end–directed cellular motor. Most dynein activities require dynactin, but the mechanisms regulating cargo-dependent dynein–dynactin interaction are poorly understood. In this study, we focus on dynein–dynactin recruitment to cargo by the conserved motor adaptor Bicaudal D2 (BICD2). We show that dynein and dynactin depend on each other for BICD2-mediated targeting to cargo and that BICD2 N-terminus (BICD2-N) strongly promotes stable interaction between dynein and dynactin both in vitro and in vivo. Direct visualization of dynein in live cells indicates that by itself the triple BICD2-N–dynein–dynactin complex is unable to interact with either cargo or microtubules. However, tethering of BICD2-N to different membranes promotes their microtubule minus-end–directed motility. We further show that LIS1 is required for dynein-mediated transport induced by membrane tethering of BICD2-N and that LIS1 contributes to dynein accumulation at microtubule plus ends and BICD2-positive cellular structures. Our results demonstrate that dynein recruitment to cargo requires concerted action of multiple dynein cofactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniël Splinter
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Centre, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Rivera VM, Berk L, Clackson T. Dimerizer-mediated regulation of gene expression. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2012; 2012:767-770. [PMID: 22753597 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top070128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Several systems have been developed that allow transcription of a target gene to be chemically controlled, usually by an allosteric modulator of transcription factor activity. An alternative is to use chemical inducers of dimerization, or "dimerizers," to reconstitute active transcription factors from inactive fusion proteins. The most widely used system employs the natural product rapamycin, or a biologically inert analog, as the dimerizing drug. A key feature of this system is the tightness of regulation, with basal expression usually undetectable and induced expression levels comparable to constitutive promoters. In our experiments, the use of the minimal interleukin-2 (IL-2) promoter is an important determinant of this; substitution of a minimal simian virus 40 (SV40) or cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter results in significantly higher levels of basal expression. The key factor dictating the successful use of the system is achieving high expression levels of the activation domain fusion protein. In the context of clinical gene therapies, the system has the advantage of being built exclusively from human proteins, potentially minimizing immunogenicity in the clinical setting. The dimerizer system has been successfully incorporated into diverse vector backgrounds and has been used to achieve long-term regulated gene expression in vitro and in vivo. This article provides guidance in designing constructs and experiments to achieve dimerizer-regulated expression of a target gene both in vitro and in vivo.
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Rivera VM, Berk L, Clackson T. Dimerizer-mediated regulation of gene expression in vitro. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2012; 2012:815-20. [PMID: 22753598 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot070136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Several systems have been developed that allow transcription of a target gene to be chemically controlled, usually by an allosteric modulator of transcription factor activity. An alternative is to use chemical inducers of dimerization, or "dimerizers," to reconstitute active transcription factors from inactive fusion proteins. The most widely used system employs the natural product rapamycin, or a biologically inert analog, as the dimerizing drug. A key feature of this system is the tightness of regulation, with basal expression usually undetectable and induced expression levels comparable to constitutive promoters. In our experiments, the use of the minimal interleukin-2 (IL-2) promoter is an important determinant of this; substitution of a minimal simian virus 40 (SV40) or cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter results in significantly higher levels of basal expression. The key factor dictating the successful use of the system is achieving high expression levels of the activation domain fusion protein. In the context of clinical gene therapies, the system has the advantage of being built exclusively from human proteins, potentially minimizing immunogenicity in the clinical setting. The dimerizer system has been successfully incorporated into diverse vector backgrounds and has been used to achieve long-term regulated gene expression in vitro and in vivo. This protocol describes the preparation of vectors for rapamycin- or rapalog-inducible gene expression, followed by induction of gene expression in vitro.
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Comps‐Agrar L, Kniazeff J, Brock C, Trinquet E, Pin J. Stability of GABA
B
receptor oligomers revealed by dual TR‐FRET and drug‐induced cell surface targeting. FASEB J 2012; 26:3430-9. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-203646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laëtitia Comps‐Agrar
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)‐5203Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U661 Montpellier France
- Universités Montpellier 1 and 2 Montpellier France
- Cisbio Bioassays Codolet France
| | - Julie Kniazeff
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)‐5203Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U661 Montpellier France
- Universités Montpellier 1 and 2 Montpellier France
| | - Carsten Brock
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)‐5203Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U661 Montpellier France
- Universités Montpellier 1 and 2 Montpellier France
| | - Eric Trinquet
- Universités Montpellier 1 and 2 Montpellier France
- Cisbio Bioassays Codolet France
| | - Jean‐Philippe Pin
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)‐5203Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U661 Montpellier France
- Universités Montpellier 1 and 2 Montpellier France
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Manfredsson FP, Bloom DC, Mandel RJ. Regulated protein expression for in vivo gene therapy for neurological disorders: progress, strategies, and issues. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 48:212-21. [PMID: 22426391 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of in vivo gene therapy has matured to the point where there are numerous clinical trials underway including late-stage clinical trials. Several viral vectors are especially efficient and support lifetime protein expression in the brain and a number of clinical trials are underway for various progressive or chronic neurological disorders including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Batten's disease. To date, however, none of the vectors in clinical use have any direct way to reverse or control their transgene product in the event continued protein expression should become problematic. Several schemes that use elements within the vector design have been developed that allow an external drug or pro-drug to alter ongoing protein expression after in vivo gene transfer. The most promising and most studied regulated protein expression methods for in vivo gene transfer are reviewed. In addition, potential scientific and clinical advantages of transgene regulation for gene therapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredric P Manfredsson
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, Van Andel Institute, Michigan State University, 333 Bostwick Ave NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
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22
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Phillips MI, Tang Y. Genetic Modification of Stem Cells for Cardiac, Diabetic, and Hemophilia Transplantation Therapies. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 111:285-304. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398459-3.00013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Hadaczek P, Beyer J, Kells A, Narrow W, Bowers W, Federoff HJ, Forsayeth J, Bankiewicz KS. Evaluation of an AAV2-based rapamycin-regulated glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) expression vector system. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27728. [PMID: 22132130 PMCID: PMC3221672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective regulation of transgene product in anatomically circumscribed brain tissue is dependent on the pharmacokinetics of the regulating agent, the kinetics of transcriptional activation and degradation of the transgene product. We evaluated rapamycin-regulated AAV2-GDNF expression in the rat brain (striatum). Regulated (a dual-component system: AAV2-FBZhGDNF + AAV2-TF1Nc) and constitutive (CMV-driven) expression vectors were compared. Constitutively active AAV2-GDNF directed stable GDNF expression in a dose-dependent manner and it increased for the first month, thereafter reaching a plateau that was maintained over a further 3 months. For the AAV2-regGDNF, rapamycin was administered in a 3-days on/4-days off cycle. Intraperitoneal, oral, and direct brain delivery (CED) of rapamycin were evaluated. Two cycles of rapamycin at an intraperitoneal dose of 10 mg/kg gave the highest GDNF level (2.75±0.01 ng/mg protein). Six cycles at 3 mg/kg resulted in lower GDNF values (1.36±0.3 ng/mg protein). Interestingly, CED of rapamycin into the brain at a very low dose (50 ng) induced GDNF levels comparable to a 6-week intraperitoneal rapamycin cycle. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of rapamycin regulation in the CNS. However, the kinetics of the transgene in brain tissue, the regulator dosing amount and schedule are critical parameters that influence the kinetics of accumulation and zenith of the encoded transgene product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Hadaczek
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
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24
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Karginov AV, Zou Y, Shirvanyants D, Kota P, Dokholyan NV, Young DD, Hahn KM, Deiters A. Light regulation of protein dimerization and kinase activity in living cells using photocaged rapamycin and engineered FKBP. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 133:420-3. [PMID: 21162531 DOI: 10.1021/ja109630v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We developed a new system for light-induced protein dimerization in living cells using a photocaged analogue of rapamycin together with an engineered rapamycin binding domain. Using focal adhesion kinase as a target, we demonstrated successful light-mediated regulation of protein interaction and localization in living cells. Modification of this approach enabled light-triggered activation of a protein kinase and initiation of kinase-induced phenotypic changes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei V Karginov
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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25
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Fegan A, White B, Carlson JCT, Wagner CR. Chemically controlled protein assembly: techniques and applications. Chem Rev 2010; 110:3315-36. [PMID: 20353181 DOI: 10.1021/cr8002888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Fegan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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26
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Sera T. Zinc-finger-based artificial transcription factors and their applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:513-26. [PMID: 19394375 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Artificial transcription factors (ATFs) are potentially a powerful molecular tool to modulate endogenous target gene expression in living cells and organisms. To date, many DNA-binding molecules have been developed as the DNA-binding domains for ATFs. Among them, ATFs comprising Cys(2)His(2)-type zinc-finger proteins (ZFPs) as the DNA-binding domain have been extensively explored. The zinc-finger-based ATFs specifically recognize targeting sites in chromosomes and effectively up- and downregulate expression of their target genes not only in vitro, but also in vivo. In this review, after briefly introducing Cys(2)His(2)-type ZFPs, I will review the studies of endogenous human gene regulation by zinc-finger-based ATFs and other applications as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sera
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
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Vogel R, Mammeri H, Mallet J. Lentiviral vectors mediate nonimmunosuppressive rapamycin analog-induced production of secreted therapeutic factors in the brain: regulation at the level of transcription and exocytosis. Hum Gene Ther 2008; 19:167-78. [PMID: 18179357 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2007.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene transfer may become a powerful clinical tool for the delivery of secreted therapeutic polypeptides, provided that the in situ production of these peptides can be tightly regulated by the administration of a small inducer molecule. Particularly efficient control may be achieved by simultaneously using two regulation systems that interfere with the biosynthesis of the therapeutic factor at two different levels. Therefore, we have developed a set of two lentiviral vectors containing two regulation systems. These systems are induced by nonimmunosuppressive derivatives of rapamycin ("rapalogs") and allow simultaneous control of expression and of exocytosis of secreted therapeutic polypeptides. The set of vectors was used to produce green fluorescent protein (GFP) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF); GFP served as a model factor to demonstrate expression and entry into the exocytotic pathway in transduced cells. The constructs allowed robust in vitro expression and secretion of the polypeptides in the presence of rapalog AP21967. Withdrawal of the inducer resulted in efficient downregulation. In vivo, tightly regulated production of GFP and GDNF was observed after injection of the constructs into the striata of mice. The vectors thus fulfill key requirements for application in gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Vogel
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire de la Neurotransmission et des Processus Neurodégénératifs (LGN), CNRS-UMR 7091, Paris 75013, France
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28
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Surace EM, Auricchio A. Versatility of AAV vectors for retinal gene transfer. Vision Res 2008; 48:353-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2007.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Revised: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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29
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Phillips MI, Tang YL. Genetic modification of stem cells for transplantation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:160-72. [PMID: 18031863 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 08/15/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gene modification of cells prior to their transplantation, especially stem cells, enhances their survival and increases their function in cell therapy. Like the Trojan horse, the gene-modified cell has to gain entrance inside the host's walls and survive and deliver its transgene products. Using cellular, molecular and gene manipulation techniques the transplanted cell can be protected in a hostile environment from immune rejection, inflammation, hypoxia and apoptosis. Genetic engineering to modify cells involves constructing modules of functional gene sequences. They can be simple reporter genes or complex cassettes with gene switches, cell specific promoters and multiple transgenes. We discuss methods to deliver and construct gene cassettes with viral and non-viral delivery, siRNA, and conditional Cre/Lox P. We review the current uses of gene-modified stem cells in cardiovascular disease, diabetes, neurological diseases, (including Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and spinal cord injury repair), bone defects, hemophilia, and cancer.
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Abstract
Gene transfer is being rigorously evaluated in the laboratory in the preparation for the development of clinical therapies. Many CNS diseases, which have proved more challenging to treat than peripheral disorders, are prime candidates for gene therapy. However, there are numerous considerations in the development of gene therapy, including delivery, maintenance of expression, transgene level regulation, toxicity of the viral vector system and safety of the gene product. The authors review these issues and discuss various approaches used in preclinical studies. Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease are employed as models, in which much research has already been performed, to address disease-specific questions about gene therapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Ryan
- University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Rochester, New York, USA
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31
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Osten P, Grinevich V, Cetin A. Viral vectors: a wide range of choices and high levels of service. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2007:177-202. [PMID: 17203656 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-35109-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are intracellular parasites with simple DNA or RNA genomes. Virus life revolves around three steps: infection of a host cell, replication of its genome within the host cell environment, and formation of new virions; this process is often but not always associated with pathogenic effects against the host organism. Since the mid-1980s, the main goal of viral vectorology has been to develop recombinant viral vectors for long-term gene delivery to mammalian cells, with minimal associated toxicity. Today, several viral vector systems are close to achieving this aim, providing stable transgenic expression in many different cell types and tissues. Here we review application characteristics of four vector systems, derived from adeno-associated viruses, adenoviruses, retroviruses and herpes simplex virus-1, for in vivo gene delivery. We discuss the transfer capacity of the expression vectors, the stability of their transgenic expression, the tropism of the recombinant viruses, the likelihood of induction of immunotoxicity, and the ease (or difficulty) of the virus production. In the end, we discuss applications of these vectors for delivery of three molecular systems for conditional mutagenesis, two for inducible transcriptional control of transgenic expression (the tet and the dimerizer systems), and the third one for inducible control of endogenous gene expression based on RNA interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Osten
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Abstract
Controlling gene activity in space and time represents a cornerstone technology in gene and cell therapeutic applications, bioengineering, drug discovery as well as fundamental and applied research. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the different approaches for regulating gene activity and product protein formation at different biosynthetic levels, from genomic rearrangements over transcription and translation control to strategies for engineering inducible secretion and protein activity with a focus on the development during the past 2 years. Recent advances in designing second-generation gene switches, based on novel inducer administration routes (gas phase) as well as on the combination of heterologous switches with endogenous signals, will be complemented by an overview of the emerging field of mammalian synthetic biology, which enables the design of complex synthetic and semisynthetic gene networks. This article will conclude with an overview of how the different gene switches have been applied in gene therapy studies, bioengineering and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Weber
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, ETH Hoenggerberg HCI F 115, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Pike L, Petravicz J, Wang S. Bioluminescence imaging after HSV amplicon vector delivery into brain. J Gene Med 2006; 8:804-13. [PMID: 16602134 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Firefly luciferase (Fluc) has routinely been used to quantitate and analyze gene expression in vitro by measuring the photons emitted after the addition of ATP and luciferin to a test sample. It is now possible to replace luminometer-based analysis of luciferase activity and measure luciferase activity delivered by viral vectors directly in live animals over time using digital imaging techniques. METHODS An HSV amplicon vector expressing Fluc cDNA from an inducible promoter was delivered to cells in culture and into the mouse brain. In culture, expression of Fluc was measured after induction in a dose-dependent manner by a biochemical assay, and then confirmed by Western blot analysis and digital imaging. The vectors were then stereotactically injected into the mouse brain and Fluc expression measured non-invasively using bioluminescence imaging. RESULTS Rapamycin-mediated induction of Fluc from an HSV amplicon vector in culture resulted in dose-dependent expression of Fluc when measured using a luminometer and by digital analysis. In mouse cortex, a single injection of an HSV amplicon vector (2 microl, 1x10(8) transducing units (t.u.)/ml) expressing Fluc from a viral promoter (CMV) was sufficient to detect robust luciferase activity for at least 1 week. Similarly, an HSV amplicon vector expressing Fluc under an inducible promoter was also detectable in the mouse cortex after a single dose (2 microl, 1x10(8) t.u./ml) for up to 5 days, with no detectable signal in the uninduced state. CONCLUSIONS This HSV amplicon vector-based system allows for fast, non-invasive, semi-quantitative analysis of gene expression in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Pike
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Koh JT, Ge C, Zhao M, Wang Z, Krebsbach PH, Zhao Z, Franceschi RT. Use of a stringent dimerizer-regulated gene expression system for controlled BMP2 delivery. Mol Ther 2006; 14:684-91. [PMID: 16905364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2006.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Revised: 05/24/2006] [Accepted: 05/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy using constitutively active viral promoters to drive expression of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) has been extensively evaluated as a strategy for inducing bone regeneration. However, this approach offers little control over the concentration, timing, or duration of BMP synthesis. To gain greater control over BMP kinetics, we developed a new inducible system for the controlled expression of BMP2 using a two-component transcription factor that is dimerized with rapamycin (Rap). This approach provided stringent control over BMP2 synthesis with no BMP expression detected in the uninduced state. Rapamycin or the less immunosuppressive analogue, AP21967, rapidly and reversibly induced BMP2 in a dose-dependent manner (range 0.1-10 nM). Subcutaneous implants of fibroblasts containing the Rap-inducible system in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice were highly responsive to ip Rap injection (0.1-1 mg/kg). Peak BMP2 levels were detected within 24 h of a single Rap injection and declined to undetectable levels after 8-10 days. Alternate-day Rap injections (1 mg/kg) for 6 weeks induced subcutaneous ectopic bone formation. Rap-dependent healing of a critical-sized cranial defect was also achieved using this system. This regulated BMP2 expression system will be extremely useful for examining the role of timing and sequence of BMP delivery on bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Tae Koh
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, and Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Dudas M, Kim J, Li WY, Nagy A, Larsson J, Karlsson S, Chai Y, Kaartinen V. Epithelial and ectomesenchymal role of the type I TGF-beta receptor ALK5 during facial morphogenesis and palatal fusion. Dev Biol 2006; 296:298-314. [PMID: 16806156 PMCID: PMC1557652 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Revised: 04/28/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) proteins play important roles in morphogenesis of many craniofacial tissues; however, detailed biological mechanisms of TGF-beta action, particularly in vivo, are still poorly understood. Here, we deleted the TGF-beta type I receptor gene Alk5 specifically in the embryonic ectodermal and neural crest cell lineages. Failure in signaling via this receptor, either in the epithelium or in the mesenchyme, caused severe craniofacial defects including cleft palate. Moreover, the facial phenotypes of neural crest-specific Alk5 mutants included devastating facial cleft and appeared significantly more severe than the defects seen in corresponding mutants lacking the TGF-beta type II receptor (TGFbetaRII), a prototypical binding partner of ALK5. Our data indicate that ALK5 plays unique, non-redundant cell-autonomous roles during facial development. Remarkable divergence between Tgfbr2 and Alk5 phenotypes, together with our biochemical in vitro data, imply that (1) ALK5 mediates signaling of a diverse set of ligands not limited to the three isoforms of TGF-beta, and (2) ALK5 acts also in conjunction with type II receptors other than TGFbetaRII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Dudas
- Developmental Biology Program, The Saban Research Institute of Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Jieun Kim
- Developmental Biology Program, The Saban Research Institute of Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Wai-Yee Li
- Developmental Biology Program, The Saban Research Institute of Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Andre Nagy
- Developmental Biology Program, The Saban Research Institute of Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Jonas Larsson
- Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Department of Medicine, Lund University Hospital, Sweden
| | - Stefan Karlsson
- Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Department of Medicine, Lund University Hospital, Sweden
| | - Yang Chai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry University of Southern California, CA 90033, USA
| | - Vesa Kaartinen
- Developmental Biology Program, The Saban Research Institute of Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- *Corresponding author. E-mail address: (V. Kaartinen)
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Yao F, Theopold C, Hoeller D, Bleiziffer O, Lu Z. Highly efficient regulation of gene expression by tetracycline in a replication-defective herpes simplex viral vector. Mol Ther 2006; 13:1133-41. [PMID: 16574491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2006.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2004] [Revised: 01/09/2006] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Employing the tetracycline repressor tetR and the wild-type hCMV major immediate-early promoter, we have developed a highly sensitive tetracycline-inducible transcription switch in mammalian cells (T-REx; Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). In view of the previous difficulty in achieving regulatable gene expression in recombinant HSV vector systems, we constructed a T-REx-encoding replication-defective HSV-1 recombinant, QR9TO-lacZ, that encodes two copies of the tetR gene controlled by the HSV-1 immediate-early ICP0 promoter and a reporter, the LacZ gene, under the control of the tetO-bearing hCMV major immediate-early promoter. Infection of cells, such as Vero, PC12, and NGF-differentiated PC12 cells, with QR9TO-lacZ led to 300- to 1000-fold tetracycline-regulated gene expression. Moreover, the expression of the LacZ gene by QR9TO-lacZ can be finely controlled by tetracycline in a dose-dependent fashion. Efficiently regulated gene expression can also be achieved in vivo following intracerebral and footpad inoculations in mice. The demonstrated capability of T-REx for achieving high levels of sensitively regulated gene expression in the context of the HSV-1 genome will significantly expand the utility of HSV-based vector systems for studying gene function in the nervous system and delivering regulated gene expression in therapeutic applications, particularly in the treatment of CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yao
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Gene Transfer, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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37
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Wang Y, Yuan F. Delivery of viral vectors to tumor cells: extracellular transport, systemic distribution, and strategies for improvement. Ann Biomed Eng 2006; 34:114-27. [PMID: 16520902 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-005-9007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2004] [Accepted: 06/30/2005] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
It is a challenge to deliver therapeutic genes to tumor cells using viral vectors because (i) the size of these vectors are close to or larger than the space between fibers in extracellular matrix and (ii) viral proteins are potentially toxic in normal tissues. In general, gene delivery is hindered by various physiological barriers to virus transport from the site of injection to the nucleus of tumor cells and is limited by normal tissue tolerance of toxicity determined by local concentrations of transgene products and viral proteins. To illustrate the obstacles encountered in the delivery and yet limit the scope of discussion, this review focuses only on extracellular transport in solid tumors and distribution of viral vectors in normal organs after they are injected intravenously or intratumorally. This review also discusses current strategies for improving intratumoral transport and specificity of viral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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38
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Indraccolo S, Moserle L, Tisato V, Gola E, Minuzzo S, Roni V, Persano L, Chieco-Bianchi L, Amadori A. Gene therapy of ovarian cancer with IFN-alpha-producing fibroblasts: comparison of constitutive and inducible vectors. Gene Ther 2006; 13:953-65. [PMID: 16511522 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer represents a malignancy suitable for cell and gene therapy approaches owing to its containment within the peritoneal cavity, even at advanced tumor stages. As regulation of transgene expression would be preferable for conducting clinical trials for reasons of safety, we investigated whether intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of retroviral vector-transduced fibroblasts encoding murine interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) could have therapeutic activity, and compared its effect with the antitumor effects of fibroblasts producing IFN-alpha under a rapamycin analogue (AP21967)-inducible promoter. Human and murine fibroblasts were recruited into the solid component of transplantable ovarian cancer-grown i.p. in severe combined immunodeficiency mice. Multiple administrations of fibroblasts producing IFN-alpha in a constitutive manner showed therapeutic efficacy, leading to significant prolongation of survival in the majority of animals, associated with inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. Compared to cells transduced by the constitutive vector, fibroblasts transduced by the inducible vector released twofold higher IFN-alpha levels in vitro, following induction by AP21967, and production of the cytokine was under pharmacologic control both in vitro and in vivo. However, these cells elicited only modest therapeutic effects in vivo. Overall, these findings indicate that intracavitary IFN-alpha gene therapy using engineered fibroblasts requires sustained production of IFN-alpha to achieve durable antitumor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Indraccolo
- Department of Oncology and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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39
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Sanftner LM, Rivera VM, Suzuki BM, Feng L, Berk L, Zhou S, Forsayeth JR, Clackson T, Cunningham J. Dimerizer regulation of AADC expression and behavioral response in AAV-transduced 6-OHDA lesioned rats. Mol Ther 2006; 13:167-74. [PMID: 16126007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.06.480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2005] [Revised: 05/31/2005] [Accepted: 06/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant AAV vectors containing a dimerizer-inducible system of transcriptional activation provide a strategy for control of therapeutic gene expression in the CNS. Here we explored this system for regulated expression of human aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (hAADC) in a rodent model of Parkinson disease. Expression of hAADC, the enzyme that converts L-dopa to dopamine, was dependent on reconstitution of a functional transcription factor (TF) by the dimerizer rapamycin. Two vectors, AAV-CMV-TF and AAV-Z12-hAADC, were infused into striata of 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. Rapamycin-induced increases in expression of hAADC repeatedly produced robust rotational behavior in response to low doses of L-dopa. Seven weeks after vector infusion, AADC expression in brain was quantitated by both stereology and Western blot analysis following the final rapamycin treatment. While a low level of hAADC was observed in rats that were not induced with rapamycin, this basal expression was not significant enough to elicit a rotational response to L-dopa. This study demonstrated a robust behavioral response of parkinsonian rats to regulated hAADC expression. Recombinant AAV vectors controlled by rapamycin or its analogs show promise as candidates for CNS therapies in which regulation of the transgene is desired.
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40
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Abstract
A series of new expression vectors (pPro) have been constructed for the regulated expression of genes in Escherichia coli. The pPro vectors contain the prpBCDE promoter (P(prpB)) responsible for expression of the propionate catabolic genes (prpBCDE) and prpR encoding the positive regulator of this promoter. The efficiency and regulatory properties of the prpR-P(prpB) system were measured by placing the gene encoding the green fluorescent protein (gfp) under the control of the inducible P(prpB) of E. coli. This system provides homogenous expression in individual cells, highly regulatable expression over a wide range of propionate concentrations, and strong expression (maximal 1,500-fold induction) at high propionate concentrations. Since the prpBCDE promoter has CAP-dependent activation, the prpR-P(prpB) system exhibited negligible basal expression by addition of glucose to the medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Kuk Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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41
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Loewen N, Poeschla EM. Lentiviral vectors. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2005; 99:169-91. [PMID: 16568892 DOI: 10.1007/10_007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We review the use of lentiviral vectors in current human gene therapy applications that involve genetic modification of nondividing tissues with integrated transgenes. Safety issues, including insertional mutagenesis and replication-competent retroviruses, are discussed. Innate cellular defenses against retroviruses and their implications for human gene therapy with different lentiviral vectors are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Loewen
- Molecular Medicine Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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42
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Zhao Z, Zhao M, Xiao G, Franceschi RT. Gene transfer of the Runx2 transcription factor enhances osteogenic activity of bone marrow stromal cells in vitro and in vivo. Mol Ther 2005; 12:247-53. [PMID: 16043096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2004] [Revised: 02/23/2005] [Accepted: 03/07/2005] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Marrow stromal cells (MSCs) have the potential to differentiate into multiple mesenchymal cell types. To harness the power of MSCs for bone regeneration, methods must be developed to direct their differentiation selectively to the osteoblast lineage. The objective of this study was to examine the feasibility of using ex vivo Runx2 gene transfer to enhance the osteogenic activity of MSCs. Primary MSCs isolated from C57BL6 mice were transduced with adenoviral vectors encoding beta-galactosidase or Runx2. Cells transduced with Ad-Runx2 expressed Runx2 protein and underwent osteoblast differentiation as measured by increases in alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralization. Time-course studies revealed that Runx2 protein was highest 1 day after transduction and declined below the limits of detection by 15 days. Osteoblast marker mRNA expression paralleled Runx2 levels. In contrast, Runx2-dependent mineralization persisted for the duration of the experiment. To assess in vivo osteogenic activity, Ad-Runx2-transduced and control MSCs were adsorbed to two different carrier scaffolds and subcutaneously implanted into C57BL6 mice. In both cases, MSCs expressing Runx2 formed substantially more bone than cells transduced with control virus. Taken together, these studies indicate that Runx2 gene transfer may be an effective route to enhance the osteogenic potential of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Zhao
- Program in Oral Health Sciences, University of Michigan, 1011 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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43
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Abstract
Broadly defined, the concept of gene therapy involves the transfer of genetic material into a cell, tissue, or whole organ, with the goal of curing a disease or at least improving the clinical status of a patient. A key factor in the success of gene therapy is the development of delivery systems that are capable of efficient gene transfer in a variety of tissues, without causing any associated pathogenic effects. Vectors based upon many different viral systems, including retroviruses, lentiviruses, adenoviruses, and adeno-associated viruses, currently offer the best choice for efficient gene delivery. Their performance and pathogenicity has been evaluated in animal models, and encouraging results form the basis for clinical trials to treat genetic disorders and acquired diseases. Despite some initial success in these trials, vector development remains a seminal concern for improved gene therapy technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inder M Verma
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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44
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Püttmann S, Senner V, Braune S, Hillmann B, Exeler R, Rickert CH, Paulus W. Establishment of a benign meningioma cell line by hTERT-mediated immortalization. J Transl Med 2005; 85:1163-71. [PMID: 15965488 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Meningioma represents the most common intracranial tumor, but well-characterized cell lines derived from benign meningiomas are not available. A major reason for the lack of benign tumor cell lines is senescence of nonmalignant cells in vitro, while malignant cells are often immortal. We have developed a meningioma cell line by retrovirally transducing primary cells derived from a human WHO grade I meningothelial meningioma with the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene, which enables bypassing cellular senescence. Five clones have been cultured for more than 21 months so far, while corresponding nontransfected cells ceased proliferation within 3 months. Quantitative RT-PCR and a telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assay revealed high hTERT mRNA levels and high telomerase activity in all transduced populations, while nontransduced cells were negative. The average telomere size of transduced cells was considerably longer than that of parental cells and the biopsy specimen. One clone, designated Ben-Men-1, was characterized in more detail, and exhibited typical cytological, immunocytochemical, ultrastructural and genetical features of meningioma, including whorl formation, expression of epithelial membrane antigen, desmosomes and interdigitating cell processes, as well as -22q. Following subdural transplantation into nude mice, tumor tissue with typical histological features of meningothelial meningioma was found. We conclude that Ben-Men-1 represents an immortalized yet differentiated cell line useful for biological and therapeutical studies on meningioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Püttmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital, Münster, Germany
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45
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Wang Y, Yang Z, Liu S, Kon T, Krol A, Li CY, Yuan F. Characterisation of systemic dissemination of nonreplicating adenoviral vectors from tumours in local gene delivery. Br J Cancer 2005; 92:1414-20. [PMID: 15812558 PMCID: PMC2361988 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic virus dissemination is a potential problem during local gene delivery in solid tumours. However, the kinetics and pathways of the dissemination have not been well characterised during the first 24 h after the infusion is started. To this end, we infused adenoviral vectors for luciferase or enhanced green fluorescence protein into three different tumour models in mice. During and/or after the infusion, we determined the amount of adenoviruses in the tumour, blood, and liver, and examined the transgene expression in the liver, lung, blood, and tumour. In addition, we intravenously injected tumour cells expressing luciferase and examined the biodistribution of these cells in the body. We observed transgene expression in the liver and tumour at 24 h after the infusion, but could not detect transgene expression in the blood and lung. The peak concentration of viral vectors in the plasma occurred during the intratumoral infusion. At 10 min after the infusion, few viral vectors remained in the blood and the ratio of copy numbers of adenoviruses between liver and tumour was >2 in 80% and ⩾10 in 40% of the mice. Most tumour cells injected intravenously accumulated in the lung within the first 24 h. Taken together, these data indicated that systemic virus dissemination occurred mainly during the first 10 min after the intratumoral infusion was started, and that the dissemination was due to infusion-induced convective transport of viral vectors into leaky tumour microvessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Z Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - S Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - T Kon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - A Krol
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - C-Y Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - F Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 136 Hudson Hall, Box 90281, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA. E-mail:
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46
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Rivera VM, Gao GP, Grant RL, Schnell MA, Zoltick PW, Rozamus LW, Clackson T, Wilson JM. Long-term pharmacologically regulated expression of erythropoietin in primates following AAV-mediated gene transfer. Blood 2005; 105:1424-30. [PMID: 15507527 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-06-2501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractGene therapy is a potential route for the delivery of secreted therapeutic proteins, but pharmacologic control of expression will generally be required for optimal safety and efficacy. Previous attempts to achieve regulated expression in largeanimal models have been thwarted by transient expression or immune responses to regulatory proteins. We evaluated the ability of the dimerizer-regulated gene expression system to achieve controlled, long-term production of erythropoietin (Epo) following intramuscular administration of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors to 16 primates. All animals showed dose-responsive and completely reversible elevation of Epo and hematocrit in response to the dimerizer rapamycin, or analogs with reduced immunosuppressive activity, administered intravenously or orally. Animals that received optimized dual vectors showed persistent regulated expression for the duration of the study, with no apparent immune response to Epo or the regulatory proteins. Similar results were obtained with single vectors incorporating both the Epo and regulatory genes, including those packaged into serotype 1 AAV vectors to allow use of lower viral doses. For the longest-studied animal, regulated expression has persisted for more than 6 years and 26 induction cycles. These data indicate that one-time or infrequent gene transfer followed by dimerizer regulation is a promising approach for delivery of therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Rivera
- ARIAD Gene Therapeutics Inc, 26 Landsdowne St, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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47
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Kley N. Chemical dimerizers and three-hybrid systems: scanning the proteome for targets of organic small molecules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 11:599-608. [PMID: 15157871 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2003.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The integration of technological advances in areas as diverse as chemical biology, proteomics, genomics, automation, and bioinformatics has led to the emergence of novel screening paradigms for analyzing the molecular basis of drug action. This review summarizes recent advances in three-hybrid technologies and their application to the characterization of small molecule-protein interactions and proteome-wide identification of drug receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Kley
- GPC Biotech Inc., 610 Lincoln Street, Waltham, MA 02451 USA.
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48
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Terrillon S, Bouvier M. Receptor activity-independent recruitment of betaarrestin2 reveals specific signalling modes. EMBO J 2004; 23:3950-61. [PMID: 15385966 PMCID: PMC524336 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2004] [Accepted: 08/03/2004] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The roles of betaarrestins in regulating G protein coupling and receptor endocytosis following agonist stimulation of G protein-coupled receptors are well characterised. However, their ability to act on their own as direct modulators or activators of signalling remains poorly characterised. Here, betaarrestin2 intrinsic signalling properties were assessed by forcing the recruitment of this accessory protein to vasopressin V1a or V2 receptors independently of agonist-promoted activation of the receptors. Such induction of a stable interaction with betaarrestin2 initiated receptor endocytosis leading to intracellular accumulation of the betaarrestin/receptor complexes. Interestingly, betaarrestin2 association to a single receptor protomer was sufficient to elicit receptor dimer internalisation. In addition to recapitulating betaarrestin2 classical actions on receptor trafficking, the receptor activity-independent recruitment of betaarrestin2 activated the extracellular signal-regulated kinases. In the latter case, recruitment to the receptor itself was not required since kinase activation could be mediated by betaarrestin2 translocation to the plasma membrane in the absence of any interacting receptor. These data demonstrate that betaarrestin2 can act as a 'bonafide' signalling molecule even in the absence of activated receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Terrillon
- Department of Biochemistry and Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Autonome, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Department of Biochemistry and Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Autonome, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7. Tel.: +1 514 343 6372; Fax: +1 514 343 2210; E-mail:
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49
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Kohler JJ, Bertozzi CR. Regulating cell surface glycosylation by small molecule control of enzyme localization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 10:1303-11. [PMID: 14700637 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2003.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell surface carbohydrates mediate interactions between the cell and its environment. Glycosyltransferases responsible for synthesis of cell surface oligosaccharides are therefore essential administrators of cellular communication. These enzymes often comprise large families. Redundancy of related family members and embryonic lethality both complicate genetic methods for deconvoluting functions of glycosyltransferases. We report a chemical method in which the activity of an individual glycosyltransferase is controlled by a small molecule. The approach exploits the requirement of Golgi localization, a common feature of glycosyltransferase superfamily members. In our approach, the glycosyltransferase is separated into two domains, one that determines localization and one responsible for catalysis. Control of enzyme activity is achieved using a small molecule to regulate association of the two domains. We used this method to regulate production of sialyl Lewis x by alpha1,3-fucosyltransferase VII in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Kohler
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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50
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Toniatti C, Bujard H, Cortese R, Ciliberto G. Gene therapy progress and prospects: transcription regulatory systems. Gene Ther 2004; 11:649-57. [PMID: 14985790 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The clinical efficacy and safety as well as the application range of gene therapy will be broadened by developing systems capable of finely modulating the expression of therapeutic genes. Transgene regulation will be crucial for maintaining appropriate levels of a gene product within the therapeutic range, thus preventing toxicity. Moreover, the possibility to modulate, stop or resume transgene expression in response to disease evolution would facilitate the combination of gene therapy with more conventional therapeutic modalities. The development of ligand-dependent transcription regulatory systems is thus of great importance. Here, we summarize the most recent progress in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Toniatti
- 1I.R.B.M.-P. Angeletti, Via Pontina Km. 30.600, 00040 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
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