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Kaeuferle T, Zwermann M, Stoll N, Ferrada-Ernst P, Jablonowski L, Zeidler R, Willier S, Stenger D, Yassin A, Stripecke R, Feuchtinger T. All-in-one CRISPR/Cas-engineered glucocorticoid-receptor knock-out EBV-gp350-CAR knock-in T cells are potent and resistant to dexamethasone. Exp Hematol Oncol 2025; 14:40. [PMID: 40108708 PMCID: PMC11921674 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-025-00631-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2025] [Indexed: 03/22/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation in immunocompromised patients and post-transplantation is associated with morbidity, mortality and with the onset of a variety of malignant diseases. Adoptive T-cell therapies have emerged as promising therapeutic options, but post-transplant immunosuppression jeopardizes the protective anti-EBV immune surveillance by adoptively transferred T cells. METHODS Using an all-in-one CRISPR/Cas-mediated approach, we inserted an anti-EBV (gp350) CAR into the T-cell receptor (TRAC) locus and simultaneously knocked-out the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) on a good manufacturing practice (GMP)-compatible platform. RESULTS CAR knock-in (CARKI) was confirmed in primary human T cells on genetic and on protein level with a mean efficiency of 41%. With 83%, additional GR knock-out was highly efficient in CARKI cells. On a functional level CARKIGRKO T cells showed target-specific potency in terms of cytokine secretion patterns, proliferative capacity and cytotoxic activity against gp350-expressing target cells. Further, CARKIGRKO T cells were insensitive to dexamethasone treatment and maintained T-cell functionality. In contrast, CARKIGRKO T cells were sensitive to the GR-independent immunosuppressant cyclosporine A (CsA), thereby providing a rescue treatment for patients in case of safety issues. CONCLUSIONS The study lays the proof-of-concept for virus-free all-in-one GMP-manufacturing of glucocorticoid-resistant CAR T-cell products. Further, the glucocorticoid-resistant gp350-CAR T cells can provide a future therapeutic option for high-risk post-transplant patients with EBV-reactivations or patients with EBV-associated pathologies requiring steroid treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Kaeuferle
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy Freiburg, University Medical Center Freiburg, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Zwermann
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Nadine Stoll
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Paulina Ferrada-Ernst
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lena Jablonowski
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhard Zeidler
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Semjon Willier
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dana Stenger
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Abdallah Yassin
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Renata Stripecke
- Institute of Translational Immuno-Oncology, Cancer Research Center Cologne-Essen (CCCE), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine Cancer Center Cologne Essen, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Clinic of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Feuchtinger
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy Freiburg, University Medical Center Freiburg, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- LETSimmun CRC TRR338 (SFB), Munich-Würzburg, Germany
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Leopizzi M, Mundo L, Messina E, Campolo F, Lazzi S, Angeloni A, Marchese C, Leoncini L, Giordano C, Slack F, Trivedi P, Anastasiadou E. Epstein-Barr virus-encoded EBNA2 downregulates ICOSL by inducing miR-24 in B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2024; 143:429-443. [PMID: 37847858 PMCID: PMC10862363 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023021346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Hematological malignancies such as Burkitt lymphoma (BL), Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cause significant morbidity in humans. A substantial number of these lymphomas, particularly HL and DLBCLs have poorer prognosis because of their association with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Our earlier studies have shown that EBV-encoded nuclear antigen (EBNA2) upregulates programmed cell death ligand 1 in DLBCL and BLs by downregulating microRNA-34a. Here, we investigated whether EBNA2 affects the inducible costimulator (ICOS) ligand (ICOSL), a molecule required for efficient recognition of tumor cells by T cells through the engagement of ICOS on the latter. In virus-infected and EBNA2-transfected B-lymphoma cells, ICOSL expression was reduced. Our investigation of the molecular mechanisms revealed that this was due to an increase in microRNA-24 (miR-24) by EBNA2. By using ICOSL 3' untranslated region-luciferase reporter system, we validated that ICOSL is an authentic miR-24 target. Transfection of anti-miR-24 molecules in EBNA2-expressing lymphoma cells reconstituted ICOSL expression and increased tumor immunogenicity in mixed lymphocyte reactions. Because miR-24 is known to target c-MYC, an oncoprotein positively regulated by EBNA2, we analyzed its expression in anti-miR-24 transfected lymphoma cells. Indeed, the reduction of miR-24 in EBNA2-expressing DLBCL further elevated c-MYC and increased apoptosis. Consistent with the in vitro data, EBNA2-positive DLBCL biopsies expressed low ICOSL and high miR-24. We suggest that EBV evades host immune responses through EBNA2 by inducing miR-24 to reduce ICOSL expression, and for simultaneous rheostatic maintenance of proproliferative c-MYC levels. Overall, these data identify miR-24 as a potential therapeutically relevant target in EBV-associated lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Leopizzi
- Department of Medico-surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy
| | - Lucia Mundo
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Campolo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Lazzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Antonio Angeloni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Marchese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Leoncini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Carla Giordano
- Department of Radiology, Oncology and Pathology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Frank Slack
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Pankaj Trivedi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleni Anastasiadou
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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Jaeger HK, Davis DA, Nair A, Shrestha P, Stream A, Yaparla A, Yarchoan R. Mechanism and therapeutic implications of pomalidomide-induced immune surface marker upregulation in EBV-positive lymphomas. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11596. [PMID: 37463943 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38156-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) downregulates immune surface markers to avoid immune recognition. Pomalidomide (Pom) was previously shown to increase immune surface marker expression in EBV-infected tumor cells. We explored the mechanism by which Pom leads to these effects in EBV-infected cells. Pom increased B7-2/CD86 mRNA, protein, and surface expression in EBV-infected cells but this was virtually eliminated in EBV-infected cells made resistant to Pom-induced cytostatic effects. This indicates that Pom initiates the upregulation of these markers by interacting with its target, cereblon. Interestingly, Pom increased the proinflammatory cytokines IP-10 and MIP-1∝/β in EBV infected cells, supporting a possible role for the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway in Pom's effects. Idelalisib, an inhibitor of the delta subunit of PI3 Kinase, blocked AKT-Ser phosphorylation and Pom-induced B7-2 surface expression. PU.1 is a downstream target for AKT that is expressed in EBV-infected cells. Pom treatment led to an increase in PU.1 binding to the B7-2 promoter based on ChIP analysis. Thus, our data indicates Pom acts through cereblon leading to degradation of Ikaros and activation of the PI3K/AKT/PU.1 pathway resulting in upregulation of B7-2 mRNA and protein expression. The increased immune recognition in addition to the increases in proinflammatory cytokines upon Pom treatment suggests Pom may be useful in the treatment of EBV-positive lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K Jaeger
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Building 10, Rm. 6N106, MSC 1868, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1868, USA
| | - David A Davis
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Building 10, Rm. 6N106, MSC 1868, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1868, USA
| | - Ashwin Nair
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Building 10, Rm. 6N106, MSC 1868, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1868, USA
| | - Prabha Shrestha
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Building 10, Rm. 6N106, MSC 1868, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1868, USA
| | - Alexandra Stream
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Building 10, Rm. 6N106, MSC 1868, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1868, USA
| | - Amulya Yaparla
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Building 10, Rm. 6N106, MSC 1868, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1868, USA
| | - Robert Yarchoan
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Building 10, Rm. 6N106, MSC 1868, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1868, USA.
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EBNA2 driven enhancer switching at the CIITA-DEXI locus suppresses HLA class II gene expression during EBV infection of B-lymphocytes. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009834. [PMID: 34352044 PMCID: PMC8370649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses suppress immune recognition through diverse mechanisms. Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) establishes latent infection in memory B-lymphocytes and B-cell malignancies where it impacts B-cell immune function. We show here that EBV primary infection of naïve B-cells results in a robust down-regulation of HLA genes. We found that the viral encoded transcriptional regulatory factor EBNA2 bound to multiple regulatory regions in the HLA locus. Conditional expression of EBNA2 correlated with the down regulation of HLA class II transcription. EBNA2 down-regulation of HLA transcription was found to be dependent on CIITA, the major transcriptional activator of HLA class II gene transcription. We identified a major EBNA2 binding site downstream of the CIITA gene and upstream of DEXI, a dexamethasone inducible gene that is oriented head-to-head with CIITA gene transcripts. CRISPR/Cas9 deletion of the EBNA2 site upstream of DEXI attenuated CIITA transcriptional repression. EBNA2 caused an increase in DEXI transcription and a graded change in histone modifications with activation mark H3K27ac near the DEXI locus, and a loss of activation marks at the CIITA locus. A prominent CTCF binding site between CIITA and DEXI enhancers was mutated and further diminished the effects of EBNA2 on CIITA. Analysis of HiC data indicate that DEXI and CIITA enhancers are situated in different chromosome topological associated domains (TADs). These findings suggest that EBNA2 down regulates HLA-II genes through the down regulation of CIITA, and that this down regulation is an indirect consequence of EBNA2 enhancer formation at a neighboring TAD. We propose that enhancer competition between these neighboring chromosome domains represents a novel mechanism for gene regulation demonstrated by EBNA2.
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Abstract
In this chapter I describe Tumour Immune Escape mechanisms associated with MHC/HLA class I loss in human and experimental tumours. Different altered HLA class-I phenotypes can be observed that are produced by different molecular mechanisms. Experimental and histological evidences are summarized indicating that at the early stages of tumour development there is an enormous variety of tumour clones with different MHC class I expression patterns. This phase is followed by a strong T cell mediated immune-selection of MHC/HLA class-I negative tumour cells in the primary tumour lesion. This transition period results in a formation of a tumour composed only of HLA-class I negative cells. An updated description of this process observed in a large variety of human tumors is included. In the second section I focus on MHC/HLA class I alterations observed in mouse and human metastases, and describe the generation of different tumor cell clones with altered MHC class I phenotypes, which could be similar or different from the original tumor clone. The biological and immunological relevance of these observations is discussed. Finally, the interesting phenomenon of metastatic dormancy is analyzed in association with a particular MHC class I negative tumor phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Garrido
- Departamento de Analisis Clinicos e Inmunologia, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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6
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Maldonado M, Huang T, Yang L, Xu L, Ma L. Human umbilical cord Wharton jelly cells promote extra-pancreatic insulin formation and repair of renal damage in STZ-induced diabetic mice. Cell Commun Signal 2017; 15:43. [PMID: 29041943 PMCID: PMC5645864 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-017-0199-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated the therapeutic effect and fate of high doses of human umbilical cord Wharton jelly cells (hUCWJCs) after IP administration to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. METHODS Type 1 diabetes (T1D) was induced in Kunming mice via IP injection of STZ. hUCWJCs were labeled with 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI). Diabetic animals with sustained hyperglycemia for at least 2 weeks were administered 1 × 107 Dil-hUCWJCs via intraperitoneal injection. Insulin, glucagon and PDX-1 were detected by immunofluorescence with confocal microscopy. Serum mouse and human C-peptide was assayed in blood collected via intracardiac puncture. Specific β-cell differentiation markers and human DNA were assessed using qPCR performed with 200 ng of target DNA. RESULTS hUCWJCs migrated to the STZ-damaged organs and contributed to lower blood glucose levels in 30% of the treated mice. Confocal microscopy revealed the presence of resident insulin-positive cells in the liver and kidneys. hUCWJC-treated mice with restored hyperglycemia also showed increased serum mouse C-peptide levels. The qPCR results, particularly in the liver, revealed that after transplantation hUCWJCs upregulated genes of endocrine precursors but failed to express endocrine stage markers. Mice with restored hyperglycemia had reduced urinary volume and lacked glomerular hypertrophy, exhibiting a morphology resembling that of normal glomeruli. Moreover, we also verified that one of the possible mechanisms by which hUCWJCs exert immunosuppressive effects is through down-regulation of the cell surface receptor HLA-1. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed the potential of IP administration of hUCWJCs and the capability of these cells to migrate to damaged tissues and promote insulin secretion from non-pancreatic local cells and to improve renal damage. These findings confer unique therapeutic properties to hUCWJCs, suggesting a promising future in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Maldonado
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041 People’s Republic of China
- Translational Medical Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041 People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Research Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041 People’s Republic of China
- Reproductive Medicine & Genetics, Chengdu Jinjiang Hospital for Maternal & Child Health Care, Chengdu, 610066 China
| | - Tianhua Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Research Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041 People’s Republic of China
- Reproductive Medicine & Genetics, Chengdu Jinjiang Hospital for Maternal & Child Health Care, Chengdu, 610066 China
| | - Lujun Yang
- Translational Medical Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lan Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Research Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lian Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041 People’s Republic of China
- Translational Medical Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pediatrics, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Shenzhen University, 518052 Shenzhen, Guangdong People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pediatrics, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Pingshan District, 518122 Shenzhen, Guangdong People’s Republic of China
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7
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God JM, Haque A. Multiple Defects Impair the HLA Class II Antigen Presentation Capacity of Burkitt Lymphoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 7. [PMID: 27747135 PMCID: PMC5062630 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000e119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason M God
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
| | - Azizul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
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Rowe M, Fitzsimmons L, Bell AI. Epstein-Barr virus and Burkitt lymphoma. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2014; 33:609-19. [PMID: 25418195 PMCID: PMC4308657 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.014.10190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In 1964, a new herpesvirus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), was discovered in cultured tumor cells derived from a Burkitt lymphoma (BL) biopsy taken from an African patient. This was a momentous event that reinvigorated research into viruses as a possible cause of human cancers. Subsequent studies demonstrated that EBV was a potent growth-transforming agent for primary B cells, and that all cases of BL carried characteristic chromosomal translocations resulting in constitutive activation of the c-MYC oncogene. These results hinted at simple oncogenic mechanisms that would make Burkitt lymphoma paradigmatic for cancers with viral etiology. In reality, the pathogenesis of this tumor is rather complicated with regard to both the contribution of the virus and the involvement of cellular oncogenes. Here, we review the current understanding of the roles of EBV and c-MYC in the pathogenesis of BL and the implications for new therapeutic strategies to treat this lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rowe
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Bir-mingham CMDS, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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God JM, Zhao D, Cameron CA, Amria S, Bethard JR, Haque A. Disruption of HLA class II antigen presentation in Burkitt lymphoma: implication of a 47,000 MW acid labile protein in CD4+ T-cell recognition. Immunology 2014; 142:492-505. [PMID: 24628049 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
While Burkitt lymphoma (BL) has a well-known defect in HLA class I-mediated antigen presentation, the exact role of BL-associated HLA class II in generating a poor CD4(+) T-cell response remains unresolved. Here, we found that BL cells are deficient in their ability to optimally stimulate CD4(+) T cells via the HLA class II pathway. This defect in CD4(+) T-cell recognition was not associated with low levels of co-stimulatory molecules on BL cells, as addition of external co-stimulation failed to elicit CD4(+) T-cell activation by BL. Further, the defect was not caused by faulty antigen/class II interaction, because antigenic peptides bound with measurable affinity to BL-associated class II molecules. Interestingly, functional class II-peptide complexes were formed at acidic pH 5·5, which restored immune recognition. Acidic buffer (pH 5·5) eluate from BL cells contained molecules that impaired class II-mediated antigen presentation and CD4(+) T-cell recognition. Biochemical analysis showed that these molecules were greater than 30,000 molecular weight in size, and proteinaceous in nature. In addition, BL was found to have decreased expression of a 47,000 molecular weight enolase-like molecule that enhances class II-mediated antigen presentation in B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells, but not in BL cells. These findings demonstrate that BL likely has multiple defects in HLA class II-mediated antigen presentation and immune recognition, which may be exploited for future immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M God
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, and Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Rasul AE, Nagy N, Sohlberg E, Ádori M, Claesson HE, Klein G, Klein E. Simultaneous detection of the two main proliferation driving EBV encoded proteins, EBNA-2 and LMP-1 in single B cells. J Immunol Methods 2012; 385:60-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Tudor CS, Dawson CW, Eckhardt J, Niedobitek G, Büttner AC, Seliger B, Hartmann A, Buettner M. c-Myc and EBV-LMP1: two opposing regulators of the HLA class I antigen presentation machinery in epithelial cells. Br J Cancer 2012; 106:1980-8. [PMID: 22588558 PMCID: PMC3388564 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) up-regulates the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I antigen presentation machinery (APM). This appears counterintuitive with immune evasion in EBV-associated tumours like nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methods: Latent membrane protein 1-transfected epithelial cell lines were used as a model system to study the impact of LMP1 and c-Myc on HLA class I components. The expression of components of the HLA class I APM, c-Myc and Ki-67 was analysed in LMP1+ and LMP1− NPC by immunohistochemistry. Results: In epithelial cells, LMP1 up-regulated HLA class I APM. This effect could be counteracted by c-Myc, which itself was up-regulated by LMP1 apparently through IL6 induction and Jak3/STAT3 activation. Studies of NPC biopsies revealed down-regulation of HLA class I APM expression. No difference was observed between LMP1+ and LMP1− NPC. However, expression of Ki-67 and c-Myc were up-regulated in LMP1+ tumours. Conclusion: These findings raise the possibility that c-Myc activation in NPC might antagonise the effect of LMP1 on HLA class I expression thus contributing to immune escape of tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Tudor
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Nephropathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany.
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Abstract
The discovery of microRNA (miR) represents a novel paradigm in RNA-based regulation of gene expression and their dysregulation has become a hallmark of many a tumor. In virally associated cancers, the host–pathogen interaction could involve alteration in miR expression. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-encoded EBNA2 is indispensable for the capacity of the virus to transform B cells in vitro. Here, we studied how it affects cellular miRs. Extensive miR profiling of the virus-infected and EBNA2-transfected B lymphoma cells revealed that oncomiR miR-21 is positively regulated by this viral protein. Conversely, Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) cell lines infected with EBNA2 lacking P3HR1 strain did not show any increase in miR-21. EBNA2 increased phosphorylation of AKT and this was directly correlated with increased miR-21. In contrast, miR-146a was downregulated by EBNA2 in B lymphoma cells. Low miR-146a expression correlates with an elevated level of IRAK1 and type I interferon in EBNA2 transfectants. Taken together, the present data suggest that EBNA2 might contribute to EBV-induced B-cell transformation by altering miR expression and in particular by increasing oncomiR-like miR-21 and by affecting the antiviral responses of the innate immune system through downregulation of its key regulator miR-146a.
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HLA class II defects in Burkitt lymphoma: bryostatin-1-induced 17 kDa protein restores CD4+ T-cell recognition. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011:780839. [PMID: 22162713 PMCID: PMC3227386 DOI: 10.1155/2011/780839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
While the defects in HLA class I-mediated Ag presentation by Burkitt lymphoma (BL) have been well documented, CD4+ T-cells are also poorly stimulated by HLA class II Ag presentation, and the reasons underlying this defect(s) have not yet been fully resolved. Here, we show that BL cells are deficient in their ability to optimally stimulate CD4+ T cells via the HLA class II pathway. The observed defect was not associated with low levels of BL-expressed costimulatory molecules, as addition of external co-stimulation failed to result in BL-mediated CD4+ T-cell activation. We further demonstrate that BL cells express the components of the class II pathway, and the defect was not caused by faulty Ag/class II interaction, because antigenic peptides bound with measurable affinity to BL-associated class II molecules. Treatment of BL with broystatin-1, a potent modulator of protein kinase C, led to significant improvement of functional class II Ag presentation in BL. The restoration of immune recognition appeared to be linked with an increased expression of a 17 kDa peptidylprolyl-like protein. These results demonstrate the presence of a specific defect in HLA class II-mediated Ag presentation in BL and reveal that treatment with bryostatin-1 could lead to enhanced immunogenicity.
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Taylor GS, Blackbourn DJ. Infectious agents in human cancers: lessons in immunity and immunomodulation from gammaherpesviruses EBV and KSHV. Cancer Lett 2011; 305:263-78. [PMID: 21470769 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Members of the herpesvirus family have evolved the ability to persist in their hosts by establishing a reservoir of latently infected cells each carrying the viral genome with reduced levels of viral protein synthesis. In order to spread within and between hosts, in some cells, the quiescent virus will reactivate and enter lytic cycle replication to generate and release new infectious virus particles. To allow the efficient generation of progeny viruses, all herpesviruses have evolved a wide variety of immunomodulatory mechanisms to limit the exposure of cells undergoing lytic cycle replication to the immune system. Here we have focused on the human gammaherpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) that, uniquely among the eight human herpesviruses identified to date, have growth transforming potential. Most people infected with these viruses will not develop cancer, viral growth-transforming activity being kept under control by the host's antigen-specific immune responses. Nonetheless, EBV and KSHV are associated with several malignancies in which various viral proteins, either predominantly or exclusively latency-associated, are expressed; at least some of these proteins also have immunomodulatory activities. Of these malignancies, some are the result of a disrupted virus/immune balance through genetic, infectious or iatrogenic immune suppression. Others develop in people that are not overtly immune suppressed and likely modulate the immunological response. This latter aspect of immune modulation by EBV and KSHV forms the basis of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham S Taylor
- CR UK Cancer Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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15
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Destro F, Sforza F, Sicurella M, Marescotti D, Gallerani E, Baldisserotto A, Marastoni M, Gavioli R. Proteasome inhibitors induce the presentation of an Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1-derived cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope in Burkitt's lymphoma cells. Immunology 2011; 133:105-14. [PMID: 21342184 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03416.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) is generally expressed in all EBV-associated tumours and is therefore an interesting target for immunotherapy. However, evidence for the recognition and elimination of EBV-transformed and Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) specific for endogenously presented EBNA1-derived epitopes remains elusive. We confirm here that CTLs specific for the HLA-B35/B53-presented EBNA1-derived HPVGEADYFEY (HPV) epitope are detectable in the majority of HLA-B35 individuals, and recognize EBV-transformed B lymphocytes, thereby demonstrating that the GAr domain does not fully inhibit the class I presentation of the HPV epitope. In contrast, BL cells are not recognized by HPV-specific CTLs, suggesting that other mechanisms contribute to providing a full protection from EBNA1-specific CTL-mediated lysis. One of the major differences between BL cells and lymphoplastoid cell lines (LCLs) is the proteasome; indeed, proteasomes from BL cells demonstrate far lower chymotryptic and tryptic-like activities compared with proteasomes from LCLs. Hence, inefficient proteasomal processing is likely to be the main reason for the poor presentation of this epitope in BL cells. Interestingly, we show that treatments with proteasome inhibitors partially restore the capacity of BL cells to present the HPV epitope. This indicates that proteasomes from BL cells, although less efficient in degrading reference substrates than proteasomes from LCLs, are able to destroy the HPV epitope, which can, however, be generated and presented after partial inhibition of the proteasome. These findings suggest the use of proteasome inhibitors, alone or in combination with other drugs, as a strategy for the treatment of EBNA1-carrying tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Destro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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16
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Burkitt lymphoma: pathogenesis and immune evasion. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20953370 PMCID: PMC2952908 DOI: 10.1155/2010/516047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
B-cell lymphomas arise at distinct stages of cellular development and maturation, potentially influencing antigen (Ag) presentation and T-cell recognition. Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is a highly malignant B-cell tumor associated with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection. Although BL can be effectively treated in adults and children, leading to high survival rates, its ability to mask itself from the immune system makes BL an intriguing disease to study. In this paper, we will provide an overview of BL and its association with EBV and the c-myc oncogene. The contributions of EBV and c-myc to B-cell transformation, proliferation, or attenuation of cellular network and immune recognition or evasion will be summarized. We will also discuss the various pathways by which BL escapes immune detection by inhibiting both HLA class I- and II-mediated Ag presentation to T cells. Finally, we will provide an overview of recent developments suggesting the existence of BL-associated inhibitory molecules that may block HLA class II-mediated Ag presentation to CD4+ T cells, facilitating immune escape of BL.
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17
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Rolén U, Freda E, Xie J, Pfirrmann T, Frisan T, Masucci MG. The ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase UCH-L1 regulates B-cell proliferation and integrin activation. J Cell Mol Med 2010; 13:1666-1678. [PMID: 20187292 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1) is a deubiquitinating enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of polyubiquitin precursors and small ubiquitin adducts. UCH-L1 has been detected in a variety of malignant and metastatic tumours but its biological function in these cells is unknown. We have previously shown that UCH-L1 is highly expressed in Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) and is up-regulated upon infection of B lymphocytes with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Here we show that knockdown of UCH-L1 by RNAi inhibits the proliferation of BL cells in suspension and semisolid agar and activates strong LFA-1-dependent homotypic adhesion. Induction of cell adhesion correlated with cation-induced binding to ICAM-1, clustering of LFA-1 into lipid rafts and constitutive activation of the Rap1 and Rac1 GTPases. Expression of a catalytically active UCH-L1 promoted the proliferation of a UCH-L1-negative EBV transformed lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) and inhibited cell adhesion, whereas a catalytic mutant had no effect, confirming the requirement of UCH-L1 enzymatic activity for the regulation of these phenotypes. Our results identify UCH-L1 as a new player in the signalling pathways that promote the proliferation and invasive capacity of malignant B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Rolén
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elio Freda
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Current address: Department of Pediatrics, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Jianjun Xie
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Current address: Hematology Branch, Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Hatfield Clinical Research Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thorsten Pfirrmann
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Current address: Wenner-Grens Institute for Cell Biology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Teresa Frisan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria G Masucci
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Rowe M, Kelly GL, Bell AI, Rickinson AB. Burkitt's lymphoma: the Rosetta Stone deciphering Epstein-Barr virus biology. Semin Cancer Biol 2009; 19:377-88. [PMID: 19619657 PMCID: PMC3764430 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 07/10/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus was originally identified in the tumour cells of a Burkitt's lymphoma, and was the first virus to be associated with the pathogenesis of a human cancer. Studies on the relationship of EBV with Burkitt's lymphoma have revealed important general principles that are relevant to other virus-associated cancers. In addition, the impact of such studies on the knowledge of EBV biology has been enormous. Here, we review some of the key historical observations arising from studies on Burkitt's lymphoma that have informed our understanding of EBV, and we summarise the current hypotheses regarding the role of EBV in the pathogenesis of Burkitt's lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rowe
- Institute for Cancer Studies, School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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19
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Schlee M, Schuhmacher M, Hölzel M, Laux G, Bornkamm GW. c-MYC impairs immunogenicity of human B cells. Adv Cancer Res 2009; 97:167-88. [PMID: 17419945 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(06)97007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Deregulation of c-myc expression through chromosomal translocation is essential in the pathogenesis of Burkitt's lymphoma (BL). A characteristic feature of BL cells, compared to Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-immortalized B cells, is their lack of immunogenicity. To study the contribution of EBV genes and of the c-MYC protein to this phenotype, we have generated a conditional B cell system in which the viral proliferation program and expression of c-myc can be regulated independently of each other. In cells proliferating due to exogenous c-myc overexpression, the cell surface phenotype, the pattern of proliferation in single cell suspension, and the immunological characteristics of BL cells could be completely recapitulated. Yet, it had remained open whether nonimmunogenicity is the default phenotype when EBNA2 and LMP1 are switched off, or whether c-MYC actively contributes to immunosuppression. We provide evidence also for the latter by showing that c-MYC down-regulates genes of the NF-kappaB and interferon pathway in a dose-dependent fashion. c-MYC acts at at least two different levels, the level of interferon induction as well as at the level of action of type I and type II interferons on their respective target promoters. c-MYC does not block the interferon pathway completely, it shifts the balance and increases the threshold of interferon induction and action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schlee
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology and Tumor Genetics, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, D-81377 München, Germany
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20
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EBV and genomic instability--a new look at the role of the virus in the pathogenesis of Burkitt's lymphoma. Semin Cancer Biol 2009; 19:394-400. [PMID: 19619655 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological and molecular evidence links Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) carriage to the pathogenesis of human malignancies of lymphoid and epithelial cell origin but the mechanisms of viral oncogenesis are poorly understood. Burkitt's lymphoma, a tumor occurring in both EBV-positive and -negative forms, provides a convenient model for analysis of the relative contribution of genetic changes and viral products that are expressed in the malignant cells. Here we review recent findings that highlight several mechanisms by which EBV could play an important role in oncogenesis by promoting genomic instability.
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21
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Gurer C, Strowig T, Brilot F, Pack M, Trumpfheller C, Arrey F, Park CG, Steinman RM, Münz C. Targeting the nuclear antigen 1 of Epstein-Barr virus to the human endocytic receptor DEC-205 stimulates protective T-cell responses. Blood 2008; 112:1231-9. [PMID: 18519810 PMCID: PMC2515117 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-03-148072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 05/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) express many endocytic receptors that deliver antigens for major histocompatibility class (MHC) I and II presentation to CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells, respectively. Here, we show that targeting Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) to one of them, the human multilectin DEC-205 receptor, in the presence of the DC maturation stimulus poly(I:C), expanded EBNA1-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) memory T cells, and these lymphocytes could control the outgrowth of autologous EBV-infected B cells in vitro. In addition, using a novel mouse model with reconstituted human immune system components, we demonstrated that vaccination with alphaDEC-205-EBNA1 antibodies primed EBNA1-specific IFN-gamma-secreting T cells and also induced anti-EBNA1 antibodies in a subset of immunized mice. Because EBNA1 is the one EBV antigen that is expressed in all proliferating cells infected with this virus, our data suggest that DEC-205 targeting should be explored as a vaccination approach against symptomatic primary EBV infection and against EBV-associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cagan Gurer
- Laboratory of Viral Immunobiology, Christopher H Browne Center for Immunology and Immune Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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22
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Barrett L, Gallant M, Howley C, Bowmer MI, Hirsch G, Peltekian K, Grant M. Enhanced IL-10 production in response to hepatitis C virus proteins by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from human immunodeficiency virus-monoinfected individuals. BMC Immunol 2008; 9:28. [PMID: 18554409 PMCID: PMC2443791 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-9-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple immune evasion strategies by which HCV establishes chronic infection have been proposed, including manipulation of cytokine responses. Prior infection with HIV increases the likelihood of chronic HCV infection and accelerates development of HCV-related morbidity. Therefore, we investigated in vitro cytokine responses to HCV structural and non-structural proteins in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from uninfected, HIV-infected, HCV-infected and HIV/HCV-coinfected individuals. RESULTS Intracellular flow cytometry was used to assess IL-2, IL-10, IL-12, and IFN-gamma production by freshly isolated PBMC incubated for 16 hours with recombinant HCV core, non-structural protein 3 (NS3), and NS4 proteins. Anti-HCV cellular responses were assessed in HIV/HCV-coinfected individuals by 3H-thymidine proliferation assay. Exposure to HCV antigens increased IL-10 production by PBMC, especially in uninfected and HIV-monoinfected individuals. This IL-10 response was attenuated in chronic HCV infection even with HCV/HIV-coinfection. The cells producing IL-10 in response to HCV proteins in vitro matched a PBMC subset recently shown to constitutively produce IL-10 in vivo. This subset was found at similar frequencies in uninfected, HIV-infected, HCV-infected and HIV/HCV-coinfected individuals before exposure to HCV proteins. HCV-specific T cell proliferation was detectable in only one HIV/HCV-coinfected individual who demonstrated no HCV-induced IL-10 response. CONCLUSION This pattern suggests that selective induction of IL-10 in uninfected individuals and especially in HIV-monoinfected individuals plays a role in establishing chronic HCV infection and conversely, that attenuation of this response, once chronic infection is established, favours development of hepatic immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Barrett
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Program, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St, John's, Canada.
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23
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Gravekamp C, Kim SH, Castro F. Cancer vaccination: manipulation of immune responses at old age. Mech Ageing Dev 2008; 130:67-75. [PMID: 18561984 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2008.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Revised: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 05/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of cancer has increased over the last decade, mainly due to an increase in the elderly population. Vaccine therapy for cancer is less toxic than chemotherapy or radiation and could be, therefore, especially effective in older, more frail cancer patients. However, it has been shown that older individuals do not respond to vaccine therapy as well as younger adults. This has been attributed to T-cell unresponsiveness, a phenomenon also observed in cancer patients per se. This review summarizes the current knowledge of impaired T-cell responses in cancer patients and the elderly, and the results of cancer vaccination in preclinical models at young and old age. Finally, various approaches how to manipulate immune responses against cancer by vaccination at older age will be proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Gravekamp
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA.
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24
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Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with a number of human malignancies. The cells of these tumours express a range of EBV latent cycle gene products that have the potential to be exploited as targets for T cell-mediated immunological therapies. Considerable progress has been made in developing adoptive T cell transfer for EBV-associated post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) and clinical experience clearly demonstrates that EBV-specific T cell responses can be used to treat this EBV-associated malignancy. Adoptive T cell therapies for other EBV-associated malignancies are less advanced, although encouraging data are starting to emerge. Adoptive T cell transfer, however, does require significant levels of specialist laboratory support. Large-scale treatment of patients in geographical areas with a high prevalence of EBV-associated malignancy is likely to require the development of therapeutic vaccination strategies, a number of which are in development at present. Although it remains to be seen whether long-lasting sterilising immunity to EBV could be achieved, an alternative vaccine-based approach would be to develop a prophylactic vaccine to protect against primary EBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham S Taylor
- Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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25
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Gavioli R, Vertuani S, Masucci MG. Proteasome inhibitors reconstitute the presentation of cytotoxic T-cell epitopes in Epstein-Barr virus-associated tumors. Int J Cancer 2002; 101:532-8. [PMID: 12237893 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
EBV-infected cells and EBV-associated tumors may evade CTL recognition by defective antigen processing, resulting in poor presentation of CTL epitopes. Since the proteasome is the major source of MHC class I-presented peptides, we analyzed the effect of proteasome inhibitors on the expression of surface HLA class I and the generation of EBV-derived CTL epitopes presented by the HLA-A2 and HLA-A11 alleles. Treatment with covalent and reversible inhibitors of the proteasome partially reduced the total and allele-specific expression of surface HLA class I in EBV-carrying LCLs. HLA-A2 expression was also decreased by treatment with leupeptin and bestatin, while HLA-A11 expression was affected by treatment with phenanthroline. Despite their general inhibitory effect on HLA class I expression, all proteasome inhibitors tested enhanced the presentation of 2 subdominant HLA-A2 epitopes from EBV LMP1 and LMP2, while the presentation of the immunodominant HLA-A11-restricted epitope from EBNA4 was inhibited by MG132 and lactacystin and increased by ZL(3)VS. Treatment with ZL(3)VS restored the presentation of endogenously expressed EBNA4 in 1 HLA-A11-positive BL cell line. These findings suggest that specific inhibitors of the proteasome may be used to increase the antigenicity of virus-infected and malignant cells that are per se inefficient at generating particular CTL target epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Gavioli
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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26
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Keating S, Prince S, Jones M, Rowe M. The lytic cycle of Epstein-Barr virus is associated with decreased expression of cell surface major histocompatibility complex class I and class II molecules. J Virol 2002; 76:8179-88. [PMID: 12134023 PMCID: PMC155144 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.16.8179-8188.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human herpesviruses utilize an impressive range of strategies to evade the immune system during their lytic replicative cycle, including reducing the expression of cell surface major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and immunostimulatory molecules required for recognition and lysis by virus-specific cytotoxic T cells. Study of possible immune evasion strategies by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in lytically infected cells has been hampered by the lack of an appropriate permissive culture model. Using two-color immunofluorescence staining of cell surface antigens and EBV-encoded lytic cycle antigens, we examined EBV-transformed B-cell lines in which a small subpopulation of cells had spontaneously entered the lytic cycle. Cells in the lytic cycle showed a four- to fivefold decrease in cell surface expression of MHC class I molecules relative to that in latently infected cells. Expression of MHC class II molecules, CD40, and CD54 was reduced by 40 to 50% on cells in the lytic cycle, while no decrease was observed in cell surface expression of CD19, CD80, and CD86. Downregulation of MHC class I expression was found to be an early-lytic-cycle event, since it was observed when progress through late lytic cycle was blocked by treatment with acyclovir. The immediate-early transactivator of the EBV lytic cycle, BZLF1, did not directly affect expression of MHC class I molecules. However, BZLF1 completely inhibited the upregulation of MHC class I expression mediated by the EBV cell-transforming protein, LMP1. This novel function of BZLF1 elucidates the paradox of how MHC class I expression can be downregulated when LMP1, which upregulates MHC class I expression in latent infection, remains expressed in the lytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinéad Keating
- Section of Infection and Immunity, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XX, United Kingdom
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27
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Bottino C, Falco M, Parolini S, Marcenaro E, Augugliaro R, Sivori S, Landi E, Biassoni R, Notarangelo LD, Moretta L, Moretta A. NTB-A [correction of GNTB-A], a novel SH2D1A-associated surface molecule contributing to the inability of natural killer cells to kill Epstein-Barr virus-infected B cells in X-linked lymphoproliferative disease. J Exp Med 2001; 194:235-46. [PMID: 11489943 PMCID: PMC2193462 DOI: 10.1084/jem.194.3.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, natural killer (NK) cell function is regulated by a series of receptors and coreceptors with either triggering or inhibitory activity. Here we describe a novel 60-kD glycoprotein, termed NTB-A, that is expressed by all human NK, T, and B lymphocytes. Monoclonal antibody (mAb)-mediated cross-linking of NTB-A results in the induction of NK-mediated cytotoxicity. Similar to 2B4 (CD244) functioning as a coreceptor in the NK cell activation, NTB-A also triggers cytolytic activity only in NK cells expressing high surface densities of natural cytotoxicity receptors. This suggests that also NTB-A may function as a coreceptor in the process of NK cell activation. Molecular cloning of the cDNA coding for NTB-A molecule revealed a novel member of the immunoglobulin superfamily belonging to the CD2 subfamily. NTB-A is characterized, in its extracellular portion, by a distal V-type and a proximal C2-type domain and by a cytoplasmic portion containing three tyrosine-based motifs. NTB-A undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation and associates with the Src homology 2 domain-containing protein (SH2D1A) as well as with SH2 domain-containing phosphatases (SHPs). Importantly, analysis of NK cells derived from patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) showed that the lack of SH2D1A protein profoundly affects the function not only of 2B4 but also of NTB-A. Thus, in XLP-NK cells, NTB-A mediates inhibitory rather than activating signals. These inhibitory signals are induced by the interaction of NTB-A with still undefined ligands expressed on Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected target cells. Moreover, mAb-mediated masking of NTB-A can partially revert this inhibitory effect while a maximal recovery of target cell lysis can be obtained when both 2B4 and NTB-A are simultaneously masked. Thus, the altered function of NTB-A appears to play an important role in the inability of XLP-NK cells to kill EBV-infected target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bottino
- Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Michela Falco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Genova, 16132 Italy
| | - Silvia Parolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologie, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Brescia, Brescia 25123 Italy
| | - Emanuela Marcenaro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Genova, 16132 Italy
| | | | - Simona Sivori
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Genova, 16132 Italy
| | - Elena Landi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Genova, 16132 Italy
| | - Roberto Biassoni
- Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Luigi D. Notarangelo
- Istituto di Medicina Molecolare Angelo Nocivelli, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Brescia, Brescia 25123 Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Genova, 16132 Italy
- Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Moretta
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Genova, 16132 Italy
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28
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Gavioli R, Frisan T, Vertuani S, Bornkamm GW, Masucci MG. c-myc overexpression activates alternative pathways for intracellular proteolysis in lymphoma cells. Nat Cell Biol 2001; 3:283-8. [PMID: 11231578 DOI: 10.1038/35060076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) is a highly malignant B-cell tumour characterized by chromosomal translocations that constitutively activate the c-myc oncogene. Here we show that BL cells are resistant to apoptosis and do not accumulate ubiquitin conjugates in response to otherwise toxic doses of inhibitors of the proteasome. Deubiquitinating enzymes and the cytosolic subtilisin-like protease tripeptidylpeptidase II are upregulated in BLs, and could be rapidly induced by the overexpression of c-myc in normal B cells carrying oestrogen-driven recombinant Epstein-Barr virus. Apoptosis was induced by inhibiting tripeptidylpeptidase II, suggesting that the activity of this protease may be required for the survival of BL cells. We thus show that there is a regulatory link between c-myc activation and changes in proteolysis that may affect malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gavioli
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, Box 280, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Koriyama C, Shinkura R, Hamasaki Y, Fujiyoshi T, Eizuru Y, Tokunaga M. Human leukocyte antigens related to Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma in Japanese patients. Eur J Cancer Prev 2001; 10:69-75. [PMID: 11263593 DOI: 10.1097/00008469-200102000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To assess the association between specific types of human leukocyte antigen and the risk of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastric carcinoma, serological typing for major histocompatibility complex class I and class II antigens was performed for 110 EBV-positive and 155 EBV-negative gastric carcinoma cases. In class I analysis, the frequency of B59 in the EBV-positive cases was higher than for the EBV-negative cases (odds ratio (OR) 3.06; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02-9.23). For class II antigens, DQ3 and DR9 frequencies in the EBV-positive cases were higher (OR 1.94; 95% CI 1.16-3.24 and OR 1.93; 95% CI 1.11-3.37, respectively), whereas DR11 frequency was lower than found in the EBV-negative cases (OR 0.10; 95% CI 0.01-0.79). After adjusting for multiple comparisons, only DR11 frequency remained significantly lower in the EBV-positive cases (P = 0.04), and the association of DQ3 was marginally significant (P = 0.05). These results suggest that the presence of DR11-restricted cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) related to EBV-associated gastric carcinoma, or a deficiency of DR11 and a high frequency of DQ3 may be genetic markers for a population at greater risk of EBV-associated gastric carcinoma. However, further extensive studies to more cases and DNA typing are needed because our findings in this study are exploratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Koriyama
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Japan.
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30
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Parolini S, Bottino C, Falco M, Augugliaro R, Giliani S, Franceschini R, Ochs HD, Wolf H, Bonnefoy JY, Biassoni R, Moretta L, Notarangelo LD, Moretta A. X-linked lymphoproliferative disease. 2B4 molecules displaying inhibitory rather than activating function are responsible for the inability of natural killer cells to kill Epstein-Barr virus-infected cells. J Exp Med 2000; 192:337-46. [PMID: 10934222 PMCID: PMC2193227 DOI: 10.1084/jem.192.3.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2000] [Accepted: 06/01/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
2B4 is a surface molecule involved in activation of the natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity. It binds a protein termed Src homology 2 domain-containing protein (SH2D1A) or signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM)-associated protein (SAP), which in turn has been proposed to function as a regulator of the 2B4-associated signal transduction pathway. In this study, we analyzed patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP), a severe inherited immunodeficiency characterized by critical mutations in the SH2D1A gene and by the inability to control Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections. We show that, in these patients, 2B4 not only fails to transduce triggering signals, but also mediates a sharp inhibition of the NK-mediated cytolysis. Other receptors involved in NK cell triggering, including CD16, NKp46, NKp44, and NKp30, displayed a normal functional capability. However, their activating function was inhibited upon engagement of 2B4 molecules. CD48, the natural ligand of 2B4, is highly expressed on the surface of EBV(+) B cell lines. Remarkably, NK cells from XLP patients could not kill EBV(+) B cell lines. This failure was found to be the consequence of inhibitory signals generated by the interaction between 2B4 and CD48, as the antibody-mediated disruption of the 2B4-CD48 interaction restored lysis of EBV(+) target cells lacking human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules. In the case of autologous or allogeneic (HLA class I(+)) EBV(+) lymphoblastoid cell lines, restoration of lysis was achieved only by the simultaneous disruption of 2B4-CD48 and NK receptor-HLA class I interactions. Molecular analysis revealed that 2B4 molecules isolated from either XLP or normal NK cells were identical. As expected, in XLP-NK cells, 2B4 did not associate with SH2D1A, whereas similar to 2B4 molecules isolated from normal NK cells, it did associate with Src homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Parolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologie, Università di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Cristina Bottino
- Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Michela Falco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Giliani
- Istituto di Medicina Molecolare Angelo Nocivelli, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberta Franceschini
- Istituto di Medicina Molecolare Angelo Nocivelli, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Hans D. Ochs
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-6320
| | - Hermann Wolf
- Department of Immunology, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jean-Yves Bonnefoy
- Centre d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre, F74164 St. Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Roberto Biassoni
- Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 16132 Genova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Luigi D. Notarangelo
- Istituto di Medicina Molecolare Angelo Nocivelli, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Moretta
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
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Modulation of Caspase-8 and FLICE-Inhibitory Protein Expression as a Potential Mechanism of Epstein-Barr Virus Tumorigenesis in Burkitt’s Lymphoma. Blood 1999. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v94.5.1727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractLigation of the Fas receptor induces death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) formation, caspase activation, and subsequent apoptotic death of several cell types. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive group III Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL) cell lines have a marked resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis, although expressing each of the DISC components, Fas/ APO-1–associated death domain protein (FADD), and caspase-8 (FLICE/MACH/Mch5). The apoptotic pathway distal to the DISC is intact because ceramide analogs, staurosporine, and granzyme B activate caspase-3 and induce apoptosis. Fas resistance was not explained by the putative death-attenuating caspase-8 isoforms. However, while Fas-activated cytosolic extracts from sensitive cells were capable of processing both procaspase-8 and procaspase-3 into active subunit forms, resistant cell extracts did not possess either of these activities. Accordingly, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis showed higher transcript levels for the FLICE-inhibitory protein (FLIPL) in resistant cells and the ratio of caspase-8 to FLIPLmeasured by competition RT-PCR analysis directly correlated with susceptibility to Fas-mediated apoptosis of all cell lines. In addition, modification of the caspase-8/FLIPL ratio by caspase-8 or FLIPL overexpression was able to alter the susceptibility status of the cell lines tested. Our results imply that the relative levels of caspase-8 and FLIPL are an important determinant of susceptibility to Fas-mediated apoptosis.
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Modulation of Caspase-8 and FLICE-Inhibitory Protein Expression as a Potential Mechanism of Epstein-Barr Virus Tumorigenesis in Burkitt’s Lymphoma. Blood 1999. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v94.5.1727.417k03_1727_1737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligation of the Fas receptor induces death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) formation, caspase activation, and subsequent apoptotic death of several cell types. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive group III Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL) cell lines have a marked resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis, although expressing each of the DISC components, Fas/ APO-1–associated death domain protein (FADD), and caspase-8 (FLICE/MACH/Mch5). The apoptotic pathway distal to the DISC is intact because ceramide analogs, staurosporine, and granzyme B activate caspase-3 and induce apoptosis. Fas resistance was not explained by the putative death-attenuating caspase-8 isoforms. However, while Fas-activated cytosolic extracts from sensitive cells were capable of processing both procaspase-8 and procaspase-3 into active subunit forms, resistant cell extracts did not possess either of these activities. Accordingly, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis showed higher transcript levels for the FLICE-inhibitory protein (FLIPL) in resistant cells and the ratio of caspase-8 to FLIPLmeasured by competition RT-PCR analysis directly correlated with susceptibility to Fas-mediated apoptosis of all cell lines. In addition, modification of the caspase-8/FLIPL ratio by caspase-8 or FLIPL overexpression was able to alter the susceptibility status of the cell lines tested. Our results imply that the relative levels of caspase-8 and FLIPL are an important determinant of susceptibility to Fas-mediated apoptosis.
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Kanno H, Ohsawa M, Hashimoto M, Iuchi K, Nakajima Y, Aozasa K. HLA-A alleles of patients with pyothorax-associated lymphoma: anti-Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) host immune responses during the development of EBV latent antigen-positive lymphomas. Int J Cancer 1999; 82:630-4. [PMID: 10417757 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19990827)82:5<630::aid-ijc2>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pyothorax-associated lymphoma (PAL) is an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent antigen-positive lymphoma resembling EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) and develops in non-immunocompromised patients. Thus, deficient anti-viral-antigen immune responses might be involved in the development of PAL. As MHC class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are the major constituent of anti-viral immune responses, the HLA allele type and its expression may affect the development of PAL. Flow-cytometric analyses of PAL cell lines and LCLs using the W6/32 monoclonal antibody revealed that expression of HLA class I varied among cell lines. Although one PAL cell line, OPL-2, exhibited low expression, an LCL and another PAL cell line, OPL-1, strongly expressed HLA class I. Among the EBV latent infection genes, EBV nuclear antigens 2, 3, 4 and 6 and latent membrane proteins can induce efficient CTL responses in combination with HLA-A2 or -A11. HLA-A alleles of PAL patients were determined using low-resolution PCR-based typing with HLA-A locus sequence-specific primer combinations. The antigen frequencies of HLA-A2 and -A11 in PAL patients were not significantly different from those in the normal Japanese population. Although HLA class I antigen should be expressed during the course of lymphomagenesis, no HLA-A alleles influenced the development of overt PALs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kanno
- Department of Pathology, Osaka University Medical School, Suita, Japan
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34
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Nouri AM, Smith S, Oliver TR, Newland AC, Macey MG. Comparative expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens on CD5+ and CD5- B cells in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). Eur J Cancer 1998; 34:1618-22. [PMID: 9893639 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(98)00158-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens on CD5+ and CD5- B cells of 13 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). This was carried out using a series of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against polymorphic and monomorphic class I and class II antigens, as well as to the transferrin receptor and assessed by flow cytometry and direct and indirect immunofluorescence. The expression of these molecules was assessed as mean fluorescent intensity (MFI). The results showed that cells from all 13 individuals expressed monomorphic class I antigens. The number of cases expressing polymorphic HLA-Bw6, -Bw4, -B7, -B27 and -A2 class I antigens on CD5- B cells was 11 (85%), 6(46%), 2(15%), 1(8%), 3 (23%), respectively, which was consistent with the expected population frequency distributions of these antigens. For each of the class I antigens on CD5+ and CD5- B cells, the ratio of the MFI was greater than 1 in 12 of 13 cases. For the transferrin receptor (CD71), this ratio was also almost always greater than 1. These results indicate that, unlike solid tumours where the loss or abnormal expression of class I and II antigens is a frequent event, the expression of class I antigens in CLL patients seems to be normal. This indicates that the loss of these antigens cannot provide the leukaemic cells with a selective advantage to escape immunological detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Nouri
- Department of Medical Oncology, London Hospital Medical College, U.K
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Tay
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester 01655, USA
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36
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Nouri AM, Symes MO. Relevance of the immune system in human urological malignancies: prospective for future clinical treatments. Urology 1998; 51:41-9. [PMID: 9610557 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(98)00073-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The possible role of the immune system in resisting human malignancies has long been debated. Several recent findings from animal and human studies have restimulated interest in the immune surveillance hypothesis for tumor control. These findings have been complied from various disciplines including cytokine therapy, adoptive immunotherapy, and gene therapy. Following the initial euphoria, it is now clear that immunotherapy of selected cancer cases in the early stages of tumor development may make an important contribution to tumor control, particularly in dealing with minimal residual disease after tumor debulking. This review discusses some of these issues and proposes approaches that could pave the way for better selection of the patients best suited for immunotherapy. We would argue that therapies directed at the re-expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigens might improve outcomes in immune-therapy-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Nouri
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Royal London Hospital, England
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37
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Rowe M, Niedobitek G, Young LS. Epstein-Barr virus gene expression in post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1998; 20:389-403. [PMID: 9870253 DOI: 10.1007/bf00838051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Rowe
- Department of Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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38
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Fisch P, Meuer E, Pende D, Rothenfusser S, Viale O, Kock S, Ferrone S, Fradelizi D, Klein G, Moretta L, Rammensee HG, Boon T, Coulie P, van der Bruggen P. Control of B cell lymphoma recognition via natural killer inhibitory receptors implies a role for human Vgamma9/Vdelta2 T cells in tumor immunity. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27:3368-79. [PMID: 9464825 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830271236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Vgamma9/Vdelta2 T cell receptor (TCR) is expressed by most human gammadelta T cells. We show here that cytotoxic T lymphocytes of the Vgamma9/Vdelta2 subset, but not of the Vdelta1 subset of human gammadelta T cells, express natural killer inhibitory receptors (KIR) with specificity for different HLA class I alleles that down-regulate TCR-mediated signaling in response to HLA class I-expressing B cell lymphomas. Vgamma9/Vdelta2 T cell clones with a T helper cell phenotype lack KIR and produce lymphokines in response to most human B cell lymphomas, just as they do upon recognition of the HLA class I-deficient human Burkitt's lymphoma Daudi. Thus, human Vgamma9/Vdelta2 T cells have an innate specificity for nonpolymorphic cell surface structures expressed by many lymphoma cells and their cytotoxic activity is controlled by KIR. These results imply a general role of human Vgamma9/Vdelta2 T cells in the defense against hematopoietic tumors that is distinct from NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Fisch
- Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Germany
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39
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Isolation of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes That Lyse Reed-Sternberg Cells: Implications for Immune-Mediated Therapy of EBV+ Hodgkin's Disease. Blood 1997. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v89.6.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractA subset of Hodgkin's disease (HD) patients have detectable Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genomes in the malignant Reed-Sternberg (R-S) cells. R-S cells express only a limited set of latent EBV proteins, but only LMP1 and LMP2 can potentially elicit a CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response. We have evaluated if either of these proteins could be used as targets for specific adoptive T-cell therapy for EBV-positive (EBV+) HD. The success of this strategy requires that R-S cells are susceptible to lysis by CD8+ CTL, and that CTL specific for LMP1 and LMP2 can be detected and potentially amplified in HD patients. Antigen presentation and CTL sensitivity was evaluated with an in vitro maintained, phenotypically representative R-S cell line, HDLM-2. The R-S cells were able to process and present viral proteins, and to be efficiently lysed by specific CTL in a Class I–restricted manner. Since CTL responses to LMP1 and LMP2 do not represent the dominant responses to EBV, we examined if CTL clones specific for these proteins could be isolated despite the presence of weak or nondetectable responses in polyclonal T-cell lines. LMP-specific clones were generated from individuals either by cloning from the polyclonal EBV-reactive T-cell lines or by direct stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with cells expressing LMP1 or LMP2 as the only EBV protein. Our ability to isolate CTL specific for LMP proteins from individuals with HD and the sensitivity of R-S cells for CTL-mediated lysis suggest that the pursuit of specific adoptive immunotherapy represents a viable strategy for the subset of HD patients with EBV+ tumors.
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40
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Fais F, Cutrona G, Ulivi M, Roncella S, Gagliardi MC, Cornaglia-Ferraris P, Rowe M, Barnaba V, Ferrarini M. Lymphoblastoid cells transfected with c-myc: downregulation of EBV-lytic antigens and impaired response of autologous CD4+ T cells in vitro. Int J Cancer 1996; 68:810-6. [PMID: 8980188 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19961211)68:6<810::aid-ijc20>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Normal EBV-positive lymphoblastoid B-cell lines (LCL) were transfected with vectors containing the c-myc oncogene (pHEBO-E(mu)-myc) or control vectors (pHEBO-E(mu)) and analyzed for the expression of EBV-lytic and latent antigens. While EBV-latent antigens were normal in the c-myc transfectants, there was an almost complete downregulation of EBV-lytic antigens, including BZLF1, EA(D), gp340 and VCA. These observations were consistently repeated on 6 different LCLs transfected with c-myc. Unlike control LCLs, the c-myc transfectants did not release infectious EBV. PCR analysis demonstrated that BZLF1 mRNA was virtually absent in c-myc transfectants, possibly suggesting that the deregulated c-myc imposed a block in the EBV-lytic cycle at this particular level. c-myc transfectants failed to sustain the proliferative response of autologous CD4+ T-cell clones with specificity for EBV-lytic antigens. However, they regained this capacity after incubation with ultraviolet-inactivated EBV or gp340 antigen in vitro, also indicating that their antigen-presenting capacities were not impaired. c-myc transfectants failed to elicit a secondary proliferative response by autologous CD4+ T cells purified from the peripheral blood of EBV-seropositive donors. Exposure of c-myc transfectants to UV-inactivated EBV again resulted in a proliferative CD4+ T-cell response comparable to that elicited by the control LCLs. Collectively, our data provide evidence for the remarkable ability of an oncogene to influence the life cycle of a virus and to modify the antigenicity of the infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fais
- Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, IST, Genoa, Italy
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41
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Abstract
For decades cell biologists have relied on viruses to facilitate the study of complex cellular function. More recently, the tragedy of the AIDS epidemic has focused considerable human and financial resources on both virology and immunology, resulting in the generation of new information relating these disciplines. As the miracle of the mammalian immune system unfolds in the laboratory, the elegance of the mechanisms used by co-evolving viruses to circumvent detection and destruction by the host becomes inescapably obvious. Although many observation of virus-induced phenomena that likely contribute to the virus's escape of immune surveillance are still empirical, many other such phenomena have now been defined at the molecular level and confirmed in in vivo models. Immune modulators encoded within viral genomes include proteins that regulate antigen presentation, function as cytokines or cytokine antagonists, inhibit apoptosis, and interrupt the complement cascade. The identification of such gene products and the elucidation of their function have substantially strengthened our understanding of specific virus-host interactions and, unexpectedly, have contributed to the recognition of potent synergy between viruses, which can result in an unpredictable exacerbation of disease in co-infected individuals. Because many viral immune modulators clearly have host counterparts, viruses provide a valuable method for studying normal immune mechanisms. It is conceivable that an improved understanding of virus-encoded immunomodulators will enhance our ability to design reagents for use in therapeutic intervention in disease and in vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Spriggs
- Department of Molecular Biology, Immunex Corporation, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
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42
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Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a member of the human herpesvirus family and, like many other herpesviruses, maintains a lifelong latent association with B lymphocytes and a permissive association with stratified epithelium in the oropharynx. Clinical manifestations of primary EBV infection range from acute infectious mononucleosis to an asymptomatic persistent infection. EBV is also associated with a number of malignancies in humans. This review discusses features of the biology of the virus, both in cell culture systems and in the natural host, before turning to the role of the immune system in controlling EBV infection in healthy individuals and in individuals with EBV-associated diseases. Cytotoxic T cells that recognize virally determined epitopes on infected cells make up the major effector arm and control the persistent infection. In contrast, the options for immune control of EBV-associated malignancies are more restricted. Not only is antigen expression restricted to a single nuclear antigen, EBNA1, but also these tumor cells are unable to process EBV latent antigens, presumably because of a transcriptional defect in antigen-processing genes (such as TAP1 and TAP2). The likelihood of producing a vaccine capable of controlling the acute viral infection and EBV-associated malignancies is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Khanna
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Bancroft Centre, Herston, Australia
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43
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Rowe M, Khanna R, Jacob CA, Argaet V, Kelly A, Powis S, Belich M, Croom-Carter D, Lee S, Burrows SR. Restoration of endogenous antigen processing in Burkitt's lymphoma cells by Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein-1: coordinate up-regulation of peptide transporters and HLA-class I antigen expression. Eur J Immunol 1995; 25:1374-84. [PMID: 7774641 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830250536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Group I Burkitt lymphoma (BL) lines retaining the original BL tumor cell phenotype are unable to present endogenously expressed antigens to HLA class I-restricted cytotoxic T cells (CTL) but can be recognized if the relevant HLA class I/peptide epitope complex is reconstituted at the cell surface by exogenous addition of synthetic target peptide. Endogenous antigen-processing function is restored in BL lines that have undergone Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-induced drift in culture to the group III phenotype typically displayed by EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) of normal B cell origin. We compared group I versus group III cells for their expression of proteasome components, transporter proteins and HLA-class I antigens, all of which are thought to be involved in the endogenous antigen processing pathway. By Western blot analysis, there were not consistent differences in the low molecular mass protein subunits of proteasomes (lmp)-2, lmp-7 and delta, although the mb-1 proteasome subunit was regularly present at higher levels in group I BL lines relative to group III lines or LCL. By contrast there were marked differences in the expression of peptide transporter-associated proteins (Tap), with down-regulation of Tap-1 and Tap-2 in 8/8 and 7/8 group I BL lines, respectively. Surface levels of HLA class I antigens were also consistently lower in group I cells; this was not associated with an intracellular accumulation of free HLA heavy chains, such as is seen in the Tap-deficient T2 processing-mutant line, but instead reflected a reduced rate of HLA class I synthesis in group I cells. Analysis of EBV gene transfectants of the B lymphoma lines BJAB and BL41 showed that the virus-encoded latent membrane protein-1 (LMP1), which is one of several EBV antigens expressed in group III but not in group I cells, was uniquely able to up-regulate expression both of the Tap proteins and HLA class I. Furthermore, this was accompanied by a restoration of antigen-processing function as measured by the ability of these cells to present an endogenously expressed viral antigen to CTL. These effects of LMP1 were similar to those induced in the same cell lines by interferon-gamma treatment. The results implicate both Tap and HLA class I expression as factors limiting the antigen-processing function of BL cells, and suggest that the accessibility of other EBV-associated malignancies to CTL surveillance may be critically dependent upon their LMP1 status.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 2
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 3
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/biosynthesis
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigens/immunology
- Antigens/metabolism
- Antigens, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Burkitt Lymphoma/immunology
- Burkitt Lymphoma/pathology
- Burkitt Lymphoma/virology
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- Cysteine Endopeptidases/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- HLA Antigens/biosynthesis
- HLA Antigens/genetics
- HLA Antigens/immunology
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/physiology
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Interferon-gamma/physiology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Major Histocompatibility Complex/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multienzyme Complexes/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Phenotype
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex
- Protein Biosynthesis
- Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Viral Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Viral Matrix Proteins/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rowe
- CRC Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, GB
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44
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Cutrona G, Ulivi M, Fais F, Roncella S, Ferrarini M. Transfection of the c-myc oncogene into normal Epstein-Barr virus-harboring B cells results in new phenotypic and functional features resembling those of Burkitt lymphoma cells and normal centroblasts. J Exp Med 1995; 181:699-711. [PMID: 7836923 PMCID: PMC2191892 DOI: 10.1084/jem.181.2.699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated c-myc gene was introduced into the cells of three normal Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive lymphoblastoid B cell lines (LCL). The cells were monitored for the appearance of new phenotypic and functional features compared with the control LCL cells transfected with plasmid that did not contain the c-myc gene. The LCL-expressing c-myc constitutively did not arrest growth in low serum concentration. However, the cell number in the cultures failed to increase because of substantial cell death. Death was due to apoptosis as demonstrated by flow cytometric analysis of propidium iodide-stained cells, by typical DNA laddering in gel electrophoresis, and by the inspection of Giemsa-stained cell smears. Apoptosis was also induced by exposing the transfected cells to antibodies directed to the immunoglobulin mu chain (a-mu-ab) irrespective of the serum concentration in the culture. Exposure of the cells to CD40 ligand (CD40L) or CD40 monoclonal antibody prevented cell apoptosis. Upon transfection with c-myc, the LCL cells acquired a vacuolated morphology that was never observed in control cells. Moreover, the expression of CD10 and CD38 was upregulated, while that of CD39 and especially CD23 was downregulated. Unlike that observed in certain Burkitt lymphoma (BL) cell lines that share the same surface phenotype (CD10+CD38+CD23-CD39-), the c-myc-transfected cells expressed lymphocyte function-associated (LFA) 1, LFA-3, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and grew in large clumps rather than single-cell layers. Expression of CD10 and CD38 was particularly evident on the cells undergoing apoptosis, thus suggesting a correlation between the presence of these markers and the apoptotic process. Cells placed in conditions favoring in vitro apoptosis displayed downregulation of Bcl-2 protein. Bcl-2 expression was, however, upregulated when the cells were exposed to CD40L. These data indicate that the B cells expressing c-myc constitutively acquire some of the features of normal centroblasts and of BL cells, including the expression of CD10 and CD38, and the propensity to undergo apoptosis, which can be prevented by exposure to CD40L. Therefore, these cells can serve as a model system to study both BL lymphomagenesis as well as the process of B cell selection occurring in the germinal centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cutrona
- Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, IST, Genoa, Italy
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45
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Molecular Mechanisms of Transformation by Epstein-Barr Virus. INFECTIOUS AGENTS AND PATHOGENESIS 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1100-1_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- F Garrido
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Universidad de Granada, Spain
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47
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McKnight JL, Cen H, Riddler SA, Breinig MC, Williams PA, Ho M, Joseph PS. EBV gene expression, EBNA antibody responses and EBV+ peripheral blood lymphocytes in post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease. Leuk Lymphoma 1994; 15:9-16. [PMID: 7858507 DOI: 10.3109/10428199409051672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with the development of several B cell malignancies including Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD), and AIDS-related lymphomas. The latter two diseases result from EBV-driven B cell proliferation in the absence of normal immunosurveillance and as such, represent a heterogenous family of lymphoproliferative disorders. This article reviews studies on EBV gene expression and antibody development in PTLD and introduces recent information on the levels of EBV+ peripheral blood lymphocytes to discuss possible mechanisms of pathogenesis under varying conditions of immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L McKnight
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
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48
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Nalesnik MA, Starzl TE. Epstein-Barr virus, infectious mononucleosis, and posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders. TRANSPLANTATION SCIENCE 1994; 4:61-79. [PMID: 7804700 PMCID: PMC2979327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PTLD may be considered as an "opportunistic cancer" in which the immunodeficiency state of the host plays a key role in fostering the environment necessary for abnormal lymphoproliferation. The following discussion reflects our own current thoughts regarding events which may result in PTLD and its sequelae. Many of the individual steps have not been rigorously proved or disproved at this point in time. Following transplantation and iatrogenic immunosuppression, the host:EBV equilibrium is shifted in favor of the virus. Most seronegative patients will become infected either via the graft or through natural means; seropositive patients will begin to shed higher levels of virus and may become secondarily superinfected via the graft. There is a "grace" period of approximately one month posttransplant before increased viral shedding begins. PTLD is almost never seen during this interval. In many cases infection continues to be silent whereas in rare individuals there is an overwhelming polyclonal proliferation of infected B lymphocytes. This is the parallel of infectious mononucleosis occurring in patients with a congenital defect in virus handling (X-linked lymphoproliferative disorder). It is possible that transplant patients with this presentation also suffer a defect in virus handling. In other cases excessive iatrogenic immunosuppression may paralyze their ability to respond to the infection. With CsA and FK506 regimens, individual tumors may occur within a matter of months following transplant. The short time of incubation suggests that these are less than fully developed malignancies. It may be that local events conspire to allow outgrowth of limited numbers of B-lymphocyte clones. A cytokine environment favoring B-lymphocyte growth may be one factor and differential inhibition by the immuno-suppressive drugs of calcium-dependent and -independent B-cell stimulation may be another. In addition, there is some evidence that CsA itself may inhibit apoptosis within B cells. Since most patients do not develop PTLDs, an additional signal(s) for B-cell stimulation may be required. Indeed, it is possible that the virus may simply serve to lower the threshold for B-cell activation and/or provide a survival advantage to these cells. The ability of individual cell clones to evade a weakened immune system may set into play a Darwinian type of competition in which the most rapidly proliferating cells with the least number of antigenic targets predominate. In this regard, differences in host HLA types may determine the repertoire of viral antigens which are subject to attack.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Nalesnik
- Division of Transplantation Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA 15213
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49
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Poppema S, Visser L. Absence of HLA class I expression by Reed-Sternberg cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1994; 145:37-41. [PMID: 7518195 PMCID: PMC1887312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The reactive cell population in Hodgkin's disease consists of predominantly CD4+ helper T cells and lacks CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells. This lack of a CD8+ response is surprising in view of the expression of the latent Epstein-Barr viral protein LMP by Reed-Sternberg cells in many cases of Hodgkin's disease, Deficient HLA class I expression would be one possible mechanism to avoid a CD8+ cytotoxic immune response. To test this possibility we studied the expression of HLA class I and II determinants on Reed-Sternberg cells in tissue sections and cell suspensions of Hodgkin's disease. Frozen tissue sections of 40 cases and cytocentrifuge preparations from cell suspensions of 10 lymph nodes involved by Hodgkin's disease were studied with monoclonal antibodies reactive with HLA determinants. As a control frozen tissue sections of two cases of infectious mononucleosis were studied. Careful examination of the tissue sections and subsequently of cytospins of cell suspensions showed that the Reed-Sternberg cells frequently lacked HLA class I but showed strong staining for HLA class II. Absence of HLA class I expression on Reed-Sternberg cells and their variants provides an explanation for the lack of a CD8+ cytotoxic immune response against antigens expressed on Reed-Sternberg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Poppema
- Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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50
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Rinaldo CR. Modulation of major histocompatibility complex antigen expression by viral infection. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1994; 144:637-50. [PMID: 8160765 PMCID: PMC1887252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C R Rinaldo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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